Hazel is a multi-stemmed shrub 2–5 m high. It has rounded leaves with serrated edges. Grows in the temperate zone of Eurasia and America (American species).
Many hazelnut lovers in their garden often encounter the fact that only a small handful of nuts can be collected from a large spreading hazel bush, while in wild hazelnut thickets nuts can be collected in bags. What is the reason, and how can you make your “homemade” hazel tree bear fruit abundantly?
Hazelnut is a monoecious, wind-pollinated, self-sterile plant. Therefore, for normal pollination and fruiting 2–3 varieties (or seedlings) should be planted at the same time.
Hazel blossoms very early, when there are no leaves yet. Male flowers are collected in drooping catkins and bloom for 3–5 days. 
Photo: male flowers hazel
Female ones - in inconspicuous shortened inflorescences of 2 pieces, bloom for up to 15 days. The fruit is a nut. 
Photo: female hazel flower
Often male flowers are subject to spring return frosts. After flowering, the catkins fall off (the ovary is hidden in the bud), the leaves bloom in May, and the nuts ripen in August–September.
The place for planting hazel should be chosen as snowy, warm, well-lit, protected from the winds, with groundwater no closer than 1–1.5 m. Hazel is planted 2–4 m from other plants.
Hazelnuts are an extremely demanding plant when it comes to fertility, feeding, and watering. The soil where it grows must be drained.
Hazelnuts require shaping like an openwork bush (since it sprouts abundantly and thickens). For the winter, the hazel is bent down and covered with snow.
In the Siberian zone (including Altai), hybrid forms of hazel are grown. The selection was started in Altai by Z. I. Luchnik, and is now being carried out by V. G. Ryabushkina. Promising forms and varieties of hazelnuts have been created.
Famous Barnaul (Alida, Lentina) and Biysk varieties - hybrid forms (Biysky green-leaved, Biysky red-leaved, Biysky Sharova).
Hazel and hazelnut are rare guests in our garden plots. And this is quite strange, considering how much one kilogram of nuts costs.
On a plot of four acres, you can create an entire hazelnut garden that will bear fruit well.
Hazelnuts prefer soils that are light in mechanical composition and rich in organic matter. If the soil on the site is different, then it must be corrected by adding sand and humus to the planting hole.
Moreover, relatively little humus is needed. And sand must be poured without sparing. Hazelnuts do not like acidic soils, so it is a good idea to add a little ash to the hole when planting.
About varieties and harvest
The first nuts, in theory, should appear in the fifth or sixth year, but when good care We will try the first nuts on the second.
True, at this age only two to five nuts are removed from the bushes, but next year the harvest will be more significant.
With age, the number of nuts in each fruit increases, the clusters become larger and heavier.
Such numerous inflorescences are distinguished by varieties A Kademik Yablokov and No. 4219.
Academician Yablokov
The plants of this variety are very beautiful. The female inflorescences have dark maroon, almost black stigmas, so during spring flowering there is always the impression that they are frozen, but by mid-June this impression is dispelled by the appearance of a copious amount of nuts setting.
Excessively thin shells contribute to severe damage to the nuts by the weevil. A late ripening variety. Pollinators for this variety are Tambov late and Pervenets.
Winter hardiness is average - male inflorescences and annual growth freeze slightly. Female inflorescences can withstand spring frosts down to minus 6 - 7°C. The bush has a beautiful cup-shaped shape
However, varietal hazelnuts are difficult to obtain, but wild ones also produce good harvests. True, their nuts are often small.
Ivanteevsky hazelnuts are famous - they are frost-resistant, like northern hazel, and productive and large-fruited, like southern hazelnuts.
Moscow ruby
The color of its leaves, plumes and the nut itself is bright crimson at the beginning of summer, and dark crimson by the end of summer.
There are 7-8, and sometimes up to 15 large nuts in the fruit.
The kernel is tender, with excellent dessert taste. In the Moscow region, nuts ripen in the first ten days of October. The bush is vigorous, powerful, up to 4.5 m high, winter-hardy, productive. It bears fruit almost every year - 3-4 kg per bush.
Tambov early
The Tambov early variety can grow throughout the entire range of common hazel. It is frost-resistant, withstands frosts down to −42°C. The time for its nuts to ripen occurs in the Moscow and Tambov regions on August 15-20.
There are from 2 to 10 nuts in a plus. The yield from a bush aged 10 or more years is up to 4 kg, from 1 hectare - up to 16 c. Seedling from free pollination of the local form (Tambov region) of common hazel.
It produces many male inflorescences and is a good pollinator for other varieties.
Sugar
A bush of medium vigor (3-3.5m) with a spreading, dense crown. The yield is up to 3-4 kg per bush. The fruits weigh (1.8 g), round with a thin shell.
Ripening period: end of August - beginning of September. Winter hardiness is high.
Excellent taste - hence the name - “Sugar”. The variety is very decorative - the leaves and nuts on the bush are dark cherry in color. The highest quality of the harvested fruits is superior to all other varieties in terms of oil and sugar content.
Girls - boys
When designing a walnut orchard, it is necessary to take into account that nuts are a wind-pollinated crop, that is, they bear fruit better when several varieties grow nearby. You can plant one bush in the garden for pollination wild hazel– the yields of other hazelnuts will only increase.
Bush formation
Three years after planting, the hazelnut bush must be formed. The ideal crown shape for a nut is considered to be a bowl. To do this, you need to annually remove all shoots growing in the center of the crown, and cut the central conductor above the side branches to the outer bud.
It is best to prune in the spring before the buds on the shoots swell. The signal for it is considered to be the fall of earrings.
But the nut garden begins with the acquisition of seedlings. Here, of course, you need to choose, varieties differ in yield. Thus, an adult bush of the Akademik Yablokov variety produces 10 kg of nuts. Therefore, choosing a variety is a crucial moment.
How to propagate
If desired, you can propagate the variety you like by planting cuttings, and by the end of summer they will take root. When planted in a permanent place, such layerings produce a harvest within a year and retain all the characteristics of the mother plant.
Hazelnuts can also be propagated by seeds. Once sown, they will acclimatize perfectly and will be resistant to the vicissitudes of the weather. But the harvest will have to wait five to seven years, and it remains to be seen what kind of dark horse will grow from these seeds. You can easily wait seven years for hazelnut fruits, and then it turns out that it would be better not to plant them.
Therefore, we are only interested in seedlings from vegetative propagation, which guarantee us excellent results.
How to choose a seedling
In order not to make a mistake when purchasing seedlings, you need to pay attention to their roots. If they are pivotal, then these are seedlings, that is, undesirable for us. But if the root is fibrous and extends from the stem in a non-standard way, this is what we need.
A few notes from practice:
● seedlings that are deeply buried during planting may die;
● watering seedlings in the first two years of cultivation in dry weather is very desirable, since their root system is very weak and they will suffer from a lack of moisture;
● when autumn planting you need to mulch the tree trunk circle, that is, protect the seedlings from freezing.
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Hazelnut (hazelnut) Siberian red-leaved "Alida" ⋆ Ecofarm22.rf
Home / Seedlings and cuttings / Hazelnut (hazelnut) Siberian / Hazelnut (hazelnut) Siberian red-leaved “Alida” 
Valuable multi-stemmed nut-bearing shrub up to 3.5 m tall. Unpretentious to growing conditions, winter-hardy. Hazel bears fruit from 4-5 years after planting. Some varieties are very productive and can produce up to 7 kg. from the bush delicious and very healthy nuts. The fruits ripen by the end of August.
Our online store also has green-leafed Siberian variety"Lentina".
25 in stock
Valuable multi-stemmed nut-bearing shrub up to 3.5 m tall. Unpretentious to growing conditions, winter-hardy. The bush bears fruit from 4-5 years after planting. Some varieties are very productive and can produce up to 7 kg. from a bush of delicious and very healthy nuts. The fruits ripen by the end of August.
This variety has young shoots and foliage of a dark burgundy color. As the shoot grows, they are repainted green color.
Hazelnut bushes grow in a circle with a diameter of more than a meter due to rhizomes on which dormant buds are located.
On personal plot You NEED to plant several varieties of hazelnuts (at least 2 different varieties) adapted to the conditions of Siberia (I am writing about regions of Russia with similar climates). One bush will NEVER bear fruit (this applies to any varieties of hazelnuts).
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Hazel or hazelnut
Hazel is a multi-stemmed shrub 2–5 m high. It has rounded leaves with serrated edges. Grows in the temperate zone of Eurasia and America (American species). Many hazelnut lovers in their garden often encounter the fact that only a small handful of nuts can be collected from a large spreading hazel bush, while in wild hazelnut thickets nuts can be collected in bags. What is the reason, and how can you make your “homemade” hazel tree bear fruit abundantly?
Hazelnut is a monoecious, wind-pollinated, self-sterile plant. Therefore, for normal pollination and fruiting, 2–3 varieties (or seedlings) should be planted simultaneously.
Hazel blossoms very early, when there are no leaves yet. Male flowers are collected in drooping catkins and bloom for 3–5 days. 
Photo: male hazel flowers Female ones - in inconspicuous shortened inflorescences of 2 pieces, bloom for up to 15 days. The fruit is a nut. 
Photo: female hazel flower Often male flowers are subject to spring return frosts. After flowering, the catkins fall off (the ovary is hidden in the bud), the leaves bloom in May, and the nuts ripen in August–September. The place for planting hazel should be chosen as snowy, warm, well-lit, protected from the winds, with groundwater no closer than 1–1.5 m. Hazel is planted 2–4 m from other plants. Hazelnuts are an extremely demanding plant when it comes to fertility, feeding, and watering. The soil where it grows must be drained. Hazelnuts require shaping like an openwork bush (since it sprouts abundantly and thickens). For the winter, the hazel is bent down and covered with snow. In the Siberian zone (including Altai), hybrid forms of hazel are grown. The selection was started in Altai by Z. I. Luchnik, and is now being carried out by V. G. Ryabushkina. Promising forms and varieties of hazelnuts have been created.
Barnaul (Alida, Lentina) and Biysk varieties are known - hybrid forms (Biysky green-leaved, Biysky red-leaved, Biysky Sharova).
Anna Solovyova, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences
antonovsad.ru
Hazel (hazelnut) Hazelnut
An important advantage is the high winter hardiness of the plant. Hazelnut was widely used as the basis for obtaining new winter-hardy hazelnut varieties.
common common hazel, growing wild in the southern regions of our country and in middle lane, as well as in Siberia. Hazelnuts are unpretentious to soils, but grow better on fertile sandy (light) soils and are easy to propagate. The plant is monoecious, the flowers are bisexual. Most varieties are cross-pollinated. It is advisable to plant several varieties of hazelnuts on a personal plot.
Caring for the crop is simple. The formation of a bush begins at 3-4 years of age, when rhizome growth has already appeared. In each bush, 10-12 shoots are left, located as far as possible from one another. Hazelnuts do not like thickening, since poor lighting significantly reduces the yield. Every year in autumn or spring it is necessary to remove excess growth and dry branches, thereby taking care of the rejuvenation of the bush. The optimal number of main branches of different ages in a bush should be no more than 12-16 pieces.
When planting, one bucket of humus is placed in the hole. In the dry season, seedlings should be watered, preventing the soil from drying out.
Hazelnut bushes grow in a circle with a diameter of more than a meter due to rhizomes on which dormant buds are located. Therefore, seedlings are placed mainly according to the 3x3 m or 3x4 m pattern. In personal gardens and garden plots, with good care, seedlings are planted immediately in a permanent place, 2-3 shoots per hole. A plant planted in a permanent place begins to bear fruit already in the 3-4th year.
Hazelnut and wild hazel kernels contain all 20 amino acids necessary for the human body, 9 vitamins, macro- and microelements. They also have medicinal properties. Nuts in any form are perfectly absorbed by the body and retain their taste when stored in ordinary room conditions up to 4 years, like no other ready-made, non-canned product. They are very widely used for the production of confectionery products as one of the exquisite types of sweets, halva. Walnut oil, which contains up to 30% of the most valuable unsaturated fatty linoleic acid for humans, is used to prevent sclerosis and to make medical supplies(ointments, creams for the treatment of arthritis, nervous diseases and adenomas).
On a personal plot, it is advisable to plant several varieties of hazelnuts adapted to the conditions of Siberia.
Hazelnut varieties obtained in Altai, accepted for state variety testing Russian Federation.
Lentina (seedling of the Tambov early variety) is a green-leaved form. The bush is compact. The nuts are medium in size, with a thin skin. The kernel is in a light silky film, tasty and tender. Full maturity occurs in mid-August, and they fall off themselves. At the stage of milky ripeness, they are suitable for consumption in early August. There are 3-7 nuts in the fruit.
Alida (seedling of the Moscow Ruby variety) is distinguished by very beautiful reddish large leaves. There are 4-6 nuts in the fruit. They ripen in early September.
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Hazelnuts in a Siberian garden
Hazelnut (hazel)- these are nuts of early varieties and hybrids between them, belonging to the same botanical genus- hazel (Corylus) from the birch family (Betulaceae).
Of all the nuts, hazelnuts are the most balanced, comprehensive source of high-calorie, complete food.
In the nut kernel of cultivated hazelnut forms, the sum of proteins, fats and carbohydrates reaches 98%, for comparison: in wheat bread- 51%, in potatoes- 22%. The nut kernel contains 20 amino acids, which form complete proteins; the calorie content is 668 kcal per 100 g, while 200-300 g of nuts provide the daily requirement of an adult.
Nuts in any form are perfectly absorbed by the body and retain their taste when stored under normal room conditions for up to 4 years (!), just like many other ready-made, non-canned products. They are very widely used for the production of confectionery products and are included in exquisite types of sweets and halva.
Walnut oil, which contains up to 30% of the most valuable unsaturated fatty linoleic acid for humans, is used to prevent sclerosis and for the manufacture of medications (ointments, creams for the treatment of arthritis, nervous diseases, adenomas).
The plant world is very mysterious, and it is reluctant to reveal its secrets to us. Since ancient times, hazel shoots have been used to make magic and fortune-telling sticks, with which one could protect oneself and cast spells. The leaves and bark have antioxidant properties and are widely used in folk medicine for medicinal baths, decoctions, ointments.
Each breed of hazelnut or hazelnut has its own energy potential and emits waves of a certain length. From this position hazelnuts- An extremely unusual and attractive plant. The hazel tree “feels” thoughts, and knows how to take revenge for an aggressive attitude towards itself. But you’re unlikely to find a better friend to talk to in the garden. The hazel bush is beautiful and graceful thanks to the carved corrugated leaf of bright green or red color.
A garden variety of hazelnut is cultivated in Siberia, which, thanks to adapted varieties and seedlings (the third generation of the European variety), is characterized by consistently high yields.
Being a plant of the forest community, hazelnuts thrive in gardens and are unpretentious to soil fertility. Thanks to its powerful root system, it can be cultivated for soil reclamation and landscaping.
The hazelnut bush is multi-trunked, up to 3-5 meters high. It begins to bear fruit at 5-6 years of age, bears fruit well up to 40 years, then requires rejuvenation, and can live up to 150 years.
Based on our research, we recommend rejuvenating hazelnuts gradually, replacing aging shoots with young ones. In a bush up to 6-7 years of age we form 4-5 main shoots, removing excess shoots, older than 8-10 years- 10-15 shoots.
An important advantage of the selected forms is their high winter hardiness.
To obtain stable yields, it is necessary to plant several plants of different varieties; they pollinate well, yielding up to 10 kg of nuts per bush.
Seedlings are planted at a distance of 2-4 m, ensuring constant moisture, mulching is used various materials. With age, the mulch layer is formed by falling leaves.
I offer a description of the hazelnut forms obtained in Altai, accepted in 2008 for the state variety testing of the Russian Federation.
Lentina (seedling variety Tambov early)- green leaf form. The bush is compact. The nuts are medium in size, with a thin skin. The kernel is in a light silky film, tasty and tender. Full maturity occurs in mid-August, and they fall off themselves. At the stage of milky ripeness, they are suitable for consumption in early August. There are 3-7 nuts in the fruit.
Alida (seedling of the Moscow Ruby variety) is distinguished by very beautiful reddish large leaves. There are 4-6 nuts in the fruit. They ripen in early September.
Valentina Ryabushkina , candidate of agricultural sciences Sci.Contact in Barnaul by phone. (8-385-2) 68-46-87; cell 8-961-230-50-18
Look for nut planting material in the section "Nurseries. Seedlings"
Everyone loves hazelnuts - these nuts taste very pleasant. And, as we don’t often remember, they are also very useful, like kernels walnut. The kernels of hybrid hazelnuts and hazelnuts contain all 20 amino acids necessary for the human body, as well as 9 more vitamins, a complex of macro- and microelements.
Common hazel– a species of hazel, common in the European part of Russia and Belarus.
Growing in the Far East hazel variegated, which is characterized by high winter hardiness; however, its nuts have a very hard shell.
Hazelnut– this is the common name for hazel trees with low winter hardiness, which usually grow in the Caucasus and southern regions of Russia. Their nuts are sold throughout the country in shops and markets.
In addition, hybrids and varietal hazelnuts bred for cultivation in gardens are commonly called hazelnuts.
Hazelnuts in the garden
Michurin started the hybridization of hazel in our country. But the main contribution to the creation of hazel hybrids was made more than 60 years ago by Academician A.S. Yablokov, crossing common hazel near Moscow with southern varieties of hazelnuts. Then work on developing new varieties was continued by R.F. Kudasheva.
The following hazelnut varieties are popular and quite winter-hardy: “Akademik Yablokov”, “Moskovsky Rubin”, “Tambovsky Early”, “Isaevsky”, etc.
Hazelnut varieties with purple and golden foliage are very decorative, as well as very original varietal hazel with beautifully curved shoots. These spectacular plants are used to decorate the garden.
Hazelnut catkins (male flowers) are produced by the plant in summer; then they overwinter, and in early spring they bloom and “gather dust.” Female flowers on the bush appear in spring.
Unfortunately, even those varieties of hazelnuts that are characterized as winter-hardy freeze slightly in some winters in the Urals and even in the Moscow region. During the winter, the buds of the male inflorescences-catkins freeze, and in the spring the female flowers freeze. It happens that the ovary is affected by late return frosts.
Hazelnut fruiting in Siberia
There is practically no information about the cultivation of hazelnuts in Siberia. Isolated cases of successful cultivation of hazel in botanical gardens or on individual plots and summer cottages allow us to draw some conclusions.
Hazel can grow everywhere in our country, but this plant will bear fruit only in favorably located plots: well protected from cold winds from the north, in the area of the Irkutsk Sea, within the city.
In my garden, two large hazel bushes (about two meters high) grow in an unfavorable cold valley of the hills not far from Savvateevka. One hazel seedling was purchased in 1998 from the Irkutsk Botanical Garden, and the other was sent from Minusinsk.
I really like hazel bushes in the garden; they are distinguished by their decorativeness and unpretentiousness. Hazel forms a neat rounded bush with green, always healthy foliage, turning yellow in autumn.
In my garden, hazel branches froze only for 2-3 years after planting the seedlings. But there was no flowering, so I didn’t expect nuts from them. But in 2010, several small nuts appeared on the Irkutsk hazel bush. However, their bark was very hard, and these nuts practically did not ripen.
In subsequent years, there were no nuts on the bushes, and I admired my hazels only from afar - they grow in the depths of a large plot, where I rarely visit.
Last summer (2014) I experienced a real shock! In July, walking past a hazel bush, I seemed to feel someone’s gaze... It was the Minusinsk hazel nuts that were “looking” at me, very similar to eyes with huge fluffy eyelashes :)
By the way, the “eyelashes” of Irkutsk hazel nuts were short and sharp.
I counted about three dozen such “eyes” in the Minusinsk hazel bush, located singly or in twos.
Of course, after discovering the nuts, I approached the fruiting hazel bush every day, and more than once.
In mid-September, the ripe nuts began to fall off, and I collected them. The shells turned out to be thin, and the kernels of the nuts were tasty. So, I’m now in love with my hazel for many reasons :)
I would like to purchase other varieties of hazel to try it myself in local conditions. But, unfortunately, I don’t see the required seedlings for sale.
Hazel propagation by seeds and vegetatively
It takes a long time to propagate hazel using nuts. And the varietal properties of a plant, as a rule, are not preserved when sowing nuts. Therefore, for vegetative propagation, you need to make layering from your hazel bushes.
In the fall, I dug a groove about 10 cm deep near a hazel bush. I pinned a shoot in the groove, and brought its top up and tied it to a peg. I covered it with soil and humus and watered it. I'm waiting for spring with the hope that the hazel shoot will take root.
In the spring I will try another method of vegetative propagation of hazel, which produces not just one seedling, but 3-5 at once from one shoot. To do this, the cuttings are also placed in the groove and pinned, but they are not covered with earth. In this case, the apical buds of the shoot are removed, and the remaining buds sprout.
When these young shoots reach 10–15 cm, they are hilled (with garden soil mixed with humus) to 2/3 of their height; this procedure is repeated 2-3 times during the summer and autumn. For better rooting of sprouts, the soil is watered with root formation stimulants (for example, Kornevin or Zircon).
Next spring, the entire horizontal layer with sprouts is carefully dug up and cut into pieces. In this case, each resulting cutting must have a rooted vertical shoot.
It is advisable to plant hazel cuttings for growing in a school. Or you can place them in a permanent place in the garden - 2-3 pieces in one planting hole - so that the hazel bush immediately grows lush.
Fruiting of such young plant usually happens in the fourth year. An adult hazel begins to bear fruit at the age of 20 (that’s why we plant hazel in the garden for our children and grandchildren!), and it continues for more than a quarter of a century. Hazel lives and bears fruit for 90 years or more.
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Hazelnuts, common hazel, cultivation
In garden plots, lush hazel and hazelnut bushes are still rarely found, giving their delicious fruits - nuts - in the autumn. Although common hazel dates back thousands of years and is still very popular, for the majority of the population, hazel nuts remain a delicacy that rarely makes it to the table.
This can be explained by the low prevalence of hazel culture and its irregular yield in places of natural growth. However, with the development of hazel varieties for the middle zone, the number of amateur gardeners who want to grow this useful ornamental shrub, is getting bigger.
Useful properties and composition of hazel
Hazel (hazelnut) kernels have an excellent taste, in addition, they are the highest calorie of all nuts. According to this indicator, the kernel is higher than fish and meat. It contains: 65-73% non-drying fatty oil, 16-23 proteins, 3-8 carbohydrates, 3.2% fiber, as well as carotene, biotin, vitamins B, B2, C, E, macro- and microelements. There are in the leaves essential oil, myricitrosyl glycoside, up to 10% tannins, they contain more vitamin C than fruits. Essential oil, tannins, betulin, palmitic acid were found in the bark of shoots and branches; in addition, up to 20% of tannins were found in the bark.
Medicinal properties of common hazel
Preparations prepared from hazel are used in the treatment of skin diseases (neurodermatitis, eczema, etc.). Leaves harvested in May are used in folk medicine for liver diseases. The fruits, freed from the thin brown husk, are recommended to be eaten mixed with honey for anemia and rheumatism. Nuts ground with water - for hemoptysis, kidney stones, flatulence, as a lactogenic agent, for bronchitis and febrile conditions. Crushed fruits mixed with egg white are used for burns. The bark collected in the spring is used for malaria; plus (leaf wrapper) of fruit - for diarrhea; nut oil as an anthelmintic (for roundworms) and for epilepsy. To strengthen hair, oil is rubbed into the scalp.
Decorative qualities
IN Lately People began to pay attention to hazel not only because of its tasty fruits. Thanks to its large, dense green foliage, which turns into bright yellow and red tones with the arrival of autumn, hazel is now planted as an ornamental shrub. There is also a very picturesque form with intense purple leaves throughout the season. Such a bush will certainly become a decoration in a garden plot, in a square or park, and will expressively highlight other plants.
Applications of hazelnuts
Hazel oil is a valuable nutritious product, its properties are not inferior to almond oil; In addition, it serves as a raw material for the perfume, soap and paint industries. The cake remaining after squeezing contains up to 8% oil and 48% protein, suitable for making halva. The nuts are used to make fillings for sweets, added to pastries, pies and other confectionery products, and used in the production of liqueurs.
Hazel trunks are used to make handles for gardening tools and different instruments, fishing rods, canes, hoops for wooden barrels. They braid hedges. The bark is used in leather production. A special charcoal is burned from wood, which is in demand among artists.
Description of hazel
Common hazel (hazel, hazelnut) is a perennial nut-bearing fruit crop of the Birch family, the genus Hazel. Widely distributed in the wild in the forest and steppe zones of Europe, as well as in the Caucasus. In the European part of Russia, it lives in the undergrowth of coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests, mainly in bright areas, as it does not tolerate strong shading. It grows quickly in clearings and burnt areas. The total life expectancy is 60-80 years.
Individual roots go to a depth of 50-60 cm, so hazel is used to create protective strips and to secure slopes and ravines.
Seedlings begin to bear fruit in the 5-10th year, plants from vegetative propagation - in the 4-6th year. Fruits irregularly. A bush of wild hazel produces from 1 to 3 kg of nuts, and cultivated varieties - up to 8 kg or more.
Common hazel is a winter-hardy, light- and moisture-loving plant. IN winter period pollen in earrings can withstand temperatures down to -30°C, does not freeze at -3-5°C during flowering, and female flowers at - 8°C. Prefers fertile, drained, neutral in acidity, light to medium soil texture. Dry and sandy soils are unsuitable for hazel growth.
This is a shrub with a height of 2 to 8 m (cultivated varieties - 3-4 m), less often a tree, and has a lot of root shoots. Hazel blooms very early (in April) before the leaves bloom at a temperature of 12-15°C. Flowers appear mainly on young growths of the last year. Pollinated by wind. Dichogamy is observed - the flowering of male and female flowers at different times on the same plant, so for normal fruiting it is necessary to plant 2-3 mutually pollinated varieties. It takes 5 months from pollination to ripening of the nuts.
The fruit is a single-seeded nut with a dense shell, surrounded by a leaf wrapper - a plus. When ripening (in August-September), the edges of the plush dry out and the nut falls out of the wrapper. The fruits are usually located 3-4 together at the ends of the shoots; the weight of one nut is 2-3 g.
The root system is powerful, fibrous, superficial. The roots contain mycorrhiza - special soil fungi. Most of the roots are located at a depth of 10-30 cm,
Varieties of common hazel
What is the difference between hazel and hazelnut? Cultivated, hybrid forms of hazel or the fruits themselves are called hazelnuts.
The varieties intended for the conditions of the middle zone were obtained mainly in the Ivanteevsky forest selection experimental nursery in the Moscow region. These are Academician Yablokov, Ivanteevsky red, Kudraif, Moscow early, Moscow ruby, Firstborn, Purple, Sugar, Tambov early. The variety Recognition, created for the same region, was bred in Ufa.
Southern hazelnut varieties were bred in research institutions in Krasnodar and Sochi: Ata-Baba, Cherkessky 2, Rimsky, Kavkaz, Karamanovsky, Kuban, Perestroika, Sochi 1 and Sochi 2.
Red-leaved and green-leaved hazel
It is important to have mutually pollinating varieties on the site, which will promote annual fruiting. Tambov early and Pervenets are classified as pollinating varieties of red-leaved forms (they form many more winter-hardy male inflorescences). In winter, the pollen of hazel varieties often dies, but under the same conditions the female flowers are preserved, and pollination will still take place due to the frost-resistant pollinator variety. Green-leaved hazelnuts are considered more winter-hardy; Among the red-leaved ones, Pushkinsky red, Miracle of Vsesvyatsky, Maria Makarevich are more resistant to frost.
In the background of the photo are red-leaved hazelnuts in May.
Back in the 1920s, I.V. Michurin acclimatized southern hazelnuts in the city of Michurinsk and obtained winter-hardy cultural forms. His followers successfully continued the work they had begun, which made it possible to grow hazelnuts in the middle zone.
For many years, new varieties and forms of hazelnuts, created at the NPO "Funduk" (Ivanteevka, Moscow region) and other research institutions, have been successfully growing in garden plots in the Moscow region.
The State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation for 2012 recommended 19 varieties of hazelnuts for growing, including 10 varieties for the middle zone and 9 for the south.
Hazel propagation
Hazel is propagated by seeds, root suckers, layering, dividing the bush, and grafting.
Seeds can be sown in autumn and spring. For spring sowing, nuts are stratified for 120-150 days at a temperature of 4-5°C in peat chips, coarse sand or mixtures thereof. The sowing depth is 5-6 cm. It is better to propagate varieties and selected forms by vegetative methods, since when propagated by seeds, the characteristics of the mother plant are split.
When propagated by horizontal layering in late autumn or early spring, annual branches are bent and placed in grooves 10-15 cm deep, pinned, the tops are slightly shortened, the branches are not covered. Vertical shoots sprout from the buds on the branch; As they grow, they are hilled 2-3 times to half the height, tearing off the leaves at the hilled height. The soil for hilling should be mixed with humus (1:1). By autumn the shoots take root. With this propagation, you can get a lot of planting material from one bush.
Hazel is also propagated by arcuate layering. Annual branches in autumn or spring are bent in an arched manner into holes 20-30 cm deep. At the bend, the bark is cut, the branch is pinned to the soil with wooden or metal hooks. The holes are filled up fertile soil, leaving the top on the surface, which is tied to a peg. In the fall or early spring of next year, the rooted cuttings are separated from the mother plant and dug up.
Root shoots formed from dormant buds on rhizomes are not always ready for planting in a permanent place, even at 2-3 years of age, since they have weak, underdeveloped roots. The shoots separated from the mother bush should be grown for 1-2 years in a garden bed or in a film greenhouse and only then planted in a permanent place.
In places of natural growth there are productive forms of hazel with good quality fruits suitable for transfer to the garden plot. However, in this case, you should not dig up the entire bush, since you cannot count on good survival rate. It is better to take root shoots from such a bush for replanting or root a conveniently located branch on the spot.
For grafting varieties and selected forms, common hazel seedlings are used as rootstocks. They are grafted by budding in the usual summer time or by cuttings in the spring, using a graft into the butt, into a split, or behind the bark.
Growing hazel in the garden - planting and care
It is better to plant hazel along the borders of the garden plot in autumn or early spring according to the scheme: 4?4 or 3?3 m. Planting holes 80 cm wide and 50 cm deep are filled with a mixture of the top fertile soil layer with 10-15 kg of humus or compost, 200 g of superphosphate , 80 g of potassium sulfate. For better pollination, plant 3-5 bushes. Use seedlings that have 2-4 branches 30-50 cm long with a thickness at the base of 1-1.5 cm, a well-branched fibrous root system. Before planting, the roots are cut to 25-30 cm. When planting in a hole under the roots, it is a good idea to sprinkle some soil taken from under an old hazel tree; it is rich in mycorrhiza, which is present on the roots of hazel. After planting and watering (2 buckets of water), the tree trunk circles are mulched with peat or humus with a layer of 3-5 cm, and the branches are shortened to 20-25 cm.
In the first years after planting, the free area between plants can be used for vegetable crops. Bite circles are kept loose and weed-free or under a layer of organic mulch. The root system of hazel is superficial, so the soil is loosened no deeper than 5-8 cm. Hazel is responsive to watering; lack of moisture during the period of fruit ripening and flower bud formation negatively affects the harvest.
When caring for hazel, 10 kg of organic fertilizer per 1 m2 is applied to young bushes once every 3 years. Under fruit-bearing bushes in the fall, when digging the soil, apply once every 2-3 years per 1 m2: 3-4 kg of manure or compost, 50-60 g of superphosphate and 25-30 g of potassium salt. In the spring, during the budding phase, nitrogen-containing fertilizers are added - 20-30 g / m2 of ammonium nitrate or urea.
When forming a hazel bush, 6-10 trunks are left, growing in all directions from the middle of the bush and located further from one another. Dry, broken, weak, thickening and intertwining branches are cut out. From the age of 20, when productivity decreases, the bushes begin to gradually rejuvenate: 2-3 old trunks are cut out annually. New skeletal branches are formed from strong basal shoots; they are slightly shortened to cause the appearance of lateral branches.
There is another way of rejuvenation: all old branches are cut off flush with the ground, from the grown young ones, 8-10 of the strongest and most well located are selected and a new bush is formed. When growing hazel in the form of a tree, one stem is left on the planted seedling, a 50-60 cm trunk is laid on it and 4-5 skeletal branches are formed; root shoots are systematically removed. Abroad, hazelnuts are formed in the form of a tree, grafted onto arborescent hazel.
Pests and diseases of hazel
Pests: nut weevil, bud mite, aphid, scale insect. The fruits are damaged by the caterpillars of the acorn moth, causing them to shed en masse in August-September. Caterpillars overwinter in a dense cocoon under plant debris or in cracks in the bark. Measures to combat the acorn moth: in early spring - cleaning the bark, in the fall - cleaning and composting fallen leaves.
Diseases: brown leaf spot, powdery mildew.
Uses of hazelnuts
Hazel fruits are eaten fresh, dried, roasted (“roasted nuts”), and are also used for making cakes, pastries, creams, fillings, and liqueurs.
Harvest. The mass harvest of fruits occurs at the beginning of September, when the tops turn brown and individual nuts with an open top begin to fall off. The collected nuts are dried for 15-20 days in a dry and well-ventilated area, mixing the fruits daily. When dried, the plums are easily separated from the nuts. Dried fruits are stored in cloth bags or paper bags in a dry room, where they do not lose their quality for two to three years. Poorly dried nuts do not last long
Hazelnut, hazel, and hazelnut are special trees that give strength and good health. The tree is covered in legends about extraordinary magical abilities. Its fruits have been used in human nutrition for thousands of years. The current generation tries not to forget where the hazel thickets are, although buying nuts has become commonplace. Increasingly, the idea arises of what hazelnuts are, planting, caring for the plant, the possibility of planting on the site.
Hazelnut, growing in nature, is a tall bush with a large number of trunks. The tree-bush belongs to the hazel genus of the birch family. Monoecious, wind-pollinated tree with formed male and female flowers. In early spring, velvety catkins of male inflorescences hang from the branches, like those of a birch tree. Male inflorescences are formed at the end of summer. By the time they bloom from December to February, they change their shade and become golden. The frosty weather of this time does not have a strong effect on the appearance of the ovary and the reduction in yield. The female flower appears on the terminal bud. The more of these inconspicuous buds, the higher the harvest. Thanks to selection, 17 species, more than 50 varieties of hazelnuts based on common hazel, have been created. These are Lombard nut, Celje nut, Siebold hazel, Potanin, Ata-Baba, Barcelona varieties and many others. Cold resistance and simple care allow you to grow the plant on a large scale. It is better to plant a zoned variety on the site, or rather two bushes of different varieties. This will significantly increase plant productivity. There are no insects pollinating plants at this time. The nut does not really need them, since pollination occurs due to the wind. The choice of hazelnut variety, planting, and care can be done after consultation with specialists.
Useful properties of nuts
The taste of hazelnuts has been known to everyone since childhood. Teenagers who grew up in villages and small towns happily waited for the time to collect these magical fruits. The population prepared a lot of them. They were carefully stored, and it seems that there was nothing tastier than them in winter. It is believed that the Romans and Greeks were the first to grow nuts as cultivated plant your garden. Due to its chemical composition, which includes a high content of different substances, hazelnuts are a useful, healing gift of nature. Hazelnut kernels contain up to 80% fat, about 15% proteins, and up to 5% carbohydrates. Gluten, vitamins, iron salts, carotene are not the entire list of important substances contained in the nut. Cholesterol-free oil has long been produced from them. Fragrant and tasty, it is used for human nutrition. When making confectionery products, crushed and ground nut kernels are often needed. The healing properties of hazel in the form of infusions, decoctions of leaves, and bark are used in the treatment of many diseases. For example, with bronchitis, urolithiasis, anemia, intestinal diseases, multiple sclerosis, in many other cases. Detailed recipes can be found on the Internet and specialized literature. They are used after consultation with a doctor.
Eating nuts has a positive effect on improving the functioning of the heart and blood vessels. Iron, minerals, vitamins contained in the nuclei are involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin, making blood vessels flexible and permeable. Regular consumption of small amounts of nuts helps prevent the occurrence of stroke, heart disease, and atherosclerosis. B vitamins contained in the nut kernel, which are involved in the creation folic acid, will come to the rescue with depression and nervous breakdowns. How to grow hazelnuts from a nut is not knowledge of the special secrets of agricultural technology for growing them in different climatic zones. Read about the benefits of hazelnuts in the article “ Beneficial features hazelnuts and their contraindications"
Agricultural technology, cultivation features
The peculiarity and importance of individual agricultural techniques used when planting hazelnuts is associated with the mechanism of growth of fruit buds on strong new shoots. If the requirements for moisture, sun, and soil fertility are necessary for any plant, then pruning is important when growing hazelnuts at home. Thanks to correct pruning growth, fruiting, productivity, life expectancy of the bush, and the quality of its fruits are regulated. The main purpose of pruning is to create a sparse crown consisting of strong young branches. This creates the necessary conditions to grow in a large number of short new branches with fruit buds. They are located on skeletal branches. Thanks to pruning, excess growth, dry, diseased branches growing inward are removed.
Planting, care
In a permanent place, hazelnuts can grow and bear fruit for 100 years. Its valuable, tasty fruits can be enjoyed by several generations of people. Therefore, determining the place to plant hazelnuts must be taken responsibly and competently.
The nut grows worst on soil with a high acidity content. This can be corrected by treating with lime and regularly adding dolomite flour. Most often it is recommended to apply 0.5 kg per square meter surfaces. An important criterion The choice of any type of soil is its fertility, moisture without excessive amounts of water. It is not advisable to plant the plant on slopes facing south. Early awakening of the buds under the influence of spring sunlight leads to damage to female flowers during unexpected spring frosts. How to salt hazelnuts in the country? It is advisable to find a sunny, windless place on the site away from large trees. They do this on slopes that are unsuitable for growing other trees. At the same time, their surface is well strengthened by the root system of the nut, preventing soil erosion.
Landing technology
How to plant hazelnuts? Planting hazelnuts in spring is often used, but best time The month for planting seedlings is October. At this time of early autumn it is still warm and the soil is moderately moist. About thirty days before planting, prepare a hole about half a meter deep and wide. It is filled with a mixture that should contain humus, fertilizer, and several handfuls of mycorrhiza. This creates a nutrient medium for roots actively growing in early years life of a nut. A vertical peg is attached to the center of the hole. A seedling is installed nearby, straightening the roots. The level of the root collar is deepened to 4 cm. The neck is not covered. The stem is shortened above the fifth bud. Water and mulch the plantings. Possible spring planting after steady warming of the soil.
The main requirements for optimal cultivation of hazel are timely watering, removal of weeds, rejuvenation of bushes, crown formation, proper preventive pruning, disease prevention, and pest control. The plant formation procedure is carried out regularly, starting from the third year of life. Eight strong stems are left for the future crown. The remaining trunks are removed at the root. The harvest is planted on new shoots. Fertilizers are applied twice a year. In summer they use ash. Nitrogen fertilizers are used only in early spring. They stimulate growth but reduce yield. The plant is resistant to many diseases and pests. The threat to growth is posed by the larvae of the common cockchafer. One of the tips in the fight against larvae and beetles is to plant white clover and perennial lupine next to the tree. All autumn leaves must be removed, it is better to burn them, destroying the hibernation site of powdery mildew. In the fight against weevils, it is recommended to carry out regular spring treatment karbofos.
Hazelnuts are considered a plant for lazy gardeners who do not like to carry out complex agricultural activities. However, a lot of work must be invested in planting and caring for huge industrial hazelnut plantations. Its commercial production is profitable. It has been mastered in Turkey, Italy and other countries. Purchase prices for one kg of nuts fluctuate around $7. And healthy nut butter will always find a market in any quantity.
Reproduction
There are several options for propagating hazelnuts. The use of a particular one depends on experience, the required amount of planting material, and the availability of a sample for planting. The question of how to grow hazelnuts from nuts is now of interest to a large number of gardeners.
Seed method
This method is used by breeders to solve their research problems. The offspring grown in this way will not resemble the mother plant, especially when using seeds from hybrid nut species. It is believed that only one in 1000 seedlings reproduces the qualities of the parent plant. Once I.V. Michurin suggested that when seed propagation the resulting wild forms of the plant are not full-fledged propagation material for hazelnuts. The quality of an adult tree can be determined only after it enters the fruiting period, and this will be in ten years. The wait may be in vain. However, if the nut is intended for decorative purposes landscape design, then sowing from seeds is justified. Moreover, these seedlings have increased frost resistance, adapt well to the climate, are rarely affected by pests, and do not get sick.
For propagation by seeds, select large, healthy nuts and treat them with a rodent repellent. You can use regular kerosene. Seeds can be planted in spring and autumn. The main thing is to withstand five days wet wipe, and then stratify them for another four months. To do this, the nuts must be kept at a temperature from 0 to +5 all this time, stirring every two weeks. Seed germination is approximately 60%. How to plant hazelnuts in a permanent place can be seen in the video on the Internet.
Vegetative method
In addition to simplicity, this method makes it possible to reproduce all the characteristics of the parent plant. Combinations of genes created by nature or as a result of targeted selection are preserved. Several techniques for this method of reproduction are used. Their main difference is the timing of the appearance of the first flowering and the entry into the phase of active fruiting. For example, seedlings obtained by layering produce their first flowers in the second year of life, while those used as a result of cuttings produce their first flowers in the third year. Other methods of vegetative propagation delay the onset of fruiting, but it occurs earlier than with successful seed propagation. These features of plant development must be taken into account when planting hazelnuts on a personal plot in spring and autumn.
Dividing the bush. An old bush is dug up and carefully divided into parts with a sharp shovel. Each of them should correspond to a stump approximately 20 cm high, intact roots, and a pre-moistened lump of earth. This simplest method, accessible to the novice gardener, preserving all the properties of the mother plant.
Reproduction by layering. Shoots of two-year-old shoots and last year's branches are rooted using the so-called arch, without separating them from the mother plant, but placing them in dug grooves. Their depth is 15 cm, length 50 cm, the number corresponds to the number of shoots used, which are fixed to the bottom of the groove using wooden hooks. The tops of the shoots are secured to vertical pegs and shortened, leaving 5 buds. Small cuts are made at the bend of the shoot to speed up the root growth process. The grooves are filled with fertile soil, watered abundantly, and compacted to avoid the appearance of voids in the root development zones. Each shoot produces one seedling. It is not recommended to use old branches for rooting. If the number of high-quality seedlings from rooted shoots of three years of age reaches 90%, then each subsequent year of age of the branches significantly reduces it. The formation of roots and stem growth from old branches is very weak.
Horizontal layers. In ancient times, the Chinese used this propagation method to obtain large quantities of high-quality nut planting material. To do this, in the spring, select a strong shoot with a large number of healthy buds and place it strictly horizontally in a groove prepared in various radial directions in relation to the bush. Attach to the bottom of the groove, do not cover with soil, and shorten the ends of the stem. Water and spud after four leaves appear on young vertical shoots growing from awakened buds. The growth bud should remain on the surface of the earth. In summer, regular watering and topping with soil are required. In autumn, a mound with a well-developed root ball forms near each shoot. After a year, the young seedling is ready to be planted in its intended place. It is separated from the main plant. Each of the young plants has strong shoots and roots.
Vertical layers. The essence of the method is to awaken the dormant buds of the root zone at the level of the bush’s neck. Pruning the branches of the plant is done in the spring as a way to rejuvenate the entire bush. The resulting stumps up to 50 cm high are carefully covered with film. Under the influence of moisture and sun, young shoots quickly appear under it. As they grow, they are hilled up three times, watered, and humus is added. The film is removed after the third hilling in mid-summer. Lower leaves seedlings are plucked. Should be removed in the fall extra land formed as a result of hilling, carefully separate the seedling from the hazel. The older the rejuvenated bush, the greater the number of young seedlings it produces.
Root growth (tearing off). In this way, hazelnuts are renewed in nature. Every year, new rhizomes appear around the bush from dormant buds located at a distance of about one meter in the outer layer of soil. Several new shoots grow from them in the second growing season. An old bush is capable of producing many strong plants that are used for propagation by carefully separating them with a sharp tool. These rhizomes are called peelings. They may not have time to grow strong roots. Replanting is required for two years in a school where the plant is formed.
Reproduction by grafting
It is recommended to do this on the tree-like form of hazelnuts. It is considered the best rootstock that does not form shoots. The grafting is done in the spring using the butt method or improved copulation. Cuttings are prepared, cut from the middle or top of the stem, and in winter they are stored in the refrigerator, under the snow. After the grafting has taken root, new shoots on the rootstock are removed.
In addition, hazelnuts can be propagated by budding and green cuttings. Everything is determined by experience, the degree of interest in conducting new experiments.
Having mastered the rules of caring for hazelnuts, it takes very little time; among its fruits, of course, you will be lucky to find a nut with two kernels. This will bring wealth and good luck to the whole family.
Also watch the video on how to plant hazelnuts correctly.
Growing hazelnuts
Hazelnuts come in many varieties and are cultivated hazelnuts. Multiple experiments ultimately made it possible to develop hazelnut varieties that are very fertile and resistant to difficult weather conditions.
Some of them are used industrially, others have excellent decorative properties. Most importantly, you can now grow hazelnuts yourself.
But first you need to decide which variety you want to see on your site.
Hazelnut
This hazel is presented in the form of a branched shrub, the height of which can range from 1.5 to 5 m. Occasionally you can find trees whose height reaches 7 m.
Flowering period is February-April. The time depends on the place where the nut grows. In the southern regions, the flowering period begins towards the end of January. It happens before the leaves bloom. Often only one grain develops, although the ovary includes two ovules.
The fruit is a drupe in a plus. The fruits are cylindrical in shape, but sometimes round-ovoid and flattened drupes are found. When the fruit ripens, the shell becomes intensely brown and the nut falls out of the shell.
Grows mainly in oak and mixed forests.
The lifespan of a hazelnut is no more than 80 years. The yield per hectare is from 500 kg. up to 2.5 tons. Wild hazelnuts have become the basis for breeding new varieties for industrial use.
Redleaf
Red-leaved hazelnut bushes are a common name for a whole range of varieties. Their distinctive feature- This is dark red foliage that only turns green in the fall.
Such bushes serve not only as a way to obtain nuts, but also play an important decorative role. A red-leaved hazelnut hedge will give the area an excellent appearance. In addition, bees love it very much, and therefore the presence of bushes near the apiary will allow you to get good honey.
Among the currently useful varieties of red-leaved hazelnuts, the following can be distinguished:
A characteristic feature is increased frost resistance. The work of Academician Michurin’s students made it possible to obtain varieties that are excellently grown in central Russia, easily tolerate harsh winters and produce a bountiful harvest of large nuts. He is not whimsical even in relation to the soil. But they require abundant watering after planting.
The most famous hazelnut, bred in Ukraine. Hazel first appeared on the territory of Crimea 500 years ago and is most widespread here.
Has a number characteristic features, such as:
- Large size;
- Fat content - 72%;
- Output core - 60%;
- For 100 nuts in the shell it turns out to be approximately 500 grams. product;
- Frost resistance up to 32° below zero;
- Ripens in the second ten days of August;
- This is the largest type of hazelnut in the entire world;
- Incredibly prized in the industry, but rare at this level;
- Belongs to the highest grade according to state standards.
Other varieties
In addition to the named varieties, there are many more varieties of hazelnuts that are recommended to be grown. These include:
Growing at home
This nut is valued as a shrub for growing seedlings, which are then sold. Or you can grow bushes and collect fruits from own plot, which is also very healthy and tasty.
For all the features of planting hazelnuts, see the “6 acres” program.
Hazel or hazelnut can be propagated using the nuts themselves. Quite often, such seedlings turn out to be even better in terms of quality than the “parents”.
As for hybrid varieties, then they are grown exclusively by layering - horizontal or arc. A vegetative method is used, which allows preserving the features and characteristics of the hazelnut variety. It is almost impossible to save them when planting seeds.
Occasionally, the grafting method can be used. However, it is not always relevant, since the branches are delicate and the cambium layer is thin.
If you sow indoors, then in December you need to lay out the nuts for germination for stratification. It lasts one and a half months. The seeds are placed in a container filled with sand and sent to the refrigerator. You can also use a snow cushion or a basement where there is no heating.
After this, the nuts are taken out and planted in containers containing soil with sand. The sand layer should be approximately 25-40 millimeters. Covered with polyethylene.
As soon as the sprouts appear, you should begin constant pollination with water and care as for simple seedlings. Prepared seedlings should be transplanted to a permanent place in greenhouses in June.
Growing seedlings yourself is a rather long and difficult procedure. In addition, they can be easily found on the market. But to choose suitable option, you need to know a few simple rules:
Before proceeding directly to planting, you should wisely select a place for this. There are several features worth paying attention to:
Landing rules
- When choosing a vegetative propagation method, divide the planting materials into ordinary seedlings, non-standard ones and those suitable for planting. Non-standard ones are sent to school, where they grow up.
- Seedlings, layering and rhizomes are planted in shkolkas. In this case, the inter-row distance is 90-120 centimeters, and in rows - 20-30 centimeters.
- The optimal time for planting is autumn, about a month before the cold weather begins. This will allow the root system to recover by spring, just in time for the beginning of the growing season.
- Ready seedlings should be placed at a distance of approximately 4-5 meters. Placement method - squares or chess principle. If the site has a steep slope, then use only a checkerboard pattern.
- Add about 5 kilograms of humus, about 50 grams of potassium salt, and superphosphate - about 100 grams - to the planting hole.
- If the soil is sufficiently poor, the indicated amount of fertilizer is doubled. Then the seedlings need to be watered and mulched abundantly.
- Hazelnuts will take a lot of nutritional components from the soil, which means fertilizers need to be added annually so that the yield does not fall.
- Compost and manure are the best fertilizers and contain everything a nut needs. They need to be brought in under deep digging. If there is not enough organic matter, then you can use potassium and phosphorus fertilizers.
- Nitrogen additives dissolve very easily, so it is recommended to use them for care in early spring. Nitrogen plays a very important role in the initial growing season.
- Nitrogen fertilizers, as well as phosphorus additives, are used every year, but potassium fertilizers can be added only once every two years.
- During the growing season, the soil must be loosened several times and weeds removed. The tree trunk circle is not loosened deeply - no more than 8 centimeters. This is due to the risk of damaging the roots located at a depth of only 10-15 centimeters.
- Be sure to treat the bushes against pests. They are not very dangerous, but it is not worth the risk. The first treatment is carried out after flowering has completed, and the second - when the size of the nuts is approximately equal to the size of peas.
- make a mound in the center of the bottom of the hole,
- treat the seedling in a clay solution,
- place the roots along the mound,
- covered with soil,
- compact the soil
- make a hole for watering,
- covered with sawdust or grass,
- cut the seedling at a height of 15-20 cm above the ground,
- tie the seedling to a support.
- Cosford is a hazelnut, the photo of which shows its beauty and strength. The variety is resistant to diseases, bears fruit abundantly, is vigorous, and ripens at the end of August.
- Early Trapezuda - thin shell, pointed nut, ripen in July, does not bear fruit alone, bush of normal size.
- Roman - large fruits with grooves, high oiliness of the kernel, resistant to diseases, vigorous bush, regularly produces crops when dusty.
- Almond - light-colored fruit, the kernel has an almond flavor, the bush grows moderately, ripens in mid-August.
- take ripe quality nuts;
- plant more after harvest;
- plant the seeds to a depth of 7-8 cm;
- remove weeds and water regularly;
- after a year, the seedling should grow to a height of 15 cm - then it can be transplanted to a permanent place;
- if this height is not reached, wait another year;
- Before transplanting, place a bucket of fertilizer in the hole.
For information on growing hazelnuts on an industrial scale, watch the following video.
It is not enough to simply plant and water the hazelnuts after planting. Now it will require careful care.
Care includes a number of activities:
How gardeners grow hazelnuts
The cultivated form of the well-known hazel is the hazelnut, beloved by many, the cultivation of which does not require a special approach. But in order to grow a luxurious hazelnut bush on your plot, it’s worth learning a little about the plant itself and the principles of its cultivation.
The bush grows up to 3 meters high, has a strong root system, which allows it to take root in inconvenient and infertile earthen areas. The leaves and fruits are slightly larger than those of hazelnuts. The flowering of the bush begins even before the leaves bloom. The fruits grow in groups of 3-6 pieces.
In Turkey, Ukraine and other countries, hazelnuts are grown for industrial use. Gardeners and lovers of landscape design loved to plant it on their plots. It looks beautiful along the fence, but the main value of the plant is its fruits. Hazelnut kernels are rich in proteins - up to 18% and fats - 50-60%, contain carbohydrates, many vitamins and different types amino acids. Eating nucleoli is good for brain activity, they give strength and energy.
Choosing a place and landing
The plant loves moist soil and good lighting. But soil that is too waterlogged, dry or salty will not work. Growing hazelnuts is possible both on slopes and on flat areas. Ideally suited for the bush are places protected from strong gusts of wind and with high humidity.
To calculate how much space is needed for a mature bush, take into account the fertility of the land on the site. The richer the soil is in minerals, the larger the hazelnut bush will grow. If there are limestone deposits in the soil, then such land is unsuitable for growing it.
The soil for planting walnuts is plowed in the fall to a depth of 18 cm. During the growing season, clearing of weeds and slight loosening of the soil several times over the entire period to a depth of 10 cm is required.
The best time for planting is autumn. To grow hazelnut gardens, the soil needs to be intensively loosened to a depth of 30-40 cm. If you plan to plant hazelnuts in the fall, then you need to loosen them in the spring, and vice versa. To get the harvest as quickly as possible, it is recommended to make pits with fertilizers annually, in which you can bury compost, cow dung, and add phosphorus-potassium fertilizers to the soil.
Hazelnuts are mainly grown through planting seedlings. The distance between the trees should be 5-6 m. But when a fence in the form of a walnut grove is planned, the distance needs to be reduced to 2-3 m. A hole for planting is dug in a cubic shape, with a side of approximately 60-70 cm.
When planting, you need to water each plant at the rate of 20 liters per tree, and during dry periods - an additional 10 liters for each.
What does a growing hazelnut look like?
Hazelnut flowers are cross-pollinated. Therefore, in order to have a high yield, you need to plant several different varieties of shrubs. One variety produces a very small harvest. The photo on our website will help you see how hazelnuts grow.
Hazelnut fruits appear after 4-5 years. In large industrial gardens, the yield reaches 10-60 centners per 1 hectare. The fruits need to be collected before they fall out of the shell, at the end of August. The branches of the bush are flexible; you can bend them with a hook to pick the nuts and it is not necessary to use a ladder.
Periodically, the hazelnut bush needs to be pruned. To properly form the crown, excess shoots are cut out in the middle of the bush, and the side shoots are bent to the sides and strengthened in the desired position. This way the plant gets more light and ventilation. Formation should begin before the first harvest appears in 3-4 years.
Subsequently, pruning of branches and shoots is needed to thin out the bush and remove damaged branches. The second pruning occurs at 5-6 years. After 15-20 years, the hazelnut bush needs to be rejuvenated so that the harvest remains the same. 2-3 old branches are removed every year for 2-3 years. It is best to prune branches in late autumn or winter. If the bush is rejuvenated correctly and periodically, the hazelnut will bear fruit for up to 180 years.
Reproduction occurs through bush division, root seedlings, grafting or seeds. In addition to cultivating hazelnuts in the form of a bush, standard trees are grown in Europe and the USA. Hazelnut cuttings or eyes are grafted onto hazel trees. In industrial cultivation, standard trees are convenient for mechanical harvesting and produce larger yields. On a private plot, standard nuts will save space.
Hazelnut varieties for growing in the garden:
How to grow a walnut bush
If you want to quickly and easily grow a bush on your site, you will find a brief instruction on how to plant hazelnuts from a nut to be useful:
Before growing hazelnuts from nuts, keep in mind that they may lose the properties of their variety. When the bush is already strong, you need to graft varietal hazelnuts.
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Hazelnuts are considered an exclusively southern plant, but new varieties refute this stereotype. Varieties of Siberian selection grow well in the Urals and Siberia and tolerate frosts without problems. In the middle zone today you can get your harvest of excellent hazelnuts without any problems! Nuts are very nutritious, eat them in any quantity and make an excellent alternative to meat.
There are different types of hazelnuts around the world, including in Europe, Asia and North America. Hazelnuts are the easiest nut to grow and are very unpretentious.
At the same time, the frost-resistant northern hazelnuts are in no way inferior in taste and quality to the southern varieties: the fruits themselves are pleasant and tender, and the shell is very thin.
It is much more convenient to collect Siberian hazelnuts, since they do not grow in large trees, but in compact bushes up to 3.5-4 meters high (planted at a distance of 2-4 meters). The abundance of the harvest is preserved. Why not plant a hazelnut fence on your property instead of a fence?..
For the Urals and Siberia, when growing hazelnuts, bending down the shoots is recommended. This helps preserve buds and catkins and lengthens their flowering period, which allows you to obtain a stable harvest.
Plants produce stunning beautiful pendulous yellow catkins in late winter/early spring. These are the male parts of the plant that contain the pollen needed to pollinate the female flowers and provide good harvest. Clouds of pollen rise on a windy day to pollinate the tiny female flowers at the tips of the branches. They are also exceptionally hardy, tolerating both wet and cold winters. This makes them very useful plants for problem areas of the garden.
In order to get a harvest, you need seedlings of both varieties for pollination!
Lentina hazelnut
Compact, high-yielding variety with tasty and tender fruits.
A pollinator is required - the Alida variety.
Fruits in 3-4 years.
Medium sized nuts.
Winter-hardy.
Hazelnut Alida
A variety of Siberian selection with bright red color and fruits.
A pollinator is required – the “Lentina” variety.
Harvest up to 7 kg per bush.
Fruits in 4 years.
There are 3-9 nuts in the fruit.
Resistant to frost and disease.
Good luck and have a good harvest of your own nuts!
Regular thinning pruning helps revitalize the shrub and keep it healthy for many years. Pruning studies have shown increased yields with regular pruning. But remember: hazelnuts are very susceptible to wood rot. And the larger the cut, the greater the likelihood of wood rot infection, so protect and treat all cuts.
Many mature walnut orchards are overgrown and pose pollination problems. This shades most of the sides of the trees and the harvest is then limited to just the tops of the bush. Start by reducing the height if your bushes are too overgrown, and then thin out from there.
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