During a crisis, many aspiring entrepreneurs, in order not to risk their money, are looking for an opportunity to start from scratch with minimal capital. If you carefully analyze the manufacturing sector, you can find many profitable areas that do not require large financial investments. What kind of production is profitable to open in 2018, we will try to figure it out in this publication.
Frames for pictures and photos
On these simple decor elements you can build a profitable successful business. If you can’t decide which small production you can open at home, try to implement this simple and quite promising idea in 2018.
Picture frames are always in demand on the market, since sales of such products do not depend on seasonality. To open such a business, you do not need to issue special permits or purchase equipment. The easiest way to organize such production on the basis of an existing carpentry workshop or in your own garage.
The most profitable option is the manufacture of baguette frames to order. In this case, you do not have to invest in the purchase of material. The production of frames is a rather labor-intensive work, since some operations, such as gilding and varnishing, are carried out manually. It can take from 1 hour to 4 days to make one frame. The cost of the product largely depends on its size and complexity of work. To make this bring additional profit, you can offer customers the decoration of finished products or the manufacture of various boxes and souvenirs.
Inflatable boat
Many modern people prefer outdoor activities, so the demand for inflatable boats has recently begun to grow. They are bought by lovers of fishing, hunting, athletes and ordinary tourists. The production of inflatable boats is a great option for people who are interested in which mini production is profitable to open in 2018. Inexpensive, high-quality, easy-to-use products are in the greatest demand.
At the moment, the market for inflatable boats is not completely saturated, but despite this, there are still competitors. Such products are supplied by domestic and foreign manufacturers. To open the production of inflatable boats, you will need certain investments. Investments pay off very quickly, since such a business is highly profitable. In addition, it is necessary to hire qualified specialists with extensive experience in this field.
The most important advantage of this line of business is that it does not require large capital investments. To organize production, you will need about 50 thousand rubles. To save money at the start, special equipment can be made by hand.
Pottery can be mastered in special courses or with the help of video tutorials on the Internet. This is excellent. In order for it to bring good profit, you need to find reliable distribution channels. finished products. This is a very important point to consider when developing a business plan for an enterprise.
Paper bags
According to experts, the production of paper bags is considered the most stable and promising type of business activity. This new business idea from scratch for a small business in 2018, with the right approach, will allow you to make a decent fortune. In order to achieve success in this business, it is necessary to purchase special equipment. Its cost largely depends on the performance, power and economy of the installation. An ordinary machine costs about 140-160 thousand rubles. Since the business is characterized by a quick payback, if financial opportunities allow you, you can immediately purchase an automated line that produces about 200 blanks in 1 hour.
In addition to machines, you also need to purchase a mechanism for stitching the bottom of bags, a printing machine with multi-color printing and a punching machine. As a rule, all beginners buy used equipment. Over time, when the company reaches a net profit, you can re-equip production and purchase an expensive automatic line. This profitable one allows you to quickly promote your business and reach serious profits.
Antifreeze
The production of antifreeze liquid can be organized by anyone in their own garage. This is the most The best way, . To do this, it is enough to buy a small installation for mixing ingredients and a plastic container.
The production technology of non-freeze is very simple. It can be mastered by anyone without special education and any experience. The initial investment pays off in the shortest possible time. It reaches the break-even point in just 1 year. Profit largely depends on the volume of output of finished products. The cost of non-freezing is 40% lower than it wholesale price. This opens up great prospects for beginners. If things go well, after a certain time you can open a small enterprise for the production of automotive technical fluids and significantly increase your income.
Pasta
During the crisis, many novice businessmen are thinking about what profitable production can be opened with minimum investment. In difficult economic conditions, there is a significant increase in the demand for affordable food, and in particular for pasta. Such a product can be found in any store, but despite this, experts believe that the market is not yet oversaturated with these products, so beginners can safely open their own business in this segment.
For the production of pasta, you will need special equipment. If your budget does not allow for an imported production line, buy a few used domestic units and get to work. They can be found in advertisements on the Internet.
It is more profitable to sell finished products in bulk to shops, canteens, supermarkets, etc. At first, the goods will be taken in small batches. If the product is of good quality, the demand for it will grow, and over time you will be able to sell pasta in large volumes. This will significantly increase the profitability of the enterprise. You no longer have to think about what kind of production to open in the city, since a small pasta shop will fully provide for your entire family.
cinder blocks
The difficult economic situation and financial instability make many people think about what kind of production can be opened in a private house in order to improve their financial situation. The most affordable option is the production of cinder blocks. Such a case can be organized in just 2-3 days. It is enough to purchase raw materials and install special equipment. Before starting work, you need to find channels for marketing finished products. This is a very important point, because without established sales, you will not be able to achieve a stable income.
As for equipment, you will need:
- cinder block machine;
- Concrete mixer;
- Forms;
- Construction wheelbarrow;
- Shovels.
For all this you will spend 1-2 thousand dollars. The initial investment will be returned after the first 3-4 batches of products are sold. As you can see, this is not a very costly production for a small business, so if you have the desire and free money, try to do such a profitable business.
Related videos
Dumplings
The popularity of dumplings is only growing every year. Almost all citizens of our country love this tasty and satisfying dish. But, unfortunately, not everyone knows how to sculpt homemade dumplings on their own. In addition, this process takes a lot of time. It is much more convenient to buy frozen dumplings in the store, cook them quickly and serve them at the table for lunch or dinner.
Often, many people who decide to become entrepreneurs have a desire not only to make a profit from their business, but to directly take an active part in it - to work and produce goods themselves. However, how to make your own production uninterrupted and in demand? We invite the reader to answer this question in this article.
What is own production?
First you need to understand the terminology. From the point of view of economics, any production is a process associated with the manufacture of various kinds of products.
Commercial activity - a set of measures aimed at making a profit by performing transactions for the purchase and sale of goods or services.
The concept of "own production" (or production activity), in turn, means that a person is personally engaged in the manufacture of something. This is what we will talk about today.
How to start your own production? Choice of specialization
Firstly, it will significantly reduce the initial investment in the business for the reason that the demand for the product being produced will be stable, although not numerous (an ideal launching pad for the development of small capital).
Secondly, personal participation in the production of goods will help to focus on it, and this, in turn, will be a good motive for increasing the quality of products and improving technological process.
Naturally, high-quality products of own production will have a good reputation in the market, which will be another indisputable plus for the entrepreneur.
There can be a lot of options here: from the manufacture of small household items (decorative shelves, candlesticks, etc.), souvenirs, knitwear to artistic forging(for example, various window bars, gates) and furniture.
However, do not lose sight of the fact that there are products for the production of which a license is required.
Formation of the legal and material foundation
Further development of own production has two options: depending on its direction and volume, a person who decides to organize a business can conduct his business as an individual entrepreneur ( individual entrepreneur) or legal entity.
The latter option is suitable if the entrepreneur plans to work with medium or large production.
- Official registration of their activities with the relevant authorities.
- Purchase or lease of premises where the business will be conducted in our case).
- Purchase or rental of special equipment required for production.
- Salary to employees, as well as their costs (for example, registration of a work book, purchase of accessories necessary for work, etc.).
- Marketing and advertising activities.
The last point should be given special attention for the reason that today people advertise almost everything: their business, home production, services provided, etc.
There are a lot of options for good and really effective advertising at the moment. For lower costs, you can limit yourself to hiring a few promoters or posters (for advertising, as a rule, special bulletin boards are prepared).
Involve workforce
It's no secret that any production requires a business. Without it, a household will not last long (if at all they can exist).
If we are talking about small-scale production, then the best option would be to hire a team of workers under the leadership of a foreman. When hiring, it is best to give preference to specialists who are well versed in the field of production.
In addition to the worker, it is necessary to hire and Usually this is: a driver (part-time courier), a loader, a storekeeper, a measurer. Some specialties and positions can be combined.
Sources of financing
Any business, unless, of course, the entrepreneur has serious intentions, requires significant investments.
Many businessmen who deal with production activities prefer to take loans from banks. The fact is that today many banks regard such production as a profitable business and are happy to finance it by issuing a targeted loan to an entrepreneur.
Often, in relation to entrepreneurship, various kinds of promotions are held, allowing a businessman to obtain loans on conditions that are quite favorable for business (most often, such privileges apply to agriculture).
Organization of a food production workshop
Food production project
Basic requirements for the premises
Characteristics of the premises for the production workshop or factory
Chocolatier»)
Microbiology and chemistry of modern food production
Packaging for food production
Required Permissions and requirements for food production
Priority areas food production
Marketing.
Advertising.
Financial plan.
Investments
Payback
Additional profit
Summing up
Opening any food production in Russia can become a very profitable business. Despite the fact that the stores offer a wide range of products of the food group, the state encourages an increase in the diversity of the consumer basket. In particular, we are talking about products that are consumed by Russians on a daily basis. Of course, the goal is to reduce prices and improve the quality of the entire range of food products.
If we analyze the assortment on retail shelves in the Russian Federation and, for example, in Italy, it can be noted that, despite the abundance, prices in the Russian Federation are quite high and manufacturers do not seek to reduce the cost, while the products are rather monotonous. There is a variety of labels on the shelves. In practice, we can say that many Russian products lack their own identity. And we are not talking about image solutions that are presented as part of advertising campaigns, but about the unique nutritional qualities of products.
If we consider the dynamics of development and production of products in the food industry, then there is a constant and intensive growth in production. As is known, in 1996-1998 the level of production fell by almost half in relation to the volume of production in the USSR, now the industry has been practically restored, but has not yet reached the previous level in terms of production.
One of the directions for increasing the volume of food production is, of course, attracting small and medium-sized businesses to the industry, which is able to provide regional markets and create the necessary variety of goods included in the consumer basket. At the moment, food production in the Russian Federation is largely represented by large food factories and even their associations, which often reduces all antimonopoly measures to a minimum.
|
Against the background of this situation with large producers, the state creates conditions for small full-cycle production - for farms or their cooperatives, which have equipment for processing products at their base. Of course, such farms face difficulties in implementation and relationships with large retail chains that control the food market in a mass share. It is more profitable for retail chains to deal with a large supplier with a wide range than with small farms in the regions. This is not only due to the complication of economic accounting, but also the inability to dictate the cost in the market. It is also not profitable for large enterprises to “let in” small regional consumers to the market, since due to the potential improvement in the quality of products of farmers or small industries, there may be a decrease in demand for factory products.
At the same time, there are always opportunities for the development and opening of a small, highly profitable food production with a small initial investment. We will consider this issue in the proposed review.
While there are general principles for organizing food production, certain types of businesses are characterized by whole line features. If we consider the food industry, we can identify a number of areas that are most beneficial for small and medium-sized businesses. As part of the review, we will consider food production and its efficiency using the following examples, which are highly unique.
Confectionery: production of sweets according to unique (“old”) recipes
The peculiarity of this business will be in the quality of the raw materials used: cocoa butter, cocoa powder, high-quality milk powder, which do not contain chemical ingredients, including trans fats. At the same time, the manufactured products can be divided into products for children, adults - men and women, diabetic products and others. This approach will simplify the choice of products.
The main problem of large confectionery factories is that they produce the same type of products according to the same recipes, which also have a high cost and often quite low quality with chemical additives. In a small production, you can implement a variety of recipes for making chocolate and confectionery with a short shelf life based on natural ingredients, having developed our own specifications ( specifications).
Production of fermented milk products: cheeses, yoghurts, sour cream based on French starters
The features of this type of production consist in offering consumers an expanded range of dairy products with a short shelf life. The main goal is to offer consumers a diverse range of national fermented milk products based on natural starter cultures.
On the shelves of supermarkets, you can mainly see long-term yoghurts that do not differ in original taste, foreign and national producers, in turn, seeking to reduce the cost of production for raw materials (high costs for maintaining large-scale production). Small businesses are not burdened by large infrastructure, so they can offer small batches of fermented milk products with unique qualities. The same situation is observed in the production of cheese.
Here are the names of fermented milk products that can be produced by small production:
. yoghurts: "Francesca" for weight loss, Greek yogurt (often used as a cream filler in confectionery), Turkish Valide yogurt, bifid yogurt, fitness yogurt, Matsoni yogurt, Tan (Ayran), Katyk;
. curd mass: curd mass "Theme", cottage cheese "Laktonik", curds in chocolate;
. kefirs: bifidum, treatment-and-prophylactic, biokefir, acidophilus, acidolact turak, ryazhenka ibifidoryazhka;
. cheeses: Formaggio-fresco cream cheese, Philadelphia, Mascarpone, Feta, Mozzarella, feta cheese, long-term storage feta cheese, Roquefort, Dor Blue, Stilton, Gorgonzola Dolce , Jugas, Camembert, Brie, Cheddar, Parmesan, etc.
The main problem of mass production in unified specifications, due to which original taste product and prescription. In addition, in order to reduce risks, factories produce only “hot” goods and use substitute ingredients. Similar products from different industries have an almost identical price. This situation not only does not imply competition (and therefore does not contribute to lower prices), but in general does not imply an increase in the diversity of the consumer basket. Meanwhile, dairy products are categorized in high nutritional value.
Small production facilities are more mobile and can offer small batches of fermented milk products with a wide variety of assortment. In the given example, the possible assortment is based on starters for the manufacture of fermented milk products sold by BK Guilini (Germany), Sacco (Italy), Vitamax-E, Caglifitsio Clerici (Italy), Kargil (Ivory Coast), Lactina (Bulgaria), Meito.
 |
Bakery production: hot and fresh bread and biscuits
Bread in the old days was considered the main product in Russia. After the appearance of the potato, the consumption of bread decreased, but it is still the most consumed product. Opening a small bakery fresh bread- this is a good start for anyone who wants to open their own business. As an additional assortment, biscuits made according to original national recipes can be offered, which can attract a wide range of regular customers and provide a very decent income.
Production of canned food and fruit wine: jams, jams, syrups, fruit wine
It is recommended to open a workshop for the production of canned products in the southern regions of Russia or regions with extensive forests, where there is an abundance of fruits or wild berries. In these regions, the harvesting of fruits and berries has been simplified. In many villages and cities of the south, pears, apples, cherries, apricots are practically "junk" goods that can be bought up at low prices for further processing.
As a rule, jams, jams and marmalades in stores do not have a variety of tastes. On the basis of a small production, it is possible to arrange the production of jam according to traditional, national and author's recipes. Berries and fruits can become raw materials for the manufacture of berry wine, liqueurs and tinctures. Traditionally, such products are in great demand.
The food industry is one of the areas most controlled by the state. First of all, strict control concerns the sanitary and epidemiological sphere. Sanitary standards are not only becoming more complicated every year, but in general, the number of standards is growing.
Perhaps this is the only thing that will be difficult to master for a novice manufacturer. But the abundance of norms does not imply that it is impossible to understand them and comply with the requirements, receiving a sufficiently high profit. Sanitary norms and requirements concern three components of the future food business: premises, equipment and personnel.
The premises for food production must be equipped in accordance with approved requirements. Rospotrebnadzor is the main supervisory authority over the process of design, construction and commissioning.
There are two options within which the conditions for the production of food products will be created in accordance with the law. The first is the simplest, you will need to find an empty room in which food production was previously located. Obtaining documents from the owner of the rented building will greatly simplify the process of registration.
The second option involves the re-equipment and, accordingly, the redesign of the premises specifically for food production. The project must be done by an architectural bureau that has certain experience in this area, the appropriate permit and license for the design of public catering and food industry enterprises.
A workshop located in the city may have a store; when placing a workshop in an industrial zone, when planning, it is necessary to take into account the costs of opening a store in the city. Opening a retail outlet for the sale of products will cost 500,000-3,000,000 rubles.
Food production project.
A food production project should have standard sections for non-residential buildings:
- architectural and construction, which contains plans and diagrams of premises and features of redevelopment for new production;
- technological, implying a plan for the placement of production equipment;
- a section covering the power supply system;
- Ventilation and air conditioning;
- heating and water supply system;
- Fire safety;
- occupational Safety and Health.
The finished project must be submitted for approval to Rospotrebnadzor. supervisory authority for its part, it must check the compliance of the project with sanitary standards. The project must be coordinated with a number of regulatory services: fire protection, public utilities, energy sales, the department of architecture of the city. After approval of the project, the reconstruction should be carried out construction organizations licensed and / or included in the relevant SRO.
 |
Basic requirements for the premises.
Here are some existing requirements for a food production facility that are valid for everyone who wants to open a workshop:
1. The premises must comply with the current hygiene standards, the walls must be lined with glazed tiles at least 2.5 meters from the floor. When laying, non-toxic mixtures are used, which is reflected in the project. The rest of the surface is covered with a special paint for food production without toxic fillers.
2. Walls in warehouses must be treated with lime.
3. Particular attention in the project is paid to ventilation and lighting, in all production areas there must be a maintained level of humidity.
4. The water supply and sewerage systems in the workshops are divided into three components: the main elements of the production water supply, built-in personal hygiene items, and a drain for washing the floor. Sewerage must be protected from blockages.
5. Equipment and furniture must have sanitary certificates of SES. Equipment with metal or plastic surfaces is recommended.
6. It is required to take into account the parameters of electrical and fire safety and implement protection against electrical shock, the cables are laid at a height of 2.5-3 meters in thermal protective casings. The production should have a centralized switch, as well as automatic system shutdowns.
7. The main requirement for food production facilities is the presence of a buffer zone between the office and production areas.
Characteristics of the premises for the production workshop or factory.
Any object with an area of 200-100 square meters can be chosen as a production facility for a small workshop. meters, maximum 500 sq. meters. Of course, the size of the room depends on the needs of production. The premises should have an office, warehouses for raw materials and finished products, and direct production. A small factory can fit in an area of 1000 square meters. meters. When choosing a room, it makes sense to invite an expert from Rospotrebnadzor.
Many equipment suppliers offer their services for the design and installation of equipment. In Russian conditions, this project can only be taken as a basis. As mentioned, the design of food production is carried out by bureaus with the appropriate permission for these types of work. If a package of equipment with specific requirements is installed at the future enterprise, the project of the equipment supplier should form the basis of the project, which will subsequently be agreed with Rospotrebnadzor.
Let's consider examples of a complete set of the shops offered in examples.
|
|
Shop for the production of confectionery ("Chocolatier»)
Making chocolatiers or sweets according to author's recipes is now just coming into vogue. Several stores have appeared in Moscow, but there are still very few of them, and prices are often very high. With the optimal combination of price and recipe, the products will sell well. Of course, the equipment for the production of "Chocolate" can be supplemented with equipment for the production of mass chocolate products, for the workshop you will need:
- to maintain temperature and humidity, the Mitsubishi Heavy air conditioner of the SRK ZMP-SInverter series is enough - 2600 rubles;
- industrial refrigerator - 24,000 rubles;
- induction cooker - 3000 rubles;
- planetary mixer for 4-6 liters - 28,000 rubles;
- tempering machine (with a volume of 200 kg per month) - 340,000 rubles;
- pyrometer - 4000 rubles;
- a guitar for cutting fillings (from 200 kg / month) - 50,000 rubles;
- hairpin for 10 cells - 10,000 rubles;
- industrial tables - 3 pieces, 30,000 rubles;
- stainless steel trays - 10,000 rubles;
- inventory - 50,000 rubles.
Total: with a production volume of 100 kg / month of chocolate - 189,000 rubles, with 200,000 kg / month - 631,000 rubles
The equipment is designed for the work of 1-2 confectioners who can make chocolatiers at the rate of 100-200 kg of chocolate, a room with an area of up to 100 m2 will be required. The workshop needs a washing area.
The shelf life of sweets depends on the fillings. To increase the period, you can use ready-made fillings, but the quality of the sweets will be worse. On average, the shelf life of truffles is from 1 week to 6 months. Advice on doing business is provided on the Chocolatier.ru website. The company supplies equipment, chocolate from Callebaut (Belgium) and Cacao Barry (France), as well as all the necessary range of fillings and packaging.
Workshop for the production of fermented milk products
The choice of equipment for the production of yogurt is determined by the technological process, which involves:
1. Reception of raw milk and its purification by means of a special filter.
2. Prepared milk is separated and normalized, the process allows you to leave the right amount of fat;
3. The mixture is made according to the recipe and dispersed until smooth;
4. Pasteurization is carried out at 95-98°C, the mixture is cooled and the leaven is added. The fermentation process lasts 2-7 hours. Fillers are also added.
Required equipment:
- unit for pasteurization and cooling of the dairy product;
- milk mixing unit;
- packing line.
Total: the equipment will cost 2,800,000-4,400,000 rubles.
You will definitely need several refrigerators - 28,000 * 3 = 84,000 rubles. The workshop can serve 4-5 people, the production volume based on raw materials is 2-4 tons of milk, the product yield is 1.9-3.8 liters of yogurt. Starting investments 4600000 rubles.
Shop for the production of bakery products - mini-bakery
For baking bread you will need (minimum configuration, home format):
- dough mixer (PRISMAFOOD IBM 5) - 40,000 rubles;
- convection oven (Unox XF 023) - 28,000 rubles;
- freezer (DELFA DCFM-300) - 14,500 rubles;
- in the absence of electricity, the FORTE FGD6500E - 36000 generator.
Total: 50,000 rubles.
For a mini percarni can be rented small room in a supermarket, convert an apartment into a retail space. It is recommended to rent or buy a room in a residential area. The minimum size of the shop premises is 50 sq. meters, in addition, you need to take into account office, retail space, as well as a warehouse for flour and finished products. The volume of production is 200 kg of bread per day.
It should be noted that shops with a capacity of 60-250 kg of products per hour or 0.2-3 tons per day are considered small bakeries. For comparison, the bakery produces 40-50 tons of bread per day.
Mini-bakery with greater productivity:
- flour sifter (PV-250) - 24,000 rubles;
- dough mixing machine (PRISMAFOOD IBM 5) - 40,000 rubles;
- dough divider (А2-ХТН) - 60,000 rubles;
- Rounder (Vitella SE M 37) - 160,000 rubles;
- dough molding machine (JAC UNIC) - 42,000 rubles;
- proofing cabinet - 32,000 rubles;
- bread machine - 20,000-108,000 rubles;
- trays, baking sheets, forms;
- scales;
- industrial tables 3 pcs. - 30,000 rubles.
Total: 496,000 rubles.
The baking shop should be about 40 sq. meters, you will need a warehouse for flour - 20 square meters. meters.
Some companies sell kits for mini-bakery equipment. For example, a complete set of a bakery from the ProdTechnika company up to 50 kg per hour will cost 206,939 rubles.
Some companies, for example, the Le Pysh trademark, offer the construction of a turnkey mini-bakery, the package of documents includes technology, recipes, equipment, and a room design. The equipment is provided on lease (this is a special form of credit, when the equipment becomes the property upon full payment of its cost to the supplier).
Workshop for the production of canned products from berries
When purchasing workshop equipment, you can focus on production lines created by manufacturing enterprises for small businesses. As such an example, we can cite the equipment of the canning mini-workshop "Yagoda" of the company "Prombiofit".
Production of jam from berries grated with sugar, with hot pouring into plastic cups, euro-twist glass jars, plastic buckets, production volume up to 1250 kg/shift.
The total cost of turnkey equipment: 1184400 - 1352900 rubles.
The company also offers production lines:
- for packaging dairy products "Moloko" - 259,400 rubles;
- for packaging vegetable oil "Oil" - 254,900 rubles;
- for the production of bottled water "Aqua" - 219,000-314,900 rubles;
- for packaging honey "Medofit +" - 200,000-264,000 rubles.
Opening a small food production, of course, involves hiring staff. On average, mini-workshops employ from 2 to 10 people. The productivity of the equipment can be increased if the workshop will work in 2 shifts, in which case additional workers will be required. Let's continue the consideration of the proposed examples.
Shop for the production of confectionery ("Chocolatier"), employees:
- with volumes up to 200 kg of chocolate / month - 1-2 confectioners - 2 * 35,000 rubles;
- with volumes up to 350 kg of chocolate / month - 2-4 confectioners - 4 * 35,000 rubles;
- HoReCa driver/distributor - 25,000 rubles +%;
- with volumes up to 350 kg / month, assistant distributor - 15,000 rubles +%;
- administrator of the online store - 20,000 rubles +%;
- online store courier - 12,000 rubles +%;
- if there is a retail outlet and a coffee shop, 2 sellers and 2 waiters will be required - 2 * 20,000 + 2 * 13,000 rubles, the amount is below average, since it does not mean a full working week.
Thus, when opening a shop for the production of "Chocolate", the working infrastructure depends on the volume of products produced and methods of implementation. In this case, the figures are given for a workshop that sells products in the HoReCa segment through delivery through an online store and with the help of its own outlet and cafe. With the features of how to open a cafe-restaurant can be found at the link.
As a result, the monthly costs of the confectionery shop for personnel will be:
- the volume of chocolate processing is up to 100 kg / month, the equivalent of 250 kg of sweets sold in HoReCa and through an online store - 228,000 rubles;
- with a volume of up to 350 kg per month, up to 875 kg of sweets sold in HoReCa and through an online store and in your own cafe - 370,000 rubles.
Workshop for the production of fermented milk products, employees
The following personnel will be required for the dairy products workshop:
- director - 70,000 rubles +%;
- 4-5 employees - 5*35000 rubles;
- watchman / cleaner - 2 * 11,000 rubles;
- if there is a Dairy Kitchen outlet at the workshop, 2 sellers will be required - 2 * 20,000 rubles.
The average cost for the personnel of an enterprise engaged in the production of yoghurts and dairy products with its own outlet "Dairy Kitchen" will be 321,000 rubles / month.
Shop for the production of bakery products - a mini-bakery, employees
The mini-bakery will require the following staff:
- director - 70,000 rubles +%;
- 2-3 bakers - 3*22000 rubles;
- driver/distributor in stores like "Discounter" - 25,000 rubles +%;
As a result, the monthly cost of wages in a mini-bakery will amount to 192,000 rubles.
Shop for the production of canned products from berries, employees
The cannery for the production of jam will require the following personnel:
- director - 70,000 rubles +%;
- 2-3 employees - 3*22000 rubles;
- driver/distributor in stores like "Discounter" - 25,000 rubles +%;
- watchman / cleaner - 11,000 rubles;
- if there is a retail outlet at the workshop, 1 seller will be required - 20,000 rubles.
As a result, the monthly cost of wages in the canning shop will also amount to 192,000 rubles.
Please note that these figures do not include payroll taxes that are borne by the business. The final calculations must be carried out by an accountant. Food production is in the zone of strict control by government agencies, so the use of "gray" accounting methods is inappropriate. The work of the technologist should be entrusted to the director or the head of the food production workshop.
Food production processes.
The principle of any production is based on a number of well-known physical processes that are used in the technology of processing raw materials into food products.
Among the processes of food production it is customary to distinguish:
- kinematics of hydrogravitational settling;
- processes of mixing liquid media;
- fluidized bed hydrodynamics;
- extraction processes;
- distillation processes;
- heat treatment processes food products.
The theoretical basis of food production is based on a certain processing technology, which must be purchased or developed in accordance with existing requirements. Based on the existing technological process, a technological line for the processing of raw materials is also being formed. Production optimization can be applied both to increasing the nutritional value of the product - meaning the maximum preservation of nutrients and the use of natural ingredients and value-adding additives - and to increasing the efficiency of the production process.
As a result, food production must be based on the technological process and regulatory documentation. Previously, GOST and industry standards were used, at the moment enterprises can develop TU - technical conditions. TU implies some modification of the production process described in GOST, OST, GOST R. TI - technical instruction should be developed as part of TU.
The sale of products should take place on the trading floor or should be carried out using delivery, the sales processes should also be reflected in the TU and TI. These documents must be coordinated with Rospotrebnadzor and the Center for Standardization and Metrology (CSM). It should be noted that Rospotrebnadzor has a procedure for agreeing to specifications, which implies non-disclosure of information about the product recipe.
After approval, the technological process at the enterprise should be reflected in the following documents:
- in the catalog sheet of products approved by the CSM;
- TS portfolio agreed with Rospotrebnadzor and CSM;
- sanitary and epidemiological conclusion issued by a subordinate body of Rospotrebnadzor.
You can also request, if desired, the expert opinions of the CSM and Rospotrebnadzor.
The use of modern chemistry and microbiology in food production in some cases makes it possible to increase profits at times. In turn, consumers who are familiar with such “scams” prefer organic products that are prepared according to traditional technologies and using natural ingredients. Why is this happening? To answer this question, it is enough to look at some examples that have become possible thanks to modern chemistry and its application in food production.
The high costs of Russian production motivate some manufacturers to overuse chemicals. For example, boiled pork, smoked meat can be processed using a water-soy substance, as a result, the finished product increases its weight by 2-3 times.
A classic example is smokeless smoking, which was proposed in 1814 by V.N. Karamzin, as a result, the period of smoking fish or meat is reduced from 6-7 hours to 4-6 minutes. Surrogate smoking is achieved by ionizing the product in a strong electric field. Obviously, the nutritional value of the product is minimal, and its natural origin is in question.
The food industry also widely uses animal blood proteins, which are processed in meat processing plants in order to reduce the cost of the production process. The blood contains three categories of proteins - albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, which are extracted and used as an ingredient in food products. In the food industry and the agricultural sector, canned whole blood is actively used, as well as separate parts: hemoglobin, plasma, fibrin-free plasma and fibrin.
Dried plasma proteins are used in food production instead of expensive egg white, for example, in confectionery, sausage shops and bakeries. Whole blood replaces beef and is added to the product, saving on 1 ton is 150,000-180,000 rubles.
Most meat industries use the so-called fortifier, which is made from 1 part of blood and 3 parts of skimmed milk (waste), it is added to boiled sausages and pates to give Pink colour product.
Microbiological methods of extracting a protein product are being actively introduced, which is especially important in the context of a declining natural biological protein. Processing only 2% of the annual oil production using microbiological methods into protein can give 25 million tons of protein product, which is enough to feed 2 billion people for a year.
There are also quite rational microbiological technologies that allow increasing the nutritional value of products. A striking example is the hematogen, which is obtained from defibrinated and stabilized blood mixed with food glycerin. Hematogen is a valuable food additive, since its use allows you to increase the production of red blood cells, which is especially indicated for weakened people. They also make a confectionery product - a children's hematogen.
The use of modern food ingredients in food production is the manufacturer's choice. Still, small industries can produce high quality organic products with a fairly high rate of return and use only proven natural ingredients. Despite the higher cost, the products will be consumed, as they are designed for a narrow circle of customers and are produced in small volumes.
Production of food ingredients
Within the framework of food production as a business, the production of food ingredients that are used in the manufacture of final products should also be considered. The main advantage of this line of production is wholesale and almost guaranteed sales. Also, food ingredients have a longer shelf life, which has quite definite advantages when planning a business.
Food technology involves the processing of fresh foods into dry, extractable mixtures. The mixtures can be used as additives, be reconstituted for the subsequent production of the final food product. A wide variety of ingredients is offered and the list of proposals is not only constantly updated, but is always in demand.
An example is the processing of fresh fruits into dry mixes. For example, pear, peach, cranberry in the form of powder, pieces, small fractions is used for the manufacture of dietary supplements and tea, baby food, confectionery, berry fillings. It makes sense to place a workshop for the production of food ingredients based on low-temperature and vacuum drying in places where there are a large number of non-processed fruits. It should be noted that such processing involves unsorted raw materials, respectively, its cost is low.
Baking soda and table salt are also popular food ingredients with an unlimited shelf life and guaranteed sales. Production facilities are created in places of accumulation of fossil natural resources.
For example, the Krym Soda enterprise produces heavy and light soda ash from the following raw materials:
- high-quality limestones of the Crimea;
- brines of Sivash lake;
- coal - from anthracite of Donbass;
- ammonia water - waste of chemical plants.
Edible salt can be made from salt water, for example, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, or rock salt deposits. It is processed into “Extra” grade salt, enriched salt (iodized) is also produced.
Packaging of products in food production according to well-developed and marketed options allows you to produce products not only packaged in accordance with sanitary standards and rules, but also create a bright image.
Packaging must comply with current sanitary and hygienic standards. Here are the basic requirements for packaging material SanPiN 2.3.2.1078-01:
- the absence of highly toxic substances with cumulative and specific effects on the human body that exceed current standards;
- should not change the organoleptic properties of the product, i.e. be neutral;
- the material used in the packaging must be included in the list of permitted packaging materials, ensure high-quality storage during the entire shelf life.
 |
Packaging is divided into technological and packaging. We are talking about both the packaging of products in the final container, and technological packaging that allows you to transport the goods and deliver them intact. There is a range ready-made solutions which are offered at competitive prices. The packaging market is constantly expanding.
Necessary permits and requirements for food production.
The main regulations regarding the production process at a food enterprise are contained in GOST R 50762-95 and in GOST 30389-95 Catering. Classification of enterprises.
To put into operation in production, you will need:
- coordinate the construction project with Rospotrebnadzor and controlled services that control the compliance of food production characteristics with current standards;
- agree on the portfolio of specifications and approve the list of products;
- obtain a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion of Rospotrebnadzor form N 303-00-5 / y for the entire list of products manufactured in accordance with GOST, OST, GOST R and TU;
- together with Rospotrebnadzor, a plan of measures for the production control of the shop is being developed;
- certification and declaration of products, if necessary.
Strict sanitary and epidemiological requirements relate to the organization of work in the workshop and the rules of personal hygiene of workers. All employees must receive a sanitary-technical minimum, and a sanitary pass must be organized at large enterprises.
The main requirements for an employee include:
- short-cut nails, hair tucked under a scarf or cap, personal hygiene;
- employees must work in special overalls;
- during the manufacture of products can not be touched with bare hands and work without gloves;
- employees must undergo a medical examination.
Priority areas of food production.
The state constantly creates incentives for the development of the food industry in order to ensure the food security of the country. At the moment, the segment of food production is actively expanding due to mini-productions and attracting small and medium-sized businesses to the sector of the economy. For these purposes, preferential tax conditions.
According to the vision of the Government of the Russian Federation, the priority types of production activities include:
- production of dairy products and sour-milk products of the "premium" category, including fortified products;
- production of baby food;
- meat production;
- production of bread and bakery products;
- production of semi-finished products;
- production of confectionery products.
Given the interest of the state, developing business in the proposed areas, you can count on receiving benefits, subsidies, soft loans and other privileges.
Marketing.
Marketing activities for small food production are reduced to the development of several sales directions. We are talking about the HoReCa restaurant segment, deliveries to hypermarket chains, supermarkets, discounters, and sales through our own retail outlets.
As a rule, small-scale productions are designed for regional sales and consumption, therefore, individual work with a potential consumer and design material for advertising products in the field are of great importance. retail sales, the so-called POS-materials.
Advertising.
Advertising of food production is carried out extremely rarely and only within the framework of trademark and brand. To advertise products in partner outlets, you will need various POS: posters, posters, price tags, flyers, wobblers, etc. These types of printing work are used for effective advertising in the field.
If you have your own outlet, you need to distinguish it from other stores. This can be done with signboards and city lights. To promote goods in the HoReCa segment, make booklets and brochures with information about your production, and a product map where you can order and select the desired products.
Total advertising costs
Printing products, production volume per year:
- price tags, wobblers, shelf stockers, calendar cards and business cards (at the rate of 1 sheet of A2 format, circulation 1000 pieces, Arktika grade cardboard, 200 g / m2) - 32,000 rubles;
- A4 booklets 1000 pcs. - 8000 rubles;
- production prospectuses 8 pages A4 with a cover - 16,000 rubles;
- posters-posters 1000 pcs. A2 format - 20,000 rubles.
Total: 76,000 rubles.
The figures are approximate, as prices in design studios and printing houses vary significantly.
Search for customers and conclusion of contracts for the supply of products
The portfolio of wholesale buyers is the key to the financial stability of the enterprise. Bulk deliveries must be structured in such a way as to ensure that the shop reaches the break-even point. Wholesale in the sale of products by a mini-workshop can reach 30-70% of the output. Typically, the conclusion of contracts is carried out by sales representatives, who, in addition to wages at a rate, receive a percentage of sales from the existing trade margin. This form of organizing the work of distributors motivates employees to work better.
Financial plan.
As part of this review, we considered a number of examples of the opening of small food production by small enterprises. Now let's try to evaluate the benefits, including in relation to each other.
Investments.
Production shop "Chocolatier»
Room costs:
The cost of opening a shop for the production of sweets self made will cost the following:
- production volume up to 100 kg / chocolate - 189,000 rubles;
- production volume up to 200 kg / chocolate - 631,000 rubles;
- production volume up to 350 kg / chocolate - 836,000 rubles.
Staff costs will be:
- production volume up to 100 kg / chocolate - 228,000 rubles / month;
- production volume up to 200 kg / chocolate - 228,000 rubles / month;
- production volume up to 350 kg / chocolate - 370,000 rubles / month.
Advertising costs: 76,000 rubles/year.
The cost of opening a retail outlet and re-equipping the premises for opening a workshop is 2-3 million rubles.
Workshop for the production of fermented milk products
Equipment costs: 2800000-4400000 rubles.
Staff costs in the presence of the Dairy Kitchen store - 321,000 rubles / month.
Advertising costs (can be reduced, usually consumers remember products well) - 76,000 rubles / year.
The cost of opening the "Dairy Kitchen" and re-equipping the premises for the opening of a fermented milk products shop is 500,000 rubles.
Shop for the production of bakery products, mini-bakery:
Equipment costs:
- mini-bakery "Home", volume up to 200 kg / day - 50,000 rubles;
- mini-bakery "Prodtech", up to 50 kg/hour - 206939 rubles;
- mini-bakery, up to 3 tons / day - 496,000 rubles;
Staff costs in the presence of the Bakery store - 192,000 rubles / month.
Advertising costs (may be reduced or eliminated due to sale through your own outlet) - 76,000 rubles / year.
The cost of opening a bakery and re-equipping the premises for opening a mini-bakery is 500,000 rubles.
Workshop for the production of canned products, jam:
Equipment costs:
- technological line "Yagoda" of the company "Prombiofit" - 1352900 rubles;
Staff costs: 192,000 rubles / month.
Advertising costs: 76,000 rubles / year.
The cost of opening the re-equipment of the premises for the opening of a canning shop with its own store is 500,000 rubles.
Please note that the investment plan should include the salaries of employees for 2-6 months. For retail outlets and a workshop, two categories of premises were considered - in the city center and in residential areas, which implies different opening costs.
Payback.
The final calculations are carried out, taking into account all the features of the mini-shop being opened. Primary investments include the cost of acquiring raw materials for production, recipes, a formalized portfolio of technical specifications, employee training, tax costs, rent of premises and public Utilities, as well as salaries of employees for 3 months. On the analyzed examples, it is possible to evaluate the payback.
Production shop "Chocolatier»
When purchasing equipment at the Chocolatier club and manufacturing according to the recipes provided. The cost of production is 600-1000 rubles per 1 kg, the average price of handmade sweets is 2000-2500 rubles.
Total costs (estimated), including the salaries of employees for 3 months and the opening of a retail outlet "in the center" - 3,949,000 rubles.
We accept the implementation equal to 70% of the maximum capacity of 0.7 * 250 kg of sweets = 175 kg / month. The average revenue will be 350,000 rubles. In this case, the profit will be about - 175,000 rubles. Estimated payback period is 22 months. On average, the Chocolatier club estimates the payback of the confectionery shop at 1-2 years.
Workshop for the production of fermented milk products
Starting investments: 4,600,000 rubles (equipment and premises) + 321,000 rubles*3 (staff). Total 4921000 rubles.
The volume of production is 3.8 tons of yogurt / day and 91 tons / month. The selling price is 200 rubles/kg. The proceeds will be 18200000 rubles. We take the average revenue at 70% load of the shop - 12,740,000 rubles.
The cost of yogurt is about 31 rubles per 1 kg, the cost of sales is on average 300 rubles per kg (Greek yogurt is taken as the basis).
To make a competitive price for consumers with high profits, we reduce the selling price by 30%. We receive revenue of 891,000 rubles / month, with a sales cost of 210 rubles, the cost of production will be about 130,000 rubles. Thus, the estimated income will be (-321,000 wages) - 440,000 rubles / month.
The payback period of the workshop is 11 months.
Shop for the production of bakery products, mini-bakery
For evaluation, let's take the Prodtech mini-bakery, investments:
206,939 rubles (cost of equipment) + 3 * 192,000 rubles (staff) + 75,000 (advertising) + 500,000 (refurbishment of the premises) = 1,357,000 rubles.
The cost of 1 loaf in 1 kg is about 10 rubles. With a monthly production volume of 12 tons of bread, the revenue will be (average selling price of 1 kg - 30 rubles) - 360,000 rubles. The income will be 240,000 rubles, after the payment of wages - 48,000 rubles. Payback 28 months.
The low profitability of the bakery is obvious due to the high cost of flour, in this case it is necessary to optimize the workflow and reduce staff costs by increasing the volume of productivity. It is also permissible to increase the cost of bread.
Workshop for the production of canned products, jam
The total cost of starting production, including wages for 3 months: 2,504,000 rubles. The production volume is 1250 kg/shift, respectively, 30000 kg with a six-day working week. Obviously, this production is seasonal, so for the annual volume without conditions for long-term harvesting, work in 6-8 months should be taken. A full year of work may be subject to the availability of greenhouses or the purchase of fruits supplied from abroad. In this case, the income will be estimated approximately, since at different times of the year there will be a different cost of jam.
Production volume for 8 months: 240 tons of jam. The selling price is 87 rubles/kg. The annual revenue will be 20880000 rubles. The cost of production in the canning industry is constantly changing, so we will conditionally accept the figure of 43.5 rubles / kg. The proceeds will be 10440000 rubles. Salaries for 8 months 1530000 rubles. Conditional income 8910000 rubles.
The payback period of the workshop is about 3 months, on average - 1 summer season.
Nowadays, a person who has wondered about opening his own production has to not just find an idea for its further implementation.
To implement the plan, it is necessary to analyze market supply and demand, evaluate competitive forces, calculate capital investments, risks, development prospects and profits.
Production is always profitable
Against the backdrop of falling incomes of large and small firms whose activities are related to stock markets and trade, the attractiveness of production is growing.
It becomes clearly more profitable to engage in it than "buy and sell" in any manifestations.
Particularly attractive are the production of small and medium-sized businesses, the opening of which does not require heavy capital investments, but promises a good profit.
The stereotype “it is impossible to start a successful business without start-up capital” continues to dominate many aspiring entrepreneurs.
In fact, with good prospects and competent management, opening your own production is not an easy, but a real goal.
Each person is able to achieve success by opening his own production and bringing to life the vending business idea.
Unless you are 100% sure that:
- He will produce the selected product with absolute knowledge of the matter and with great pleasure.
- The new manufacturer will be able to offer consumers a product not in a single name, but in the form of an assortment line.
Ideas for business from scratch
If you are going to start your own business without investments, then, of course, it makes sense to give preference to a small production workshop.
If we talk about starting production from scratch, 10 options seem to be the most attractive.
- Semi-finished products. Frozen dumplings, cutlets, dumplings, nalistniks, pancakes - all this is bought with pleasure by consumers who do not have time to stand at the stove. Therefore, with a good price-quality ratio for this type of product, good sales are guaranteed.
- Muesli bars. Delicious and healthy food with various fillings(Here's a rich assortment for you). The cost of raw materials and equipment will amount to about 300 thousand rubles, and if they are successfully sold, they can be recouped in six months.
- Mini bakery. It also does not require special expenses, however, this business has a drawback: in your area or city, the market may already be occupied with freshly baked bakery products. If so, you can bake especially delicious pies or produce sheet dough, surpass competitors in quality, assortment and uniqueness.
- Handmade soap. You can definitely start manufacturing at home, and over time, when profit appears, you can purchase equipment and rent a room, spending about 500 thousand rubles.
- Furniture under the order. The demand for original cabinets, tables and chairs according to individual sizes is considerable. The ability to make them according to the author's sketches, which can come with experience, is a good way to succeed.
- Nails. To get started, you can purchase a used wire nail machine, or a new model of the old model. Such offers can be found on sale and their cost will be about 100 thousand rubles. Raw materials are also not expensive, and there are always buyers for building goods.
- Cinder blocks and other building materials. Many types of building materials can be made without investments - at home, having equipped a garage or a shed for this purpose. They build a lot in Russia - there will be no stale goods.
- Paving slabs. The thing is just as necessary and in demand. Equipment for its manufacture by vibrocasting will cost 200 thousand rubles.
- Tombstones made of concrete. Sadly, the demand for this type of product is always there and will be. Investment in equipment is approximately up to 70 thousand rubles. The technology is not too difficult to master.
- Mini typography. The equipment required is designed for small batches of printing products, which means it is inexpensive. And many firms and institutions need such products - there are chances to occupy their niche.
And in this topic, we will consider business options without investments. You will learn where to draw ideas from and what area to choose.
New ideas
Many start-up businessmen are attracted by the search for a completely new and unique idea that would occupy a free niche in the market.
Their logic “fewer competitors - more profit” is easy to understand. New ideas for our own production appear constantly.
Which of the new products attracts attention today?
lego bricks- the latest word in the production of building materials. Of these, a non-professional builder can build the walls of a house with his own hands, just as children build houses from construction blocks.
This type of building material is produced from sand or gravel screenings, by vibrocompression.
All that is needed is a vibropress that allows you to make bricks that comply with GOST, and a small room with suitable electrical wiring. Profit can be obtained quickly and considerable.
Glowing balloons. A wonderful decoration for all sorts of holidays - weddings, corporate parties, school parties, the opening of new restaurants and nightclubs, and many others. You can start manufacturing manually, without significant costs. This production is quite profitable and pays off quickly.
Heating gloves. The heater runs on batteries or accumulators, reacts to the heating of the hands - if they are already warm, it turns off. Heating equipment that has worked out its resource can be removed, and the gloves will still serve the buyer. The disadvantage of this production is that the necessary equipment is not easy to acquire, it costs a lot, and the profit from such an enterprise is only seasonal.
Stages of organizing own production
- Business plan. A guide that is mandatory for a novice manufacturer, briefly and accurately describing the proposed project - the production and sale of goods, start-up capital (no matter how small it is) and its sources, planned income, expenses, forecasts, risks, and many others. Note that it is unreasonable to neglect business planning, because if you “blindly steer your business, you won’t go far.”
- Registration of a business entity. If necessary, also obtaining a number of permits, passing all the inspections and certifications prescribed by law.
- Search and rental of premises. It is skipped if it is decided to start with the manufacture of products at home.
- Purchase and installation of equipment. In some cases, this is followed by technological preparation of production.
- Hiring staff. It is not required if you decide to do everything on your own and really manage without subordinates.
- Supply of production with raw materials and everything else necessary for uninterrupted production.
Depending on the chosen business, there may be more stages of organizing production.
It should also be taken into account that everything happens smoothly on paper, but in reality, production, even for a small business, is a complex process that requires the ability to quickly and efficiently resolve many issues, sometimes completely unexpected.
However, a person who truly loves his job is or becomes a knowledgeable specialist who can handle everything.
In order to ensure uninterrupted production of specific products in the near future, it is necessary right now to decide on the specialization of your enterprise.
This contributes to a sharp reduction in start-up investments, and also allows you to focus on the development and improvement of the technological process. Prepare for the fact that you have to deal with the licensing of your production activities.
Next, you need to correctly assess all the risks and the subsequent payback of your company. Therefore, in which consider all possible costs, losses and risks. Do this before opening your own production.
Do not forget reflect the estimated turnover of your products. If you seriously work on a business plan, then your enterprise will function successfully, based on the marketing plan drawn up.
The next step is registration with the tax service as a legal entity or individual entrepreneur.
If If you are thinking of creating a full-fledged enterprise, then the first option is much better than the second.
Unfortunately, no current specialist will be able to answer your question in advance about how much money you need to spend to open a profitable business. You can independently calculate all future expenses.
As you already understood, in order to become a businessman, you should have start-up capital. Financial investments directly depend on production volumes.
If you do not have at your disposal the estimated amount of money that you want to invest, then we recommend that you go to the bank to use the lending service.
If you do not have a bad credit history, but have everything Required documents to complete the contract, then you will definitely receive the requested amount of money.
On the preparatory stage worth considering where your business will be located. You will need a production facility warehouse space for storage of finished products and special .
As soon as you solve a number of the above questions, proceed to the search for qualified employees. In the production business, people of completely different ages and specialties will be needed.
Thus, you can produce various types of products and increase your monthly income. You will need working staff, but if you still want to deal with the delivery of manufactured products, then an experienced driver will also come in handy.
Your business needs to grow, which means that without marketing strategy is also indispensable. You need to try to make decisions quickly, because customer demand for your products can skyrocket and then fall.
The strategy is needed for qualitative acceleration of the payback of all investments and a gradual increase in productivity.
Prepare for the fact that significant start-up costs can dramatically increase the payback period of the enterprise. Sometimes you have to wait months or years to get a net profit. The initial stage of production activity involves the competent distribution of income received in order to establish accountability.
Think about what implement in automated control. Ultimately, you can try to reduce monetary losses and minimize the human factor. This advice should be used if staff turnover is recorded or there are no worthy candidates for work in your company.
Now you know how, and constantly maintain it up to par. Make quality products, win the trust of many customers, and strive to expand your range of functions.
How to understand: will the kitten be fluffy?
What kind of light alcohol can be drunk for pregnant women: the consequences of drinking
Why do the legs swell in the ankles and ankles of the feet in pregnant women: causes and methods of treatment
The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle: scandalous and secret details of the marriage (photo) The future marriage of Prince Harry year NTV
How to close white plums for the winter