Common usages in Russian. Appeal in Russian speech etiquette

22.09.2019

The history of people turning to each other in Russia

One of the greatest assets of man and the greatest pleasures is the opportunity to communicate with his own kind. It would seem that there is nothing more natural and easier than talking to someone. However, in everyday life there are many examples of the fact that not everyone knows how to communicate in accordance with the norms of speech etiquette.

The main function of addressing people to each other is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. The reaction of a person to an appeal to him largely determines the tone of his answer and his perception of the speaker. The appeal can be expressive and emotional, contain some assessment.

Speech etiquette covers what expresses a benevolent attitude towards the interlocutor, which can create a favorable communication climate. rich set language tools makes it possible to choose a form of communication that is appropriate in a particular situation, favorable for the addressee “you” or “you”, to establish a friendly, relaxed or, conversely, official tone of conversation.

Appeals to strangers(most commonly used today)
to the males	to female representatives	to a group of people	abstract
		Guys! Children!	Sorry!
Young man!		Comrades!	Sorry!
Guy! Boy! - from the side of men, familiar.	Gorgeous! - from the side of men, familiar.	Young people!	Please!
Man! - colloquial	Woman! - colloquial	Citizens!	I apologize!
Comrade! Comrade + profession! - in the speech of representatives of the older generation, rare.	Comrade! Comrade + profession! - on the part of people over 50 years old, rare.		I'm sorry! - somewhat not polite, tk. it is presumed that the apologetic will be forgiven.
Citizen! -official, often used by the police	Citizen! - official, more often used by the police	Brothers! Guys!-male, familiar	Be kind!
Uncle! Grandpa! - used by children	Uncle! Grandmother! -used by children		(verb) please!
Son! Son! - by the elderly	Daughter! Daughter! - from older people.
Father! Grandfather! - male, for the elderly	Mother! - rude, to older, simple women
Brother! Brother! Brother! Countryman! - masculine, familiar	Sister! Sister! Countrywoman! - more often on the part of men, familiar
Dear! Milk! -more common in older people	Dove! Cute! - more often from the elderly, or as a familiar
Friend! Buddy!	Expensive! Dear!
Chief! - masculine, more often before a request.	Madam! - in the speech of representatives of the older generation, the intelligentsia
Old man! - youthful, familiar	Lady! - more often used with a negative connotation
Sir! - more commonly used with kindness	Madam! - more commonly used with kindness

The addresses of people to each other are varied and depend on the social role of the speaker.

Sometimes, at the first meeting, interlocutors use proper names, and in the form in which subsequent treatment is expected. For example: “My name is Lena; My name is Elena Viktorovna; My surname is Pegova; Allow me to introduce myself - Elena Viktorovna Pegova. As you can see, the form of presentation sets the tone, the degree of formality of the subsequent conversation. AT business communication, as a rule, the professional position of the interlocutor is specified.

So what is an appeal?

An address is a speech directed to someone. Consequently, the specificity of the appeal is that it attracts the attention of the interlocutor and at the same time names him. This is how people interact.

According to the results of a survey of Muscovites conducted by the Ostankino radio company in 1999, the following results were obtained.

“Comrade” is preferred by 22% of the respondents, mostly people of middle and older age, mostly with secondary and incomplete secondary education, more often men. This treatment with the surname or title of the position, profession sounds very official, unacceptable for a relaxed atmosphere.

“Citizen, citizen” is preferred by 21% of the respondents, of approximately the same social composition. Indeed, if we hear: “Citizen!”, then this, as a rule, is an imperious appeal of a policeman. It is typical for a formal setting. For some, it offends; for others, this treatment, although strict, is polite. Better than the depersonalizing "Let's go!", "Stop" ...

"Man", "Woman" - preferred by 19% of respondents, mainly service workers. In these words, only the belonging of a person to any gender is used.

A beautiful, ancient "ma'am" has appeared - it is preferred by 17% of the respondents, highly educated people, more often women.

A similar survey was conducted in 2001. During these two years, little has changed, only Comrades and Citizens have faded into the background. The most commonly used were the appeals "girl", "woman". They are chosen by 85% of respondents.

The appeal "Girl" went beyond age boundaries and became especially common. It is an analogue of a compliment: any woman is pleased to hear about her youth or youthfulness. That is why many consider this appeal to be the most suitable for the representatives of the fair half, but, you see, how ridiculous it still sounds when applied to a woman of 50 and older.

The word "woman" is a dialect form that came from the southern regions of Russia. Generally speaking, the word "woman" is relatively new, appeared in the 16th century, was originally a designation for a woman of the lower class. The rethinking of the meaning of the word takes place in the second half of the 19th century, not without the influence of literary language. “In the Russian folk lexicon,” noted N.V. Shchelgunov, - there is no word for a woman, but there is a woman or a girl ... All of Russia, from top to bottom, did not know another woman, except for a woman. But no matter how the attitude towards this word changes, during the entire 19th century such words as: vulgar, absurd, impudent, stupid were associated with it. Today, such expressive expressions are more often associated with the word "woman".

Thus, social and cultural changes in society are reflected in the language, as well as in the appeal of people to each other.

The history of Russia provides extremely interesting material for studying the influence of power and social change on the conversion of people to each other.

There was a document "Table of Ranks", published in 1717-1721, which was then reprinted. It listed the military (army and navy), civil and court ranks. Accordingly, the form of address depended on the rank.

The monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century kept the division of people into estates. Classes were distinguished: nobles, clergy, merchants, philistines, peasants. Hence the appeal mister / mistress towards privileged people social groups; sir / madam - for the middle class; barin / lady for both, and the absence of a single appeal to representatives of the lower class.

Thus, before the Revolution of 1917 in Russia there was no universal appeal to man. Appeal mister was usually used to characterize a person by position, but without indicating his position.

After the October Revolution, all ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree. Appeals have almost disappeared from the speech sir / madam and invocations like Your Excellency. Appeals were gradually superseded sir / madam and Ladies and Gentlemen, so that the scope of their application was extremely narrowed (in Soviet times they were preserved as appeals to foreigners from non-socialist countries), the appeal of the master was recognized as “bourgeois” and degrading, therefore, it began to be actively eradicated from the sphere of public appeals; citizen, on the contrary, gained more popularity, and comrade, having come from the social democratic lexicon in the meaning of “comrade in political struggle”, became official, generally accepted.

In the first years of Soviet power, there was an opposition of two classes - "gentlemen" and "comrades", people who use the corresponding addresses. Appeal comrade for the former tsarist intelligentsia it was insulting, and for the proletariats who came to power, the appeal mister testified that the interlocutor belonged to ideologically hostile elements. It was during the formation of Soviet power that new meanings of the words appeared in the Russian language gentlemen and comrades. These words began to designate the corresponding classes in society.

Now let's compare the calls sir / madam and which came to replace them comrade. Pre-revolutionary addresses distinguish the gender of the addressee, imply a certain and rather high social status of the addressee, and are usually used together with the surname, profession, etc. Firstly, comrade names a person regardless of gender. Secondly, comrade can be used both in combination with the surname, and without it ( comrade Ivanov; comrade major; comrade, wait). From an ideological point of view, comrade had obvious benefits: its use as an address implied the equality of the speaker and the interlocutor (norm. fellow conductor and, impossible mister conductor).

About the word " citizen» should be mentioned separately. It recorded in the annals of the 11th century. The word came into Russian from Old Church Slavonic and served as a variant of the word "citizen". In the 18th century, this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state." Later, the meaning appears: “a person who is devoted to the Motherland, serves her and the people, takes care of public good subordinating private interests to public interests. Why is it so public meaningful word, as a citizen, did not become in the 20th century the common address of people to each other? In the 20-30s. it has become the norm when talking between arrested persons and law enforcement officers not to use comrade and speak citizen.

With the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, the word comrade as the word once citizen, acquires a new socio-political meaning: a like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people.

“After the complete displacement of pre-revolutionary addresses, the marked class opposition developed into a contrast between people who used and did not use the address comrade. Its use, as it were, emphasized the inclusion of the speaker in the Soviet system” [M.A. Krongauz 2001: 119].

So the appeal comrade in Soviet speech practice it was not neutral, as it carried the color of loyalty to the authorities. “Here is an example of Voroshilov’s speech at the February-March plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1937: “And all these comrades - unfortunately, we have to consider them comrades until a decision is made - these comrades led a vile, counter-revolutionary, anti-people line” [A .P. Romanenko, Z.S. Sanji-Garyaeva 1993: 57].

"While a person was addressed comrade, it was a sign that he was "his"; when this title and the right to apply such treatment to others were lost, this meant that the person was excluded from the number of “friends” and could soon be arrested” [A. Vezhbitskaya 1999: 362].

It is important to emphasize the following aspect: after the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, the language appeal citizen received the connotation "resident of a free, democratic country" (as opposed to a non-free person in a monarchical state), and the word comrade- "a like-minded person in the political struggle of the proletariat for the overthrow of the exploiters." However, the extraordinary mass use last word led to the fact that by the middle of the 20s the appeal comrade began to be used not only in relation to party comrades-in-arms, but also acquired officiality and generally accepted.

After the collapse of the USSR and Soviet culture, the etiquette system was again in an unstable state. Since the end of the 80s. in an official setting, appeals began to revive sir, madam, lord, madam.

Recently, the address "sir" is perceived as the norm at meetings of the Duma, on television, among businessmen, entrepreneurs, teachers, etc.

Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer words colleagues, friends. And the words female Male that have become widespread in recent times in the role of address, violate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without calls, using depersonalized forms: please be kind... be kind... excuse me...

The appeal comrade gradually began to emerge from the daily appeal of people to each other, it continues to be used by the military, members of parties of the communist direction.

“Modern changes are not a return to the old pre-revolutionary system. Rather, there is an attempt to simply replace the call comrade(in the singular and plural in combination with a surname, profession and title, as well as in the plural with the addressee - an unnamed group of people) on sir / madam. If we rely on the pre-revolutionary norm, then the appeal sir / madam are used incorrectly. The conditions of its use are close to the conditions of the use of the word comrade in Soviet times, and the sphere of use is bureaucratic and newspaper languages. Not pre-revolutionary has returned to our speech mister and disguised comrade"[M.A. Krongauz 2001: 120].

Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open. Apparently, it will be resolved only when every citizen of Russia learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes Personality when it will not matter what position he occupies, what his status is. Only then, none of the Russians will feel awkward and embarrassed if they call him or he calls someone sir, madam... or when these words again change their meaning, and become acceptable to each individual.

Bibliography

1. Vezhbitskaya A. Semantic universals and description of languages / A. Vezhbitskaya // Understanding cultures through keywords.- M., 1999

2. Krongauz M.A. Semantics / M.A. Krongauz.- M., 2001

The history of people turning to each other in Russia

Speech etiquette covers what expresses a benevolent attitude towards the interlocutor, which can create a favorable communication climate. A rich set of linguistic means makes it possible to choose a form of communication that is appropriate in a particular situation, favorable for the addressee “you” or “you”, to establish a friendly, relaxed or, on the contrary, official tone of conversation.

Appeals to strangers (most commonly used these days)

To the males to the females to the group of people Abstract Boy! Girl! Guys! Children! Sorry! Young man! Young woman! Comrades! Sorry! Guy! Boy! - from the side of men, familiar. Gorgeous! - from the side of men, familiar. Young people! Please! Man! - colloquial Woman! - colloquial Citizens! I apologize! Comrade! Comrade + profession! - in the speech of representatives of the older generation, rare. Comrade! Comrade + profession! - on the part of people over 50 years old, rare. Colleagues! I'm sorry! - somewhat not polite, tk. it is presumed that the apologetic will be forgiven. Citizen! -official, more often used by the police Citizen! - official, more often used by the police Brothers! Guys!-masculine, familiar Be kind! Uncle! Grandpa! - used by children Aunt! Grandmother! -used by children (Verb) please! Son! Son! - from the side of the elderly Daughter! Daughter! - from older people. Father! Grandfather! -male, to the elderly Mother! - rude, to elderly, simple women Brother! Brother! Brother! Countryman! - male, familiar Sister! Sister! Countrywoman! - more often from the side of men, familiar Dear! Milk! -more often from the elderly, Dove! Cute! - more often from the elderly, or as a familiar Friend! Buddy! Expensive! Dear! Chief! - masculine, more often before a request. Madam! - in the speech of the representatives of the older generation, the intelligentsia Starik! - youth, familiar Lady! - more often used with a negative connotation Sir! - more often used with a kind attitude Madam! - more commonly used with kindness

People's addresses to each other are varied and depend on the social role of the speaker.

Sometimes, at the first meeting, the interlocutors use their own names, while in the form in which the subsequent appeal is expected. For example: “My name is Lena; Menyazovut Elena Viktorovna; My surname is Pegova; Allow me to introduce myself - Elena Viktorovna Pegova. As you can see, the form of presentation sets the tone, the degree of formality of the subsequent conversation. In business communication, as a rule, the professional position of the interlocutor is specified.

So what is the appeal?

An address is a speech directed to someone. Therefore, the specificity of the appeal is that it attracts the attention of the interlocutor and at the same time calls him. This is how people interact.

According to the results of a survey of Muscovites conducted by the Ostankino radio company in 1999, the following results were obtained.

"Man", "Woman" - preferred by 19% of respondents, mainly service workers. In these words, only the belonging of a person to any gender is used.

A beautiful, ancient "ma'am" has appeared - it is preferred by 17% of the respondents, highly educated people, more often women.

The word "woman" is a dialect form that came from the southern regions of Russia. Generally speaking, the word "woman" is relatively new, appeared in the 16th century, was originally a designation for a woman of the lower class. The rethinking of the meaning of the word takes place in the second half of the 19th century, not without the influence of the literary language. “In the Russian folk lexicon,” noted N.V. Shchelgunov, - there is no word for a woman, but there is a woman or a girl ... All of Russia, from top to bottom, did not know another woman, except for a woman. But no matter how the attitude towards this word changes, during the entire 19th century such words as: vulgar, absurd, impudent, stupid were associated with it. Today, such expressive expressions are more often associated with the word "woman".

Thus, social and cultural changes in society are reflected in the language, as well as in the appeal of people to each other.

The history of Russia provides extremely interesting material for studying the influence of power and social change on the conversion of people to each other.

There was a document "Table of Ranks", published in 1717-1721, which was then republished. It listed the military (army and navy), civil and court ranks. Accordingly, the form of address depended on the rank.

The monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century preserved the division of people into estates. Estates were distinguished: nobles, clergy, merchants, philistines, peasants. Hence the appeal mister / mistress in relation to people of privileged social groups; sir / madam - for the middle class; barin / lady for both, and the absence of a single appeal to representatives of the lower class.

Thus, before the Revolution of 1917 in Russia there was no universal appeal to man. Appeal mister was usually used to characterize a person by position, but without indicating his position.

After the October Revolution, all ranks were abolished by a special decree. Appeals have almost disappeared from the speech sir / madam and inversions of the type Your Excellency. Appeals were gradually superseded sir / madam and Ladies and Gentlemen, so that the scope of their application was extremely narrowed (in Soviet times they were preserved as appeals to foreigners from non-socialist countries), the appeal of the master was recognized as “bourgeois” and degrading, therefore, it began to be actively eradicated from the sphere of public appeals; citizen, on the contrary, gained more popularity, and comrade, having come from the social democratic lexicon in the meaning of "comrade-in-arms in the political struggle", became official, generally accepted.

In the early years of Soviet power, there was an opposition between two classes - "gentlemen" and "comrades", people who use the corresponding addresses. Appeal comrade for the former tsarist intelligentsia it was insulting, and for the proletariats who came to power, the appeal mister indicated that the interlocutor belonged to ideologically hostile elements. It was during the formation of Soviet power that new meanings of words appeared in the Russian language gentlemen and comrades. These words came to designate the corresponding classes in society.

Now let's compare the appeals sir / madam and which came to replace them comrade.Pre-revolutionary appeals distinguish the gender of the addressee, imply a certain and sufficiently high social status of the addressee and are usually used together with the surname, profession, etc. Firstly, comrade names a person regardless of gender. Secondly, comrade can be used with or without a surname comrade Ivanov; comrade major; comrade, wait).From an ideological point of view, the word comrade had obvious advantages: its use as an address implied the equality of the speaker and the interlocutor (norm. fellow conductor and, impossible mister conductor).

About the word " citizen' should be said separately. It is recorded in the annals of the 11th century. The word came into the Russian language from the Old Slavonic language and served as a variant of the word "city dweller". In the 18th century, this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state." Later, the meaning appears: "a person who is devoted to the Motherland, serves her and the people, takes care of the public good, subordinates personal interests to the public." Why didn't such a socially significant word as a citizen become a common address of people to each other in the 20th century? In the 20-30s. has become the norm when talking between arrested people and law enforcement officers not to use comrade and speak citizen.

With the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, the word comrade like the word in its time citizen, acquires a new socio-political meaning: a like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people.

“After the complete displacement of pre-revolutionary addresses, the noted class opposition developed into the opposition of people who used and did not use the address comrade. Its use, as it were, emphasized the inclusion of the speaker in the Soviet system” [M.A. Krongauz 2001: 119].

So the appeal comrade in Soviet speech practice it was not neutral, as it carried the color of loyalty to the authorities. “Here is an example of Voroshilov’s speech at the February-March plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (b) in 1937: “And all these comrades - unfortunately, we have to consider them comrades until a decision is made - these comrades led a vile, counter-revolutionary, anti-people line” [A.P. . Romanenko, Z.S. Sanji-Garyaeva 1993: 57].

"While a person was addressed comrade, it was a sign that he was "his"; when this title and the right to apply such an address to others were lost, this meant that the person was excluded from the number of “friends” and could soon be arrested” [A. Vezhbitskaya 1999: 362].

It is important to emphasize the following aspect: after the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, the language citizen received the connotation "resident of a free, democratic country" (as opposed to a non-free person in a monarchical state), and the word comrade- "a like-minded person in the political struggle of the proletariat for the overthrow of the exploiters." However, the extraordinary mass use of the last word led to the fact that by the middle of the 1920s, the appeal comrade began to be used not only in relation to colleagues in the party, but also acquired officiality and generally accepted.

After the collapse of the USSR and Soviet culture, the etiquette system was once again in an unstable state. Since the end of the 80s. in an official setting, appeals began to revive sir, madam, sir, madam.

Recently, the appeal of the master is perceived as the norm at meetings of the Duma, on television, among businessmen, entrepreneurs, teachers, etc.

Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer words colleagues, friends. And the words female Male, which have recently become widespread in the role of an appeal, violate the norm of speech etiquette, indicate an insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using impersonal forms: please be kind... be kind... excuse me...

The appeal comrade gradually began to emerge from the everyday appeal of people to each other, it continues to be used by the military, members of parties of the communist direction.

“Modern changes are not a return to the old pre-revolutionary system. Rather, there is an attempt to simply replace the call comrade(in the singular and plural in combination with a surname, profession, title, as well as in the plural when the addressee is an unnamed group of people) sir / madam. If we rely on the pre-revolutionary norm, then the appeal sir / madam are used incorrectly. The conditions of its use are close to the conditions of the use of the word comrade in Soviet times, the sphere of use is bureaucratic and newspaper languages. The non-revolutionary mister and disguised comrade"[M.A. Krongauz 2001: 120].

Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open. Apparently, it will be resolved only when every citizen of Russia learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes Personality when it doesn't matter what position he occupies, what his status is. Only then none of the Russians will feel awkward and embarrassed if they call him or he calls someone sir, madam... or when these words change their meaning again and become acceptable to every individual.

Bibliography

1. Vezhbitskaya A. Semantic universals and description of languages / A. Vezhbitskaya // Understanding cultures through keywords.- M., 1999

2. Krongauz M.A. Semantics / M.A. Krongauz.-M., 2001

Communication presupposes the presence of another term, another component that manifests itself throughout the entire duration of communication, is its integral part, serves as a bridge from one remark to another. And at the same time, the norm of use and the very form of address have not been finally established, cause controversy, and are a sore spot in Russian speech etiquette.

The author of the letter in an emotional form, quite sharply, using the data of the language, raises the question of the position of a person in our state. Thus, the syntactic unit - appeal - becomes a socially significant category.

To understand this, it is necessary to comprehend what is the peculiarity of the address in the Russian language, what is its history.

From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. This is a vocative function.

Since both proper names are used as addresses (Anna Sergeyevna, Igor, Sasha), and the names of people by degree of kinship (father, uncle, grandfather), by position in society, by profession, position (president, general, minister, director, accountant); by age and gender (old man, boy, girl), the appeal, in addition to the vocative function, indicates the corresponding sign.

Finally, appeals can be expressive and emotionally colored, contain an assessment? Lyubochka, Marinusya, Lyubka, blockhead, dumbass, klutz, varmint, clever, beautiful. The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional state.

The given address words are used in an informal situation; only some of them, for example, proper names (in their basic form), names of professions, positions, serve as appeals in official speech.

Write twenty appeals that indicate the degree of relationship or age, gender and at the same time are emotionally charged. For example: aunt, little boy.

Write all possible variants of your name. Determine which of them are used in official, which in informal speech; What function does each option perform?

Write the names of people you know. How are they formed and what function do they perform, acting as an appeal?

A distinctive feature of officially accepted appeals in Russia was a reflection of the social stratification of society, such characteristic feature like chivalry.

Isn’t that why in the Russian language the root rank turned out to be fruitful, giving life

Words: official, bureaucracy, dean, deanery, chinolyubie, veneration of rank, clerk, clerkship, disorderly, outrageous, rank-destroyer, chinogubipgel, clerk, thief, decorum, chivalry, obey, submission;

Phrases: not according to rank, distribute according to rank, rank in rank, big rank, without disassembling ranks, not in rank, rank by rank;

Proverbs: Honor the rank of rank, and sit on the edge of the smaller one; Bullet ranks do not parse; To a fool, that to a great rank, space is everywhere; As many as two ranks: a fool and a fool; And he would have been in the ranks, but it's a pity, his pockets are empty.

The social stratification of society, the inequality that existed in Russia for several centuries, was reflected in the system of official appeals.

First, there was the document “Table of Ranks”, published in 1717-1721, which was then republished in a slightly modified form. It listed the military (army and navy), civil and court ranks. Each category of ranks was divided into 14 classes. So, the 3rd class included a lieutenant general, lieutenant general, vice admiral, privy councilor, chamber marshal, master of the horse, master of the hunt, chamberlain, chief ceremonial master; by the 6th grade - colonel, captain of the 1st rank, collegiate adviser, camera-fourier; by the 12th grade - cornet, cornet, midshipman, provincial secretary.

In addition to the named ranks, which determined the system of appeals, there were appeals your excellency, your excellency, your excellency, your highness, your (her). majesty, most merciful (merciful) sovereign, sovereign, etc.

Secondly, the monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century. preserved the division of people into classes. Class-organized society was characterized by a hierarchy of rights and duties, class inequality and privileges. Estates were distinguished: nobles, clergy, raznochintsy, merchants, philistines, peasants. Hence the appeals lord, madam in relation to people of privileged social groups; sir, madam - for the middle class or master, mistress for both and the absence of a single appeal to representatives of the lower class.

In the languages of other civilized countries, unlike Russian, there were appeals that were used both in relation to a person occupying a high position in society and to an ordinary citizen: Mr., Mrs., Miss (England, USA); senor, senora, senorita (Spain); signor, signora, signorina (Italy); pan, pani (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia).

After the October Revolution, all the old ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree, and universal equality was proclaimed. Appeals lord - madam, master - mistress, sir - madam, gracious sovereign (empress) are gradually disappearing. Only diplomatic language preserves the formulas of international courtesy. So, the heads of monarchical states are addressed: Your Majesty, Your Excellency; foreign diplomats continue to be called mister - madam. Instead of all the appeals that existed in Russia, starting from 1917-1918. Citizen and comrade receive circulation. The history of these words is remarkable and instructive,

The word citizen is recorded in the monuments of the XI century. It came to the Old Russian language from Old Slavonic and served as a phonetic version of the word city dweller. Both of them meant “resident of the city (city)”. In this sense, the citizen is also found in texts dating back to the 19th century. So, A.S. Pushkin has the lines:

Not a demon - not even a gypsy,

But just a citizen of the capital.

In the XVIII century. this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state."

Why, then, such a socially significant word as a citizen did not become popular in the 20th century? commonly used way of addressing people to each other?

In the 20-30s. a custom appeared, and then it became the norm when addressing arrested, imprisoned, convicted employees of law enforcement agencies and vice versa, not to say comrade, only citizen: citizen under investigation, citizen judge, citizen prosecutor.

As a result, the word citizen for many has become associated with detention, arrest, the police, and the prosecutor's office. The negative association gradually “grown” to the word so much that it became an integral part of it; so rooted in the minds of people that it became impossible to use the word citizen as a common address.

The fate of the word comrade was somewhat different. It is recorded in the monuments of the XV century. Known in Slovene, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian. In the Slavic languages, this word came from the Turkic, in which the root tavar meant “property, livestock, goods”. Probably, originally the word comrade meant "companion in trade". Then the meaning of this word expands: a comrade is not only a “companion”, but also a “friend”. Proverbs testify to this: On the road, the son is a friend to his father; A smart comrade is half the road; To fall behind a comrade - to become without a comrade; The poor man is not a friend to the rich; The servant of the master is not a friend.

With the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia in early XIX in. the word comrade, like the word citizen in its time, acquires a new social and political meaning: "a like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people."

From the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Marxist circles are being created in Russia, and their members call each other comrades. In the first years after the revolution, this word becomes the main reference in the new Russia. Naturally, nobles, clergy, officials, especially high rank, not everyone and not immediately accept the appeal of a comrade.

The playwright K. Trenev skillfully showed the attitude towards conversion in the play “Love Yarovaya”. The action takes place in years civil war. In the speech of the clergy, officers of the tsarist army, and the raznochintsy intelligentsia, appeals continue to be used; your excellency, your excellency, your honor, gentlemen officers, mister lieutenant, gentlemen.

Soviet poets in subsequent years tried to emphasize the universality and significance of the appeal, comrade, creating combinations: comrade life, comrade sun, comrade harvest (V. Mayakovsky); comrade victorious class (N. Aseev); comrade rye (A. Zharov).

There is a clear distinction: the comrades are the Bolsheviks, they are those who believe in the resolution. The rest are not comrades, which means they are enemies.

In the following years of Soviet power, the word comrade was especially popular, A.M. Gorky in the fairy tale "Comrade" writes that it has become "a bright, cheerful star, a guiding light for the future." In the novel by N. Ostrovsky “How the Steel Was Tempered” we read: “The word “comrade”, for which yesterday they paid with their lives, sounded now at every turn. An indescribably exciting word from a comrade. One of the songs popular in Soviet times also glorified him: “Our word, a proud comrade, is dearer to us than all beautiful words.”

So even the appeal acquired an ideological meaning, became socially significant. Here is what journalist N. Andreev writes about this:

After the Great Patriotic War the word comrade is gradually beginning to emerge from the everyday informal appeal of people to each other.

There is a problem: how to contact to a stranger? The issue is being discussed on the pages of the press, in radio broadcasts. Philologists, writers, public figures express their opinion. They propose to revive the treatment, sir, madam.

On the street, in the store, in public transport, the appeals of a man, a woman, grandfather, father, granny, boyfriend, aunt, uncle are increasingly heard.

Such appeals are not neutral. They can be perceived by the addressee as a lack of respect for him, even an insult, unacceptable familiarity. Hence, rudeness in response, an expression of resentment, a quarrel are possible.

Task 180. Write down all appeals from any work of art by a modern author and analyze how they characterize the one who is addressing and the one being addressed.

Since the end of the 80s. in an official setting, the appeals sir, madam, sir, madam began to revive.

History repeats itself. Like in the 20s and 30s. appeals master and comrade had a social connotation, and in the 90s. they again confront each other. An illustrative example: Deputy N. Petrushenko, when discussing the law on property at the Supreme Council in 1991, said:

A remarkable parallel. Long before perestroika there was a film “Deputy of the Baltic” about the first post-revolutionary years. The protagonist of the picture is a deputy of the Petrograd Soviet from the Baltic sailors, Professor Polezhaev, delivering a speech to the people. He begins it like this: “Gentlemen!” The audience is unpleasantly surprised: such an appeal can only be directed to people of the privileged classes. Probably the speaker misspoke. The professor understands the audience's reaction: “I didn't make a reservation. I tell you - workers and workers, peasants and peasant women, soldiers and sailors ... You are masters and true gentlemen in a sixth part of the world ... "

Recently, the appeal, sir, madam, has been perceived as the norm at meetings of the Duma, in television programs, at various symposiums and conferences. In parallel with this, at meetings of government officials, politicians with the people, as well as at rallies, Russians, fellow citizens, compatriots began to use speeches. , job title, title. Difficulties arise if the director or professor is a woman. How to address in this case: Mr. Professor or Mrs. Professor!

The appeal comrade continues to be used by the military and members of communist parties. Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer the words of colleagues and friends. Appeal respected - respected is found in the speech of the older generation.

The words woman, man, which have recently become widespread in the role of addresses, violate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using etiquette formulas: be kind .., be kind ..., sorry ..., sorry ....

Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open.

It will be solved only when every citizen of Russia learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes a person, when it doesn’t matter what position he holds, what his status is. It is important that he is a citizen of the Russian Federation. Only then, none of the Russians will feel awkward and embarrassed if they call him or he calls someone Mr., Mrs.

Write a short essay or newspaper article on the topic: "How we address each other."

The history of conversion in Russian culture is very rich and diverse. Appeal is very closely related to the rules of conduct adopted in society. By the nature of people's treatment to each other, one can determine the level of upbringing of a particular person, as well as the level of culture adopted in this society.

Throughout the history of Russia, many forms of behavior in society have been adopted, depending on the political situation in the country, on the number of traditions observed and, of course, on the level of education of each person. Despite the diversity and numerous rules of etiquette, there are very few written sources of information about these rules.

The first such officially known source was "Teaching Vladimir Vsevolodovich", written by Prince Vladimir Monomakh in the 12th century. The great Russian prince writes "..when going to war, do not be lazy, beware of lies, give drink and feed the one who asks ... Do not forget the poor, give the orphan and the widow judge for yourself, and do not let the strong destroy a person. Honor the old like a father, and the young honor the guest most of all, do not let a man pass without welcoming him, and good word tell him. " The prince calls for kindness to even a stranger, to protect the weak, not to be lazy, to honor the elderly.

The history of Russia provides extremely curious material for studying the influence of power and social change on the conversion of people to each other.

In 1717-1721, the "Table of Ranks" was published, in which court, civil and military ranks were listed. Thus, the form of address in those days depended directly on the rank.

The monarchy that existed in Russia until the 20th century preserved the division of people into estates. There were such estates as merchants, peasants, petty bourgeois, nobles, clergy. Hence the appeal "master" ("lady"), used in relation to privileged social groups.

There was no universal appeal to man in Russia before the revolution that took place in 1917. After the revolution, all ranks and ranks are abolished by a special law. The appeals "sir", "sir", "madame" disappear - all of them were recognized as humiliating the dignity of a person. The appeal "citizen" and "comrade" is gaining great popularity. "Citizen" - was a public appeal, but "comrade" - an official appeal to a Soviet person.

Pre-revolutionary appeals distinguished the gender of the addressee, implied a certain and fairly high social status of the addressee, and were usually used in conjunction with the surname, position, etc. "Comrade" calls a person, regardless of his gender; used with or without a surname. The address "comrade" was especially insulting for former persons of high social status. Although from an ideological point of view, this appeal was used to emphasize the equality of all people among themselves.

The word "citizen" must be said separately. It was recorded in the annals of the 11th century. The word came into the Russian language from the Old Slavonic language, came from the word "city dweller".

In the 18th century, this word deserves the meaning of "a full member of society, the state." Later, another, additional meaning arises: "a person who is devoted to the Motherland, serves her and his people, takes care of the public good, subordinates personal interests to the public." Why didn't such a socially significant word as "citizen" become a universal address of people to each other in the 20th century? The reason for this is the fact that in the 20-30s. it becomes the norm when talking between arrested people and employees of the internal affairs bodies not to use "comrade", but to call each other "citizen".

With the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, the word "comrade", like the word "citizen" in its time, acquires a new socio-political meaning: a like-minded person fighting for the interests of his people.

"After the complete displacement of pre-revolutionary addresses, the noted class opposition developed into a contrast between people who used and did not use the address "comrade". Its use, as it were, emphasized the inclusion of the speaker in the Soviet system."

So, the address comrade in Soviet speech practice was not neutral, since it carried the color of loyalty to the authorities.

After the collapse of the USSR and Soviet culture, the etiquette system and culture found itself again in a very unstable position. Since the end of the 80s. in an official setting, such appeals as "sir", "madame", "mister", "madam" began to revive.

Recently, the address "mister" is perceived as the norm at Duma meetings, on television, among businessmen, colleagues, office managers, entrepreneurs, teachers, etc.

Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer the words "colleague", "friend".

And the words "man", "woman", which have recently become widespread as an address, violate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the speaker's insufficient culture and speech politeness. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using impersonal forms: "sorry", "please" and others.

The address "comrade" gradually began to emerge from the everyday appeal of people to each other, it continues to be used by the military, members of parties of the communist direction.

As a manuscript

BURAVTSOVA Nadezhda Yurievna

NATIONAL AND CULTURAL FEATURES OF STATUS APPEALS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE:

HISTORY AND MODERNITY

dissertations for a degree

candidate of philological sciences

Moscow 2007

The work was carried out at the Department of Russian Literature and Intercultural Communication of the State Institute of the Russian Language.

Scientific adviser: doctor pedagogical sciences and

Official opponents: Doctor of Philology, Professor

Candidate of Philology,

Senior Researcher

Lead organization: Voronezh State

university

The defense will take place on "____" _____________ 200__ at "____" hours in the hall of the Academic Council at a meeting of the dissertation council D 212.047.01 of the State Institute of the Russian Language. Moscow, .

The dissertation can be found in the State Library. IRA them. .

Scientific Secretary

dissertation council

doctor of pedagogical sciences,

Professor

general description of work

In the development of modern linguistics, everything acquires greater value study of language as a verbal code of culture. The linguistic features of the national language as a reflection of the worldview, specific for a particular people, its views and ideas, that is, the cultural background, are the subject of research in the direction in linguistics - linguoculturology (L. Weisgerber, R. Lado,). The problem of reflecting national-cultural information in the language system and in speech is successfully solved at the level of nominative lexical and phraseological units (, etc.).

On the other hand, due to the fact that only by carefully and in detail analyzing the social text of the functioning of the language, one can obtain significant results in modern linguistic research, there is an increasing interest in studying the influence of external, extralinguistic, factors on the functioning and development of the language. To show that differences in speech skills within the same language society in a certain way correlate with systemically ordered social differences is one of the most important tasks of sociolinguistics (de Courtenay, in Russia; A. Meillet in France; Ch. Bally in Switzerland; J. Vandries in Belgium; V. Mathesius in Czechoslovakia). The main lines of research should be related to "the conditionality of linguistic differences by social factors" (See: Bright 1999, p. 108).

The above defines relevance this study, since a significant issue in sociolinguistics is the issue of expressing the social status of an individual with appeals and, more broadly, their reflection of changes in the social structure of society at different historical stages of development. The study of the social status of a person also makes it possible to reveal the essential aspects of the language as a cultural phenomenon, since the linguistic analysis of status relations by its nature cannot be separated from the national-cultural, psychological and other features reflected in the meaning of language units.

The category of a person's social status is one of the central ones in sociolinguistics. It is related to other concepts, of which the closest is a social role, along three axes: Axis A - activity / behavior - speech event / speech act (involves consideration of status in terms of human behavior), axis B - speech collective - language (involves coverage status in terms of stratification-situational variability), axis B - culture / set of values - communication network (conceived as the study of status in terms of lifestyle). In the dissertation research, we consider appeals that express the social status of a person in the aspect of stratification variability.

object studies are the formulas of titles and appeals of the 18th - 21st centuries, p subject- lexical means of expression status appeals, indicating the social status of the individual, at different historical stages of the development of the language.

Target of the research carried out - a description of the reflection of national cultural information by status addresses and the identification of the role of extralinguistic factors in the development and functioning of the category of status address in Russian in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, consideration of the features of the implementation of the system of status addresses in the language of the present.

To achieve this goal, the work solves a number of tasks:

· Study of external factors influencing the functioning and development of status appeals;

· Indication of social realities characteristic of each era, which are reflected in status appeals;

· Comparison of special lexical means of expressing social statuses in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries;

· Comparative and typological description of status appeals at different stages of language development;

· Identification of the specifics of the modern functioning of status appeals;

· Consideration of indirect indices of a person's social status at different historical stages.

The tasks are solved in I - III chapters on material excerpts from works of fiction of the 19th - 20th centuries, showing speech communication at the corresponding historical stage, the functioning of addresses in living speech reality, their development and their reflection of the social structure of society. The use of a literary text provides a diachronic analysis of linguistic material. In Chapter IV, devoted to the functioning of official status appeals of the 18th - early 20th centuries. in modern Russian, as part of the nominations and in the function of calls on the Internet, the material of the study was the titles of articles, stories, messages and logs (log is a verbatim record of communication) on forums and conferences on the Internet. The use of the latter in the text of the dissertation is due to the fact that communication on the Internet is close to oral colloquial speech. This is manifested, for example, in the abbreviation of words, in the intentional spelling of words according to the principle of pronunciation, so we considered it appropriate to provide a verbatim record of communication on the Web.

The total corpus of analyzed examples was 800 units, about 250 implementations are reflected in the text of the dissertation.

The specifics of the language material, the purpose and objectives of the study led to the use of the following methods research: methods and techniques for direct observation and analytical description of linguistic and speech facts; method of diachronic and synchronous analysis, method of contextual analysis, method statistical analysis and etc.

Despite a long study of addresses, they have not been sufficiently considered in the sociolinguistic aspect. Scientific novelty The study consists in a detailed analysis and description of the implementation of the function of naming the addressee's social status by an appeal. The work reveals a system of status calls in modern language in comparison with past historical stages, the features of the use of title formulas and official-respectful addresses of the 18th - early 20th centuries in speech communication of the present are indicated.

Theoretical significance research lies in the possibility of using its results in solving theoretical issues of sociolinguistics; in the theory of speech etiquette, culture of speech, rhetoric; in linguistic analysis artistic text.

Practical significance associated with the possibility of solving problems caused by the difficulties of using addresses in speech. Interpretation, interpretation and explanation of signs of social status, typical for a certain language system, becomes especially important in the context of a cultural gap (for example, when reading a text belonging to a different era, or when communicating with representatives of a different culture). In the forms of status appeals, the specificity of the expression of status relations in different cultures and languages is manifested, so the results of the study can be used in solving issues of intercultural communication.

The practical material of the dissertation research is presented in the form of tables in the Appendix.

Approbation of the main provisions and results of the study carried out at international, regional and intra-university conferences: at a scientific conference in the State. IRA them. dedicated to the Day of Science (2004); "Slavic culture: origins, traditions, interaction (VI Cyril and Methodius readings)" in the State. IRA them. ; at the conference of the teaching staff at TulSU (2006); "Linguoculturological and linguocultural aspects of the theory and methodology of teaching the Russian language" in TulSU (2006); as well as in discussions of the main provisions of the dissertation research at meetings of the Russian Language Department of TulSU from 2003 to 2006. 4 articles have been published on the topic of the dissertation research.

The main provisions for defense:

1. The direct and basic, verbal and intentional way of expressing social status is the appeal. The functions of status appeals are words expressing the relative position of a person in social stratification, and words denoting a hierarchy in a particular system of social institutions (for example, army ranks, church ranks).

2. On the system of addresses in the Russian language of the XVIII - early XX centuries. big influence rendered cultural and historical features of the development of society in this period. A feature of the appeals was a reflection of the social stratification of society, its important feature - servility. Status appeals of the 18th - early 20th centuries. - the most striking examples of the expression of the social status of the individual by appeals.

3. Changes in the socio-political life of Russia after the revolution of 1917 led to a change in addresses: nominations and addresses expressing social stratification, hierarchy in society were no longer used, and socially marked addresses became widespread. Citizen! and Comrade! These forms reflected fundamental changes in the structure of society and its organization, emphasizing new system social relations, opposed to the stratification of society at the previous historical stage.

4. In the Russian language of the present tense in connection with the state modern society, characterized by the presence of life and cultural styles that are not reducible to estate, class forms, there is no system of status appeals in the civil sphere. The remnants of this system, firstly, can be considered an appeal Excellency!, used in the official sphere, as well as isolated cases of using an appeal to the president Excellency! Secondly, they continue to be used socially significant forms nominations and appeals of the past historical stage of language development ( Comrade!, Citizen!). Even now there is a strict hierarchy in the military and church spheres in Russia, which is manifested in the corresponding status appeals.

5. Formulas of titles and official addresses of the 18th - early 20th centuries, including those that have become obsolete, are used by native speakers of the modern Russian language as part of secondary names formed with the help of metaphor, and also continue to be used in the function of address in communication on the Internet.

The hypothesis of the study is that the address in modern Russian speech communication, compared with the XVIII - early XX centuries. least reflect social stratification society, which is associated with the peculiarities of the ethno - and socio-cultural stage of language development. Their use has a fundamentally different meaning in modern conditions, but at the same time they do not completely lose their original sociolinguistic parameters. In this regard, the correct use of the historically established status appeals of the 18th - early 20th centuries. in modern speech communication is possible only if their socio-historical context is known.

Work structure. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of cited sources, a bibliographic list of references and an appendix.

The main content of the dissertation

In Administered presented general characteristics research problems, the importance of the chosen problem and research topic, its relevance and novelty are substantiated, the object of research is singled out, the hypothesis, goals and objectives are formulated.

In the first chapter of the dissertation"Appeals as a way of reflecting the social status of the individual" defines the concept of "social status" of the individual, indicates features and ways of expressing this sociolinguistic category are given. This chapter describes address as one of the main ways of expressing the social status of an individual.

Important for the analysis was the distinction between the concepts of "social role" and "social status" of the individual. The primary opposition in sociolinguistics after and we recognize the opposition of two planes of socially determined variability of language - stratification and situational. The first reflects the social class structure of society. The unit of the stratified dimension of the language is the language communities with their social and communicative resources, the situational one is the roles, which reflect the socially conditioned relations between the participants of the communicative act. The social status of a person belongs to the conceptual series associated with the stratification variability of the language, and at the same time it determines the situational dimension of the language through role relations (See: Karasik 1992, p. 17).

By "social status" we mean the relative position, the position of a person in the social system, which includes rights and obligations and the resulting mutual expectations of behavior. A “social role” is a function that a person performs as an element of society; some pattern of behavior, including speech, recognized as appropriate for people of a given status in a particular society. Individuals are involved in role relations only because they have a certain social status, which can generalize many social roles. Comparison of "role" and "status" allows you to highlight stability and vector orientation ("higher - lower") as the main characteristics of "status".

The direct and main, verbal and intentional way of expressing the social status of a person is an appeal, one of the main functions of which is the naming of the addressee. Naming the addressee, we “designate his social status, role (appeals-pointers), or our attitude towards him, both role-based and personal (appeals-indexes)” (Goldin, 1987; Formanovskaya 1998; 2002, p. 137). Status appeals are appeals, the main function of which is the expression of the social status of the individual in the stratification dimension, they indicate the main sign of social status - "vector orientation" ("higher - lower"). These are words of two types: firstly, expressing the characteristics of a status attribute (index, vector, representation), and, secondly, words denoting a hierarchy in a particular system of social institutions. We consider stratification and the corresponding systems of status calls in social institutions(in the religious, military sphere of communication; in the diplomatic environment, the sphere of power, official, service activities) and do not touch, for example, the hierarchy and appeals that function in prison jargon.

Second chapter dissertation research “Status Appeals of the 18th – Early 20th Centuries, Reflecting the Social Structure and Cultural and Ideological Trends of Society” is devoted to the analysis of status appeals of the specified period. Here the question of the influence of extralinguistic factors on the development of the language is considered, and, in particular, the cultural and historical features of the development of Russia in the late 18th - early 20th centuries, which influenced the system of status appeals, are noted.

During periods of cardinal changes in society (such as war, revolution, national liberation movement, etc.), the connection between changes in the vocabulary of the language and changes in social reality is most clearly seen. Recognizing the importance of internal factors in the development of language, we point out that the features community development Russia in the XVIII - early XX centuries predetermined the emergence and functioning of the system official status messages, regulated in general by the law "Table of Ranks", which was of a class nature and contributed to the strengthening of the feudal serf system in Russia, and informal status appeals, also reflecting the structure of society. This division is conditional. The first one included appeals-general titles (Your Excellency! - for representatives of 1 and 2 classes, Your Excellency! - 3 and 4, Your Highness! - 5 classes, Your Highness! - 6 - 8, Your Honor! - 9 - 14 classes) and addresses indicating private titles (master + rank name, for example: Mister General!, Mister Captain!, Mister Colonel! and etc.). Informal appeals are, firstly, appeals-clan titles, which for titled nobles replaced all other forms of treatment. Princely titles complained to persons who had a count's title, and the titles of the most serene princes - to those who had a princely one. The elders called when addressing such persons Baron! (Baroness!), Count! (Countess!), Prince! (Princess!), and the younger ones called princes and counts, as well as their wives, Your Excellency, Your Grace!(general titles). The latter form was used when referring to the younger children of the emperor's great-grandchildren and to princes (since the second quarter of the 19th century), granted by the imperial decree "lordship". And the princes of imperial blood and the grand dukes should have been addressed Your (Imperial) Highness! Secondly, informal appeals include forms that reflect the division of people into estates. People who belonged to the privileged classes were addressed Mister! (Mistress!) to members of the middle class Sir! (Madam!), there was no single appeal to persons of the lower class. In the latter case, the words “dearest”, “dearest”, etc.

A special hierarchical system of addresses existed in the church environment. But the division into ranks here was also associated with 14 classes, recorded in the "Table of Ranks". The clergy were black and white. In each form, 5 private titles (degrees, ranks) were allocated. The metropolitan and archbishop should have been addressed (Your) Eminence!, to the bishop - (Your) Eminence!, archimandrite and abbot - (Your) Reverence! These are the titles of the black clergy and their corresponding appeals. The following ranks stood out in the white clergy: protopresbyter and archpriest - they should have been addressed (Your) Reverence! (Blessings!), priest (priest) and protodeacon - (Your) Reverend! (Blessing! or Priesthood!), deacon (Your) Reverend!

Compliance with the principle of seniority and rank was considered mandatory at all official and solemn ceremonies, the tsarist bureaucracy strictly monitored the strict observance of the rules of treatment. Honoring persons by rank did not apply only to those cases, as prescribed by law, “when some, like good friends and neighbors, come together” (See: Table of Ranks). The use of addresses depended, therefore, on the situation of communication: “- Excuse me, Your Excellency,” he began (Pierre was well acquainted with this senator, but considered it necessary to address him officially here) ... "(. War and Peace).

The results of the study showed that status appeals could be used “incorrectly” by misunderstanding or by ignorance. There was one example in which the analyzed form was used intentionally "incorrectly" with the aim of flatter addressee: “In conversations with these rulers, he [Chichikov] very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone.<…>In conversations with the vice-governor and the chairman of the chamber, who were still only state councilors, he even said by mistake twice: “your excellency”, which they liked very much ”(. Dead Souls). In this case, Chichikov had to apply Your highness! according to the rank of the addressee, so the appeal Your Excellency! here does not indicate the social status of the individual.

Despite other functions, status appeals of the 18th - early 20th centuries. for this purpose they existed, first of all, to indicate the social position that the addressee occupied in society, while maintaining social stratification, hierarchy, penetrating the entire society as a whole.

In the third chapter dissertation "The development and functioning of status appeals in other historical periods" describes the functioning of appeals that reflect the changing structure of society in the post-October period (after the revolution of 1917) and during the period of perestroika and post-perestroika. Also in this chapter, the changes in the social structure of civil society in Russia at the present time and the problem of addresses in modern Russian are considered, the data of the experiment are given in the form of a questionnaire; examples of the use of addresses are analyzed, which were the remnants of the system of nominations and status addresses of the 18th - early 20th centuries in modern Russian. The third chapter of the dissertation also presents the social hierarchy in the military and religious spheres in the language of the present tense and the systems of status appeals that reflect it.

Extralinguistic factors: fundamental socio-political changes in Russia after the 1917 revolution (the destruction of social stratification, the proclamation of universal equality and other factors) and, as a result, a change in the moral and cultural values of society, led to the abandonment of the use of status appeals expressing social hierarchy, and to the emergence of socially significant appeals Citizen! and Comrade! reflecting, thus, fundamental changes in the structure of society. The proper names that appeared during this period also expressed the attitude of native speakers to the changes that had taken place in society. Names characterized the loyalty of parents to Soviet power, denoted ideals, symbols of new life: October, Dawn, Victory and etc.

Forms Comrade! and Citizen! and these proper names are perceived as social signs of the old regime and cease to be used in perestroika and post-perestroika times, which is also associated with the processes taking place in the political and public life societies, the scale and significance of which were determined, first of all, by the fact that they affected the foundation of the state - the economic basis. During this period, a transition was made from a socialist planned economy to a market economy and free enterprise, from the state property that dominated society to its various forms, the revival of private property. No less significant shifts have taken place in the sphere of public consciousness.

At present, as sociologists point out, Russia has not returned to the pre-revolutionary, pre-Soviet past, but has moved (or is moving) into a social state characterized by "pluralization" and "individualization" of life and cultural styles that are absolutely not reducible to estate, class or layered definitions of life forms. Although now, of course, there upper layer society, middle, basic and lower layers, we cannot talk about social inequality, since “the difference between people according to some parameter (income, education, profession, etc.) in the latter case should be fixed institutionally and become the basic principle of classifying people ". The absence of social classes in today's society is also evidenced by the fact of "the extreme conventionality and mobility of the professional structure (in order to support a family in modern conditions, an individual often has to master and assimilate life forms and styles that he would never turn to in a prosperous and stable situation)" . Relativization is happening lifestyles in the practice of a single person (See: Ionin 2000, p. 263). These extra-linguistic factors have led to the absence of status appeals in the civil sphere in the Russian language of the present.

But people of the same profession or one narrow circle of communication often form rather closed groups that develop their own language. In the general language space, a functional variety of the language is singled out, which serves the professional sphere of communication. The thesis presents an analysis of the status appeals that function in the Russian language of the present tense in the religious and military spheres, where there is a strict hierarchy of statuses. AT environment of religion the system of status appeals has undergone few changes compared to the appeals of the 18th - early 20th centuries. This is due to its closeness from the influence of external factors. In the military sphere, the system of status appeals has changed compared to the indicated period, since in the latter case, appeals to the military were regulated in the same way as in other areas of public life - the “Table of Ranks”, and were eliminated. But at present and military environment a system of status appeals is used, which is associated with the peculiarities of the organization of the army, with the need for a clear hierarchy here. The language and vocabulary of the military-professional sphere reflect the worldview of servicemen. Compliance with the norms of communication is authorized in the official and disciplinary order. The speech behavior of speakers and the use of language in a military environment is due to the presence of a specific "sub-language" of regulations and instructions, where "the natural living environment is limited to the functional-situational approach." In the military-professional environment, the norms of communication are strictly prescribed according to certain articles of charters, instructions, and regulations.

In the diplomatic environment, in the sphere of power, service, official, official activities, the general formulas of titles and official-respectful status appeals of the 18th - early 20th centuries continue to be used. (Your) Majesty! (in the diplomatic sphere), (Your) Excellency! and less often - (Your) Excellency! The above forms can be considered the remnants of the system of status appeals of the 18th - early 20th centuries. In addition to them, as our study has shown, other general formulas of titles and official-respectful status addresses of the noted period continue to be used, which are not used in their direct meaning in everyday communication and are presented in dictionaries as words “out of use or out of use”, with marks indicating the period of use (" royal Russia”, “Old Russia”) (See: Ozhegov, Shvedova 2003; Balakai 2005 and others)

In the fourth chapter“Peculiarities of using official formulas of titles and status appeals of the 18th – early 20th centuries. in Modern Russian” analyzes the use of these forms in the language of the present tense as references on the Internet at forums and conferences and as part of various kinds of names on print pages and on the Internet.

General titles and official respectful status appeals of the 18th - early 20th centuries. (Your) Excellency!, (Your) Excellency!, (Your) Excellency!, (Your) Excellency! act as, first, secondary language names, formed using the technique of metaphor (the use instead of one word of another, which has a common differential or connotative seme with the first word; a statement about the properties of an object based on some similarity with the already indicated in the rethought meaning of the word). These words are used in nominations, in accordance with a stable journalistic tradition, not in a denotative, but in an expressive function.

We have identified two large groups names, which include the words "excellency" and "high excellency". The first group includes names where the word "excellency" means "excellent, very good, the best." The seme of the "highest degree" of the trait is important here. In this case, the speakers associate it with the word "excellent". The word "excellency" in the indicated meaning is especially widely represented in the composition of the names of electrical computer equipment. (His Excellency P900- cell phone name Her Assembly Excellencydisreet edit 6.0. - the name of the video camera, etc.), prestigious brands of cars (His Excellency, Mercedes!; Your Excellency's Adjutant, where the adjutant is the driver of the Lexus; Little Excellency - new model V8 Vantage, we note that the latter can be translated from English as “superiority” - a noun for the word “excellent”), as well as in the names of other items (His Excellency elegant tie; His Excellency foundation; His Excellency Punch - title practical advice for beginner coaches and boxers).

In the second group, as part of the names, the words "excellency" and "high excellency" indicate a "high position in some respects", a "high" status of an object, phenomenon or person. For example: Your excellencies, gentlemen beekeepers!(the title of the article, in the text of which we read: “And who is the beekeeper in his apiary, if not the head of state?”). There are isolated cases of using a common title and official respectful address of the 18th - early 20th centuries. Your Excellency. Only ironic uses are noted.

According to the structure within the second group, we noted the names formed by analogy with the title of the book and film “His Excellency’s Adjutant”, for example: Debutant of His Excellency(on the nomination of single candidates for elections to the State Duma from Fatherland and Yabloko), Office of His Excellency(name of Timoshenko's cabinet).

We also singled out two groups of nominations, which included a common title and an official and respectful status address of the 18th - early 20th centuries. nobility. Firstly, these are names related in structure to the song “Your Honor, Madam Luck!”, where instead of the word “luck” various nominations are used: abstract concepts (Your Honor, Mrs. Victory! – an article about Russian football, Your honor, Mrs. Ruin - about the earthquake in Kamchatka) and specific concepts (Your honor, madam cigar!; Yournobility, dear dacha! - about Stalin's dachas) . With the help of the analyzed structure, faces can be named (Your honor, madam teacher!). Secondly, the word "nobility", like the other forms noted above, indicates on the scale "higher - lower" to "high" in some parameters, a position different from others ( Your Grace - the name of a private security company), as well as on the sign underlying the meaning of the word "noble" (Our restaurant nobility– title of the article about the “Festival of Noble Taste”; your honor is the title of the article on the noble gas xenon).

All analyzed common titles of the XVIII - early XX centuries. as part of secondary names on the pages of print and on the Internet in the language of the present tense, they can be used in the function of expressing irony, irony or an ironic-joking attitude (His Excellency Manager Ambrosov -effective market manager;Your honor, mister ham!; Paid Christmas gifts from his nobility housing and communal services;Your honor, the main garbage collector!).

The conducted research showed that the most productive nominations, which include common titles of the XVIII - early XX centuries. Excellency and Nobility. We have not met a single case of the use of the word "nobility" in the nominative function in the composition of the names. The activity of the words "excellency" and "nobleness" in the language of the present tense, in our opinion, is associated with the popularity of the book and film "Your Excellency's Adjutant", in the first case, and the song "Your Honor, Lady Luck!" (there were a lot of variants created on the basis of this song), in the second. The titles "High Excellency" and "High Nobility", as it seems to us, are used because of the similarity of sound with the named words.

In addition, general titles and official respectful status appeals of the 18th - early 20th centuries. in the language of the present tense are used in the function of accessing the Internet at forums and conferences. These forms, first of all, indicate the position of the addressee, despite some humorous situations, the game (as evidenced, for example, by various “badges” - the “smile” sign “:)))”) according to a kind of invented “report card”. Here, the main feature is preserved in the meaning of status calls - an indication of the status of the addressee on the scale "higher - lower". Different forums and conferences develop their own hierarchy of “statuses”, which depend on the number of messages sent, so that “it is possible to distinguish the elders of the forum from newcomers”, and the corresponding forms of appeals. In addition to the latter, indicating the position of the user, the status index is the number of stars. For example, to an addressee who communicates under the name Admiral of the Armenian Navy and has 5 stars, are treated by status using the common title of the XVIII - early XX centuries, Your Excellency!, to Lieutenant Dubina - Your Honor!

Secondly, official appeals of the 18th - early 20th centuries in modern Russian on the Internet at forums and conferences, as well as secondary names with these words, can express irony, malicious irony or a playfully ironic attitude.

“Being” on the Internet, in such types of communication as forums and conferences, can be called a “carnival” in his interpretation by M. M. Bakhtin, understood as life itself, but designed in a special playful way. (Compare: Litnevskaya 2005, p. 50). The transformation of the Russian language on the Web is due not so much to the practical needs of simplifying the code as game conditions virtual space, or communication-games.

In custody the results of the study are summarized, the areas of their theoretical and practical application. Periods of cardinal social changes turned out to be in the field of our attention. historical development Russia. At these points, information about the social status of the addressee is most clearly reflected in status appeals. Such an analysis of appeals made it possible to consider the development of the system of status appeals, to conduct a comparative analysis, to indicate the direct dependence of changes in this system on socio-political transformations.

The results of the dissertation research, reflected in the fourth chapter, in our opinion, can later be used in compiling a dictionary of Russian speech etiquette of network communication. We also think that in connection with the existing problems of using addresses in the modern Russian language, further detailed research on the functioning of addresses on the Internet in the genres of communication will be relevant.

The main provisions and results of the study are presented in the following publications of the author:

1. Buravtsov's appeals in the Russian language of the 18th - 19th centuries. as carriers of national and cultural information // Slavic culture: origins, traditions, interaction: Materials of the Intern. scientific Conf., May 16-18, 2005. M.: State. IRA them. , 2005. S. 222 - 227.

2. Buravtsova of references in the modern Russian language and the possibility of its solution by using the means of the language of past historical periods // Izvestiya TulGU. Series. Language and literature in the world community. Issue. 9. - Linguistic and cultural aspects of the study of the Russian language. Tula: Publishing House of TulGU, 2006. S. 39 - 44.

3. Buravtsov's address of the late XVIII - early XX centuries in a modern reading (on the material of forums and conferences on the Internet) // Izvestiya TulGU. Series. Language and literature in the world community. Issue. 9. - Linguistic and cultural aspects of the study of the Russian language. Tula: Publishing House of TulGU, 2006. S. 44 - 49.

4. Buravtsova of formulas of titles and official appeals of the late 18th - early 20th centuries in modern Russian as part of the names on the pages of the press and on the Internet // Izvestiya TulGU. Series. Language and literature in the world community. Issue. 10. - Topical issues of linguistics. Tula: TulGU Publishing House, 2006.