A healthy lifestyle means avoiding eating foods containing preservatives and chemical additives. This also includes industrially grown fruits and vegetables. After all, it is not known what pesticides they were treated with and how they fertilized the soil. Following this logic, many grow vegetables on their own plots on their own. But growing is only half the battle. It is also necessary to properly preserve the crop. The ideal place to store food is a dry and cool basement. An important factor, affecting the microclimate, is considered to be competent natural ventilation of the basement, in the presence of which the vegetables will not rot and dry out. Products spoil, mainly due to the lack of an exhaust hood or, conversely, from drafts.
Ventilation is a system consisting of pipes of different diameters or shafts that provide the correct parameters for humidity, temperature and air circulation in the room.
During the winter maturing, vegetables and fruits emit heat and moisture, and temperature changes in the street, and, accordingly, in the cellar, can cause condensation inside the room. The natural ventilation of the cellar is precisely designed to eliminate these factors that are unfavorable for food storage.
In addition to the good preservation of products in the basement, the microclimate and comfort in the rest of the house largely depend on ventilation. Good air circulation will save the building from an excess of moisture coming from the ground, which means it will protect against mold and fungus and significantly increase the service life of all structures. When building an underground storage, some homeowners ignore the installation of ventilation, citing a lack of special knowledge or the complexity of the work. In reality, creating natural ventilation in the basement is quite easy.
Before proceeding with the ventilation device, it is necessary to isolate the room from groundwater and (if necessary) equip a drainage system.
Proper installation of ventilation points
So that the air does not stagnate and, on the contrary, strong drafts do not appear, it is necessary to correctly organize air circulation. The correct climate must be established in the room for long-term storage of the crop.
The principle of organizing natural air exchange in the basement.
To do this, you need to install 2 points for natural ventilation in the basement:
- 1 point (pipe outlet, for supplying air to the room) is installed at a distance of half a meter from the floor.
- Point 2 (for exhaust) is mounted under the ceiling in the opposite side of the basement so that air circulates throughout the room.
It is important not to forget about the protective grilles that must be installed at the top of the exhaust and supply pipes (protection from birds and rodents).
The intensity of air exchange directly depends on the difference in the heights of the exhaust pipe and the supply air duct. It is for this reason that it is necessary to install the supply pipe at a height of 0.5 meters from, and mount the exhaust pipe as high as possible. The outlets of the pipes to the street must be insulated, thereby minimizing the condensation of moisture inside.
To regulate air flow in the cross section of the ventilation pipes, slide dampers are installed. With the help of levers, you can control the draft of the hood. If the vegetables dry out and shrivel, then you need to reduce the air flow, and if they rot, then increase it.
Pros and cons of natural air exchange
Installed natural ventilation in the basement can do without auxiliary electric fans. Such ventilation is installed quickly, and most importantly, it can be built independently. When choosing this system, it must be taken into account that the air flow rate depends on the temperature in the basement and on the street. The greater the difference between them, the faster the air moves.
Advantages of natural ventilation:
- A very simple device of the system (there is nothing to break in it).
- Easy to install and cheap.
- Does not require connection to the mains.
- Doesn't make noise.
The only disadvantage of such a device is that with the same temperature conditions indoors and out, the efficiency of the hood is significantly reduced. But it's not scary, there is a way out.
In order for the hood to work even at the same air temperature inside and outside, an electric heater or any heating device is installed in the basement that will warm the air, while creating the necessary pressure and starting circulation. Due to this, the stale air from the basement will exit the convection flow into the pipe.
Does basement area matter?
If your basement area exceeds 50 square meters forced ventilation is recommended. Premises up to 50 sq. m will be perfectly ventilated and with the help of natural air circulation.
In small cellars, in general, you can put one pipe, divided into two parts. One half will serve for air supply, and the second for exhaust. Each part must have its own flap. The main thing is that the pipes at the joints should not have gaps.
Choosing pipes
The choice of pipes depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe basement, the most popular sizes are 12x12 and 15x15 centimeters.
Plastic ventilation pipes.
Apply different materials for pipes:
- Galvanized sheet.
- Plastic. The use of plastic pipes is very popular in independent device ventilation. This is due to the ease of installation.
Unlike PVC pipes, metal ventilation ducts require some professional knowledge and experience, but they are much more reliable. Which material to choose depends entirely on your individual wishes and financial capabilities.
Some craftsmen make ventilation ducts from wooden boards, tightly connecting them together, smearing the gaps with sealant, or putting a sealant between the boards. Cheap and cheerful, but laborious.
Draft test and ventilation efficiency
In order to make sure that the ventilation system is working, it is necessary to check the draft. To do this, in the cellar, you need to attach a sheet of thin paper to the hole in the exhaust pipe or bring a lit match. If the paper is attracted or the flame is deflected, then there is a pull. If the flame does not change or the sheet falls, then the hood is not functioning. Perhaps the pipes should be changed to a larger diameter.
Checking the draft - the flame should be drawn into the chimney.
In general, a match that went out in the cellar indicates an oxygen deficiency, which means that forced ventilation cannot be dispensed with.
Also, the fact that ventilation does not work as it should is indicated by the appearance of dampness and mold. In this case, it is necessary to open the pipe valves completely, ventilate the basement by slightly opening all doors and windows. A folk way to combat mold is to put a container of coarse salt in the room for several days.
It also happens vice versa - due to lack of humidity and excessively high temperature in the cellar, vegetables shrink and become lethargic. To increase the humidity, you need to close the damper of the hood and put a bucket of water or a bag of damp sand inside, or you can simply sprinkle the floor with damp sawdust.
Forced ventilation
If for some reason air circulation in the basement does not appear, stable draft is not established, then partial mechanization will have to be resorted to.
It makes sense to install forced ventilation in buildings with a large area, where, in addition to the basement, living rooms are also ventilated.
Automatic exhaust in the cellar or basement is not a cheap pleasure, but the dependence of the quality of air exchange on natural conditions disappears.
For the device of such an exhaust, electric fans are installed in the pipe sections. It is important to remember that in winter time the ventilation draft must be checked (and, if necessary, adjusted) to prevent freezing of the products.
Without the organization of sufficient air exchange, normal operation of not only a separately located or built-in cellar, but also any basement in a private house is impossible. Lack of fresh air supply and removal of humid air will lead to dampness in the room and, as a result, the formation of mold and fungus.
- receipts through the outer walls and floor with poor-quality waterproofing;
- condensation due to temperature differences from different sides of the building envelope;
- allocations from the deposited fresh vegetables and fruits.
The removal of moist air from a cellar or basement is important not only from the point of view of the functional use of the premises, but also to ensure the safety of building materials from which the walls, ceiling and floor are made. From constant exposure to moisture, brick and concrete can begin to collapse, endangering the integrity of the entire building structure.
Schematic diagram of the organization of air exchange
How to make ventilation in the cellar? The operation of the cellar ventilation system can be built on the physical principles of natural circulation, forced exhaust, or a combination of both. For the organization of natural inflow and exhaust in the room, two openings are provided. In the upper part of the cellar, to remove air, and in the lower part, to supply it from the street.
General principle of ventilation. The principle of natural circulation
Air exchange occurs as a result of the ability of warmer air to rise. Gathering under the ceiling, it continues its movement through the existing exhaust hole and, further, along the exhaust pipe, until it comes out.
As a result, the hood creates a vacuum in the cellar, which ensures the flow of fresh air from the street into the lower part of the room.
The simplest design of the basement natural ventilation system consists of two pipes, the edge of one of which is at a height of 100-150 mm from the floor, and the second at the same distance from the ceiling.
How a natural system works is different high level reliability, does not require control and power consumption. However, the lower the temperature outside, the more air exchange, and hence the flow of cold air. Therefore, in severe frost the exhaust opening must be partially closed to prevent the cellar from freezing and spoiling the products stored there.
Cellar ventilation in the summer
The main disadvantage of ventilation systems with natural circulation is the deterioration or disruption of air exchange in cases where the outside air temperature is much higher than in the cellar. The heated air from the street is not able to lower down the inflow into a cold room, and the cool air from the cellar rises very poorly.
In these summer days for ventilation, it is recommended to use mechanical circulation with periodic switching on of the axial fan. In this case, the fan must be installed exactly on the exhaust opening. In this case, the required motor power can be significantly less.
Permanent operation is not required, and in order not to turn off the fan manually, it is recommended to install an opening time relay in the circuit. On days when the outside temperature is below 10-15°C, the use of forced ventilation devices can be completely abandoned.
Calculation of the ventilation system
The stable operation of ventilation in the cellar depends on its proper arrangement. The main design data includes such indicators as:
- the height of the openings for air inflow and exhaust;
- cross-sectional area of ventilation ducts;
- the size of the supply and exhaust grilles;
- the height of the location of the end of the exhaust and air intake pipes above ground level.
To organize forced air exchange, it is necessary to determine the performance of the fan.
Fan. 
Forced ventilation. Calculation of the cross section of ventilation ducts
The cross-sectional size of the ventilation ducts significantly affects the volume of air exchange, especially for natural ventilation systems. Therefore, the question of correctly determining the diameters of pipes or the dimensions of brick channels is very important.
An underestimated ventilation section in a cellar with two pipes is not able to pass the required amount of air, and an overestimated one will lead to a strong cold inflow in winter and a sharp decrease in temperature in the cellar. Stored food may freeze and disappear.
Professional calculation of ventilation systems is a complex engineering task that requires special knowledge and skills. However, there is a simplified calculation method based on numerous practical observations. It is believed that for 1 m 2 of the basement floor area, with a ceiling height of not more than 2.2 meters, 26 cm 2 of section is required ventilation duct.
For example, the calculation for a cellar measuring 3x3 meters will be as follows:
- floor area - 9 m 2;
- the minimum possible cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe ventilation duct will be 9 x 26 \u003d 234 cm 2;
- channel size in brick wall will be equal to 234: 12 = 19.5 cm (assumed 60x200 mm), where 6 cm is the width of the bond side of a standard clay brick;
- pipe diameter will be doubled square root from the ratio 234 / 3.14 and will be 17.26 cm.
The size round pipes taken one at a time standard size. At large diameter and the high cost of the material, it is allowed to install two smaller pipes, the total section of which corresponds to the calculated value.
Calculation of fan performance for forced draft
The amount of air to ensure ventilation of the premises is determined by their volume and is called the multiplicity. For basements and cellars, it should be at least 1.0-1.5. That is, the room should be supplied every hour Fresh air in an amount equal to the volume of the cellar or be one and a half times more than it.
To select a fan, it is necessary to take measurements and determine the volume of the cellar. For example, for a room of 3 x 3 meters with a ceiling height of 2.1 m, you will need an axial fan capable of supplying air in a volume of 18.9 to 28.3 m 3 / hour. With a lower performance, ventilation will not be provided, and with a larger one, you will have to install a diffuser and use part of the engine power to idle.
When using a time relay, it is possible to organize short-term activation of ventilation, based on the calculation of the required hourly air exchange. After removing the required amount of air, the fan will turn off automatically.
Features of drawing up a wiring diagram
The method of installing (laying) pipes or arranging channels in a brick wall should be carried out during the construction of the cellar or basement under the building. Channels can be rectangular or serve as a space for steel, plastic or asbestos-cement pipes.
Asbestos cement. 
Plastic pipes. The diameters of the supply and exhaust pipes must be equal. Only in this case, the air velocity in both pipes will be the same with a stably stable air exchange. In extreme cases, the diameter of the hood can be slightly larger, but not vice versa. In addition, the following mandatory requirements must be taken into account:
- exhaust and supply openings should be located in different parts cellars at the maximum possible distance;
- the hood should come from the upper zone, as close to the ceiling as possible, but not close to it;
- the height of the exhaust pipe should be at least 1.5 meters above the level of the embankment above the cellar or the ridge of the roof of the building, the pipe along its entire length should be of the same diameter and have as few turns as possible;
- pipe heads should be protected with a visor or deflector from atmospheric precipitation getting inside.
Protected with a deflector. When placing a cellar in a garage or utility room, a ventilation scheme with one pipe on the inflow is possible.
Single channel ventilation. 
Pipe for 2 channels. Air exhaust can be provided through a raised manhole hatch. However, in this case, protection against the penetration of rodents and insects will be completely absent. Therefore, in order to properly ventilate the garage cellar, a solid hatch can be replaced with a frame with a stretched fine mesh or perforated metal sheet.
Materials and tools for installing ventilation in the cellar
From general description systems above, you can understand that for a ventilation device in the cellar you will need:
- steel, plastic or asbestos-cement pipes of estimated diameter and length;
- round bends in the presence of turns along the exhaust or inflow line;
- protective visors or deflectors to protect the heads;
- axial fan with design capacity with a working width of the blades corresponding to the diameter of the pipe;
- louver type air distribution grilles.
Grilles are not a mandatory element of the system, but with their help it is much easier to limit the flow of cold air in winter and prevent the cellar from freezing.
Tool
The set of accessories for the ventilation device in the cellar is selected depending on the type of pipes chosen. For plastics, it will be minimal, consisting of a measuring tape, pencil, cutting tool, screwdriver, and hammer.
Steel pipes additionally require welding, which in this case it is fashionable to replace with clamp clamp connections, but this will cost more.
Pipe selection
Based on this, we can conclude that the most inexpensive and easiest option is to use plastic sewer pipes diameter 110, 150 or 200 mm. Rolled steel will cost much more, and the use of welding will complicate installation.
The industrial production of asbestos-cement pipes has now been discontinued due to the environmental hazard of the material. Therefore, even if you manage to find inexpensive warehouse balances, then with the presence couplings may have problems. As a result, the system will not be airtight and will become accessible to moisture penetration.
Installation instructions for ventilation from plastic (sewer socket) pipes
Plastic ventilation pipes are best placed inside the walls enclosing the cellar. Laying in the ground outside of building structures is possible, but may lead to a violation of the integrity of the system in the event of swelling, movement and simple subsidence of the soil a year after construction is completed. Such work should be performed during the construction of the walls of the basement.
An example of the location of the vents. 
Supply pipe. 
The location of ventilation pipes inside the cellar is allowed if the system is installed in an already built structure. In this case, holes are punched in the ceiling, pipes are installed, and all cracks are sealed. cement mortar with lubrication bituminous mastic. In order to do the installation yourself:
- calculate the required diameter of the air ducts;
- draw a diagram of the location of the laying places and determine the places of possible turns, with bends of 15, 30, 45 or 90 degrees;
- based on the diagram, complete each line with materials, while keeping in mind that the length of plastic pipes can be 0.5, 1, 2, 4 or 6 meters;
- assemble the pipeline throughout, using a special lubricant and a grinder with a metal cutting disc to facilitate the work;
- place taps at line turns;
- lower the assembled air duct into the prepared channel, connecting it with installed outlets;
- fasten louvre grilles on the wall at the holes;
- install visors or deflectors on the heads.
Mounting the fan in a stationary position is not performed, since it will interfere with the free circulation of air. As an option, rotary hinges are fixed on its body, on which it is put into working position, and when not needed, it is set aside. Another method involves mounting studs on which the fan is fixed if necessary.
Preparation of the cellar for permanent operation
The ventilation device in the basement, intended for storing products, does not end with installation work. To ensure a normal microclimate in the cellar, it is necessary to dry it well, check the efficiency of the system and follow certain rules during further operation.
Ways to dry a new room
Before starting the drying of the cellar, it is necessary to check the efficiency of the installed system. This is due to the fact that moisture must be removed during drying and the easiest way to do this is through the exhaust pipe. To test, roll up an old newspaper and wait until it burns through about a quarter.
After that, put it out so that it continues to smolder. If the smoke from the newspaper is freely removed through the hood, then the system is working normally, if not, then you need to check the correctness of the calculations and the height of the pipe head outlet again.
Drying should be carried out in the warm season, before laying the products in the cellar for storage. The essence of common available ways drying is to increase the air temperature inside the room, which will provoke increased air exchange and removal of evaporated moisture through the hood.
Moisture-absorbing materials
It is possible to use hygroscopic substances, such as quicklime, calcined salt or expensive technical silica gels that actively absorb moisture. These are very long ways and require additional financial costs.
Flame at the entrance to the chimney
If you light a large candle or a simple spirit lamp and bring it to the exhaust vent, the air will begin to heat up and circulation will increase. Dry and warm air coming from the street will begin to warm up the cellar, actively absorb moisture and go outside. However, far from one candle will be required and the duration of the process takes several days.
Using a heat source
Warm up the cellar room much faster if you install a heat source of any type. It can be a brazier, a potbelly stove, an electric heater, and even a simple gas-burner. The use of a flame makes it necessary to decide on the effective removal of combustion products, so they are usually lowered down on a suspension.
Drying with a roaster. Electric heaters of any design are safer due to the lack of carbon monoxide but will require payment of electricity. Therefore, the choice of heating method is up to you. You can also read about the fight against dampness in the basement.
Growing a rich and healthy crop is quite difficult. This requires experience, knowledge and patience. And it will be very disappointing if, due to improper storage of products, all the work goes down the drain.
Cellar ventilation affects the quality of food preservation.
As a rule, a cellar in the house is used for food storage - a room in which, regardless of external conditions, a stable microclimate is maintained, allowing pickles, fruits, vegetables and other products not to deteriorate and remain fresh for quite a long time.
What you need to know about the ventilation of the cellar under the house?
The direct purpose of the basement determines a number of specific requirements for the use of any cellar: fresh and clean air, darkening and low temperature. In this regard, the basements are diligently waterproofed, insulated and the necessary air exchange is established there. Proper ventilation of the cellar is the main condition for its effective use.
There are 2 main types of ventilation systems: natural and forced ventilation.
Each system has its own characteristics of operation and application. They can be easily combined, providing the most efficient and correct air exchange in the basement.
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Natural ventilation in the cellar is the easiest option
The principle of natural ventilation is very simple. From one hole, the exhaust air is removed from the room, and through the other, a portion of fresh air enters it.
For the device of natural ventilation in the cellar, 2 pipes are needed. One of them - exhaust - is used to remove exhaust air. This pipe is pulled along the corner of the basement. The lower open end of the pipe is placed at a height of 140-150 cm above the floor. Further, the channel passes to the roof of the house and rises above its ridge by about 40-50 cm. The level of thrust in this case directly depends on the height of the exhaust pipes.
The supply pipe for supplying fresh air is installed in the corner of the basement opposite from the hood. The open end of the pipe is placed at a height of 45-55 cm above the floor. The channel passes through the ceiling and protrudes 80-100 cm above the zero level of the floor. As a rule, asbestos pipes are used for natural ventilation in the cellar. The pipe diameter is calculated from the following ratio: for every 1 m² of the basement, 26 cm² of the duct section is needed.
For example, you have a cellar with an area of 8 m². Based on the above ratio, the cross-sectional area of the pipe should be 208 cm². As you know, the area of a circle is calculated by the formula S=πR². As a result, you will need pipes with a diameter of 16 cm (the value is rounded).
Tools necessary for work: drill, wall chaser, perforator, heater, knife.
Prepare tools and fixtures for ventilation in the cellar:
- wall chaser;
- drill;
- perforator;
- filter;
- external and internal air ducts;
- 2 fans;
- heater.
Be sure to check the operation of the ventilation system. To do this, sheets of thin paper must be attached to the outlets of the pipes. If the sheets move, the cellar ventilation is working.
The natural ventilation of the cellar will only work if there is a sufficient temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor spaces. As soon as it becomes warm outside, the natural air exchange system will stop working. This is the biggest disadvantage of such ventilation, because in some cases the downtime period can exceed 5-6 months! The problem is solved by a simple improvement of the circuit, namely, by installing fans.
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Recommendations and instructions for improving the cellar ventilation system
As already mentioned, the efficiency of the natural air exchange system directly depends on natural conditions (air temperature, wind). The higher the air temperature outside, the less intense will be the flow of fresh air into the cellar. In order to enhance air exchange, forced ventilation is installed in the cellar.
The forced ventilation system is equipped with fans different type and power. The efficiency of the system depends on the parameters of the fans used. There are 2 options for the forced device: automatic and mechanical. The automatic ventilation system works completely autonomously. Various sensors are installed that respond to changes in the microclimate and allow the system to turn itself off and on, if necessary.
Mechanical ventilation requires human intervention. This participation is reduced to manual switching off and on of the fans. You also need to use valves to adjust the intensity of air flows, because. in winter, the ventilation of the cellar works in enhanced mode. Excessively strong draft may cause food to freeze.
Fans are mounted in supply and exhaust pipes. Installation is carried out so that the air from the exhaust pipes goes outside, and in the supply pipes it enters the cellar. In a simplified version of such ventilation, fans are mounted on the ends of pipes. Grids are installed to protect the outer ends of the pipes from insects and debris, and cone roofs are installed to protect the ventilation ducts from precipitation.
When installing forced ventilation, pipes can be installed both horizontally and vertically. Existence of fans allows to provide equally high-quality air circulation both at horizontal, and at vertical installation of pipes.
Forced ventilation of the cellar is the best option. Fans are quite cheap, consume little energy. Some home craftsmen even reduce costs to a minimum by connecting a windmill to the device, which allows the use of wind rather than electric energy. Ventilation pipes must be insulated.
Proper ventilation of the cellar, like other rooms, is based on the immutable laws of physics. The air exchange scheme is simple, and you can do it yourself without the help of specialists.
For high-quality air circulation in the cellar, two ventilation holes are required. One of them is supply air, that is, through it clean air penetrates inside. The second is exhaust. Through it, all exhaust gases and vapors are removed to the outside. In order for the exhaust system to work fully, channels must be connected to the holes. Pipes are more commonly used. It is important that their diameter meets the standards.
The ventilation system in the cellar will work efficiently only if correct location exhaust hole level. Depending on the location of the cellar itself, the exhaust pipes can be mounted in different ways. Sometimes they are brought out through the ceiling of the house, and can be built into the basement wall. These points are important to consider when drawing up a cellar ventilation scheme.
The temperature in the basement will depend on the height at which the openings for the entry of clean air will be located, especially in the winter season. Both the height of their placement and the diameter of the holes should be optimal.
The principle of operation of the system is based on the basic laws of physics. Having carefully looked at the ventilation scheme in the cellar, one can state the fact that it is extremely simple, but at the same time reliable.
To organize a complete system, it is enough to provide 2 ventilation holes for the basement. One of them is necessary to remove excess fumes and air from the room, and the second is to ensure the flow of pure and fresh oxygen. To ensure optimal efficiency, such a system requires two pipes, supply and exhaust.
Ventilation in the cellar under the house
An equally important stage is the installation of pipes on optimal height from the floor and their subsequent withdrawal into the outer space. Incorrectly placed air ducts can bring in too much air, which is extremely undesirable for fresh food and vegetables stored on the shelves. Too small a diameter of the pipes will not allow you to quickly remove musty air masses from the room.
Before you make ventilation in the cellar, you need to decide on the type of system that will be equipped in the room. It can be either forced or natural. The choice in favor of one or another option is determined by the features of the layout of the basement, its total area.
Often situations arise when a natural system for cellar ventilation is not enough. In cases where the area of product storage facilities is significant, and the height exceeds 2 m, experts recommend equipping a forced air vent and air exchange system. Such a system is a difficult engineering task, which is quite difficult to cope with without the involvement of experienced pros. The design specificity lies in the fact that the supply and exhaust pipes are supplemented by the following elements:
- duct heaters;
- filter cassette;
- duct fan for cooling;
- check valve;
- sound silencer.
Forced ventilation device In the role of a functional and decorative element, a crate and installation of blinds are used. A powerful duct fan is the main element of the forced ventilation system for cellars. From the selected power, technical features and the direction of the air is directly proportional to the effectiveness and service life.
Ventilation duct When choosing the best option for a forced ventilation system, you need to know that this type of equipment is offered to the consumer in three different versions:
- design according to the exhaust principle - specializes in the elimination of air from various rooms;
- supply system - provides an influx of purified, heated or fresh air;
- supply and exhaust ventilation system for the cellar - combining the functions of ventilation of the first and second types.
Supply ventilation system According to the principle of control, forced systems are divided into two types:
- Automatic.
- Mechanical.
Forced ventilation automatic type This effect of convenient automation lies in the correct placement of sensors. They respond to changes in key indicators by turning on and off duct fans or heaters, thereby creating an optimal microclimate.
Exhaust forced ventilation with humidity sensor As for mechanical forced cellar ventilation systems, there is control temperature regime and the degree of humidity is carried out by a person. All the most important system control functions are performed by mechanical regulation. General recommendations arrangements are as follows:
- To give preference only to high-quality and proven equipment, so that the functioning of the system is durable and trouble-free.
- In the process of arranging a simple forced ventilation scheme, you should carefully consider the location of each element.
- Weigh all the pros and cons when choosing automatic or mechanical type of control.
Supply and exhaust ventilation with heat recovery The question arises: how to choose the right forced ventilation system? First of all, you should carefully study architectural features building, assess the dimensions of the room, determine the degree of optimal functionality of the system. If self-confidence is not fully felt, you can resort to the help of specialists at any stage.
The cellar is an indispensable building in the economy. The cellar ventilation project is best implemented directly at the construction stage. But it is also quite possible to create an effective ventilation system after construction is completed. In the future, it is important to monitor the state of the air in such a room so that the conditions for food storage and conservation are comfortable all year round.
How to make cellar ventilation yourself
The ventilation device in the cellar is quite simply carried out independently; this can be done not only at the planning stage of the room, but also already in the prepared cellar. The cellar ventilation scheme is quite simple; its operation is based on the simplest physical laws.
A cellar without ventilation cannot function normally. To warehouse space become full-fledged, it is necessary to fulfill a number of requirements:
- the basement should be dark;
- compliance with the optimal temperature regime;
- the degree of air humidity must be maintained at a certain level;
- ventilation system.
Without airflow circulation, food will spoil and rot quickly. Proper ventilation of the cellar allows you to maintain optimal conditions for preserving the maximum useful qualities in vegetables.
Due to violations in construction technology, it is impossible to store crops and conservation in the cellars. If the basement is part of a private house, ventilation devices are mounted in the basement of the foundation, leaving vents above the basement, important point are waterproofing works.
For cellar ventilation, the supply and exhaust type of the natural air exchange regulation system is the most reliable and budget option. disadvantage this method is a direct connection between the operation of the system and the temperature difference in the street and the strength of the wind.
For large rooms, a forced system is used. The use of such a scheme is especially relevant if in the future the cellar will be used as a living room, or it is planned to convert it into gym or billiard room. The natural ventilation system in the cellar cannot provide sufficient air exchange in hot calm weather.
If you plan to convert the basement into a gym, you should equip a forced ventilation system
Using this method, it should be remembered that the basement rooms are quite damp, therefore, to store food in the cellar in the country, you need to connect appliances with minimum power, otherwise you may encounter the problem of current leakage through the body of the appliance.
There are two methods for forced ventilation of a wine cellar. The second involves the use of deflectors, instead of electric fans. The deflector is mounted on the inlet of the hood, which is located above the roof level.
This device redirects the force of the wind and rarefies the air inside the pipeline. Instead of a deflector, mini turbines are used. When installing a forced system, a natural one must also be provided.
Today, two of the most common systems can be distinguished: natural and forced ventilation. Both systems are popular, but before you make a ventilation system, you need to make some calculations.
In this example, a ventilation duct made from a conventional polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe will be taken as the basis.
- In the case when the total cellar area is 10 sq.m., then we need an air duct area equal to the product of 10 by 25 sq.m. cm. It turns out 250 cm.
- Next, we take the circle area formula (our duct is round) S = πR², according to which we calculate the required radius ventilation pipe, which in our case will be 8.9 cm. Accordingly, the diameter of the pipe should be 17.8 cm.
How does the ventilation system work?
The above calculation is very simplified, since it does not take into account the intensity of air exchange in the room.
Experts often recommend calculating the cross section of the ventilation duct in the basement, taking into account the air flow. Interestingly, there is also a formula for calculating the air flow: L \u003d V * K, where L is, in fact, the value of air flow we need, V is the total volume of the basement, and K is a value indicating how many times per hour the air in the room is changing.
How to make ventilation in the cellar? The easiest way is natural ventilation, which involves airing the room through vents. The disadvantage of this method is that it is suitable only for a cellar with small dimensions, a maximum of 5 squares.
Food storage rules autumn-winter period differs from the peculiarities of their preservation in summer. Extending the shelf life of fresh vegetables and preservation is possible due to special basement and semi-basement rooms with a controlled microclimate. The main condition for their storage is full air circulation and control over the level of humidity. Cellar ventilation with one and two pipes makes it possible to achieve optimal environmental parameters and ensure the safety of all products until the next season.
Consequences of poor ventilation
Principle of operation and purpose of the system
The organization of the microclimate is a complex task, to achieve which a whole range of means, materials and methods is used. One of the stages in the design of the cellar is the selection and installation of the ventilation system. The lack of air circulation is considered a serious problem that can negate all efforts to collect and harvest crops for the winter. In a room with incompletely functioning or completely absent ventilation, the following phenomena develop:
- air stagnation;
- increase in humidity;
- an increase in the temperature inside the room;
- acceleration of decay processes;
- the appearance of condensate;
- development of fungi;
- activation of corrosion processes.
As a result of such factors, food and all other attributes in the room suffer. Shelves rust rapidly, shelves rot and collapse, lids oxidize, fruits and vegetables rot, and the air becomes unbreathable. Effective ventilation guarantees the storage of products, increasing the service life of racks and all related equipment.
There are several ways to achieve complete circulation of air masses inside the cellar. However, the most effective among them is the design of a natural supply and exhaust system with two pipes. The principle of its operation is due to the temperature difference between environment and a cellar. From the school physics course it follows that the heated air escapes, rising to the ceiling. At the same time, cooled masses take its place, providing the necessary circulation of flows. A similar effect can be achieved indoors by using the simplest system consisting of two pipes.
Supply and exhaust ventilation scheme Scheme of the ventilation system and its features
The arrangement of natural aeration is possible only in small areas without partitions and large-sized racks. The presence of obstructions reduces the rate of circulation, making ventilation less effective. The same rule applies to the area of \u200b\u200bthe room, since the larger it is, the more difficult it is for the air flow to move through it. Therefore, to organize full-fledged ventilation in such buildings, forced-type systems based on the action of electrical energy are used.
Air flow pattern - The creation of a working model of ventilation of a natural type room is carried out according to clearly established rules regulated by SNiP. The influx of fresh air and the removal of exhaust air is carried out using 2 channels. The supply air duct is brought out 10-15 cm above the floor level, and the second one is under the very ceiling, retreating from it by 5-10 cm. Such an arrangement of pipes ensures the outflow of waste masses, and allows fresh air to freely enter the room.
- From the outside, the supply air duct is mounted above the ground 30-40 cm above its level. The exhaust pipe is installed above the inlet pipe by 25 cm or more. A similar arrangement makes it possible to achieve the necessary pressure difference and ensure full aeration inside the cellar.
- Important! The higher the outlet pipe is installed, the greater will be the difference in pressure inside the room. Consequently, air masses will replace each other more often, removing excess moisture and preventing the spread of mold.
Natural ventilation in the cellar Equipment and materials
The natural supply and exhaust system is simple in design compared to forced-type structures. The main part is the air duct, and the remaining parts are classified as auxiliary means. In addition to pipes, to create full-fledged natural aeration, you need:
- pipe connectors;
- fasteners;
- protective nets;
- deflectors or umbrellas.
Deflector No other devices, fixtures or parts are included in the design of supply and exhaust aeration models. Due to this, the cost of their construction is reduced, and the effectiveness (subject to requirements) is increased.
The only criterion that directly affects the cost of the project is the material of the pipes. The following types are used as air ducts:
- plastic;
- asbestos-cement;
- galvanized.
Each of these materials has features, characteristics and positive traits. At the same time, the choice of a specific type of product is carried out not from economic indicators, but solely on the basis of the technical features and operating conditions of the future model.
Galvanized pipes Pros and cons of ventilation pipes
Plastic pipes are considered the most popular material used for the construction of natural aeration structures. Their main advantage is their relatively low cost, which reduces the overall cost of the project. In addition, to positive aspects plastic refers to light weight, high ductility, flexibility and resistance to temperature extremes. However, with obvious advantages, they also have obvious disadvantages associated with low strength and instability to mechanical stress.
Asbestos-cement pipes are considered no less popular among builders. Their strength surpasses plastic products, which expands the scope of the material. In addition, its cost is also quite economical, which makes it possible to obtain an effective model for relatively little money. However, this is where the advantages of asbestos cement end. To his negative aspects includes weight and bulkiness, lack of adapters, the need for additional reinforcement of fasteners and sealing of joints.
Galvanization is the most popular material for the construction of ventilation systems from two pipes. The material is not subject to corrosion, durable, affordable, does not deform, is resistant to thermal effects and has an extensive product range. Highways are made of galvanized metal various shapes, length and orientation without worrying about their tightness and functionality. The relative disadvantage of the material is the cost, which exceeds other products, affecting the economy of the project.
Calculation of duct diameter
Calculating the diameter of the pipe for cellar ventilation is a difficult task, on which the ventilation functionality depends. Too small cross-section of pipes does not allow air to fully circulate, and exceeding the size leads to the absence of the necessary pressure drop. To determine the size of the inlet and outlet channels, you need to know the following parameters:
- room area;
- wind load in a particular climatic zone;
- location on the ground;
- temperature features of the region.
Based on these criteria, making ventilation is not difficult. According to the technical documentation for utility rooms (cellars and basements), the circulation of air masses in the amount of 120 cubic meters per hour is the norm. As a rule, to obtain full-fledged air exchange in a room with an area of up to 25 sq.m., it is enough to install pipes with a diameter of 100 mm.
To improve natural circulation, special deflectors are used, which are installed at the outlet of the exhaust ducts. Thanks to the design details, these devices increase the speed of air movement, promoting indoor renewal.
Installation steps
Installation of the ventilation system from the design stage of the future structure. This part plays an important role, since it makes it possible to assess the scope and direction of work, as well as to determine the number required material. Suitable for assessing the complexity of the project the simplest circuit drawn with an ordinary pencil on a sheet of paper. Having estimated and purchased all the details, we proceed to the direct installation of ventilation from 2 pipes with our own hands, which consists of the following steps:
- collection and preparation of inventory;
- formation of holes for laying air ducts;
- wiring and fixing pipes;
- sealing connections;
- installation of protective umbrellas.
When erecting a structure, it is better to do without joints and turns, bending or a fragile joint affects the pressure inside the channels. As a result, there is a decrease in the level of circulation of air masses, which leads to a decrease in the performance of the model. Another condition effective work The system serves as the tightness of the room. In addition to the supply and exhaust pipes, there should not be any other sources of air in the cellar. Additional holes, slots and holes also affect the movement of masses within the room, reducing the circulation rate.
supply channel Cellar ventilation with one pipe: differences and features
The principle of cellar ventilation with one pipe is built on the same principle as the previous design. The role of the output channel is played by Entrance door and natural crevices of the room. In this case, the supply pipe is installed on general principle, i.e. 10-15 cm above the floor level. Thanks to this, fresh air enters the cellar, ensuring normal circulation. The only drawback of this design is considered to be installation only in a small area up to 12-15 sq.m. Exceeding such values does not allow to achieve effective aeration.
Important! The design features of the premises also play a significant role. The presence of high racks, turns, uneven walls, ceiling and floor inevitably affects the movement of air. As a result, the natural ventilation system becomes less efficient even when the area is within acceptable limits. For full-fledged air exchange in such cellars, it is necessary to build a project with 2 pipes.
Cellar ventilation with one pipe Adjusting the system in winter
The penetration of frosty air into the cellar leads to a decrease in temperature below 0 degrees. Similar values have a negative impact on the safety of fresh products and conservation. Maintaining the optimum temperature of +2 + 6 degrees and preventing its decrease is an important task, which can be solved with the help of ventilation. However, if the cellar freezes due to insufficient thermal insulation, it will not be possible to solve the problem by restricting the incoming air. It is possible to increase the temperature inside the cellar by reducing the intensity of circulation. To do this, special plugs are installed at the inlet, which allow you to regulate the flow of incoming air or completely limit them.
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