Do-it-yourself installation of lighting and electrical wiring. Wiring diagrams in the house

23.06.2020

Today, the load on the power grid in apartments and private houses is extremely high due to the abundance of household appliances. And in buildings old building wiring is not designed for such a serious consumption. Properly executed wiring can become the key to the comfort and safety of those living in these houses. Moreover, it is quite possible to do it yourself, if you strictly follow the instructions and do not ignore the existing electrical safety rules.

However, if you have never dealt with electrical work and have a vague idea of what electricity is (in principle), it is better not to take on such serious things. When making wiring, you will certainly need basic household knowledge and skills in the field of electricity and power supply.

Table of contents:

Do-it-yourself wiring: where to start?

If it is necessary to conduct an electrical wire in the house, the following rules, regulations and prescriptions must be strictly adhered to:

Wiring diagrams in the house

Any do-it-yourself electrician at home begins with drawing up a diagram of future wiring. And the main thing that needs to be indicated in such a diagram is the places for laying cables, as well as the location of electrical appliances, sockets, switches. Including the locations of lamps and household appliances should be marked.

Electricity wiring diagram grouped by consumers

To simplify the wiring, it is customary to divide all consumers of electricity into groups. Moreover, consumers can be grouped arbitrarily. This will simplify the connection scheme, distribute the load, and save on consumables.

Important: wiring for an apartment and for a private house / cottage differs schematically. It's all about the method of cable entry. In high-rise buildings, the cable is thrown from the shield on the floor. In private, detached cottages, connection is possible only from the air line or from an external distributor.

Current strength determination

When planning electrical wiring, it is necessary first of all to calculate the current strength in the network. If the load indicator becomes known, it will be possible to choose an automatic machine and a cable of the required section without any problems.

I st \u003d total power of household appliances (W): for mains voltage (V).

Example: The kitchen has 8 lamps, 60 watts each. Plus an electric kettle consuming 1600 watts and an oven consuming 1200 watts. The refrigerator "takes" another 350 watts. The mains voltage is standard - 220 V.

Let's calculate the electricity consumption in the room: ((8*60) +1600+350+1200)/220=16.5 A.

Important: standard consumption for any home should not go beyond 25 amperes.

Determining the cable cross section

Before purchasing cables for distributing electricity, you should correctly determine the required cross section. This will directly affect the safety of housing and residents. After all, the discrepancy between the section and the existing loads leads to overheating of the cable and, as a result, a short circuit, fire, and possible victims.

The required cable size is determined by a special table:

The cable for different distribution groups is taken in accordance with the planned load. But you need to keep in mind that the table gives absolutely exact values, but in fact, fluctuations in the current strength in the network (and frequent) can be observed. So there must be a certain margin of section.

The stock should also be along the length of the cable. Therefore, in order to determine the required quantity, it is necessary to measure all the wiring with a tape measure and add another 4 meters to the result.

Do-it-yourself wiring installation

If the preliminary calculations were performed correctly, and the future wiring diagram was drawn up correctly, there will be no installation problems. The main thing is to observe safety precautions.

The first stage of work is markup. The cable laying line is drawn with a bright marker directly on the walls / ceiling and strictly according to the scheme. All necessary notes are made - the location of sockets, switches, lamps, appliances, a shutdown shield (SchO).

Stage two - strobe walls(strobe depth is approximately 20 mm, the width is equal to the width of the cable being laid), if the wiring is hidden. Or the wires are installed in an open way.

For equipment, all holes are made with a perforator (“crown” nozzle). In the corners of the premises must be drawn up through holes for cable transfer.

On the ceiling, the cable can be attached directly to the ceilings or hidden in their voids (with the design of input / output holes), and then close everything with a decorative ceiling.

The step-by-step installation of electrical wiring after all the preparatory measures is as follows:

First, the SCW is installed, and the RCD is connected to it (ground terminals are located in the standard shield at the bottom, zero terminals are at the top, and automata are installed between them).
Further inside the cable starts, but does not connect. Please be aware that only an electrician with the appropriate professional qualifications and permitting certificate can connect this cable.
The input cable to the SC is connected as follows:
- the blue wire is attached to zero;
- white wire - to the upper contact of the RCD (that is, to the phase);
- yellow with a green stripe, the wire is attached to ground.

As for the machines, they are connected in series from above with a white jumper wire or a special factory bus.

Important: you should look very carefully at the markings and accompanying marks of the cable manufacturer - the colors may differ from those given above.

And now, when everything that is needed and can be connected, you can proceed directly to the wiring.

Open mounting option

Open wiring is mounted in series:

Flush wiring

The difference between hidden and open wiring lies in the fact that the wire in the first version is placed along special corrugations in pre-designed strobes. This method allows the replacement/repair of wiring without seriously disturbing the finish. In this case, junction boxes and socket boxes are placed in specially made niches.

To seal the wiring, you can use gypsum putty, and after installation, strobes concealed wiring are plastered.

Electrical wiring in a private house

In a private house or country house, the design of an electric cable will require special security measures. After all, such structures can be made of wood. And the wiring in them must be mounted taking into account the following requirements:

the use of cables with perfect insulation and self-extinguishing wires;
the use of exclusively metal distribution and installation boxes;
mandatory sealing of any connections;
preventing contact of open wiring with walls and ceilings (it is imperative to use porcelain insulators);
conducting concealed wiring only by copper pipes and steel wires, always with the provision of grounding;
installation of plastic corrugations and boxes in plaster.

And in order to increase the safety of wooden housing, experts recommend installing an RCD in such houses - a differential relay that promptly reacts to a possible current leakage or short circuit by “knocking out” the machine.

Let's summarize

So, doing the wiring in the house with your own hands is not easy. But the task is feasible if you carefully study the issue, familiarize yourself with the existing rules and regulations, and read the recommendations of specialists. Moreover, not every master to whom homeowners entrust their wiring can cope with the task “perfectly well”. You have to control, correct or then suffer from other people's mistakes. And for yourself and your family, you can try to do everything as accurately and accurately as possible, taking into account all existing requirements, and first of all, safety requirements.

Modern life is unthinkable without electricity, so sooner or later you have to face problems. Replacing electrical wiring or laying a new one is a serious test for a person who is ignorant of electrics. However, if you have basic knowledge in the field of electrical engineering, armed with the recommendations outlined below, you can easily do this work yourself.

How to properly wire?

Installation of electrical wiring

Installation of electrical wiring in the house should not be spontaneous. All events are planned and submitted general rules electrical devices. Such an organization of work will not only simplify their implementation, but also ensure safety.

Basic requirements governing the wiring device:

easy access to all devices and wiring elements should be provided;
switches are located at a level of 0.6-1.5 m relative to the floor. They are placed so that the open door is not an obstacle to access to them. The laying of the wiring that feeds the device is carried out from above;
the height of the outlets should be in the range of 0.5-0.8 m. This is due to ensuring safety in case of flooding. The distance from stoves, regardless of the energy source, heating appliances and other grounded devices must be at least 0.5 m. Wiring is from below;
with the exception of the kitchen, one outlet should be per 6 sq.m. It is forbidden to place sockets in the toilet room;
internal and external wiring is carried out exclusively in the vertical and horizontal directions. On the general scheme their direction should be reflected;
wiring should be carried out at a distance from pipelines, ceilings and other elements of the room;
contact of wiring with metal structures of the house is not allowed;
parallel wires are located at a distance of at least 3 mm, or boxes or corrugated pipes are used to accommodate them;
wiring and conductor connections are placed in boxes. Connection points must be isolated. Wires made from various materials, copper and aluminum, cannot be connected;
a bolted connection is used to fix ground and zero.

Charting

Laying electrical wiring requires the creation of a project and the development of a wiring diagram. The absence of a clearly formulated plan will make its installation extremely difficult.

In the presence of general concepts in the field of electrical engineering and knowledge of the safe conduct of electrical installation work there will be no difficulty self-fulfillment wiring. Using generally accepted conventions, a drawing of the apartment is drawn up indicating the place of installation of electrical appliances. In this case, it is necessary to determine the type and number of household appliances and other consumers of electricity.

Scheme

Next, the diagram shows the wiring of the supply wires. At this stage, the type of connection of electrical appliances is determined: parallel, serial or mixed. From the point of view of material consumption, the latter is preferable. It is recommended to group all devices according to their location, which will simplify the process of laying wires and reduce the need for them.

Wiring for sockets can be made under the floor, and for lighting - in floor slabs. Such options do not provide for wall chasing.

The project can be confirmed by calculations, during which the maximum value of the current in the circuit is determined. Practical data say that this value in houses or apartments does not reach 25 A. In accordance with this circumstance, materials are selected, in particular the cross section of the conductors.

To determine the need for cable and wire products, it is necessary to make measurements directly on the spot. A margin of 3-4 m should be added to the resulting length.

In the switchboard, all wires are connected through circuit breakers. The location of the shield is at the entrance. In the presence of electric stove an additional individual machine is required.

The next step is to count the number of outlets and determine the need for distribution boxes. The previously drawn up diagram will help with this, since everything is indicated on it. When installing electrical wiring, you cannot do without electrical tape and PPE caps necessary for connecting the wiring. You may also need pipes, boxes and sockets.

The diagram shows all the details

Wiring: step by step instructions

Arranging electrical wiring in the house is within the power of one person, while it is important to follow the rules for safe electrical work. Choosing the right tool will make the job easier. In addition to a set of screwdrivers, pliers and a tester, you will need a puncher and a level.

When replacing old hidden-type wiring in a room, it is necessary to use a special sensor that will allow you to determine its location. Having found out this, the old wires are eliminated.

Wall marking

Having completed everything preparations, go to markup. With a marker or pencil, marks are applied on the walls along which the wiring will be located. In this case, you must follow the rules described earlier.

After that, the locations of sockets, lighting devices, switches and a shield are marked. In old houses, the shield is mounted on the wall, modern projects provide for a niche.

wall chasing

Hidden wiring is made by laying wires in strobes, and electrical appliances are mounted in special holes. To create such holes, a puncher equipped with an appropriate nozzle is used.

wall chasing

Shtrobleniye is carried out by a grinder or a perforator. You should be prepared for the fact that during this work dust and debris are generated. The dimensions of the strobe are: width - about 20 mm, the width should allow free placement of wires.

You can arrange the wiring on the ceiling different ways. One of them involves the construction of a stretch or suspended ceiling. In this case, an overlap is used to fix the wires. When using another method, a strobe is performed with a slight depth. The wiring is completely hidden in the ceiling when using the third option. To lay it, you should use the internal voids that are provided in the production of floor slabs. And then it remains only to make two holes and bring the wire inside.

After the creation of the strobes is completed, they begin to lay the wire in it. In order to be able to lead wires into the room, through holes are punched with a puncher. It is desirable to do them in the corners of the rooms. The organization of holes for laying wires from the distribution panel to the lighting panel is required. After completing these works, everything is ready for the installation of the wire.

Route laying

open wiring

The lighting panel is mounted in a niche, if it is provided, or by hanging on the wall. An RCD is installed in it in an amount corresponding to the number of consumer groups. When assembled, the structure has zero terminals at the top, ground terminals at the bottom, and automatic switches are located between them.

Wires of the selected section are brought inside. When connecting them, it is necessary to take into account the color marking of each core. The blue core is connected to the zero phase; white - to the upper contact of the RCD; yellow with a green stripe - to ground. The machines are connected in series.

Route laying

Open wiring begins with fixing the boxes along the marking lines. When constructing such a wiring, it is often electrical boxes shifted to the plinth area or placed at the maximum height under the ceiling. They are fastened with self-tapping screws, the interval between which is 500 mm. The distance from the edges of the holes is 50-100 mm. After drilling them with a puncher, dowels are hammered in and screws are screwed in, which fix the channel.

An open type of wiring involves hanging all electrical appliances. Therefore, after laying the route, their installation follows, for which the places where the mounting holes are made are marked.
First, the wiring of the main trunk line is done. Further, it is conducted from the sockets to the lighting panel. Experts recommend moving from the connection point to the shield and at the same time leaving a mark or label indicating the purpose of the wires. Then they lead the wiring from the switches and lamps to the junction boxes, in which the electrical conductors are connected using PPE or insulating tape.

The connection in the shield is as follows: the brown or red core is connected to the phase terminal, which is located at the top of the RCD, the blue one to zero, and the yellow one with a green stripe to ground. In order to prevent a mistake, the tester calls the wire connections. Only after you have verified the correct installation of the electrical circuit, is it allowed to connect to the switchboard.

Hidden wiring

Installation of concealed wiring does not differ significantly from an open device. The main difference is the removal of wires from view. Wiring begins with the installation of a lighting panel and circuit breakers. Then they start the lead-in cable, but do not connect it. Installation of boxes and socket boxes takes place in previously prepared recesses.

Hidden wiring

The wiring originates from the main line. If provided by the project, then the wires are laid in the floor. For this, pipes or corrugations are used in which the wire will be located. They lead to the places where the sockets are located. Next, the wire to the socket is laid in the strobe.

Shield

Then they proceed to conduct electrical wires from switches and lighting fixtures to junction boxes, in which they are connected to the main line. Isolation of connections is carried out using PPE or electrical tape.

The final stage of laying electrical wiring in the house is the continuity of the circuit. If the circuit test gave a positive result, then a connection is made to the lighting panel.
To seal the strobes, gypsum putty is used. The connection of the electrical circuit in the house with a switchboard is carried out by a certified specialist.

Do-it-yourself wiring in case of neglecting the basic rules for safe electrical work often leads to electric shock.

Before starting work, be sure to turn off the power supply. It is also necessary to take measures to prevent spontaneous or erroneous supply of electricity.

When dismantling elements of old wiring, you should be extremely careful. This measure is explained by the likelihood of third-party wiring that is not de-energized.

Before applying voltage, it is necessary to warn people in the house.

It is not allowed to wear metal jewelry and other metal objects while working with electrical wiring.

The convenience and comfort of modern life largely depends on electricity. In each house or apartment, several household electrical appliances must be used at once to provide lighting, hot water supply, heating, food safety, air conditioning and ventilation. For reliable operation electrical appliances require well-executed electrical wiring. Each owner has the right to decide how household appliances will be placed in his home, and where sockets and switches should be located to connect it. But the question is, is it worth using the services of professional electricians when installing electrical wiring, or can you do the electrical wiring in the apartment yourself?

How to start electrical wiring in an apartment

Work on the installation of electrical wiring in an apartment or other residential area should always begin in the same way - with the preparation of an electrical wiring plan. And that's why. Let's say you made a repair without really thinking about the final result. As they wanted, they did it.

Arranged furniture in places, placed consumer electronics. And what did we get? Catastrophe! All sockets were in the "cold reserve": one was blocked by a closet, another by a sofa, a third by a chest of drawers, and a fourth by a bedside table. Even to connect the TV and your favorite stereo system, as according to the law of meanness, there were no sockets within a radius of 3-4 meters.

And here begins a very fun and exciting game called "Scatter extension cords and pilots throughout the apartment." The question is: why did you make new electrical wiring, so that later you could walk and trip over extension cords? Imagine how much money and nerves can be wasted.

Wiring plan

Let's say you have an apartment in a new building, which has yet to be renovated before moving in.

The electrician in the apartment is usually done first. Before starting electrical work, it is desirable to have a wiring plan. In the simplest version, it can be done by hand on a piece of paper.

We draw a wiring plan

So, you consulted with the household and decided. Now we have to transfer all the ideas and plans to paper. We draw a plan of your premises. How to do it? Let's as good example Let's take a standard one-room apartment.

notebook sheet;
ruler;
pen;
colored pencils or markers.

The diagram indicates the location of the walls and doorways. Specific dimensions are not required, only the overall picture is needed.

An example of a wiring plan in an apartment

Sockets.
They can be located in any convenient place, but not less than 15–20 cm from door and window openings, as well as departing from heat and gas pipelines - 40 cm. As for the quantity, it is customary to install one for every 6 m 2 of area socket.
Lighting.
Standard layouts are designed for one large lamp in the center of the ceiling. But you can do it if you want additional sources light (spotlights, sconces, nightlights), providing wiring for them.
Switches.
They are usually mounted with right side from the doorway and at a distance of 60 or 150 cm from the floor.
Cable laying paths.
When indicating them on your drawing, remember that the wiring must go strictly vertically or horizontally. No zigzags are allowed. If you plan to lay wires inside the walls, then you should retreat from ceilings and openings of 15–20 cm.
distribution boxes.
They also need to be displayed on the plan, because all the main cable connections are made in them. A box is placed on each branch from the main line, but no more than one per room.
Distribution board.
Typically, power cabinets are installed outside the apartment in a common corridor. But some layouts are designed for the internal placement of the shield, in which case the task will be a little easier.

Marking up

One way or another, between the preparation of the plan and the start of rough work, there will be a procedure called “marking”.

In scientific terms, markup is the operation of applying lines (rises) to the surface of the workpiece, defining, according to the drawing, the contours of the part or place to be processed.

At the initial stages of work on the distribution of electricity in the room, the markup is carried out as follows:

first of all, the points of location of sockets and switches are applied to the walls, as well as the places for cable outlets under household appliances;
further lines are outlined along which it will be produced;
designated places for junction boxes;
the place where the apartment electrical panel will be installed is selected;
after that, the routes of cable routes are marked from the distribution electrical panel to a specific electrical point.

In most cases, changes in the wiring diagram of an apartment are easier to make on initial stage works, namely at the markup stage. In this case, time and financial resources will be saved, since possible changes will entail additional costs.

lighting of living rooms, kitchens and corridors;
power supply of living rooms;
power supply of the kitchen and corridors;
bathroom lighting and power supply.

If the apartment has an electric stove, it must be allocated to a separate group.

Do not forget to install (RCD) for each group, the so-called differential current switches, to increase safety. Also, they must be supplied with the electrical wiring of the bathroom and kitchen.

After the groups are designed, it is necessary to determine the connection points for all the main consumers of electricity. This is washing machine, electric stove, air conditioner, water heater, oven and dishwasher.

Now you can determine the installation locations of switches, fixtures, junction boxes and sockets, and then apply them to the rough plan of the apartment's electricians. Carefully connect all circuits and mark the lengths of the wires.

Be sure to make an electric plan for the apartment in duplicate and put one of them in the family archive with documents. It will come in handy again and again.

Now a final electrical circuit is being drawn up. To do this, an exact plan of all rooms is depicted on each of the sheets, taking into account all sizes.

All electrical points on the electrical circuit are affixed using generally accepted symbols and connected by lines denoting wires. For better readability, we recommend lighting, grounding and power cables labeled with different colors.

Be sure to mark all distances: linear dimensions rooms, the distance from the wires to the walls, ceiling, floor, as well as to heating systems. Such a scheme will not only be more visual, but it will be possible to make all the necessary calculations using it.

Requirements, rules, norms

When drawing up a diagram, you should remember some important requirements for the location of electrical wiring in residential premises.

Do not connect the grounding contacts of sockets to neutral wires, as well as to a water supply or heating system. It's dangerous for human life. For this purpose, there is a protective earth wire.

If the apartment has not a gas, but an electric stove, then the main machine must have a rating of at least 63A.

Wires are laid only vertically and horizontally, located strictly at right angles to each other.

You should not change their trajectory, in the future this is fraught with the fact that the likelihood of a breakdown of wires with a nail or drill increases when performing small repair work. Avoid crossing wires. If this is not possible, then the distance between them should be more than 3 mm.

When setting dimensions on the plan, it is necessary to ensure that the distance from the cable to the floor or ceiling is at least 150 mm, to window frames, door jambs and corners - at least 100 mm. All switches and sockets should be placed at the same height.

In this case, the switches are installed to the left of entrance doors at a height of 800-900 mm, and sockets - 250-300 mm. In some cases, such as in the kitchen, the distance may vary. The gap between the heating pipes and wires must be at least 30 mm. Wires to sockets are brought from below, and to switches from above.

Features of the installation of electrical wiring in rooms with high humidity

Until now, it was believed that it was forbidden to mount an outlet in the bathroom. Indeed, the ban existed until 1996. A bathroom is a room with a humid environment, water fittings, a large number of conductive pipelines and a steel bath, which carries an increased electrical hazard.

The ban has long been canceled, partly due to the widespread use of modern electrical safety equipment.

high humidity

through a residual current device (RCD) with a trip current of not more than 30 mA;
the electrical wiring must have a connected grounding contact (protective zero TN-S);
sockets should be located no closer than 60 cm from the doors of a closed shower cabin;
at a height of at least 130 cm from the floor level.

How to wire correctly

on the first one, you should draw a plan for the location of switches and lighting equipment;
and on the second - sockets.

After that, the clients of the electrical circuit should be divided into groups.

lighting fixtures for living quarters, kitchen and hallway (automatic 10A);
sockets in living rooms (automatic 25 A);
sockets in the kitchen and hallway (25 A machine);
lighting fixtures and sockets in the bathroom (these customers are combined into one group, because they work in a humid environment and there are serious requirements for them).

For each household equipment, one group is allocated with a 25 or 32 A automatic machine. The equipment is divided into groups due to some nuances.

If all the equipment that consumes electricity is connected to one machine, then you will need a very thick cable that can withstand such a load. You will also have to buy a machine designed for high power, and this will be quite expensive.

If one of the network elements breaks down, you will have to de-energize the entire apartment in order to start restoration work.

When the electrical wiring diagram in one-room apartment is ready, it is necessary to determine the number of all consumers of electricity. You will have to calculate the required number of outlets based on the number of existing appliances that are powered by the mains, as well as take into account future purchases.

Then you need to correctly position all sockets and switches.

switches and sockets should be placed to the left of the door;
in living quarters and in the hallway, sockets should be at a height of 0.4 meters, in the kitchen at a height of 0.95-1.15 meters;
switches should be located at a height of 0.9 meters;
it is necessary to mark the locations of switches and sockets in the circuit.

Then you should run the wires from the switches and sockets (meaning the plan). If you are connecting through junction boxes, then all cables must first go to them, and then to the electrical panel.

cables must run strictly horizontally or vertically;
it is better to avoid crossing wires;
the cable must be mounted at a distance of 0.15 meters from the ceiling and 0.1 meters from doors and windows;
the cable to the switch is fed from above, the cable to the socket from below.

The last step will be to calculate the footage of cables and the total number of machines. When calculating the cable footage, it is necessary to take into account the dimensions of the rooms, and when calculating the number of machines, one must proceed from the number of groups. It should also be remembered that all machines are eventually connected to one, which is designed for high power.

If you already use or plan to purchase an electric stove, then you need an automatic machine that is designed for at least 63 A.

The main types of wiring

If you decide that the correct electrical wiring in the apartment is up to you, then first you need to choose the method that is suitable for this.

There are three types of wiring:

using junction boxes;
star;
plume.

"Through junction boxes."
This is the most common type of wiring. The electrical panel is located in the stairwell, and not in the living room. A power cable enters from it, and in the shield itself there is a counter and several switches (most often 1-3). In each individual room, power is supplied through a junction box located at the entrance.

"Star".
Each lighting point or socket is located on a separate cable line entering the electrical panel, and often have their own circuit breaker.

Such wiring makes it possible to exercise full control over each element of the power supply chain. Among the disadvantages for the owner is a significant increase in the amount of required wiring and labor costs, the high cost of a fairly large shield, which leads to a significant increase in the cost of the project.

Wiring "Star"

"Plume".
The principle is similar to the “star”, but differs in that not one element, but several, is placed on one cable. The project will cost less than the previous one.

It is rare to find one of the options in its "pure form". In each case, they are mixed to achieve the most effective result.

Combined wiring method

Nuances in a one-room apartment

kitchen and bathroom, where a large number of electrical appliances are concentrated;
living room.

This is done in order to obtain a power reserve by distributing the total load on two circuits, and also so that in the event of a short circuit or open circuit, one line remains in working condition if possible.

Wiring diagram in the apartment (examples)

The above diagram of the apartment wiring of a standard kopeck piece with the location of the electrical panel near the entrance to the apartment is made in a somewhat simplified form. Only the main sources of lighting are presented here, that is, chandeliers, the simplest single-gang switches, hidden sockets with a protective contact for grounding.

So, as you can see for yourself, you can draw up an electrical circuit yourself. A specialist will do this work much better, but every apartment owner must be able to correctly determine the places where the wires pass in order to avoid accidental damage to them by an unsuccessfully driven nail or drill bit.

Installation of electrical wiring in the apartment

Do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment step-by-step - a matter that requires heightened attention to the work performed, strict compliance with safety regulations and installation rules.

The slightest mistake can lead to a short circuit. There are a number of specific rules, adhering to which you can make high-quality electrical wiring.

Conducting an electrician is not difficult for those who know how to handle the tool.

Mounting can be done in either of two ways. The hidden laying method includes embedding wiring in walls, ceilings and voids, under flooring, behind plasterboard sheets.

To open method installation include cable laying in special boxes, cable channels, using brackets, clips. Both of these methods have their advantages. To perform the installation, first of all, it is necessary to move all furniture and household appliances away from the walls and, if carried out overhaul remove all construction debris.

Let's look briefly at each of these stages.

Methods for laying electrical wires and cables

open;
hidden.

ceiling lining;
laying on the walls;
and floor padding.

Hidden way

This technology is the most dusty and dirty, as you will have to ditch the walls and ceiling or tear off the flooring. Therefore, it is best to perform it during the overhaul.

If the wiring on the walls is planned in the power supply project, then we put places for wiring on them, pick up a puncher or grinder and cut grooves of a certain width and depth. We choose the depth based on the fact that after laying the wiring or cable, the plaster layer will be no more than 10 mm, the width is unlimited.

We cut out places for sockets and distribution boxes using a special crown. We remember the load-bearing walls and make strobes not too deep in them. In apartments of panel houses, interfloor ceilings have internal voids in which wiring can be stretched.

Today, monolithic structures with brick interior floors are more popular; in such apartments, strobes are made in all walls, the main thing is not to hook the supporting monolithic beams.

The most economical option for concealed installation is laying under flooring. The main thing is the presence of corrugations for each wire. This is done for convenience in case of repair or replacement of wires and for additional insulation.

After the strobes are equipped, proceed with the installation switchboard lighting and cabling. The shield itself can be hinged or embedded in the wall. In new houses, a special niche is provided for it, and in old ones it is fixed to the wall with self-tapping screws.

We install automatic machines inside the shield, from which VVG-3 * 2.5 wires will go to sockets and the main highway. From distribution boxes to lighting fixtures, we lay VVG-3 * 1.5. For stationary devices of high power, we make separate lines from the VVG-3 * 2.5 cable. In the places of installation of connection points, we make a release of 15-20 cm.

Now in distribution boxes in a single network. The highest quality connection will be the use of SZ. In order not to confuse the wires during the connection, you can hang tags with a certain marking on them.

After that, using the tester, we check the entire network for damage and errors. If everything is fine, then we wall it up, install switches and sockets in place.

Open mounting

For rooms where it is forbidden or impossible to lay wires hidden, open installation is used (external wiring in the apartment). For these purposes, boxes, cable channels or special clips are used. The laying is quite simple and is carried out only along the walls and ceiling.

The first thing we do is mark the place of laying and drill holes for fasteners in increments of 40-50 cm, if the space for the wire is less than 0.5 m, then we make a step of 15 cm for two fastening points.

After that, we fix boxes, cable channels or clips to the wall or ceiling. At the wiring points, we install external distribution boxes, and wire connections, wiring and installation of connection points are carried out in the same way as in the hidden installation method.

The advantage of open mounting is easy access to all wiring, and the disadvantage is not very aesthetic appearance.

Usually, cables from the distribution room electrical panel are laid along the ceiling (floor slab).

Holes are drilled on the ceiling, then, when laying the cable, a cable fastener is inserted into this hole. I will dwell on this in detail, I will only say that there are many mounting options (for example, a dowel-clamp, dowels with a coupler).

Tools needed for electrical installation

A wall chaser (or, in extreme cases, a grinder) for chasing furrows, a puncher.
Screwdriver Set.
Pliers, cutters.
Building level.
Phase indicator.
Drills, a crown for a puncher for drilling sockets for socket boxes.
Knife and hacksaw.

In the absence of a professional tool, you can always rent it.

What wire to use for wiring in the apartment

Currently, there is no question - what kind of wire is needed for wiring in the apartment. For the installation of home electrical wiring, wires and cables exclusively with copper conductors are used. Wires and cables with aluminum conductors for internal wiring cannot be used.

copper wires

increased ductility (less likely to break when laying);
corrosion resistance (oxidize more slowly);
long service life compared to aluminum;
withstand a large load with a smaller cross section.

Wires and cables are single-core and multi-core. Stranded wires and cables have two or more cores reliably insulated from each other in a common sheath.

An example of a stranded wire is a wire of the PRTO brand (a wire with a copper core with rubber insulation in a braid of cotton yarn impregnated with an anti-rotting compound). The cores of single-core and multi-core wires and cables can be made single-wire and multi-wire.

Cables and wires differ from each other in the type of sheath and names. The sheath of wires and cables serves to protect the core insulation from exposure to light, moisture, various chemicals and prevent them from mechanical damage. The structure of the cable may include armor, and the sheath allows them to be laid in more adverse environmental conditions.

Wires can only be laid in a hidden way, with open laying - only in pipes and ducts. Cables can be laid open.

The most popular cable for use in home wiring is VVGng, the NYM cable and PUNP wire are less commonly used.

It is best to use a NYM cable to connect to the floor panel. The same cable is used to connect floor plate with apartment or room shields (provided that there are such). Usually such shields are organized in private cottages.

It can also be used for individual connection of powerful consumers. This cable can also be used for all power wiring in an apartment or house, but since it costs more than the VVGng cable and PUNP wire, it is used less frequently for these purposes.

VVG is an unarmored protected cable with copper conductors, PVC insulation, in a PVC sheath. The cable can be used in dry and wet areas.

The VVG cable is not designed for stretching. The insulated conductors of the VVG cable are twisted and have a distinctive color. The inner sheath does not contain filling in the space between the cores.

Cable VVGng

The designation "ng" in the name of the cable (VVGng) means that it does not spread combustion when laid in bundles (a composition based on refractory plastic compound is used). If the VVG cable is used instead of the VVGng cable, then in the event of a fire in one of the cables, the flame will spread to other cables, instead of localizing the fire.

The VVGng cable has a wide variety of shapes. It is most convenient to use a VVGng flat cable. In addition, it can also be round, square, sector, and even triangular.

Cable NUM (NYM) - produced according to the German standard DIN 57250. The cable can be used indoors with hidden and open laying. The NYM cable can be used outdoors, only out of direct sunlight. The NYM cable has low flammability and gas and smoke emission, which is especially important for residential premises.

NYM cable

The NYM cable consists of copper conductors, an intermediate sheath made of chalk-filled rubber and a sheath made of flame retardant PVC insulation. The use of an intermediate sheath in the design of the cable makes it easy and convenient to cut the cable during installation, increases its fire hazard and increases flexibility.

PUNP - installation flat wire. This is the cheapest wire of all cable and wire products used for electrical wiring in everyday life. PUNP wire is produced with two or three single-wire copper conductors and polyvinyl chloride insulation in a sheath made of PVC-compound. The cores can be painted in different colors.

Wire PUNP

PUNP wire is produced only flat. These cable and wire products are used for both power and lighting networks. In the second case, wires of smaller sections are taken.

Much less often, when wiring home electricians, wires with rubber insulation of the PRN, PRI, PRTO brands are used. Wire PRTO is intended for laying in fireproof pipes, PRI - can be used for laying in dry and damp rooms, PRN (protected wire) - in the open air, PRD, PRHD (two-core twisted wire) - only in lighting networks of dry rooms.

For open wiring, it is convenient to use a flat wire with copper conductors and PVC insulation with a dividing base of the PPV brand, as well as a wire with PPP polyethylene insulation. There is a flat wire without a separating base - PPVS, but it is not very convenient to use it.

The previously used wires with aluminum conductors (APR, APV, APRTO, APPV) are now not used in the construction and modernization of home electrical wiring.

Wire with copper core and PVC insulation PV. PV wires can be single-wire and multi-wire. Wires are produced with different color isolation. In household electrical wiring, a single-core wire PV1 in yellow-green coloring is used for a potential equalization system (DSUP).

Wire PV1

When choosing wires and cables, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the Electrical Installation Code for the color of the insulation.

The insulation of the neutral conductor must be blue color, zero protective - yellow-green. The color of the insulation of the phase conductors must differ from the color of the zero ones. There are many options here - brown, red, gray, white, black, etc.

It is also very convenient to use a different color of phase conductors for each section of the wiring, as well as different colors of core insulation for power and lighting wiring.

If you choose, and then install electrical wiring with a wire or cable without complying with the requirements for the color of the cores, then in the future this will lead to significant difficulties in maintaining and repairing electricians in the apartment. In addition, the installation process itself can be very complicated, especially when using a large number of switches and sockets.

For different groups of household electrical appliances, wires with different cross sections should be used.

Lighting - wire section from 1.5 mm (automatic - 16 A).
Sockets - the cross section must be at least 2.5 mm (circuit breaker - 20 A).
Powerful electrical appliances such as electric stoves and hobs– not less than 4 mm (25 A).

Installation of an apartment electrical panel

Before laying cables, it is advisable to mount the electrical panel in the wall. The size of the shield is selected according to the number of circuit breakers, RCDs, differential circuit breakers that will be installed in it.

The boards are produced in the following main sizes: 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 modules (1 module = 1 single-pole circuit breaker). In an apartment, shields of 12, 24, or 36 modules are usually used.

In my practice of wiring apartments, in most cases I use electrical panels for 24 or 36 modules (24 modules for a 1-room apartment, 36 modules for a 2 or 3-room apartment).

One shield may not be enough if you plan to use equipment for telecommunication networks (router, media converter). In this case, it is rational to place these components in an additional electrical panel, which is installed next to the main (power) panel.

Modern electrical panels are hidden in the wall and do not take up much space.

The advantages of installing an additional electrical panel is that it contains the network equipment that is necessary for the functioning of television and the Internet. Thus, the router, suspended in the hallway on the "carnation" is a thing of the past. Instead, functional and ergonomic solutions come.

Installation of socket boxes and junction boxes

After marking, the places of future sockets and switches became visible. In most cases, in our time, sockets are installed closer to the floor at a height of about 20-40 cm from the floor, switches - at a height of 70-90 cm from the floor.

This rule is not strictly binding, changes are possible upon request. For example, it is more convenient for tall people to use switches located above, for people of short stature, on the contrary, it is better if the switch is placed lower.

Sockets and switches can be assembled in blocks of up to 5 pieces, and sometimes up to 6 in one line. Moreover, both vertical and horizontal installation is possible. All these points should already be taken into account when marking.

And now it remains only to drill recesses in the wall for the sockets. The standard European socket has a diameter of 68 mm. When folding several socket boxes in a row, the distance between their centers should be exactly 71 mm. Depth of socket boxes 45 mm or 60 mm.

Deeper ones are used, for example, for installing a temperature controller for underfloor heating or for switching electrical wires if necessary.

After that, holes for the junction boxes are drilled. Usually junction boxes (they are also called doses) are mounted under the ceiling at a distance of about 15-30 cm from the ceiling. The following rule must be observed: the doses must be on the same vertical axis as the sockets and / or switches located below.

Not everyone likes junction boxes visible on the wall. It is allowed to install junction boxes under the ceiling, provided that the wires are connected by welding or crimping.

wall chasing

Gating is the process of cutting grooves (recesses, furrows) in concrete, brick or plaster layer for subsequent laying of communications in it (in electrics, communications are electrical cables and wires, in plumbing - pipes).

Before strobe, it is necessary to designate the width and depth of the strobe.

the number of cables laid together;
cable sections;
arrangement of cables in the strobe relative to each other.

On the last point, it is worth clarifying: the cables in the strobe can be laid both flat and in the depth of the strobe. In one case, the strobe is made deeper, in the other, wider. Here, each electrician decides for himself.

You should not make the strobe too wide (with a margin) - during installation, the wire will constantly fall out and it will have to be fixed in the strobe with special clips or “grabbed” with plaster. Ideally, under a wire with a cross section of 1.5 mm, make a strobe 4 mm wide - the cable goes in there with a little interference and holds without problems.

I strongly recommend making strobes with a strobe cutter with an industrial vacuum cleaner connected, and not using a grinder for this. Since fine dust after such chasing will settle for a long time, which can stall all work.

Professional electricians usually have all these tools (chamber and industrial vacuum cleaner) available. At self-assembly they can be rented.

Wiring

along the ceiling;
by gender;
along the walls.

there is no risk of breaking the wire during repairs;
there is always an opportunity to get to the wiring.

If necessary, you can always remove the stretch ceiling, make changes to the electrical wiring, and then install the ceiling in place. When wiring on the floor, you will have to hollow out the screed, which is fraught with high costs.

Connection of wires in the junction box

twist;
soldering;
welding;
crimping;
PPE caps;

Please note that only joints made by welding and crimping (as the most reliable) can be walled up according to the PUE.

The cost of electrical work in the apartment

Price list for electrician services:

The average cost of turnkey electrical work

There is another approach when calculating the cost of electrical installation work. The turnkey price is formed depending on the number of installation points.

socket;
switch;
lamp;
chandelier, etc.

Prices for electrical installation of one point from 700 to 1500 rubles. (Of course, without taking into account the cost of materials).

Do-it-yourself wiring in the apartment from the shield

The power supply scheme of a private house is a set of ordered cables, wires, protective devices. The correct selection of parameters, characteristics of the circuit elements guarantees the safety and comfort of property owners.

If the scheme is drawn up correctly, taking into account the requirements of the PUE and other normative documents, there is nothing to fear - there will always be light, heat in the rooms, and electrical appliances will not break down from power surges or a short circuit in the network. Therefore, the design of electricians should be given special attention.

We offer to understand all the intricacies of this process. The article indicates General requirements to the design of the electrical network, practical advice is given on the choice of wires, as well as typical electrical wiring diagrams are considered in detail.

In addition, we have prepared an overview of common mistakes, taking into account which will help to avoid shortcomings in the development and installation of power supply networks.

When there were few electrical appliances, and several 40-60 W light bulbs were enough for lighting, a primitive circuit was drawn up for the device of the power supply system, including several switches and sockets.

Now, with the advent a large number volatile household appliances, the circuit must be differentiated into group lines protected circuit breakers and other devices.

In only one kitchen, up to a dozen devices can be connected, 2-3 of which are powerful units that require dedicated power lines with an increased cross-section cable and separate sockets

If you think through all the nuances of the location of the electrical wiring in a private house, taking into account the use of copper wire, it will last at least 20 years. Usually, the scheme is drawn up along with the design of a new house or before a major overhaul.

You should start by specifying the installation locations of such elements as:

sockets;
switches;
distribution boxes;
lighting devices;
powerful household appliances;
electrical panel.

At the same stage, you should decide on the method of laying cables - open or closed. In houses with plastered walls, they usually use closed way, with wooden ones - open.

Whatever scheme you use, there are a number of rules that you cannot deviate from. They are prescribed in the regulatory documentation, and their effectiveness has been proven for decades.

Here are a few important axioms of wiring that will be required for drawing up a diagram:

Image Gallery

To save energy on the stairs leading to the second floor or to the attic, LED lamps with motion sensors are installed, which turn on only in the presence of a person.

Be sure to ground all metal sockets and objects connected with power lines. For grounding in electrical installations, the third core of the cable is used - a wire in yellow-green insulation.

In houses made of bricks, aerated concrete blocks, cinder blocks, interior decoration walls, which means that a hidden method is used for laying wires.

To provide additional protection, and in case of repair to quickly replace the cable, it is placed in a non-flammable polymer.

In this article, we will tell you how to do the wiring in the house with your own hands, show the installation diagrams, as well as photo / diagrams and video instructions.

When performing all work, the house must be de-energized. It does not matter whether electricity is being conducted in it for the first time or just the wiring is being replaced.
When choosing wires, you need to focus on copper with double protective insulation. However, if there are old electrical systems in the house, you need to make sure that aluminum elements were not installed in them. Combining copper with aluminum leads to disastrous consequences. All old aluminum elements should be replaced with new ones.
When installing an electricity meter, you must choose a place at the entrance. This greatly simplifies various repairs in the future.
It is better to immediately provide the electrical system with a residual current device (abbreviated RCD). This will keep everyone in the house safe. You also need to think in advance about the location of the ground loop, if it is not already installed.
Never use bare wires, even when it comes to hard-to-reach places. Such savings can be very costly.
All branch parts and their connections must be placed in boxes. This is a necessary security measure. Electrical wiring must be in a protective sheath.
During its laying, it is necessary to draw up a layout plan. This is especially important if the wiring is installed in a hidden way. In the future, such foresight will make life easier.
Wires should be placed strictly in straight horizontal and vertical lines. You can not lay them diagonally or curved, even for the sake of economy.
During any construction works gotta go with the plan. This is especially true for various drilling operations, when there is a high risk of touching the wire.
If communications are located by an open method, then they must be placed in a box.
All switches and sockets must be located on the same side of the door and at the same height. This measure ensures ease of use.

Types of wiring

Before you conduct wiring in the house, you should remember that this can be done in two ways: open and closed. private method has its own merits and demerits. The main advantage of this method of conducting electricity is that the wires are not visible.

The external appearance of the walls is not spoiled by boxes and other structures. However, the wire hidden in the thickness of the wall is easier to damage during various construction works, so it is better to have detailed plan electrical communications in the house. In addition, any work with wires automatically in this case involves a new repair.

Hidden wiring is not possible in every home. But an open one can be placed anywhere, even where there is a chance to hide it in strobes. Open installation makes it possible to work with electricity without first dismantling the wall covering. This box is very easy to open. However, the design itself, according to some, disfigures the appearance of the walls and is difficult to decorate.

To facilitate access to wires with hidden laying, it is possible to partially concealed installation. Some of the most important nodes are left open to provide access to the wire.

Before you conduct electricity in the house, you need to draw up a detailed wiring plan with symbols various devices. In this case, there is absolutely no need to study the designations that are officially accepted. Here, your own conditional symbols are suitable, the main thing is that they are understandable to the master. Here is the main list of devices that will be used during work and which must be somehow indicated on the plan:

wires;
counter;
switch;
socket;
circuit breakers;
voltage relay;
installation and mounting boxes;

All indicated devices will have to be purchased at the store. You also need to buy terminal blocks for connection, electrical tape and "probes". In conclusion, you will need a different tool. It is advisable to carry out all work in rubber gloves for safety.

RCD, counter and relay must be mounted in the accounting board. After that, you can proceed to the rest of the work.

With the help of a chisel, it is necessary to draw strobes in the walls of the room - furrows in which the wire will be placed. The same work can be easily done with a grinder with a special abrasive disc. A chisel is also suitable for work, but you will have to sweat with it.
For fixing in strobes, you need to use special loops. From above, the wires are closed with alabaster or plaster.
Using a drill and a puncher, you need to make recesses for sockets and switches. The socket box is installed in the recess on the alabaster.
The soldering boxes are installed in the same way.

Open wiring is even easier to install than hidden wiring. This is the best place to start for beginners. The only difficulty that may arise here is the installation of closing boxes. However, such work should not cause significant difficulties when using modern materials.

The wire is attached to the wall with an electrical bracket, and then covered with a decorative box. The box serves not only for decorative purposes, but also protects communications. It does not spoil the appearance of the room.

Connecting new copper and old aluminum wires is possible, but should not be done for a long time. Terminal blocks are used for connection. Sooner or later, the combination of two metals will produce corrosion, which is unsafe. It is better to replace old communications in advance.

When working with appliances and tools, when there is still no electricity in the house, the problem of energy supply arises. An autonomous power generator or neighbors can save.

Internal wiring in the house is only half the solution to the problem. The second half is connecting to external sources nutrition. Connection to the power grid can only be obtained by providing a document stating that the wiring was carried out by companies that have the appropriate permission for such work. Therefore, without the invitation of experts can not do. However, in this case, everything will be much cheaper. If old communications were replaced, then there will be no problems at all.

Video

Learn about the nuances of organizing wiring in a wooden house.

Here is another video about the organization of the wiring.

Scheme

The following is a series of schemes that can be taken as the basis for the manufacture of wiring in a private house: