Unfortunately, in most cases, a fire does not occur from the moment of the first test heating, as well as a lack of oxygen in the house and the presence of carbon monoxide is not felt on the very first day - on the contrary, everything can be fine in the first months. But after a year of active operation of a problematic chimney or faulty ventilation ducts, a fire can occur, a disease may develop, or engineering communications will simply suddenly become completely unusable.
And therefore, it is important not only to know the rules for operating chimneys and ventilation ducts of a residential building, but also to carry out timely revision and prevention, which this article will be about.
You can download the official rules for the operation of chimneys and ventilation ducts in .pdf format:
This short document discusses how chimneys and ventilation ducts should be checked in an apartment building, and which authorities are involved in this control. But specifically in this article, we will pay more attention to the safety of operation of chimneys and ventilation ducts of a residential private house or bath, which are rarely discussed, although there are many important points. Read the article carefully - you will be surprised!
Any chimney is always the most dangerous source of fire in the house. And all due to the fact that the temperature of the flue gases is prohibitively high. Therefore, even the slightest violation of the installation of a chimney inside a residential building can lead to dangerous consequences. But the chimney is important not only to install it correctly - it is important to use it correctly and take care of it.
What is included in the concept of fire safety?
To begin with, we propose to understand in more detail the concept of fire safety in the operation of a chimney.
Fire safety is the state of an object (and we are talking about a chimney), which is characterized by the ability to quickly prevent the occurrence and development of a fire. The fire safety of the operation of a residential building can be divided into the following: the safety of the floor, ceiling and walls that are nearby, as well as the safety of the chimney itself. This means that the insulation of the room must be not only effective, but environmentally friendly, so that when heated, it does not emit any harmful substances.
In other words, not to be the source of those very chemical elements that cause cancer (carcinogens). Only natural safe materials based on stone fibers, fiberglass stone and stainless metal can be used.
The second point: the chimney must be properly installed and operated:
Control over the heating temperature of a single and double-circuit chimney
Fires caused by problems with the chimney are often caused by the ignition of soot, and it lights up from high temperatures. What leads to this? So, for example, paper and burning plastic give out the highest temperature, and firewood of certain types of wood already follows them.
Many people think that it's good if the soot burns out, it will not be necessary to clean the chimney in the summer, but often it simply destroys the chimney pipe from the inside, which is not prepared for such high temperatures. That is why chimneys, which were originally designed by the manufacturer for low temperature conditions, serve the least and are more fireproof, and the combustion temperature of their firewood is high. Let's compare different breeds wood according to the ability to burn hot in the oven:
- Pine - 624°C;
- Hornbeam - 1022°C;
- Poplar - 468°C;
- Oak - 840-900 ° C;
- Aspen - 612°C;
- Larch - 865°C;
- Ash, beech - 1044°C;
- Birch - 816°C;
- Alder - 552°C;
- Acacia - 708 ° C.
Impressive? That is why, in addition to following the general rules, you always need to make sure that the outer contour of the chimney cannot heat up more than the metal from which it is made is designed:
For example, the most common cause of fires in private houses and baths is a 0.5 mm stainless steel chimney, which is placed on wood stoves, although it was originally intended only for gas. Unfortunately, at first glance, it is difficult to distinguish a gas chimney from a wood-burning one. You just need to read the label on the pipe and consult with the seller.
But this is only one of two factors. The degree of heating of the external circuit also depends on what kind of internal insulation was used and what is its thickness:
Correct arrangement and functioning of the chimney of a residential building
One of the most important rules for ensuring the fire safety of the chimney of a private house is the thermal insulation of the chimney and the correct arrangement of its design.
Please also note that from the outer surface of such pipes to the lathing and roof rafters, there should be a distance that corresponds to that prescribed in modern SNIPs 2.04.05-91:
- For concrete and brick pipes, this is 130 mm;
- For ordinary ceramic (without additional thermal insulation) this is 250 meters;
- For pipes in which insulation is present, this is also 130 mm;
- For pipes assembled with a stainless steel sandwich module, this is a distance of 150-160 from the inner walls of the pipe (according to European standards)
We go further. Where the roof and ceiling are in contact with the chimney, the components must be made of non-combustible materials. These are mineral wool, metal plates, special treatment for wood with fire-retardant mastic and other materials that are full of modern hardware stores.
It is especially important to take care of the fire safety of the pre-furnace site, if there is one - it is also made of non-combustible materials if it is performed. Then you need to buy ceramic tiles, metal sheets or stone slabs. It’s good if you additionally build a half-brick wall against the wall where the stove or fireplace is attached.
So, the safe operation of a chimney in a private house implies:
- The chimney must be installed by a professional, or at least inspected by him at the end of the installation.
- Most of the chimney modules must be made of 400 series stainless steel, with a thickness of at least 0.8 mm, and the remaining parts are allowed from 300 stainless steel, but with a thickness of at least 1 mm.
- The stove, fireplace or boiler is heated with the type of firewood for which they are designed.
And this is just the beginning! The chimney must be monitored, cleaned and protected throughout the entire period of its operation.
Self-inspection of the chimney of a residential building
So, during self-examination, first of all, check the chimney for cracks. Initially modules metal chimney should not only be connected to each other, but also smeared at the seams with silicone sealant.
If we are talking about a brick chimney, the smoke from it should also not seep anywhere at all. If it still leaks, this is evidence that oxygen is sucked into the chimney somewhere and reacts with gases. In such a chimney, with only one spark, a fire can easily form. But even a sandwich module from the fire burns out from the inside and causes a fire.
Therefore, every year, step by step, you need to check your chimney for problems that may not be initially visible to the eye:
Pay special attention to such a moment: are there any on the walls white plaque? Burning a fireplace or stove with damp wood is fraught with the fact that, due to moisture, a white crust of wet soot forms on the walls of the chimney, and an ordinary brush will not help - you need a special scraper. And this is a more complex cleaning technology, because in this case it is easy to damage the surface of the chimney from the inside and give rise to corrosion. Therefore, if you have to resort to such a procedure, get a good brush from modern manufacturers, which are developed specifically for chimneys.
As you may have guessed, the most difficult situation- with a brick chimney. If it was not specially inserted into it metal pipe to protect its walls from corrosive soot, then you will have to mess with it a lot. Inspect carefully such a chimney: if you see a blockage from fragments of bricks, then the chimney itself is already collapsing from the inside and urgent repairs are needed. Namely, inserting a pipe - sleeve. If this is not done on time, the brickwork runs the risk of collapsing at any moment.
For sleeve, a part of the chimney is disassembled and a pipe is inserted, then a new brickwork is made. Naturally, all this can be organized only in the warm season, when the stove does not work. But, in principle, the design itself, when a brick chimney contains an additional stainless steel pipe, is one of the most reliable.
But all the same, every six months it is necessary to inspect, clean and prevent such a chimney. If you suspect that the chimney may be problematic or you do not have firewood yourself best quality, then what kind of prophylaxis should be done every two months or even more often. And keep in mind that firewood from spruce and pine has a large amount of resins and is especially harmful to pipes - it is better to refuse them altogether.
Regular cleaning of the chimney from soot and internal blockage
Now for some fun physics. When burning firewood from wood, a white, translucent smoke is formed (after all, water vapor is present in the wood), and the smoke becomes black if fine carbon - soot rises into the chimney.
At the end of combustion, only coals and ash remain, which do not burn with an open flame, but only smolder and react with atmospheric oxygen and also emit carbon dioxide and water vapor. It is precisely the creosote released at this moment that poses the greatest danger to the chimney, because the water vapor that comes from the wood at this moment sticks together such particles and they settle not only on the walls of the chimney, but also on the details of the heater. And at the same time form resinous deposits!
Let's talk about soot in the chimney (believe me, it's more serious than you think). It appears when the fuel does not burn completely. And this already depends on its type, quality, incoming air and combustion temperature.
The soot itself happens dusty, glossy and even porous.
- For ignition pulverized just one spark is enough. Such soot creates a porous substance on the walls of the chimney, consisting of ash and a small amount of coal. Even with a sharp increase in draft or ignition of paper, pulverized soot can ignite, and the flame can reach the top of the chimney. Such a fire usually leads to overheating and cracking in the pipe, but the sparks that fly out of the chimney are also dangerous (especially when the weather is windy and hot).
- Here is the fire glossy soot leads to critical temperatures on the walls of the chimney. Such soot creates a dense, flammable layer and, when burned, can even reach 1000 degrees Celsius. This is an overload on the chimney, and if it is old or cracked, then it risks simply not being able to withstand it. In this case, the ignition of such soot can be both fast and slow. With a fast one, the upper temperature, in principle, does not have time to reach the maximum value, but slow combustion can last up to several hours or heat the pipe walls so much that cracks begin to appear. The slow ignition of glossy is the most dangerous, because it is accompanied by strong gas formation, and clouds of smoke create whole plugs in the pipe.
- porous soot is not as dangerous as glossy, although it is similar in structure to it. Such a layer forms on the walls of the chimney when too hot flue gases enter the chimney. But everything is also subject to sudden ignition.
All this greatly reduces the efficiency of the chimney, accelerates its wear and even provokes corrosion, and especially advanced cases there is a real fire. That is why it is useful to put a chemical soot remover along with firewood from time to time. It is made in different formats and different contents, but usually from a mixture of special crystals, which act as catalysts during combustion, destroying the structure of resinous deposits. After that, only a fragile soot husk remains on the walls of the chimney, and it, in turn, easily splits, burns out and falls asleep.
That is why it is so important to choose a reliable chimney pipe with all seriousness, because manufacturers specifically indicate resistance to soot fire in the passport for this purpose. Therefore, if you have the opportunity now to purchase another chimney (if there are doubts about the old one), which will withstand the necessary loads and even more. After all, there is a huge difference in whether you heat a fireplace or a stove more for decorative effect or infrequent cooking (for example, the stove is in a barbecue gazebo, or this stove will heat your entire house). If you ignore at least one of the manufacturer's requirements, then it will not end in anything good, believe me.
If you are wondering where condensation can come from in the chimney, we will explain in more detail. Moisture itself is always in the air, in any room - just in different quantities. It is not noticeable to the eye, because. is in the state of finely dispersed droplets. There are more of them in a residential building than, say, in a workshop or in an attic.
And it is moisture that enters the furnace and chimney with air, and in its cold part it condenses, settling on the pipes in the form of drops. And such condensate is bad not only for the chimney, as it corrodes it from the inside, but also in the sense that it allows soot to simply stick to the walls. As a result, due to condensate, draft is disturbed, because the passage for air becomes less and less. And finally, moisture reacts with soot, forming a particularly aggressive acid, which gradually destroys the metal. The modern sandwich chimney has the least problems with all this, although it must also be protected from damp firewood.
Ventilation ducts: ensuring air flow
In addition, unfortunately, modern building materials and furniture in most cases do not have high environmental performance. And all these harmful substances are emitted into the air. Of course, if there is only one such source of carcinogenic substances in a residential building, then it is not dangerous in itself (its influence is insignificant and the human body more or less removes all the toxins received during the day) and the manufacturer is absolutely clean before the law.
But there is such a thing as cumulative correlation, which takes into account that a person will breathe harmful elements not only today, but also tomorrow. And if he has certain health and metabolic problems, then a toxic plastic shelf or wallpaper will still be harmful. And after all, this is not taking into account the fact that such household items and things are far from being surrounded by the average person in the same quantity.
From the current situation, there is a simple and affordable solution - high-quality ventilation. The constant influx of fresh air and the removal of the old can easily remove all the inhabitants of the periodic table penetrating into the air and thus reduce the mentioned Negative influence almost to zero.
For quite a long time in Russia there was a practice to organize the flow of fresh air into the room due to leaks in the building structures themselves. Simply put, old wooden windows ventilated the room remarkably, but modern double-glazed windows, unfortunately, completely seal it. It’s good if you can put the glass window in the micro-ventilation mode or open it completely, but sometimes they forget about it in winter or simply save on heating.
In this case, it is imperative to install a forced ventilation system that will supply indoor air. Fresh air, cleaner and warmer. Or you can also resort to such a artisanal method as through hole under the window sill (preferably above the heating convector). To do this, a small hole is punched, and the air from it comes directly from the street. If necessary, use an adjustable damper. Thus, the air is also warmed up.
In addition to providing a healthy indoor climate, ventilation is necessary for the proper functioning of any fireplace or stove. For this purpose, they provide for the organization of air flow, counting it for 200-300 square meters per hour, if the firebox is closed, and 800-1000 square meters per hour, if it is open.
And finally, watch a short news story about how important it is to monitor the normal functioning of chimneys and ventilation ducts, and how to notice the first signs of problems:
Be careful and take care of your own health and life!
THE GOVERNMENT OF MOSCOW
RESOLUTION
On the approval of the Moscow standard,
determining the scope of activities and work
to ensure safe operation
chimneys and ventilation ducts
gasified houses
Repealed from January 1, 2005 on the basis of
Decrees of the Government of Moscow
dated November 2, 2004 N 758-PP
____________________________________________________________________
In pursuance of paragraph 2 of Decree of the Government of Moscow dated 17.04.2001 N 364-PP "On the state of the gas facilities of Moscow and measures to improve its reliability and safe operation" and in accordance with the Law of the City of Moscow dated 13.11.96 N 30 "On the establishment of standards for the operation of the housing stock of the city of Moscow and control over their observance" Moscow Government
decides:
1. Approve the Moscow standard for the operation of the housing stock "Measures to ensure the safe operation of chimneys from gas appliances and ventilation ducts in gasified houses" (Appendix), developed by the Gas Technical Inspectorate of the Moscow Housing Inspectorate and the Department of Housing and Communal Services and Improvement, agreed by the Moscow City Department of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia .
2. Establish that from September 1, 2001, the operation of chimneys and ventilation ducts in gasified houses must be carried out strictly in accordance with the standard being put into effect (clause 1).
3. The Gas Technical Inspectorate of the Moszhilinspektsiya, in case of violation of the requirements of the standard, shall apply to the perpetrators the measures of responsibility provided for by law.
4. To impose control over the implementation of this resolution on the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of Moscow Nikolsky B.V.
Prime Minister of the Moscow Government
Yu.M. Luzhkov
Appendix. Moscow standard for the operation of the housing stock "Measures to ensure the safe operation of chimneys from gas appliances and ventilation ducts in gasified houses"
MOSCOW NORMATIVE | NM-2001-04 |
MEASURES TO ENSURE SAFE | Approved and put into effect by Decree of the Government of Moscow dated 2001 N |
Effective date - 2001
This standard has been developed in accordance with the requirements of the Safety Rules in the gas sector, approved by the Decree of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia dated May 25, 2000 N 27, SNiP 2.04-08-87 * "Gas supply", SNiP 2.04.05-91 * "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning". Establishes the scope of measures and works to ensure the safe operation of chimneys from gas appliances and ventilation ducts in gasified houses. It is mandatory for executive authorities, district administrations, state municipal and other organizations that manage the housing stock, its operation and maintenance. The regulation applies to existing, overhauled and newly constructed chimneys and ventilation ducts.
1. Maintenance and repair of smoke and ventilation ducts is carried out by specialized organizations of cleaners that have an appropriate license under contracts with housing maintenance organizations.
2. Chimneys must be tight, separate, vertical, without ledges. It is allowed to slope the chimneys from the vertical at an angle of 30 degrees with a horizontal distance of at least 1 m, while the cross section of the channel must be maintained along its entire length. The cross-sectional area of the chimney must not be less than the area of the pipe of the gas appliance connected to the chimney. In existing buildings, it is allowed to connect no more than two water heaters to one chimney, provided that combustion products are introduced into the chimney at different levels, not closer than 75 cm from each other or at the same level with the device in the chimney, a cut to a height of at least 75 cm. Calculation of the chimney should be produced with the simultaneous operation of two water heaters. The intersection of smoke and ventilation ducts with gas pipelines, water pipes, electrical cables is strictly prohibited.
3. Control over the quality of the repair of smoke and ventilation ducts is assigned to housing maintenance organizations.
4. Works on the repair of chimneys and ventilation ducts are carried out according to schedules agreed with the contractor.
5. Checking the smoke channels is carried out in the following terms:
a) brick - 1 time in 3 months;
b) asbestos-cement, pottery and heat-resistant concrete blocks - 1 time in 12 months.
An initial check (for tightness and isolation, for the absence of blockages and for the presence of traction) is carried out annually in the third quarter during the preparation of houses for winter. In new-build houses, the initial check is carried out at the time of acceptance of the house into operation.
6. Checking the ventilation ducts in all gasified houses is carried out - 1 time in 12 months.
7. In the period from November to April, inspect the chimney caps in order to prevent their freezing and blockage, marking the results of the checks in a special journal. Control over the implementation is carried out by the heads of the housing maintenance organization.
8. If faulty chimneys are detected, the devices connected to them are subject to immediate disconnection from the gas supply, residents are warned against a signature about the danger of using gas water heaters.
9. Before the start of scheduled work on the repair of chimneys, gas appliances connected to them must be turned off by employees of the State Unitary Enterprise of Moscow "Mosgaz" in accordance with the notification received from the contractor.
10. Connection of gas appliances after the repair of chimneys should be carried out only after the receipt of an act on the technical condition of the chimney by the employees of the State Unitary Enterprise of Moscow "Mosgaz".
11. Based on the results of regular, extraordinary and post-repair inspections and cleaning of smoke and ventilation ducts, acts of the established form are drawn up.
12. The technical condition of the iron connecting pipes (ZHST) is checked according to the following parameters:
The total length is not more than 3 m in new buildings and not more than 6 m in existing ones;
The number of turns - no more than 3, with a radius of curvature not less than the diameter of the pipe;
The links must be tightly pushed one into the other along the exhaust gases - not less than 0.5 pipe diameter;
When connected to the chimney, the ZHS should not cross the channel section and have a restrictive washer or corrugation;
The height of the vertical section - at least 50 cm, in rooms with a height of 2.7 m - at least 25 cm is allowed;
Slope - not less than 0.01 (1 cm per 1 running meter) towards the gas appliance;
Coloring - fire-resistant varnish;
The presence of fire-prevention cutting at the intersection of fire-retardant partitions;
Distance from ZHST to ceiling and walls:
a) from non-combustible materials - at least 5 cm;
b) from slow-burning materials - not less than 25 cm.
13. Availability and compliance with the norms of a "pocket" for collecting garbage in the chimney with a hatch for cleaning - at least 25 cm from the lower edge of the ZhST.
14. The technical condition of the smoke channels in the attic is monitored:
The presence of grout, whitewash and numbering;
The presence of a fire cut equal to 50 cm to the building structure made of combustible materials and 38 cm for structures made of non-combustible materials.
15. During the performance of repair work and maintenance of chimneys and ventilation ducts, comply with fire safety requirements.
16. The technical condition of the smoke channels above the roof is monitored:
Plastering, whitewashing, numbering;
Head ironing;
Lack of umbrellas and deflectors on chimneys;
The correct location of the head relative to the ridge of the roof and closely spaced structures, trees - the absence of a zone of wind backwater:
a) 0.5 m above the roof ridge when they are located (counting horizontally) no more than 1.5 m from the roof ridge;
b) level with the roof ridge, if they are 1.5-3 m from the roof ridge;
c) below the roof ridge, but not below a straight line drawn from the ridge down at an angle of 10 degrees to the horizon, if they are located more than 3 m from the ridge.
In all cases, the height of the pipe above the adjacent part of the roof must be at least 0.5 m, for houses with a combined roof ( flat roof) at least 2 m.
17. Control over the presence and condition of ladders, scaffolds and parapet gratings on the roof is carried out.
Chimneys by device and location are divided into:
- on wall chimneys - arranged inside capital brick walls
- root chimneys - laid out in the form of a separate brick riser
- mounted chimneys - installed directly on the furnaces
If the room has solid stone walls, then the installation of internal wall chimneys is most convenient and economical, since they do not require additional building materials and are laid out simultaneously with the walls.
Primary requirements
For each furnace, as a rule, a separate chimney or channel (hereinafter referred to as the chimney) should be provided. Since with the simultaneous firing of two furnaces, the furnace on the lower floor, with a stronger draft, will interrupt the upper one, preventing the free exit of smoke from it.
It is allowed to use a common chimney for two stoves installed on the same floor, provided that a cut is made in the form of a transverse wall between the chimneys at a height of at least 75 cm. In this case, the minimum cross-sectional size of the common chimney channel must be at least 1x0.5 bricks.
In houses with furnace heating not allowed:
a) device exhaust ventilation artificially stimulated, not compensated by artificially stimulated inflow
b) removal of smoke into the ventilation ducts and installation of ventilation grilles on the smoke ducts
Chimneys should be located in the internal walls of the building. Laying them in the outer walls is less economical and creates difficulties in operation. Passing through the chimneys in the outer wall, gases give off part of their heat to an unheated room, and in the atmosphere due to low temperature atmospheric air gases are excessively cooled, which worsens traction. At the same time, resinous substances are released from the gases, which penetrate the masonry and are deposited on the external structure of the house.
In the case of a forced location of the chimney riser in the outer wall, the chimney wall must be thickened. The thickening of the wall is made in the form of pilasters (square or rectangular ledges on the wall).
The minimum thickness of the masonry between the chimney and the outer surface of the wall is taken depending on the design temperature of the outside air:
- at t \u003d -20 ° C and above - 38 cm (in 1.5 bricks)
- from t=-20°С to t=-30°С — 51 cm (in 2 bricks)
- from t \u003d -30 ° С and below - 65 cm (in 2.5 bricks)
For laying the foundations of furnaces, hearths and chimneys, the same materials are used as for the foundations of a house, for the main laying of furnaces, hearths, chimneys and channels in the walls - ordinary clay brick (solid).
If the walls are made of silicate bricks, cinder blocks, etc., sections with smoke channels should be laid out from ordinary (solid) clay red bricks.
Chimneys (channels) or chimneys for stoves
The height of chimneys placed at a distance equal to or greater than the height of a solid structure protruding above the roof should be taken:
- at least 500 mm - above a flat roof
- not less than 500 mm - above the roof ridge or parapet when the pipe is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge or parapet
- not lower than the roof ridge or parapet - when the chimney is located at a distance of 1.5 to 3 m from the ridge or parapet
- not lower than a line drawn from the ridge down at an angle of 10 to the horizon - when the chimney is located at a distance of more than 3 m from the ridge
It is allowed to connect two furnaces located in the same apartment on the same floor to one pipe. Such placement can be allowed in exceptional cases, provided that the wall is insulated from the outside by thickening the masonry or protecting it with heat-insulating fireproof materials (the method of insulation must be provided for by the project).
Then the distance between the outer surface of the walls and the nearest inner surface of the channel is taken to be at least 640 mm (2.5 bricks). When connecting pipes, cuts should be provided with a thickness of 0.12 m and a height of at least 1 m from the bottom of the pipe connection.
When the chimney is located in the middle of the room, the walls are laid out with a thickness of 1/2 brick, and when located near the cold outer wall buildings - in a whole brick. The thickness of the walls of chimneys or smoke channels at their junction with metal or reinforced concrete beams should be taken as 130 mm.
The wall thickness of the channels in the internal stone walls, as well as the thickness of the partitions (cuts) between the smoke and ventilation ducts must be at least 120 mm. Furnaces, as a rule, should be placed near internal walls and partitions made of non-combustible materials, providing for their use for placing smoke channels.
Smoke channels can be placed in external walls made of non-combustible materials, insulated, if necessary, from the outside to prevent moisture condensation from exhaust gases.
In the absence of walls in which smoke channels can be placed, wall-mounted or root chimneys should be used to remove smoke. Chimneys should be made vertical without ledges of clay bricks with walls at least 120 mm thick or from heat-resistant concrete at least 60 mm thick, providing in their bases pockets 250 mm deep with cleaning holes, closed by doors.
The internal surfaces of the chimneys should be smoother without mortar smudges in the seams and carelessly laid bricks. The chimney must be free of slopes and turns.
It is allowed to accept deviations of round chimneys at an angle of up to 30 ° to the vertical, with a distance of no more than 1 m. Inclined sections must be smooth, of constant cross section, with an area not less than the cross-sectional area of vertical sections.
Experience shows that the cross section of the chimney is from 1/10 to 1/12, and in more favorable cases up to 1/15 of the clear size of the furnace opening. In all cases, the cross section of the chimney (if two furnaces are connected to one pipe) must be at least 14x27 cm.
brick chimneys
The cross-sectional area of rectangular chimneys (smoke channels), depending on the heat output of the furnace according to SNiP 2.01.01-82, should be taken at least:
- 140x140 mm - with a heat output of the furnace up to 3.5 kW
- 140x200 mm - with a heat output of the furnace from 3.5 kW to 5.2 kW
- 140x270 mm - with a heat output of the furnace from 5.2 kW to 7 kW
The cross-sectional areas of channels in brick chimneys must be a multiple of the width of the brick. The mouths of brick chimneys to a height of 0.2 m should be protected from precipitation. The device of umbrellas, deflectors and other nozzles on brick chimneys is not allowed.
Round asbestos-cement, ceramic or metal chimneys
The cross-sectional area of the round smoke ducts must not be less than the area of the specified rectangular ducts. Metal chimneys must be removed from combustible roof structures by 700 mm. At the same time, within the attic, the pipes are insulated with a layer of asbestos at least 3 mm thick and plastered over the grid cement mortar, and in places of passage through a combustible roof, they are additionally equipped with special devices in the form of sandboxes.
The outlets of round chimney pipes and ventilation ducts located next to them in the walls are performed with a slope of at least 60 ° to the horizon and a laying (attitude) of no more than 1 m. :
a) the distance from the top of the branch pipe to the ceiling of combustible materials must be at least 0.5 m in the absence of ceiling protection against fire and at least 0.4 m - with protection;
b) the distance from the bottom of the pipe to the floor of combustible or slow-burning materials must be at least 0.14 m.
Branch pipes should be taken from non-combustible materials, providing a fire resistance limit of 0.75 hours. and more. Often there is smoke from the furnace from blowing the mouth of the pipe strong wind. To prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to check the condition of the wind protection device (deflector) above the chimney head, and in the absence of a device, install it.
For deflector options, see fig.
Chimneys on buildings with roofs made of combustible materials should be provided with spark arresters. For reasons of fire safety, a spark arrestor in the form of a cap with a blind cover and a wire mesh on the sides with a mesh size of not more than 3 mm is installed on the head.
You should be aware that weathercocks and deflectors can be installed on round pipes for solid fuel stoves. When burning gas, they SHOULD NOT be installed, as water vapor condenses on them. This may cause the formation of ice.
For gasified furnaces, umbrellas of a simplified design are installed on the heads of round pipes. If the walls of the pipe are subsequently plastered or insulated with asbestos-cement slabs, then it is permissible to lay out a cap with a thickness of 1/2 brick.
Chimneys (ducts) for fireplaces
The main difference between a fireplace and a stove is a much larger cross section for air to enter the furnace, which causes large air masses to be sucked into the fireplace, which causes a decrease in temperature in the flue (compared to stoves). Therefore, the draft force in the fireplace per 1 linear meter of flue height is less than in the stove.
To create normal draft, the height of the chimney of the fireplace must be correspondingly greater than that of the stove. To ensure sufficient draft during operation, it is IMPORTANT that the flue gases cool as little as possible as they travel down the chimney.
The cornice formed in the narrow section of the chimney (the so-called smoke tooth) plays an important role and has a dual purpose. During the combustion process, it retains the cooled gases descending along the rear (colder) wall, not letting them into the furnace space, because. this can lead to tipping over.
Cold gases trapped by the eaves are picked up by a stream of hotter gas flowing out of the narrow section of the chimney, which forms the front wall of the fireplace and the edge of the "tooth", and are carried out into the overlying chimney.
The second purpose of the eaves is to collect falling soot deposits. In the immediate vicinity of the ledge on the inside, a cleaning door is installed, through which the chimney is periodically cleaned. A damper is installed in the neck at the level of the chimney cornice to regulate draft and disconnect the fireplace from the chimney. To reduce heat loss, the walls of the chimney of the fireplace must be of sufficient thickness.
The most detrimental effect on draft is caused by atmospheric air leaks into the chimney through leaks in the masonry, as well as non-working stoves connected to a common chimney, i.e. the chimney for the fireplace must be separate from all other ducts. All leaks must be identified and eliminated.
The next condition for maintaining normal draft (without describing the hydraulic properties of the draft) is a chimney with a round section, then a square one and, finally, a rectangular one. This is explained by the fact that in right angles the movement of gases is difficult and, moreover, soot is often deposited in them.
Therefore, it is best to use asbestos-cement or ceramic pipes for chimneys. Chimney pipes, due to the difficulty of fitting to the chimney of the fireplace, are most often laid out square.
ventilation ducts
The wall thickness of the channels in the outer walls of buildings is taken into account the design temperature of the outside air. The height of the exhaust ventilation ducts located next to chimneys, should be taken equal to the height of these pipes.
The dimensions of the indentation (cutting) at the furnaces and smoke channels.
Retreat (cutting) is the air space between the outer surface of the furnace, chimney or smoke channel, on the one hand, and the combustible wall, partition or other building structure, on the other hand. Leave an air gap (retreat) for the entire height of the furnace or chimney.
When arranging cuttings in ceilings, an independent settlement of furnaces and pipes should be ensured. Supporting cuts on structural elements overlap is not allowed. The height of the cutting should be greater than the thickness of the ceiling by the value of the possible settlement of the building and 70 mm above the layer of combustible backfill.
Horizontal cutting in the plane of overlap should be carried out simultaneously with the main masonry.
The gaps between the overlap and the cutting should be filled with clay mortar mixed with asbestos.
For walls or partitions made of combustible and slow-burning materials, the deviation should be taken in accordance with Table 1 (see below), and for factory-made furnaces, it should be taken according to the manufacturer's documentation.
The dimensions of the offsets (cuts) of furnaces and channels, taking into account the thickness of the furnace wall, should be taken equal to:
a) 500 mm - to building structures made of combustible materials;
b) 380 mm - to a wall or partition of non-combustible materials adjacent at an angle to the front of the furnace and protected from fire from the floor to a level of 250 mm above the top of the furnace door:
- plaster on a metal mesh - 25 mm thick
- or a metal sheet on asbestos cardboard - 8 mm thick.
The dimensions of the grooves should be taken in accordance with the mandatory requirements for "retreats" given in table 1:
Table 1. Dimensions of cuts according to SNiP 2.01.01-82
| Furnace wall thickness, mm | Distance from the outer surface of the furnace or smoke channel (pipe) to the wall or partition, mm | ||
| retreat | not protected from fire |
protected from fire |
|
| 120 | open | 260 | 200 |
| 120 | Closed | 320 | 260 |
| 65 | open | 320 | 260 |
| 65 | Closed | 500 | 380 |
| Notes: 1. for walls with a fire resistance limit of 1 hour. and more and with a flame spread limit of 0 cm, the distance from the outer surface of the furnace or smoke channel (pipe) to the partition wall is not standardized. 2. In the buildings of children's institutions, dormitories and catering establishments, the fire resistance of the wall (partition) within the retreat should be at least 1 hour. 3. Protection of ceilings, floors, walls and partitions- should be performed at a distance of at least by 150 mm larger than the oven. |
|||
The cutting should be 70 mm more than the thickness of the ceiling (ceiling). It is not necessary to support or rigidly connect the cutting of the furnace with the building structure. In the walls covering the retreat, holes should be provided above the floor and at the top with gratings with an area of \u200b\u200beach free section of at least 150 cm2.
The floor in the closed retreat should be made of non-combustible materials and located 70 mm above the floor of the room.
The distance between the top of the furnace ceiling, made of three rows of bricks, should be taken:
with a ceiling made of combustible or slow-burning materials, protected by plaster on a steel mesh or steel sheet on asbestos cardboard 10 mm thick:
- 250 mm - for furnaces with a periodic firebox
- 700 mm - for long-burning furnaces
and with an unprotected ceiling:
- 350 mm - for furnaces with a periodic firebox
- 1000 mm - for long-burning furnaces
For furnaces with an overlap of two rows of bricks, the indicated distances should be increased by 1.5 times. The distance between the top of the metal furnace and the ceiling should be taken:
- with thermally insulated ceiling and protected ceiling - 800 mm
- with non-insulated ceiling and unprotected ceiling - 1200 mm
Vertical cutting of furnaces and pipes installed in the openings of combustible partitions is carried out to the entire height of the furnace or pipe.
| p/p | Furnace devices | Combustible structures | |
| not fireproof | fire protected | ||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Heating furnaces of periodic action with the duration of the furnace: | |||
| 1 | – up to 3 hours | 380 | 250 |
| 2 | - more than 3 hours | 510 | 380 |
| 3 | Gas-fired ovens with a flow rate of more than 2 m3/h | 380 | 250 |
| 4 | Heating furnaces of long burning. Apartment kitchen stoves, working on solid fuel. Gas water heaters of apartment type | 250 | 250 |
| 5 | Combined cookers with built-in boilers and individual apartment-type boilers | 380 | 250 |
| Note: Metal chimneys pass through combustible ceilings NOT ALLOWED. |
|||
In the walls of the closed space above the furnace, two openings with gratings should be provided at different levels, each having a free cross-sectional area of at least 150 cm2. The retreat is left open or sealed on both sides with bricks or other fireproof materials.
It is not allowed to bandage the side walls of the closed retreat chamber with the main masonry of the furnace. The floor in the air gap is lined with brick one row above the floor level of the room. The width of the retreat and the method of insulating walls and partitions in the retreats are taken in accordance with the data given in table 3:
Table 3. Types and sizes of indents
| p/p | Heating stoves | Types of indentation | Distances between stoves and combustible walls or partitions, mm | Methods for protecting combustible structures |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 | Apartment-type furnaces with walls 1/2 brick thick with a furnace duration of up to 3 hours. | Open or closed on one side | 130 | Lime or lime-cement plaster 25 mm thick; asbestos cardboard |
| 2 | Same | Closed on both sides | 130 | Brick cladding with a thickness of 1/4 brick on clay mortar or asbestos-vermiculite slabs with a thickness of 40 mm |
| 3 | The same with walls 1/4 brick thick | Open on both sides | 320 | Lime-gypsum plaster 25 mm thick; asbestos-vermiculite plates 40 mm thick |
| 4 | Heating furnaces for long burning | open | 260 | Same |
| 5 | Stoves and stoves with walls 1/2 brick thick with a burning time of more than 3 hours. | open | 260 | The same, or facing 1/4 brick thick on clay mortar |
| 6 | Same | Closed | 260 | Brick cladding 1/2 brick thick |
| Metal ovens: | ||||
| 7 | - without lining | open | 1000 | Plaster 25 mm thick |
| 8 | - with lining | open | 700 | Same |
The distances from the upper planes of the ceilings of the furnaces to the combustible (or fire-proof) ceilings of the premises must be at least those indicated in Table 4:
Table 4. Distances from the top of the furnace floors to combustible ceilings, mm
| p/p | Furnaces | ceilings | |
| not fireproof | fire protected | ||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 1 | Heat-intensive | 350 | 250 |
| 2 | Non-heat-intensive | 1000 | 700 |
| Note: 1. The thickness of the upper floors of the furnaces must be at least three rows of bricks. With a smaller thickness, the distances between the top of the furnaces and the ceilings increase accordingly. 2. ceilings can be protected from fire asbestos card thickness 8 mm or plaster thickness 25 mm. The protection should be wider than the ceilings by 150 mm from each side. |
|||
The gap between the top of the thick-walled furnace and the ceiling can be closed on all sides with brick walls. In this case, the thickness of the upper ceiling of the furnace must be at least 4 rows. brickwork, and the combustible ceiling must be protected from fire.
Chimneys and roof structures
Chimneys should be taken out above the roof of higher buildings attached to the building with stove heating. The wall thickness of the chimney head above the roof must be at least the thickness of one brick.
The distance from the outer surfaces of the chimneys to the rafters, battens and other parts of the roof made of combustible and slow-burning materials should be provided in the light:
- from brick or concrete chimneys - at least 130 mm
- from ceramic pipes without insulation - 250 mm
- and for thermal insulation with resistance to heat transfer - 0.3 m2 x t ° C / W with non-combustible or slow-burning materials - 130 mm
The space between chimneys and roof structures made of non-combustible and slow-burning materials should be covered with non-combustible roofing materials. Gaps between ceilings, walls, partitions and partitions should be provided with filling with non-combustible materials.
The space between the ceiling (in front of the roof) of the heat-intensive furnace and the ceiling made of combustible and slow-burning materials can be closed on all sides with brick walls. In this case, the thickness of the furnace floor should be increased to four rows of brickwork.
SNiP III-G.11-62
BUILDING REGULATIONS
HEATING FURNACES, SMOKE AND VENTILATION CHANNELS OF RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. RULES OF PRODUCTION AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS
Part III, section D
Chapter 11
Introduction date 1963-04-01
INTRODUCED by the Academy of Construction and Architecture of the USSR
APPROVED by the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Construction on December 14, 1962
INSTEAD OF CHAPTER III-B.3 SNiP 1955 edition
Chapter SNiP III-G.11-62 "Heating stoves, smoke and ventilation ducts of residential and public buildings. Rules for the production and acceptance of works" was developed by the Research Institute for the Construction of the USSR ASiA in Rostov-on-Don.
With the introduction of chapter SNiP III-G.11-62 "Heating stoves, smoke and ventilation ducts of residential and public buildings. Rules for the production and acceptance of work" become invalid from April 1, 1963: § 4 "Furnace work" of chapter III- B.3 "Stone and furnace work" SNiP edition of 1955; § 3 "Kiln works" "Technical conditions for the production and acceptance of stone and furnace works" (SN 46-59); GOST 4058-48 "Stove heating. Fire prevention".
1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1.1. The rules of this chapter apply to the production and acceptance of work on the installation of furnaces with fire furnaces: heating, heating and cooking, cooking stoves, etc., as well as smoke and ventilation ducts in the construction of residential and public buildings.
Notes:
1. Factory production of furnaces, blocks and metal parts for them and for chimneys is not covered by this chapter.
2. The rules regarding the use of gas fuel in stoves, cookers and other household appliances are given in chapter SNiP III-G.2-62 "Gas supply. Internal devices. Rules for the production and acceptance of work."
1.2. The placement of stoves, stoves, chimneys and similar devices in the building plan should be carried out in accordance with the architectural and construction project, and their laying should be carried out according to the standard or working drawings that are part of the project.
It is not allowed to build stoves, stoves, etc. without corresponding drawings.
During the production of furnace works, no deviations from fire safety requirements are allowed.
1.3. The laying of stoves should be carried out by stove workers who have a certificate issued by the departmental qualification commission for the right to carry out stove work.
1.4. Furnace work should be carried out according to the work production project using advanced labor methods, rational tools, inventory and fixtures.
2. BUILDING MATERIALS FOR FURNACE WORKS
2.1. Materials for furnace work must meet the requirements of current GOSTs and project instructions.
2.2. For laying foundations for furnaces and chimneys, the same materials are used as for the foundations of buildings.
2.3. For stoves, stoves, chimneys, channels made of brick, the following materials should be used:
a) for the main laying of furnaces, chimneys and smoke channels in the walls, including from gas appliances - ordinary clay brick (solid);
b) for lining - refractory and refractory bricks;
c) for facing - tiles, roofing and rolling steel, asbestos plywood;
d) for cutting fire-retardant insulation and cladding - ordinary clay brick (solid), asbestos cardboard, asbestos-cement heat-insulating boards, synthetic-based inorganic mineral wool products (mats, semi-rigid boards), construction felt soaked in clay mortar.
Note. The use of mineral wool products on a bitumen bond for fire-retardant insulation is not allowed.
2.4. In the production of furnace work, the following solutions should be used:
a) for laying stoves and kitchen stoves from ordinary bricks - clay-sand;
b) for laying of refractory bricks - refractory clay with sand;
c) for laying of refractory bricks - refractory clay with fireclay powder;
d) for laying chimneys, ventilation and smoke ducts in the walls of buildings - lime-sand or lime-cement;
e) for laying chimneys above the attic floor - lime-cement, and above the roof - cement.
2.5. The composition of the clay-sand mortar is assigned depending on the fat content of the clay in proportions that ensure the drying of the solution without a noticeable change in volume and without cracking.
The preparation of a clay-sand solution should be carried out in advance, at least a day before the start of work.
2.6. The following special requirements are imposed on materials for furnace work:
a) the brick must have the correct shape, the same dimensions, not contain foreign inclusions, make a clear sound when tapped, and be strong enough;
b) clay for laying ordinary bricks should be plastic, mostly red, not contaminated with random impurities; before use in the solution, the clay must be soaked and rubbed through a mesh with holes of 3-4 mm;
c) sand for solutions should be used mainly mountain, without impurities and plant residues, fine-grained, sifted through a sieve with cells of 1-1.5 mm;
d) for the preparation of solutions, clean water should be taken; in the case of using sea water, the norms of cement in solutions should be increased by 10-15%.
3. PRODUCTION OF FURNACE WORKS
3.1. Mass production of industrial-type stoves and cookers, as well as blocks, frames and other elements for them, as a rule, should be carried out at factories using a special technology with selective testing of products in terms of their strength and heat resistance.
In the case of the production of the same products in the conditions of a construction site, special attention should be paid to the choice of the composition of concrete and other means that ensure the heat resistance of the blocks.
3.2. Upon receipt from the manufacturer of furnaces and furnace blocks, each set and the accuracy of the dimensions of the individual blocks should be checked before installation and assembly.
All stove appliances - doors, valves, etc. - must be in good condition and firmly fixed.
3.3. Prefabricated stoves and ranges must be assembled and installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
When the weight of individual furnace blocks is more than 50 kg, the assembly of furnaces should be carried out using the simplest mechanisms.
Clay mortar should be used for laying blocks, brick liners and lining.
3.4. Furnace work should be carried out only if there is a permanent roof or temporary shelter over the place where the furnaces are laid.
3.5. The procurement and delivery to the site of materials and products for the production of furnace works (furnace blocks, bricks, clay, sand, metal parts, furnace appliances, etc.) should be carried out in advance and in quantities that ensure the uninterrupted operation of these works.
3.6. Materials intended for laying stoves must be reliably protected from atmospheric precipitation, and in winter conditions, immediately before use, heated to a temperature of at least +5 ° C.
3.7. Furnace works should be started with the appropriate technical documentation:
a) building plans with binding of furnaces, chimneys and foundations for them;
b) typical or working drawings of furnaces with orders.
3.8. The laying of foundations for furnaces and chimneys must be carried out in accordance with the rules given in chapter SNiP III-B.4-62 " stone structures. Rules for the production and acceptance of work. It is recommended to use concrete blocks for the construction of foundations.
Between the foundations for furnaces and pipes and the foundations of the walls of the building, gaps should be left with their filling with sand.
3.9. The laying of the foundation for the furnace and the pipe is not brought to the level of the clean floor by 15 cm. On top of this laying, a lining is made of two rows of bricks with a layer of waterproofing between them (2 layers of roofing felt or roofing material).
3.10. Ordinary clay brick must be wetted with water before laying it.
Refractory and refractory bricks and ceramic products just rinsing with water is sufficient.
3.11. The laying of stoves, stoves and chimneys should be carried out in compliance with the horizontal rows, plumbness, regularity of external surfaces and angles, as well as the proper shape and size of internal channels, guided by the orders given in the drawings.
3.12. Each row of masonry must be laid out with a bandage of seams in brick. In rows where the use of a three-quarter brick is necessary to ensure dressing, dressing in brick is allowed. Bandaging of the seams of the main masonry with a lining of refractory or refractory bricks is not allowed.
3.13. The thickness of the joints of the kiln masonry, made of ordinary clay bricks, should be no more than 5 mm, and of refractory and refractory bricks - 3 mm.
The thickness of the seams of laying pipes, performed on lime or complex mortar, is allowed 10 mm.
Horizontal and vertical joints must be filled with mortar to the full thickness of the wall.
3.14. The stove may rest directly on the ceiling if it is specially designed for the static load from it and the fire safety requirements of section 5 of these standards are met.
3.15. As the masonry is being built internal surfaces furnaces and channels must be swept with a wet cloth without the use of a solution.
3.16. Small holes in the walls of the furnaces should be covered with bricks or masonry "in the castle", and larger ones should be covered with arches. The use of steel jumpers to cover the openings is not allowed.
Small spaces in the furnaces are covered with bricks, and large ones with vaults.
The laying of the vaults should be performed with the dressing of the rows so that through vertical seams are not obtained.
3.17. Fastening the frames of furnace and other doors in brickwork is carried out with the help of paws made of steel tape. The paws riveted to the doors are laid and fixed in the seams of the masonry. The installation of the doors in place is carried out simultaneously with the laying of the furnace; at the same time, asbestos is laid along the perimeter of the frame.
3.18. The grates are located in the firebox below the furnace opening by 7-14 cm and are laid in place leaving 5 mm wide gaps around the perimeter filled with sand. The slots in the grate should be directed along the firebox.
3.19. Smoke valves or views are installed in the furnace or in the smoke channel according to the drawing.
If the fuel for the stove is coal or gas, then a 20 mm hole must be drilled in the valve or view.
3.20. As the furnace is erected, an intermediate check should be made of the correct laying of the firebox, gas ducts, the strength of the fixtures, etc.
For hidden work, an act must be drawn up signed by the manufacturer of the work and the stove maker.
3.21. The lining of stoves and kitchen stoves is determined by the project.
In the exterior design and finishing of ovens and stoves, it is necessary to ensure that all external surfaces look smooth and can be kept clean.
3.22. Facing with tiles is carried out simultaneously with the implementation of brickwork, with the fastening of the tiles between themselves and with the masonry using staples, pins and wire.
Tiling with tiles can be done in two ways: "in a straight thread", when the vertical seams coincide and serve as a continuation of one another, or by dressing on a tile in each row.
Tiles are pre-selected dry on the floor in size and shade, and then they are hemmed and lapped.
Vertical seams between tiles should be carried out tightly, and horizontal ones should be 1.5 mm thick and filled with gypsum mortar.
When installing tiles, it is necessary to strictly observe the horizontal rows and the verticality of planes and corners.
3.23. Furnace and cooker cladding metal frames can be produced with asbestos plywood or glazed tiles.
Sheets of asbestos plywood are laid between the racks and frame ties and are pressed from the inside with brickwork.
When tiling, gluing them on the finished surfaces of the furnace is carried out using one of the following solutions:
a) water glass, b) water glass with cement, c) water glass with finely ground quartz sand and 2% sodium silicofluoride.
3.24. Plastering of brick ovens and pipes, depending on the required quality of finish, purpose and humidity of the room, is made with solutions: a) clay-sand, b) lime-clay-sand, c) lime-alabaster-sand and d) cement-clay-sand . The thickness of the plaster coating should not exceed 10 mm.
Notes:
1. Cement-clay-sand mortar is used in rooms with high humidity.
2. To give the plaster greater strength, asbestos fiber (0.1-0.2 parts by volume) is added to the solution. The plastering of the walls of the furnaces should be done after they have dried.
3.25. The simplest finishing of the outer surfaces of the furnaces is carried out by mopping the walls and grouting them with dry bricks or grouting the masonry joints.
The stoves are painted with water or casein paints, as well as with lime.
Furnaces and metal cases are painted with oven varnish or heat-resistant paints.
The surfaces of chimneys in attic spaces must be wiped with mortar and whitewashed, and above the roof - finished according to the instructions in the project.
3.26. When installing stoves and other hearths, the following work must be performed:
a) along the perimeter of the top of the apartment-type slab, a frame made of angle steel is laid, and for slabs with a busy operating mode (for example, in dining rooms), they are additionally reinforced in the corners with racks and are provided with a safety handrail on top;
b) top surface oven protected from excessive heating a layer of clay with rubble or bream;
c) the installation of a combined cooker with an apartment heating boiler must be carried out only according to a special drawing of the heating project.
3.27. Drying of furnaces is carried out by heating them with gradually increasing portions of fuel (dry shavings, chips, firewood), starting from a bookmark of 20-30% of the usual rate. The drying time is set depending on the size of the oven and the degree of humidity of the masonry. Drying can be considered complete if damp spots no longer appear on the surface of the furnace, and traces of condensate no longer appear on the valve or view.
During the drying of the furnace, the valve, the furnace and blower doors, as well as the window in the window, must remain open around the clock. The temperature of the outer surfaces of the furnace during drying should not exceed 50-60 °C.
3.28. When performing furnace work in winter conditions, the following rules must be observed:
a) the laying of foundations for furnaces should be carried out in heated rooms or by freezing; in the latter case - with the obligatory thawing and hardening of the solution before the start of laying furnaces;
b) it is allowed to lay stoves in portable heated greenhouses;
in both cases, the temperature of the room during laying and until the oven is completely dry must not be lower than +5 °C. The laying of stoves and stoves on consoles embedded in the walls of a building constructed by freezing can be allowed not earlier than the complete hardening of the thawed brickwork mortar;
c) the laying of furnaces according to the method of freezing is not allowed;
d) the brick used for laying stoves in greenhouses must be warmed up, sand and clay must be thawed, and water must be heated to + 12-15 ° С;
e) root pipes and channels are allowed to be laid according to the freezing method in compliance with general construction rules;
f) Stoves stacked in heated rooms must be dried before being exposed to freezing temperatures.
4. SMOKE AND VENTILATION DUCTS
4.1. Each oven and cooker must have a separate flue in a root or extension pipe or in a stone wall with a direct outlet above the roof.
In exceptional cases, it is allowed to connect two hearths located on the same floor and in the same apartment to one smoke channel, and the inputs to the channel must be at a distance of at least 0.75 m from each other along the height of the channel. When the inputs are located at the same level, the smoke channel is cut by a brick partition into two channels to a height of at least 0.75 m from the level of the inputs.
4.2. To remove combustion products from gas appliances (water heaters, etc.), it is necessary to arrange separate smoke channels with dense walls. Do the cross section of the smoke channels according to the project.
4.3. Smoke and ventilation ducts in brickwork must be carried out strictly vertically with partitions between them not less than a brick with full filling of the joints with mortar.
If necessary, it is allowed to make a channel in the wall at an angle of up to 30 ° to the vertical with a distance of no more than 1 m. Its normal section must be maintained throughout the inclined section.
4.4. The installation of smoke and ventilation ducts in the outer walls of the building is not allowed. In exceptional cases, such placement of smoke channels is allowed provided that they are insulated from the outside of the wall by thickening the masonry or in another way provided for in the project.
4.5. If the walls of the building are made of slag concrete stones, slotted or silicate bricks, the laying of wall sections with smoke channels should be made of ordinary solid clay bricks, or the channels can be made of ceramic pipes or special heat-resistant blocks.
4.6. The height of the chimneys above the roof of the building is set by the project, depending on their horizontal distance from the ridge. In all cases, this height must be at least 0.5 m from the roof, and the total height of the smoke channel from the level of the grate must be at least 5 m.
Note. In the absence of instructions in the project, the height of the pipe should be:
a) at least 0.5 m above the ridge, if the pipe is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge;
b) not lower than the level of the ridge, if the pipe is located at a distance of 1.5 to 3 m from the ridge;
c) not lower than a line drawn from the ridge down at an angle of 10 ° to the horizon, if the pipe is located further than 3 m from the ridge.
4.7. The upper parts of chimneys and brick walls with channels must be protected from the effects of atmospheric precipitation by plastering them with cement mortar. Do not block chimneys and channels in the walls with metal umbrellas.
4.8. The conclusion above the roof of the ventilation ducts located next to the smoke ducts should be done at the same general level.
4.9. In the gas ducts of furnaces and smoke channels, in places of possible accumulation of soot and ash entrainment (with the exception of attic spaces), cleaning holes should be arranged, closed with doors with bricks on the edge with clay mortar.
5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
5.1. In places where combustible parts of the building (ceilings, beams, etc.) are adjacent to smoke channels, it is necessary to arrange cuttings, i.e. thickenings in the brickwork of pipes and walls with smoke channels. Cutting should also be arranged in places where combustible structures approach the ventilation ducts, if the ventilation ducts are located next to the smoke ducts.
5.2. Cutting at chimneys and walls with smoke channels in ceilings must be at least those indicated in Table 1.
Table 1
Name of furnace devices | Distances in cm from the inner surface of the smoke channel to the combustible structure (cutting) |
||
design is not fireproof | design is fire resistant |
||
Heating furnaces of periodic action with the duration of the furnace: | |||
a) up to 3 hours | |||
b) more than 3 hours | |||
Gas-fired ovens with a gas flow rate of more than 2 m3/h | |||
Solid fuel stoves | |||
Gas water heaters of apartment type | |||
Cooking stoves in catering establishments and in hostels | |||
Combined cooking ranges with built-in pots and single boilers for residential heating | |||
Notes: |
|||
5.3. When arranging cuttings in the ceiling, an independent settlement of furnaces and pipes should be ensured. Therefore, it is impossible to allow the cuttings to be supported on the structural elements of the floor. The height of the cutting should be greater than the thickness of the ceiling by the value of the possible settlement of the building and 7 cm above the layer of combustible backfill. Horizontal cutting in the plane of the floors is carried out simultaneously with the main masonry.
5.4. The gaps between the overlap and the cutting are filled with clay mortar with an admixture of asbestos fines.
5.5. Ceiling filing and floor should only be brought to cutting. The floor above the horizontal cutting must be made of non-combustible materials (concrete, tiles).
5.6. Metal and reinforced concrete beams passing near the chimneys must be separated from the inner surface of the latter at a distance of at least 13 cm.
5.7. Between the stove and chimney, on the one hand, and the combustible wall or partition, on the other hand, an air gap (retreat) must be left for the entire height of the stove or chimney.
Combustible walls or partitions in recesses must be protected with thermal insulation materials.
The width of the retreat and the method of insulating walls and partitions in the retreats are taken in accordance with Table 2.
table 2
Name of heating furnaces | Retreat type | Distance between stove and combustible wall or partition in cm | Methods for protecting combustible structures |
|
Apartment-type furnaces with brick-thick walls with a furnace duration of up to 3 hours | Open or closed on one side | Lime or lime-cement plaster 25 mm thick. Asbestos-vermiculite plates with a thickness of at least 25 mm. Asbestos cardboard and others |
||
Closed on both sides | Brick cladding in clay mortar bricks or asbestos-vermiculite slabs - 40 mm and others |
|||
The same, with brick-thick walls | Open on both sides | Lime-gypsum plaster - 25 mm. Asbestos-vermiculite plates - 40 mm and others |
||
Concrete ovens with a wall thickness of 4-6 cm | ||||
Heating furnaces of long burning | open | |||
Stoves and stoves with brick walls with a burning time of more than 3 hours | open | The same, or brick cladding with clay mortar |
||
Closed | Brick cladding in brick |
|||
Metal furnaces without lining | open | Plaster 25 mm |
||
Same with lining | ||||
Notes: |
||||
5.8. In public canteens, children's and medical institutions, dormitories, insulation of combustible walls, partitions near kitchen stoves is done according to clause 7 of Table 2.
5.9. The air gap (retreat) at the stoves can be left open or sealed on both sides with brick walls or other non-combustible materials.
The floor in the air gap should be lined with brick one row above the floor level of the room. The side walls of the closed chamber should not be tied with the main masonry of the furnace. Openings should be left at the top and bottom of the walls, closed by gratings with a free section area of at least 150 cm2 each.
Note. It is not allowed to leave open air gaps near stoves in children's and medical institutions.
5.10. Vertical cuts in the openings of combustible partitions should be carried out to the entire height of the furnace or pipe, their thickness should not be less than the thickness of the partition. The width of the cut should be carried out in accordance with Table 1.
5.11. The distance from the upper plane of the furnace ceiling to the combustible and fire-protected ceiling of the room must be at least indicated in Table 3.
Table 3
Type of ovens | Distance from the top of the stove top to the combustible ceiling in cm |
|
the ceiling is not fireproof | the ceiling is fireproof |
|
Heat-intensive ovens | ||
Non-heat-intensive furnaces | ||
Notes: |
||
5.12. When laying thick-walled stoves and apartment-type kitchen stoves, the following minimum distances from the floor level to the bottom of the gas circulation and the ash pan must be observed:
a) with a combustible base:
to the bottom of the ash pan - 14 cm, to the bottom of the gas circulation - 21 cm;
b) with a fireproof base and a combustible floor:
the bottom of the ash pan - at floor level, to the bottom of the latter; gas circulation - 14 cm; to the bottom of the remaining gas circulations - 21 cm;
c) with a fireproof base and a fireproof floor - the bottom of the ash pan and all gas ducts can be laid out from the floor level of the room.
5.13. The combustible floor under the frame thin-walled stoves and kitchen stoves with metal legs must be insulated with asbestos cardboard 12 mm thick with upholstery on top with roofing steel.
5.14. Restaurant stoves without legs are only allowed on non-combustible substrates.
5.15. To protect the floor and wall from fire near the furnace door of the furnace, it is necessary:
a) on a wooden floor in front of the furnace door, nail a metal sheet 70x50 cm in size, covering the area of \u200b\u200bthe floor and the plinth near the furnace wall;
b) protect the combustible wall adjacent at an angle to the front of the furnace near the furnace door from fire;
c) the distance from the furnace door to the opposite wall must be at least 1.25 m.
Note. In children's and medical institutions, furnace openings in heating stoves should be arranged from the side of the corridors.
5.16. The gap between the top of the thick-walled furnace and the ceiling can be closed on all sides with brick walls, in which case the thickness of the upper ceiling (roof) of the furnace must be at least 4 rows of brickwork, and the combustible ceiling is protected from fire.
5.17. It is not allowed to place wooden beams in the brickwork between the furnaces of the lower and upper floors.
5.18. When passing through the roofs of brick and concrete pipes and walls with smoke channels, their inner surfaces must be removed from combustible structures (rafters, mauerlats, lathing, etc.) no less than indicated for the corresponding case in Table 1. At the same time, the outer surfaces of pipes and walls with channels must be removed from the same structures by at least 13 cm.
The free space between the pipes and combustible structures must be covered with fireproof roofing material, leading it under the pipe otter.
5.19. Metal chimneys must be 70 cm away from the combustible roof structures. At the same time, within the attic, the pipes must be insulated with a layer of asbestos at least 3 cm thick and plastered over the mesh with cement mortar, and in places where they pass through the combustible roof, they must additionally be equipped with special devices in the form sandboxes.
5.20. Chimneys of buildings with combustible roofs must be equipped with spark traps (metal meshes) with holes no larger than 5 mm.
5.21. Horizontal chimney flues and cleaning holes in chimneys are not allowed in attic spaces.
5.22. To connect furnaces to smoke channels in root pipes and in stone walls, branch pipes and reversible sleeves (horizontal chimneys) can be used, subject to the distances indicated in Table 1 and the following rules:
a) the length of the reversible sleeves should not exceed 2 m,
b) the thickness of the brick walls and the bottom of the overhead sleeve, enclosed in a case made of roofing steel, must be at least a brick, and in the absence of a case, at least a brick on a clay-sand mortar.
The thickness of the overlap of the sleeve must be at least two rows of brickwork with dressing of the seams;
c) short metal pipes with a length of not more than 40 cm from sheet steel with a thickness of at least 1 mm can be used without a lining, but with asbestos insulation of 3 cm and plaster over a metal mesh;
d) reinforced heat-resistant concrete pipes and rectangular ducts, as well as pressure asbestos-cement pipes without joints along the length of the sleeve with their insulation with a layer of asbestos 3 cm thick, with plastering over a metal mesh, can be used for transfer hoses;
e) reversible sleeves must be securely reinforced by laying them on metal or concrete beams;
f) sleeves should be laid with a rise of 0.01 in the direction of smoke movement;
g) the device of detachable sleeves and nozzles is prohibited;
h) the outer surface of the bottom of the changeover sleeve or branch pipe located above the combustible floor must be at least 14 cm away from the latter.
5.23. In seismic areas, it is not allowed to install wall-mounted chimneys on furnaces, and the furnaces themselves must be enclosed in frames made of angles or in roofing steel cases.
5.24. Installation of ventilation grilles on smoke channels is not allowed.
5.25. Drying and trial firing of stoves before the chimneys are led above the roof is not allowed.
6. ACCEPTANCE OF FURNACE WORKS
6.1. Delivery and acceptance of furnace works in their mass execution consists in technical examination and inspection of all furnace devices without exception in each apartment or other facility. At the same time, compliance with the project and the number of completed furnace devices, the quality of work in terms of fireboxes and gas ducts, the quality and strength of the installation of furnace devices, exterior finish, the presence of purges and compliance with all rules of fire prevention measures. Relevant acts must be presented for hidden work (gas ducts, cutting, insulation, etc.).
6.2. The density of the walls of chimneys and smoke channels should ensure the impermeability of smoke and gas combustion products into adjacent rooms, as well as into ventilation ducts.
6.3. Deviations of the surface of the laying of furnaces from the vertical should not exceed 2 mm per 1 m of height. Irregularities on the surface are allowed no more than 5 mm for stoves and pipes without lining and 2 mm for stoves lined with tiles.
Deviations from the accepted dimensions in terms of the stove, kitchen hearth or chimney should not exceed ± 0.4%.
6.4. During the test firing, the draft, the tightness of closing the valves or pans, the heating of all walls of the furnace, oven, frying stove, etc. should be checked. A test furnace is made after the furnace has dried.
6.5. In case of detection of defects that impede the normal and safe operation of furnaces, a defective statement is drawn up and a deadline for their elimination is set. Until the complete elimination of defects, the operation of the furnace cannot be allowed.
Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Moscow: State publishing house
construction literature,
architecture and building materials, 1963
There are several reasons that lead to the repair of chimneys and ventilation:
Natural wear of channels - any material wears out sooner or later and it becomes necessary to replace it with a more modern and durable one.
Artificial causes - start from the banal human factor, when, for example, the pipe was not assembled correctly and significant errors were made in the installation, as well as poor-quality materials were used or improper operation of the chimney and ventilation duct.
Regardless of the reasons that led to the failure of the channel, we recommend the following algorithm of actions:
Video inspection of the channel
You can order this service from us on the chimney inspection page.
Or provide video and photo material. This procedure is necessary to detect a violation inside the duct, there may be foreign objects, pins or other sharp objects that may interfere with the repair and further functioning of the chimney or ventilation duct
The choice of repair technology. Options
Lining with stainless steel chimneys. Channel sleeve without complete dismantling, repair work to replace those parts of the pipe that are out of order. Thanks to own production we can produce any diameters and shapes of pipes, in the shortest possible time. For sleeving with a stainless pipe, it is necessary to select the pipe section in accordance with the size of the channel. It could be round pipe, ellipse or rectangular section (box). It is possible to install the pipe both from above, lowering into the channel, and from below.
Our installation specialists will offer the most profitable way to repair the channel with a minimum dismantling area.
Lining with FuranFlex polymer hose. Repair of the chimney and ventilation duct is possible without breaking the walls and dismantling. With the help of FuranFlex technology (Furanflex), the repair and restoration of the chimney is carried out in 1 day. Warranty for Furanflex material is 30 years. The principle of canal restoration is simple, Furanflex is a single solid stocking that is lowered into an existing canal and, under the influence of steam, takes the form of a canal. With a loss of section of 2-3 mm, but due to the absolute gas tightness and smooth surface the rate of gas release increases. You can learn more about the technology of channel restoration without breaking walls on the page
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