The Russian language has come a long way of historical development.

There are three periods of development of the Russian language:

Early period (VI-VII - XIV centuries).

Middle period (XIV-XV - XVII centuries).

Late period (XVII-XVIII - the end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century).

I period (early) begins after the separation of the Eastern Slavs from the common Slavic unity and the formation of the language of the Eastern Slavs (Old Russian language) - the predecessor of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. This period is characterized by the presence in the language of Old Slavonicisms, Church Slavonic vocabulary, and Turkic borrowings.

II period (middle) begins with the collapse of the language of the Eastern Slavs and the separation of the Russian language proper (the language of the Great Russian people). By the second half of the 17th century the Russian nation is taking shape and the Russian national language is being formalized, based on the traditions of Moscow dialect.

III period- this is a period of development of the Russian national language, design and improvement Russian literary language.

In the 18th century there is an update, enrichment of the Russian language at the expense of Western European languages; society begins to realize that the Russian national language is capable of becoming the language of science, art, and education. He played a special role in the creation of the literary language M.V. Lomonosov who wrote "Russian grammar" and developed the theory of three styles (high, medium, low).

In the 19th century Throughout the century, there have been disputes about what should be considered the basis of the grammar of the Russian literary language, what role should the Church Slavonic language play in the development of its styles, how to relate to the common language and vernacular? In this dispute, they are primarily involved N.M. Karamzin and his Westernizers and Slavophiles, led by A.S. Shishkov.

A decisive influence on the development of Russian norms literary language rendered creativity A.S. Pushkin, who in relation to language was guided by the principle proportionality and conformity: any word is acceptable in poetry, if it accurately, figuratively expresses the concept, conveys the meaning.

In general, in the process of synthesis of various elements (folk colloquial, Church Slavonic, foreign borrowings, elements of the business language), the norms of the Russian literary language are developed. It is believed that in general Russian national language system developed around the first half of the 19th century.

In the XX century, there are two periods in the history of the Russian language:

Period 1 (October 1917 - April 1985) is characterized by the presence of the following processes in the language:

1) the withdrawal into the passive reserve of a huge layer of secular and church vocabulary ( lord, king, monarch, governor, gymnasium; Savior, Mother of God, bishop, Eucharist and etc.);

2) the emergence of new words reflecting changes in politics and economics. Most of them were official abbreviations of words and phrases: NKVD, RSDLP, collective farm, district committee, tax in kind, educational program and etc.;

3) interference of the opposite.

The essence of this phenomenon is that two words are formed that positively and negatively characterize the same phenomena of reality that exist in different political systems. After the October events of 1917, two lexical systems gradually took shape in the Russian language: one for naming the phenomena of capitalism, the other for socialism. So, if it was about enemy countries, then their scouts were called spies, warriors - occupiers, partisans - terrorists etc.;

4) renaming the denotation. Denotation- an object of extralinguistic reality, to which a linguistic sign belongs as part of an utterance. So, not only the names of cities and streets are renamed (Tsaritsyn - in Stalingrad, Nizhny Novgorod - in Bitter; Large noble - in Revolution Avenue), but also social concepts (competition - in social competition, harvesting bread - in battle for the harvest, peasants - in collective farmers etc.). As a result of renaming, the authorities, firstly, managed to break the connection with the pre-revolutionary past, and secondly, to create the illusion of a general renewal. Thus, through the word, the party and government oligarchy influenced the public consciousness.

During 2 periods(April 1985 - present) there have been serious political, economic, ideological changes that have led to significant changes in the Russian literary language:

1) a significant expansion of the vocabulary due to:

a) foreign vocabulary (barter, business, legitimate);

b) the formation in the Russian language itself of a mass of new words (post-Soviet, denationalization, desovietization);

2) return to the active vocabulary of words that left the language during the Soviet period ( Duma, governor, corporation; communion, liturgy, vigil);

3) withdrawal into the passive stock of words-sovietisms (collective farm, Komsomolets, district committee);

4) change in the meanings of many words, occurring for ideological and political reasons. For example, in the dictionary of the Soviet period about the word God the following is written: "God - according to religious and mystical ideas: a mythical supreme being, supposedly ruling the world"(Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1953). The definition includes indicators of unreliability (particle supposedly and adjective mythical). The purpose of such an interpretation is to impose on the user of the dictionary an atheistic worldview, corresponding to a totalitarian ideology.

In the modern dictionary - " God is in religion: the supreme omnipotent being…”(Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions. - M., 2006);

5) vulgarization - the use of jargon, vernacular and other non-literary elements in the speech of seemingly educated people ( bucks, rollback, disassembly, chaos);

6) "foreignization" of the Russian language - that is, the unjustified use of borrowings in speech ( reception desk- reception, reception point; Ganges- criminal association, gang; show- spectacle, etc.).

Questions for the Russian language exam

Linguistics as the science of language. Sections of linguistics.

Basic linguistic dictionaries of the Russian language

Outstanding Russian scholars

The main elements of intonation (logical stress, pause, raising and lowering the voice, tone of speech, etc.)

6. The main sources of richness and expressiveness of Russian speech.

Historical changes in the vocabulary of the language. Archaisms and historicisms.

The main sources of replenishment of vocabulary. Neologisms.

9. Origin of words: native Russian and borrowed words. Old Church Slavonicisms.

10. Phraseological units of the Russian language. Sources of phraseological units. Idioms.

11. General grammatical meaning, morphological and syntactic features of significant parts of speech (on the example of one part of speech as directed by the teacher).

12. Groups of morphemes (significant parts of the word): root and auxiliary (suffix, prefix, ending). Word-building and inflectional service morphemes.

13. Service parts of speech: prepositions, conjunctions, particles. Their ranks in meaning, structure and syntactic usage

14. Word as a unit of language. The lexical meaning of the word. Groups of words by lexical meaning

15. Phraseologism: its lexical meaning, function in a sentence and text

16. Verb as part of speech

17. Non-conjugated (special) forms of the verb, their unifying feature

18. Unchangeable independent parts of speech. Their morphological and syntactic features.

19. The phrase as a unit of syntax. Types of connection of words in phrases. Types of phrases according to the morphological properties of the main word

20. A simple sentence, its types according to the purpose of the statement. Exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences. Complete and incomplete sentences. Two-part and one-part sentences. Offers common and non-common

21. Minor members of the proposal. The main morphological ways of expressing the secondary members of the sentence.

22. Homogeneous members of the proposal. Generalizing words with homogeneous members of a sentence

23. Offers with appeals, introductory words and plug-ins

24. Compound sentence and its types: allied and non-union sentences. Complex and complex sentences.

25. Someone else's speech and the main ways of its transmission

26. Features of texts of different types: narration, description, reasoning.

27. Styles of speech, their functions and scope.

Russian language in the modern world. The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation and the language of interethnic communication.

Language refers to those social phenomena that operate throughout the existence of human society. Language is primarily a means of human communication. Language also serves as a means of forming and expressing thoughts and feelings, since it is inextricably linked with thinking, human consciousness.
Scientists do not yet give an exact answer to the question of how many languages ​​there are in the world. It is believed that now there are more than five thousand languages ​​in the world, among them there are also “dying” ones, which are spoken by fewer people, and very little studied.

Russian language is the language of the Russian nation, the language of the Russian people. National language is a language spoken by a historically established group of people living in a common territory, connected by a common economy, culture, and lifestyle. The national language includes not only the literary (i.e., standardized) language, but also dialects, vernacular, jargons, and professionalisms. Language norm- this is the generally accepted use of linguistic means, the rules that determine the exemplary use of linguistic means.

Education and development of the national language is a complex, lengthy process. The history of the Russian national language begins in the 17th century, when the Russian nation was finally formed. The further development of the Russian national language is directly related to the development of the history and culture of the people. The Russian national language was formed on the basis of the dialects of Moscow and its environs. Literary language forms the basis of the national language and is obliged to maintain its internal unity despite the difference in the means of expression used. The creator of the Russian literary language is A. Pushkin, who combined the literary Russian language of previous eras with the common spoken language. The language of the Pushkin era has basically survived to this day. Literary language unites living generations, people understand each other, as they use the same language norms. Literary language exists in two varieties - oral and written. The main advantages of the Russian national language are embodied in Russian fiction. For centuries, masters of the word (A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, I. Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, M. Gorky, A. Tvardovsky, K. Paustovsky and others) and philologists (F. Buslaev, I. Sreznevsky, L. Shcherba, V. Vinogradov and others) improved the Russian language, brought it to subtlety, creating for us a grammar, a dictionary, exemplary texts. The arrangement of words, their meanings, the meaning of their combinations contain that information about the world and people, which introduces one to the spiritual wealth created by many generations of ancestors.
The peculiarity of the Russian national language is that it is the state language in Russia and serves as a means of interethnic communication between the peoples of the Russian Federation.
The Law "On Languages" defines the main areas of functioning of the Russian language as a state: the highest bodies of state power and administration; publication of laws and other legal acts of the republics within the Russian Federation; holding elections; in the activities of state bodies; in official correspondence and office work; in the all-Russian mass media.
The studies carried out in the Russian republics and a number of CIS countries testify to the recognition of the fact that at the present stage it is difficult to solve the problem of interethnic communication without the Russian language. Playing the role of an intermediary between all the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia, the Russian language helps to solve the problems of the political, economic and cultural development of the country. In international relations, states use world languages ​​legally proclaimed by the UN as official and working languages. These languages ​​are English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic. In any of these six languages, interstate political, economic, scientific and cultural contacts can be carried out, international meetings, forums, conferences can be held, correspondence and office work can be conducted on the scale of the UN, the CIS, etc.

The world significance of the Russian language is due to the richness and expressiveness of its vocabulary, sound system, word formation, syntax.
The philosopher Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin (1882-1954), speaking at the Pushkin Jubilee in 1937, said this about the Russian language: “ And our Russia has given us one more gift: it is our wondrous, our mighty, our singing language. In it, all of it is our Russia. It contains all her gifts: the breadth of unlimited possibilities, and the richness of sounds, and words, and forms; and spontaneity, and clarity; and simplicity, and scope, and guy; and dreaminess, and strength, and clarity, and beauty. Everything is available to our language. It contains the whole singing Russian soul; echo of the world and human groans, and a mirror of divine visions... This is the language of a sharp, cutting thought. The language of a quivering, emerging premonition. The language of volitional decisions and accomplishments. The language of soaring and prophecy. The language of elusive transparency and eternal verbs.
It is the language of a mature original national character. And the Russian people, who created this language, is itself called upon to reach, mentally and spiritually, the height to which it is called - its language ...»

How often do we, Russian speakers, think about such an important moment as the history of the emergence of the Russian language? After all, how many secrets are hidden in it, how many interesting things you can find out if you dig deeper. How did the Russian language develop? After all, our speech is not only everyday conversations, it is a rich history.

The history of the development of the Russian language: briefly about the main

Where did our mother tongue come from? There are several theories. Some scientists consider (for example, the linguist N. Gusev) the Sanskrit of the Russian language. However, Sanskrit was used by Indian scholars and priests. Such was the Latin for the inhabitants of ancient Europe - "something very clever and incomprehensible." But how did the speech that was used by the Indian scholars suddenly end up on our side? Is it really with the Indians that the formation of the Russian language began?

Legend of the Seven White Teachers

Each scientist understands the stages of the history of the Russian language differently: this is the origin, development, alienation of the bookish language from the folk language, the development of syntax and punctuation, etc. All of them can differ in order (it is still unknown when exactly the bookish language separated from the folk language) or interpretation. But, according to the following legend, seven white teachers can be considered the "fathers" of the Russian language.

In India, there is a legend that is even studied in Indian universities. In ancient times, seven white teachers came from the cold North (the Himalayas region). It was they who gave people Sanskrit and laid the foundation for Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North was one of the regions of Russia, so modern Hindus often go there on pilgrimage.

A legend today

It turns out that many Sanskrit words completely coincide with - such is the theory of the famous ethnographer Natalia Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific works on the history and religion of India. Most of them, by the way, have been refuted by other scientists.

This theory was not taken out of thin air by her. Her appearance was an interesting case. Once Natalia accompanied a respected scientist from India, who decided to arrange a tourist trip along the northern rivers of Russia. Communicating with the inhabitants of local villages, the Hindu suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter, saying that he was happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Then Guseva decided to devote her life to studying the mysterious phenomenon, and at the same time to establish how the Russian language developed.

Indeed, it is truly amazing! According to this story, representatives of the Negroid race live beyond the Himalayas, speaking a language so similar to our native one. Mystic, and only. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that our dialect originated from Indian Sanskrit is in place. Here it is - the history of the Russian language briefly.

Dragunkin's theory

And here is another scientist who decided that this story of the emergence of the Russian language is true. The famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin argued that a truly great language comes from a simpler one, in which there are fewer derivational forms, and the words are shorter. Allegedly, Sanskrit is much simpler than Russian. And the Sanskrit writing is nothing more than Slavic runes slightly modified by the Hindus. But after all, this theory is just where is the origin of language?

scientific version

And here is the version that most scientists approve and accept. She claims that 40,000 years ago (the time of the appearance of the first man) people had a need to express their thoughts in the process of collective activity. This is how the language was born. But in those days the population was extremely small, and all people spoke the same language. After thousands of years there was a migration of peoples. The DNA of people has changed, the tribes have isolated themselves from each other and began to speak differently.

Languages ​​differed from each other in form, in word formation. Each group of people developed their native language, supplemented it with new words, and gave it shape. Later, there was a need for a science that would deal with describing new achievements or things that a person came to.

As a result of this evolution, so-called "matrices" arose in people's heads. The well-known linguist Georgy Gachev studied these matrices in detail, having studied more than 30 matrices - language pictures of the world. According to his theory, the Germans are very attached to their home, and this served as the image of a typical German speaker. And the Russian language and mentality came from the concept or image of the road, the way. This matrix lies in our subconscious.

The birth and formation of the Russian language

About 3 thousand years BC, among the Indo-European languages, the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out, which a thousand years later became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. n. e. it was divided into several groups: eastern, western and southern. Our language is usually attributed to the eastern group.

And the beginning of the path of the Old Russian language is called the formation of Kievan Rus (IX century). At the same time, Cyril and Methodius invent the first Slavic alphabet.

The Slavic language developed rapidly, and in terms of popularity it has already caught up with Greek and Latin. It was (the predecessor of modern Russian) who managed to unite all the Slavs, it was in it that the most important documents and literary monuments were written and published. For example, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

Normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests in the 13th-14th centuries led to the fact that the language was divided into three groups of dialects: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects.

In the 16th century, in Moscow Russia, they decided to normalize the writing of the Russian language (then it was called “prosta mova” and was influenced by Belarusian and Ukrainian) - to introduce the predominance of the composing connection in sentences and the frequent use of the unions “yes”, “and”, “a”. The dual number was lost, and the declension of nouns became very similar to the modern one. And the characteristic features of Moscow speech became the basis of the literary language. For example, "akanye", the consonant "g", the endings "ovo" and "evo", demonstrative pronouns (yourself, you, etc.). The beginning of book printing finally approved the literary Russian language.

Peter's era

It greatly influenced speech. After all, it was at this time that the Russian language was freed from the "guardianship" of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed so that it became closer to the European model.

In the second half of the 18th century, Lomonosov laid down new norms for the Russian language, combining everything that had come before: colloquial speech, folk poetry, and even command language. After him, the language was transformed by Derzhavin, Radishchev, Fonvizin. It was they who increased the number of synonyms in the Russian language in order to properly reveal its richness.

A huge contribution to the development of our speech was made by Pushkin, who rejected all restrictions on style and combined Russian words with some European ones to create a full and colorful picture of the Russian language. He was supported by Lermontov and Gogol.

Development trends

How did the Russian language develop in the future? From the middle of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries, the Russian language received several development trends:

1. Development of literary norms.
2. Rapprochement of the literary language and colloquial speech.
3. Expansion of the language through dialectisms and jargon.
4. The development of the genre "realism" in literature, philosophical problems.

A little later, socialism changed the word formation of the Russian language, and in the 20th century, the media standardized oral speech.

It turns out that our modern Russian language, with all its lexical and grammatical rules, originated from a mixture of various East Slavic dialects that were common throughout Russia, and the Church Slavonic language. After all the metamorphoses, it has become one of the most popular languages ​​in the world.

More about writing

Even Tatishchev himself (the author of the book “Russian History”) was firmly convinced that Cyril and Methodius did not invent writing. It existed long before they were born. The Slavs not only knew how to write: they had many types of writing. For example, traits-cuts, runes or a drop cap. And the scientist brothers took this very initial letter as a basis and simply finalized it. Perhaps they threw out about a dozen letters to make it easier to translate the Bible. Yes, Cyril and Methodius, but its basis was a letter. This is how writing appeared in Russia.

External threats

Unfortunately, our language has repeatedly been exposed to external danger. And then the future of the whole country was in question. For example, at the turn of the 19th century, all the “cream of society” spoke exclusively French, dressed in the appropriate style, and even the menu consisted only of French cuisine. The nobles gradually began to forget their native language, ceased to associate themselves with the Russian people, acquiring a new philosophy and traditions.

As a result of this introduction of French speech, Russia could lose not only its language, but also its culture. Fortunately, the situation was saved by the geniuses of the 19th century: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. It was they who, being true patriots, did not allow the Russian language to perish. It was they who showed how beautiful he is.

Modernity

The history of the Russian language is polysyllabic and has not been fully studied. Don't briefly describe it. It will take years to study. The Russian language and the history of the people are truly amazing things. And how can you call yourself a patriot without knowing your native speech, folklore, poetry and literature?

Unfortunately, today's youth has lost interest in books, and especially in classical literature. This trend is also observed in older people. Television, the Internet, nightclubs and restaurants, glossy magazines and blogs - all this has replaced our "paper friends". Many people have even ceased to have their own opinion, expressing themselves in the usual clichés imposed by society and the media. Despite the fact that the classics were and remain in the school curriculum, few people read them even in a summary, which "eats" all the beauty and originality of the works of Russian writers.

But how rich is the history and culture of the Russian language! For example, literature is able to provide answers to many questions better than any forums on the Internet. Russian literature expresses all the power of the wisdom of the people, makes you feel love for our homeland and better understand it. Each person must understand that the native language, native culture and people are inseparable, they are one whole. And what does a modern Russian citizen understand and think about? About the need to leave the country as soon as possible?

Main danger

And of course, foreign words are the main threat to our language. As mentioned above, such a problem was relevant in the 18th century, but, unfortunately, it has remained unresolved to this day and is slowly acquiring the features of a national catastrophe.

Not only is society too fond of various slang words, obscene language, and made-up expressions, it also constantly uses foreign borrowings in its speech, forgetting that there are much more beautiful synonyms in the Russian language. Such words are: “stylist”, “manager”, “PR”, “summit”, “creative”, “user”, “blog”, “Internet” and many others. If it came only from certain groups of society, then the problem could be fought. But, unfortunately, foreign words are actively used by teachers, journalists, scientists and even officials. These people carry the word to people, which means they introduce an addiction. And it happens that a foreign word settles so firmly in the Russian language that it begins to seem as if it is native.

What's the matter?

So what is it called? Ignorance? Fashion for everything foreign? Or a campaign directed against Russia? Perhaps all at once. And this problem must be solved as soon as possible, otherwise it will be too late. For example, more often use the word “manager” instead of “manager”, “business lunch” instead of “business lunch”, etc. After all, the extinction of the people begins precisely with the extinction of the language.

About dictionaries

Now you know how the Russian language developed. However, that's not all. The history of Russian language dictionaries deserves special mention. Modern dictionaries evolved from ancient handwritten and later printed books. At first they were very small and intended for a narrow circle of people.

The most ancient Russian dictionary is considered to be a short supplement to the Novgorod Pilot Book (1282). It included 174 words from different dialects: Greek, Church Slavonic, Hebrew, and even biblical proper names.

After 400 years, much larger dictionaries began to appear. They already had a systematization and even an alphabet. The then dictionaries were mostly educational or encyclopedic in nature, so they were inaccessible to ordinary peasants.

First printed dictionary

The first printed dictionary appeared in 1596. It was another supplement to the grammar textbook by Priest Lavrentiy Zizania. It contained over a thousand words, which were sorted alphabetically. The dictionary was explanatory and explained the origin of many Old Slavonic and was published in Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian languages.

Further development of dictionaries

The 18th century was a century of great discoveries. They did not bypass explanatory dictionaries either. Great scientists (Tatishchev, Lomonosov) unexpectedly showed an increased interest in the origin of many words. Trediakovsky began to write notes. In the end, a number of dictionaries were created, but the largest was the "Church Dictionary" and its appendix. More than 20,000 words have been interpreted in the Church Dictionary. Such a book laid the foundation for the normative dictionary of the Russian language, and Lomonosov, along with other researchers, began its creation.

Most Significant Dictionary

The history of the development of the Russian language remembers such a significant date for all of us - the creation of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dahl (1866). This four-volume book received dozens of reprints and is still relevant today. 200,000 words and more than 30,000 sayings and phraseological units can be safely considered a real treasure.

Our days

Unfortunately, the world community is not interested in the history of the emergence of the Russian language. His current position can be compared to one incident that once happened to the extraordinarily talented scientist Dmitri Mendeleev. After all, Mendeleev was never able to become an honorary academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (the current RAS). There was a grandiose scandal, and still: such a scientist cannot be admitted to the academy! But the Russian Empire and its world were unshakable: they declared that the Russians since the time of Lomonosov and Tatishchev were in the minority, and one good Russian scientist, Lomonosov, was enough.

This history of the modern Russian language makes us think: what if someday English (or any other) will supplant such a unique Russian? Pay attention to how many foreign words are present in our jargon! Yes, the mixing of languages ​​and friendly exchange is great, but the amazing history of our speech should not be allowed to disappear from the planet. Take care of your native language!

Language Features

The question of the functions of language is closely connected with the problem of the origin of language. What reasons, what living conditions of people contributed to its origin, its formation? What is the purpose of language in the life of society? These questions were answered not only by linguists, but also by philosophers, logicians, and psychologists.

The appearance of language is closely connected with the formation of man as a thinking being. Language arose naturally and is a system that is necessary both for an individual (individual) and society (collective). As a result, the language is inherently multifunctional.

Thus, the language helps people to share experiences, transfer their knowledge, organize any work, build and discuss plans for joint activities.

Language also serves as a means of consciousness, promotes the activity of consciousness and reflects its result. Language is involved in the formation of the thinking of the individual (individual consciousness) and the thinking of society (social consciousness). This is a cognitive function.

The development of language and thinking is an interdependent process. The development of thinking contributes to the enrichment of the language, new concepts require new names; the improvement of the language entails the improvement of thinking.

Language, moreover, helps to preserve and transmit information, which is important both for the individual and for the whole society. In written monuments (chronicles, documents, memoirs, fiction, newspapers), in oral folk art, the life of the nation, the history of native speakers of a given language is recorded. In this regard, there are three main functions of the language:

Communicative;

Cognitive (cognitive, epistemological);

Accumulative (epistemic).

Additional functions are manifested in speech and are determined by the structure of the speech act, i.e. the presence of the addresser, the addressee (participants of communication) and the subject of the conversation. Let's name two such functions: emotional (expresses the internal state of the speaker, his feelings) and volitional (the function of influencing listeners).

The magical function of language has been known since ancient times. This is due to the idea that some words, expressions have magical power, are able to change the course of events, influence a person’s behavior, his fate. In the religious and mythological consciousness, formulas of prayers, spells, conspiracies, divination, and curses primarily possess such power.

Since language serves as a material and form of artistic creation, it is legitimate to speak of the poetic function of language. Thus, the language performs a wide variety of functions, which is explained by its use in all spheres of life and activity of a person and society.

Russian language is the national language of the Russian people

Language is created by the people and serves them from generation to generation. In its development, the language goes through several stages and depends on the degree of development of the ethnos (Greek ethnos - people). At an early stage, a tribal language is formed, then the language of the people and, finally, the national one.

The national language is formed on the basis of the national language, which ensures its relative stability. It is the result of the process of the formation of a nation and at the same time a prerequisite and condition for its formation.

By its nature, the national language is heterogeneous. This is explained by the heterogeneity of the ethnos itself as a community of people. First, people unite on a territorial basis, place of residence. As a means of communication, rural residents use a dialect - one of the varieties of the national language. A dialect, as a rule, is a collection of smaller units - dialects that have common language features and serve as a means of communication for residents of nearby villages and farms. Territorial dialects have their own characteristics, which are found at all levels of the language: in the sound system, vocabulary, morphology, syntax, word formation. The dialect exists only in oral form.

The presence of dialects is the result of feudal fragmentation during the formation of Ancient Russia, then the Russian state. In the era of capitalism, despite the expansion of contacts between speakers of different dialects, and the formation of a national language, territorial dialects remain, although they undergo some changes. In the 20th century, especially in the second half, in connection with the development of the mass media (press, radio, cinema, television, intervision), the process of degradation of dialects, their disappearance, is underway. The study of dialects is of interest:

From a historical point of view: dialects retain archaic features that are not reflected in the literary language;

From the point of view of the formation of the literary language: on the basis of what main dialect and then the national language did the literary language develop; what features of other dialects it borrows; how the literary language influences the dialects in the future and how the dialects influence the literary language.

Secondly, social causes contribute to the unification of people: common profession, occupation, interests, social status. For such societies, the social dialect serves as a means of communication. Since the social dialect has many varieties, in the scientific literature, the terms jargon and slang also serve to name them.

Jargon is the speech of social and professional groups of people. It is used by sailors, electronics engineers, computer scientists, athletes, actors, students. Unlike territorial dialects, jargon does not have phonetic and grammatical features peculiar only to it. Jargon is characterized by the presence of specific vocabulary and phraseology.

Some slang words and set expressions are becoming widespread and are used to make speech expressive and expressive. For example: a bum, a homeless person, a breaker, a green, grandmas, a biker, a party, chaos, reach the handle, take it to the gun. Separate words and phrases are not currently perceived as jargon, since they have long entered the literary language and are colloquial or neutral. For example: cheat sheet, mood, rocker, snickers, be on a roll.

Sometimes the word slang is used as a synonym for the word jargon. So, for example, they talk about student, school slang, meaning jargon.

The main purpose of slang is to make speech incomprehensible to strangers. The lower classes of society are primarily interested in this: thieves, swindlers, cheaters. There was also professional slang. It helped artisans (tailors, tinsmiths, saddlers ...), as well as walkers (peddlers who sold small goods peddling and hauling in small towns, villages, villages) when talking with their own to hide from outsiders the secrets of the craft, the secrets of their business.

IN AND. Dal, in the first volume of the Explanatory Dictionary, in an article with the title word afenya, ofenya, gives an example of the slang speech of merchants: This means: It's time to sleep, midnight, soon the roosters will crow.

In addition to territorial and social dialects, the national language includes vernacular.

Vernacular is one of the forms of the national Russian language, which does not have its own signs of a systemic organization and is characterized by a set of linguistic forms that violate the norms of the literary language. The carriers of vernacular (citizens with a low level of education) do not realize such a violation of the norms, they do not catch, do not understand the difference between non-literary and literary forms.

Spacious are:

In phonetics: driver, put, sentence; ridiculitis, kolidor, rezetka, drushlag;

In morphology: my callus, with marmalade, doing, on the beach, driver, without a coat, run, lie down, lie down;

In vocabulary: a pedestal instead of a pedestal, a semi-clinic instead of a polyclinic.

Common speech, like territorial and social dialects, has only an oral form.

The concept of the Russian literary language

The highest form of the national language is the literary language. It is presented in oral and written form. It is characterized by the presence of norms that cover all levels of the language (phonetics, vocabulary, morphology, syntax). The literary language serves all spheres of human activity: politics, culture, office work, legislation, everyday communication.

The norms of the literary language are reflected in the dictionaries: orthoepic, spelling, explanatory, dictionaries of difficulties, phrases.

Literary language has two forms - oral and written. They differ in four ways:

1 Form of implementation.

2. Attitude towards the addressee.

3. Generation of form.

4. The nature of the perception of oral and written speech.

When implementing each of the forms of the literary language, the writer or speaker selects words, combinations of words to express his thoughts, and makes sentences. Depending on the material from which speech is built, it acquires a bookish or colloquial character. This also distinguishes the literary language as the highest form of the national language from its other varieties. Let's compare for example the proverbs: Desire is stronger than coercion and Hunting is stronger than bondage. The idea is the same, but framed differently. In the first case, verbal nouns na-nie (desire, compulsion) are used, giving the speech a bookish character, in the second - the words hunt, more than that, giving a touch of colloquialism. It is not difficult to assume that the first proverb will be used in a scientific article, diplomatic dialogue, and the second in a casual conversation. Consequently, the sphere of communication determines the selection of linguistic material, and it, in turn, forms and determines the type of speech.

Book speech is built according to the norms of the literary language, their violation is unacceptable; sentences must be complete, logically related to each other. In book speech, abrupt transitions from one thought that is not brought to its logical conclusion to another are not allowed. Among the words there are abstract, bookish words, including scientific terminology, official business vocabulary.

Colloquial speech is not so strict in observing the norms of the literary language. It allows the use of forms that qualify in dictionaries as colloquial. The text of such speech is dominated by common vocabulary, colloquial; preference is given to simple sentences, participial and adverbial phrases are avoided.

So, the functioning of the literary language in the most important areas of human activity; the various means for transmitting information embedded in it; availability of oral and written forms; the distinction and opposition of bookish and colloquial speech - all this gives reason to consider the literary language the highest form of the national language.

I want to draw your attention to the features that characterize the functioning of the literary language at the beginning of the 21st century.

First, the composition of participants in mass communication has never been so numerous and diverse.

Secondly, official censorship has almost disappeared, so people express their thoughts more freely, their speech becomes more open, confidential, and relaxed.

Thirdly, speech begins to dominate spontaneous, spontaneous, not prepared in advance.

Fourth, the diversity of communication situations leads to a change in the nature of communication. It is freed from rigid formality, it becomes more relaxed.

New conditions for the functioning of the language, the emergence of a large number of unprepared public speeches lead not only to the democratization of speech, but also to a sharp decline in its culture.

On the pages of the periodical press, in the speech of educated people, jargon, colloquial elements and other non-literary means poured in a stream: grandmas, piece, piece, stolnik, baldness, pump out, launder, unfasten, scroll and many others. Even in official speech, the words tusovka, disassembly, chaos, the last word in the meaning of "unlimited lawlessness" have become especially popular.

For speakers, public speakers, the measure of admissibility has changed, if not completely absent. Cursing, "obscene language", "unprintable word" today can be found on the pages of independent newspapers, free publications, in the texts of works of art. In stores, at book fairs, dictionaries are sold that contain not only slang, thieves, but also obscene words.

There are quite a few people who say that swearing and swearing are considered a characteristic, distinctive feature of the Russian people. If we turn to oral folk art, proverbs and sayings, it turns out that it is not entirely legitimate to say that the Russian people consider swearing an integral part of their lives. Yes, people are trying to somehow justify it, to emphasize that scolding is a common thing: Scolding is not a reserve, and without it not for an hour; Swearing is not smoke - the eye will not eat out; Hard words break no bones. It seems to even help in the work, you can’t do without it: You won’t swear, you won’t do the job; Without swearing, you can't unlock the lock in the cage.

But I think something else is more important: Argue, argue, but scolding is a sin; Do not scold: what comes out of a person, then he will be filthy; Swearing is not resin, but akin to soot: it doesn’t cling, it stains like that; With abuse people dry, and with praise they get fat; You won’t take it with your throat, you won’t beg with abuse.

This is not only a warning, this is already a condemnation, this is a ban.

The Russian literary language is our wealth, our heritage. He embodied the cultural and historical traditions of the people. We are responsible for his condition, for his fate.

The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the language of the Russian nation. The Russian language is included in the Slavic group of languages, which also includes Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak, Macedonian, Slovenian and other languages. All of these languages ​​originated from the common Slavic language.

Russian language refers to Slavic group Indo-European family of languages. Within the Slavic group, in turn, three groups are distinguished - branches: eastern(languages ​​Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian), southern(languages ​​Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian) and western(Polish, Slovak, Czech and others).

Russian is one of the richest languages ​​in the world. It has a large vocabulary, has developed expressive means used to denote all the necessary concepts in any field of human activity.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, Russian is the state language. The state language of the Russian Federation can be considered as a system-forming factor in maintaining the integrity of the Russian Federation, as a tool for expressing the will of the people and every citizen of the country, as a necessary element for implementing the uniformity of state administration and understanding the state will, as a mechanism for realizing the rights and obligations of the population of Russia, as a national sign in international legal relations. Due to the fact that people of different nationalities live in the Russian Federation, the Russian language serves for productive interethnic communication. With the help of the Russian language as a means of communication, many problems of national importance are solved. In addition, the Russian language helps to join the riches of Russian and world scientific thought and culture. The Russian language is one of the universally recognized world languages ​​and one of the most developed languages ​​in the world.

Language in its specificity and social significance is a unique phenomenon: it is a means of communication and influence, a means of storing and assimilating knowledge, the focus of the spiritual culture of the people.

The Russian language is the language of culture, science and technology. The Russian language is the primary element of great Russian literature. The works of outstanding Russian writers - A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontova, N.V. Gogol, F.I. Tyutcheva, I.S. Turgenev, S.A. Yesenina, M.I. Tsvetaeva, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Bunin, M. Gorky, V.V. Mayakovsky, B.L. Pasternak, M.A. Bulgakov and other writers. Literature is unthinkable outside of language. Literature is the art of depiction in words, and Russian literature is the art of depiction in Russian words.

The connection of language with the national character, mentality, with national self-consciousness and its expression in literature was an obvious truth for all Russian writers. I.A. Goncharov wrote that "... connects us with his nation, most of all, the language." The impact on the reader from the side of the author of a work of art is connected, first of all, with the figurativeness and emotional richness of the word.

The Russian language is a huge element that maintains a relative, but still, ecological purity. The ocean of words is boundless, it conceals both unpredictable processes and stability thanks to the immunity of colossal strength, the unique property of self-purification. The famous philologist and literary critic M.M. Bakhtin said: “A person is first of all a word, and then everything else. The word is a tool for the realization of a person, it provides him with vital energy. Possession of a word - an instrument of communication, thinking - is the fundamental principle of human intelligence. A person who has few words in his stock is lost, complex, does not find a common language with the people around him. Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote about language: “... Our language is the most important part of our general behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with ... It is necessary to learn good intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. But even though it’s difficult, it’s necessary.”