The relationship between man and society. Social relations - what is it? Signs and types

In a broad sense, society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, consisting of people united by historically established forms of interaction. In a narrow sense, society is a collection of people who are aware that they have permanent common interests who can be best satisfied only by their own actions.

SOCIETY:

1. Historical stage in the development of mankind (primitive society, feudal society).
2. A circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin (noble society, society of philatelists).
3. Country, state, region (French society, Soviet society).
4. Humanity as a whole.

The formation of society precedes the state organization of its life, that is, there was a time when society existed, but the state did not.

The main purpose of society is to ensure the survival of man as a species. Therefore, the main elements of society, considered as a system, are the spheres in which the joint activities of people are carried out, aimed at preserving and expanding the reproduction of their lives.

The economic sphere is the economic activity of society, when material goods are created.

The social sphere is the emergence and interaction of people with each other.

The political sphere is the area of ​​interaction between people about power and subordination.

The spiritual sphere is the area of ​​creation and development of spiritual goods.

Man is the highest stage in the development of living organisms on Earth, the subject of labor, the social form of life, communication and consciousness. Therefore, the concept of "man", which defines the bodily-spiritual social being, is wider than the concept of "personality".

The concept of personality expresses social entity person. A personality is a subject of activity that has a certain consciousness, self-awareness, worldview, which is influenced by social relations and at the same time comprehends its own social functions, one's place in the world as a subject historical process. There is no more individualized object in the world than a person: how many people, so many individuals. Every person has individual features memory, attention, thinking. A person becomes a personality through self-knowledge, which allows you to freely subordinate your "I" to the moral law.

Under the activity in science understand the relationship of man to the outside world and to himself. social activities- the interaction of socially significant actions implemented by the subject (society, class, group, individual) in various spheres of life.

There are two significant points to be made here:

1. The result of human activity is the development of the whole society as a whole.
2. As a result of this activity, the formation and self-realization of the personality takes place.

The difference between human activity and the activity of other living beings:

• transformation of the natural and social environment,
• going beyond experience, goal-setting, expediency.

The structure of human activity is as follows:

1. Target -
2. Means to achieve the goal -
3. Actions aimed at achieving the goal -
4. Result.

Human needs:

• Biological (self-preservation, breathing),
• Social (communication, self-realization, public recognition),
• Ideal (in knowledge, in art).

Types of human activity: Practical:

• material and production,

Spiritual:

• cognitive activity,
• value-oriented
• prognostic.

A norm is a model, a rule of behavior, and social norms are for a person a measure and a rule of his behavior in society.

Human behavior is regulated through:

• permission - desirable behaviors,
• precepts are specified rules of conduct,
• Prohibitions are acts that are forbidden or should not be done.

Types of social norms:

• customs,
• traditions,
• moral standards,
• religious,
• political,
• legal.

Deviant (deviant) behavior. Social norms, rules generally accepted within a social community or group, patterns of behavior or actions in a certain situation. Norms represent the main regulator of human behavior in society and are necessary for the implementation of concerted collective actions.

The sphere of positive deviations approved by society or a group is talents and geniuses.

The sphere of negative deviations, condemned by society or a group, is alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide, and criminal behavior.

Let's start with the position that society is a part of the world isolated from nature (in this case, nature means the totality of the natural conditions of human existence). What is this isolation? Unlike elemental natural forces in the center community development stands a man with consciousness and will. Nature exists and develops according to its own laws independent of man and society. There is another circumstance: human society acts as a creator, a transformer, a creator of culture.

Society consists of a huge number of its constituent elements and subsystems, which are updated and are in changing relationships and interactions. Let's try to isolate some of these parts and trace the connections between them. Among the subsystems can be attributed primarily to the spheres of public life.

There are several areas of life:

• economic (relations in the process of material production),
• social (interaction of classes, social strata and groups),
• political (activities of state organizations, political parties),
• spiritual (morality, religion, art, philosophy, activities of scientific, religious, educational organizations and institutions).

Each sphere of public life is also a complex formation: its constituent elements give an idea of ​​society as a whole. It is no coincidence that some researchers consider society at the level of organizations operating in it (states, churches, educational systems, etc.), others - through the prism of the interaction of social communities. A person enters society through a collective, being a member of several collectives (labor, trade union, dance, etc.). Society is presented as a collective of collectives. A person enters into larger communities of people. He belongs to a certain social group, class, nation.

The diverse connections that arise between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activity, are called social relations. It is customary to distinguish between the relations that develop in the sphere of material production and those that permeate the spiritual life of society. If the former provide society with material opportunities for existence and development, then the latter (ideological, political, legal, moral, etc.) are the result and condition for the interaction of people in the process of creating and disseminating spiritual and cultural values. At the same time, material and spiritual social relations are interconnected and ensure the development of society.

Public life is complex and multifaceted, therefore it is studied by many sciences, called public(history, philosophy, sociology, political science, jurisprudence, ethics, aesthetics). Each of them considers a certain area of ​​public life. Thus, jurisprudence explores the essence and history of the state and law. The subject of ethics is the norms of morality, aesthetics - the laws of art, artistic creativity of people. Most general knowledge about society as a whole are called upon to give such sciences as philosophy and sociology.

Society has its own specifics in comparison with nature. “In all areas of nature ... a certain regularity dominates, independent of the existence of thinking humanity,” wrote the greatest physicist M. Planck. Therefore, natural science can concentrate on the study of these objective laws of development, independent of man. Society, on the other hand, is nothing more than a collection of people endowed with will and consciousness, carrying out actions and deeds under the influence of certain interests, motives, and moods.

Approaches to the study of man are different. In some cases, it is considered as if "from outside". Then it is important to understand what a person is by comparing him with nature (cosmos), society, God, himself. At the same time, fundamental differences between a person and other living beings are revealed. Another approach - "from the inside" - involves the study of a person from the point of view of his biological structure, psyche, moral, spiritual, social life, etc. And in this case, the essential features of a person are also revealed.

The concept of "individual" was first used in his writings by the ancient Roman scientist and politician Cicero. So he translated the word “atom” from Greek, which meant indivisible and referred to the smallest and indivisible, according to ancient philosophers, components of the surrounding world. The term "individual" characterizes a person as one of the people. This term also means how typical the signs of a certain community are for its various representatives (priest of Amon Anen, Tsar Ivan the Terrible, plowman Mikula Selyaninovich). Both meanings of the term "individual" are interconnected and describe a person from the point of view of his identity, features. This means that the features depend on society, on the conditions in which this or that representative of the human race was formed.

The term "individuality" makes it possible to characterize the differences of a person from other people, implying not only the appearance, but also the totality of socially significant qualities. Each person is individual, although the degree of this originality may be different. Multi-talented people of the Renaissance era were bright individuals. Remember the painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, engineer Leonardo da Vinci, painter, engraver, sculptor, architect Albrecht Dürer, statesman, historian, poet, military theorist Niccolo Machiavelli and others. They were distinguished by their originality, originality, and bright originality. All of them can be attributed to both individuals and personalities. But the word “personality”, which is close in meaning, is usually accompanied by the epithets “strong”, “energetic”. This emphasizes independence, the ability to show energy, not to lose one's face. The concept of "individuality" in biology means specific features inherent in a particular individual, organism due to a combination of hereditary and acquired properties.

In psychology, individuality is understood as a holistic description of a certain person through his temperament, character, interests, intellect, needs and abilities. Philosophy regards individuality as the unique originality of any phenomenon, including both natural and social. In this sense, not only people, but also historical epochs (for example, the era of classicism) can have individuality. If an individual is considered as a representative of the community, then individuality is seen as the originality of a person's manifestations, emphasizing the uniqueness, versatility and harmony, naturalness and ease of his activity. Thus, in a person, the typical and the unique are embodied in unity. The development of society is the result of human activity. In the process of activity, the formation and self-realization of the personality takes place. In everyday language, the word "activity" is used in the sense of the activity of someone or something. For example, they talk about volcanic activity, about the activity internal organs person, etc. In a narrower sense, this word means the occupation of a person, his work.

Only a person is inherent in such a form of activity as activity that is not limited to adaptation to environment, but transforms it. For this, not only natural objects are used, but, above all, means created by man himself. Both animal behavior and human activity are consistent with the goal (i.e., expedient). For example, a predator hides in an ambush or sneaks up to the victim - his behavior is consistent with the goal: to get food. The bird flies away from the nest with a cry, distracting the attention of a person. Compare: a person builds a house, all his actions in this case are also expedient. However, for a predator, the goal is, as it were, set by its natural qualities and external conditions. At the heart of this behavior is a biological program of behavior, instincts. Human activity is characterized by historically developed (as a generalization of the experience of previous generations) programs. At the same time, a person himself determines his goal (carries out goal-setting). He is able to go beyond the program, i.e. existing experience, to define new programs (goals and ways to achieve them). Goal-setting is inherent only in human activity. In the structure of activity it is necessary, first of all, to distinguish subject and an object activities. The subject is the one who carries out the activity, the object is what it is aimed at. For example, a farmer (subject of activity) affects the land and crops grown on it (object of activity). The goal is a conscious image of the anticipated result, the achievement of which is aimed at the activity.

There are various classifications of activities. First of all, we note the division of activity into spiritual and practical. Practical activity is aimed at the transformation of real objects of nature and society. It includes material production activity (transformation of nature) and social transformation activity (transformation of society). Spiritual activity is associated with a change in people's consciousness. It includes: cognitive activity (reflection of reality in artistic and scientific form, in myths and religious teachings); value-oriented activity (determining the positive or negative attitude of people to the phenomena of the surrounding world, the formation of their worldview); prognostic activity (planning or foreseeing possible changes in reality). All these activities are interconnected. Other classifications distinguish labor, higher nervous, creative, consumer, leisure, educational, recreational activities (rest, restoration of human strength expended in the labor process). As in the previous classification, the allocation of these species is conditional.

What is creativity? This word is used to designate an activity that generates something qualitatively new, which has never existed before. It can be a new goal, a new result or new means, new ways to achieve them. Creativity is most clearly manifested in the activities of scientists, inventors, writers, and artists. Sometimes they say that these are people of creative professions. In fact, not all people professionally engaged in science make discoveries. At the same time, many other activities include elements of creativity. From this point of view, all human activity that transforms natural world and social reality in accordance with their goals and needs. Creativity lies not in that activity, where each action is completely regulated by rules, but in that, the preliminary regulation of which contains a certain degree of uncertainty. Creativity is an activity that creates new information and involves self-organization. The need to create new rules, non-standard techniques arises when we encounter new situations that differ from similar situations in the past.

Labor is a type of human activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. It is carried out under the influence of necessity and, ultimately, has the goal of transforming the objects of the surrounding world, turning them into products to satisfy the many and varied needs of people. At the same time, labor transforms the person himself, improves him as a subject. labor activity and as a person.

The word "norm" is of Latin origin and means literally: the guiding principle, the rule, the pattern. Norms are developed by society, social groups that are part of it. With the help of norms, requirements are imposed on people, which their behavior must satisfy. Social norms guide behavior, allow it to be controlled, regulated and evaluated. They guide a person in questions: what should be done? What can be done? What can not be done? How should you behave? How should you not behave? What is acceptable in human activities? What is undesirable? With the help of norms, the functioning of people, groups, the whole society acquires an orderly character. In these norms, people see standards, models, standards of proper behavior. Perceiving them and following them, a person is included in the system of social relations, gets the opportunity to interact normally with other people, with various organizations, with society as a whole. The norms existing in society can be represented in a number of their varieties.

Customs and traditions, in which habitual patterns of behavior are fixed (for example, wedding or funeral rites, household holidays). They become an organic part of people's way of life and are supported by the power of public authority.

Legal regulations. They are enshrined in laws issued by the state, clearly describing the boundaries of behavior and punishment for breaking the law. Compliance with legal norms is ensured by the power of the state.

Moral standards. In contrast to law, morality mainly bears an evaluative load (good - bad, noble - vile, fair - unfair). Compliance with moral rules is ensured by the authority of the collective consciousness, their violation meets public condemnation.

Aesthetic standards reinforce ideas about the beautiful and the ugly not only in artistic creativity, but also in people's behavior, in production and in everyday life.

Political norms regulate political activity, the relationship between the individual and the government, between social groups, states. They are reflected in laws, international treaties, political principles, moral norms.

Religious norms. In terms of content, many of them act as norms of morality, coincide with the norms of law, and reinforce traditions and customs. Compliance with religious norms is supported by the moral consciousness of believers and religious belief in the inevitability of punishment for sins - deviation from these norms.

When answering, pay attention to the fact that this topic is related to the history of mankind, because society is the result of the development of mankind.

Imagine yourself in the place of a researcher when you answer tasks about a person, an individual, a person.

You have known examples of social norms and what deviant behavior of a person or group of people leads to since childhood.

Try to speak your mind.

To complete tasks on Topic 1, you need to be able to:

1. LIST:
The most important institutions of society, the sciences that study society, the sciences that study man.

2. DEFINE CONCEPTS:
Society, human existence, creativity, human activity, lifestyle.

3. COMPARE:
Society and nature, the role of play, communication, work in human life.

4. EXPLAIN:
Correlation of spheres of social life, variety of ways and forms of social development, relationship of spiritual and bodily, biological and social principles in man.

Recommended literature:

• Bogolyubov L.N. MAN AND SOCIETY.

Everyday people interact with each other through short-term and intimate communication, but at the same time, none of them think that every fleeting dialogue and five-minute meeting is an integral part of the development of society. Social relations are a set of interactions between people, groups and the state, social classes that arise according to the type of activity, the characteristics of the environment of people, their interests and goals. Another name for this kind of interaction is social relations.

Structure

The system of social relations includes a dialogue between individuals and groups, their joint activities, carried out at the expense of unevenly distributed social values. Due to uneven distribution, social ties are formed, for example, such as: love, friendship, power, economic relations. Depending on the personal qualities Each individual develops certain interactions, from which a close environment of people is subsequently created.

For normal development social relations, at least 2 people are needed, since the main engine and link in communication is dialogue. Relations in society can develop both positive and negative (social conflicts).

positive relationship

To the bonds that carry positive emotions and full (partial) satisfaction of the needs of several individuals, include: family (marriage, family) ties, love (mutual), friendships based on full trust and mutual assistance, partnership.

negative relationship

Relations that have a destructive effect on the human psyche, his self-esteem, personality and self-esteem, as well as the health of society include: total (hidden or explicit) dependence on a person or group of people, fanaticism, admiration for the leader.

Although psychologists note that such dependence can be not only negative, but also positive. For example, Small child completely dependent on their parents, and they, in turn, are also dependent to one degree or another on their baby.

signs

Social relations are a manifestation of the individual not as such; during everyday interactions, the personal "I" is often hidden under a template, established and accepted by man behavior. This contributes to the creation of certain "labels" that are often used by society. For example, a person in the workplace with colleagues behaves modestly and restrainedly, does not be rude and does not argue with superiors. Surroundings begin to consider him a "mumbler", a weakling and a coward. At the same time, next to close people, the personality of this person is fully revealed, and he turns out to be strong, able to stand up for himself and his family, to show firmness if necessary.

Established, well-coordinated ties with someone from a person's environment are considered signs of social relations in society. It can be negotiations at work, meetings with partners or colleagues, friends, family gatherings. At the same time, even short-term communication in the form of a standard "hello" said to a friend is already a sign of social relationships.

Kinds

Social relationships are complex concept, which includes several types of interactions, divided by:

• Subjects. This category includes: international, mass, moral, individual, aesthetic, social relations in society between individuals and groups.
• Objects. The following types are distributed by objects: family ties (family and domestic), religious relations, economic and political interactions, legal.
• Modalities. This subspecies is directly related to the emotional state of a person, it includes: rival and partnership relations, conflict and subordination.
• Formalities. According to formalization, social ties are divided into: informal (unofficial) and formal (official). Such relationships can be found among subordinates and their superiors, managers and lower-ranking persons.

The choice of a person's behavior in certain respects is significantly influenced by his physical and mental health, as well as a number of factors: the level of education, family, field of activity. Sometimes there is a duality of relationships, as many of them are interconnected.

The most common types

Social public relations in society can develop only through complete reciprocity, but it is not necessarily mutually beneficial for both parties. For example, one person wants to "tie" another to himself through coercion and the imposition of unnecessary joint activities, and the second repels the first, not needing him, provoking a quarrel. In sociology, four types of common relationships are defined: conflict, rivalry and cooperation, complete or partial dependence.

Conflict

Social relations are not only the positive interaction of groups and individuals, but also conflict situations. The conflict occurs in almost any social sphere, environment, its development directly depends on human values, morality, education, emotionality, psychological state. Sometimes social conflict can escalate into hostilities, assault. It directly depends on the current situation and its scale.

Addiction

Social dependence is the dominance of one of the parties of the relationship, its actions and instructions entail the actions of another, more weak side. Basically, there are interdependent relationships, such as: parents-children, teacher-student, state-neighboring countries. Also, social dependence is observed in groups consisting of people occupying a low position and those with a higher status. For example, subordinates are completely dependent on their leaders, and in politics, the people are legally and constitutionally dependent on ruling persons.

Rivalry

Market and socio-economic relations cannot exist without competition and rivalry, since these relationships are their basis. Rivalry is a kind of competition, a struggle using all sorts of methods and means for material goods, capital, resources or power, a high position in society. This type of relationship is formed under the condition of strong negative feelings and emotions (hatred, hostility, envy, fear) caused by a competitor in a person (group of people), and irresistible desire by all means be the first, work ahead of the curve.

Cooperation

Mutual assistance, partnerships - all this is cooperation. In relationships of this kind, the prerogative is to achieve a common goal. Persons who are united by cooperation take into account not only their own desires, but also the needs of partners and partners. Participants usually have common interests, values ​​that contribute to joint fruitful activities.

What relationships in the management of society are the most preferable

For the normal functioning of management, social relations of people based on any impact on a person are considered a prerogative. In a democratic society, legal ties, respect for the individual and human freedoms, and fostering love for the motherland come first.

Power, submission, domination, dependence, dominance, instilling fear - all these points can be seen in the official, competitive, political, economic and legal social attitudes in a society ruled by dictators. This model of social relations leads to increased tension in society, frequent conflicts and outbursts of discontent among the middle and lower classes.

Public relations

Public relations (social relations) - it various forms social interdependencies that arise in social interaction, associated with the position of people and the roles they play in society.
Social relations are manifested only in certain types of interactions between people, namely social ones, in the process of which these people bring their social statuses and roles to life, and the statuses and roles themselves have fairly clear boundaries and fairly strict regulations. Thus, social relations are closely related to social interactions, although these are not identical concepts denoting the same thing. On the one hand, social relations are realized in the social practices (interactions) of people, on the other hand, social relations are a prerequisite for social practices - a stable, normatively fixed social form through which the implementation of social interactions becomes possible. Social relations have a decisive effect on individuals - they direct and shape, suppress or stimulate people's practices and expectations. At the same time, social relations are "yesterday's" social interactions, a "frozen" social form of living human life.
A feature of social relations is that by their nature they are neither object-objective, like relations between objects in nature, nor subject-subjective, like interpersonal relations - when a person interacts with another whole person, but subject-objective, when interaction occurs only with a socially alienated form of his subjectivity (social I) and he himself is represented in them as a partial and incomplete socially active subject (social agent). Social relations are embodied in social practices and are always mediated by objects - social forms (things, ideas, social phenomena, processes).
Social relations can arise between people who do not directly contact and may not even know about the existence of each other, and interactions between them will be carried out through a system of institutions and organizations, but not due to a subjective sense of obligation or intention to maintain these relations.
social relations- this is a set of diverse stable interdependencies that arise between individuals, their groups, organizations and communities, as well as within the latter in the process of their economic, political, cultural, etc. activities and realization of their social statuses and social roles.

It can be argued that social relations arise:

• as the relationship of man with society, society with man;
• between individuals as representatives of society;
• between elements, components, subsystems within society;
• between different societies;
• between individuals as representatives of various social groups, social communities and social organizations, as well as between individuals with each and within each of them.

Problems of definition

Despite the fact that the term "social relations" is widely used, scientists have not yet come to a common conclusion about the concept of social relations. There are such definitions:

• Public relations(social relations) - the relationship of people to each other, developing in historically defined social forms, in specific conditions of place and time.

• Public relations(social relations) - the relationship between social actors about their social equality and social justice in the distribution of life's blessings, the conditions for the formation and development of the individual, the satisfaction of material, social and spiritual needs.

To characterize social life the term "societal" is often used, which characterizes society as a whole, the entire system of social relations. Social appearance involves the social design of appearance, speech, extralinguistic, proxemic and activity characteristics. The social design of appearance includes a person's clothes, his shoes, jewelry and other accessories. Proxemic features of communication refer to the distance between the communicants and their relative position. Extralinguistic features of speech suggest the originality of the voice, timbre, pitch, etc. when perceived by a person social features, in comparison with the physical appearance, are the most informative.

Classification

There are several classifications of social relations. In particular, there are:

• class relations
• National relations
• ethnic relations
• group relations

Social relations develop in all spheres of public life, function within the framework of the system social institutions and regulated by the mechanism of social control.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

• Formal social groups
• Mataradze, Georgy Vakhtangovich

See what "Public Relations" is in other dictionaries:

PUBLIC RELATIONS- the diverse, inherent in society, the links established between social groups, as well as within them. O.O. the most important specific feature of society and at the same time what makes society a system, unites individuals and their disparate ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

PUBLIC RELATIONS- diverse connections that arise between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the course of their economic, social, political, cultural life and activities. Dep. people enter O. o. just as members (representatives) ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

PUBLIC RELATIONS- see PUBLIC RELATIONS. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

PUBLIC RELATIONS Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Public relations- diverse connections between social groups, nations, religious communities, as well as within them in the course of their economic, social, political, cultural and other activities; have a significant impact on the personal relationships of people, ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Public relations- relationships between people living enough large groups, emerging in the process of development of society. At various stages of the development of society, certain social relations play a leading role: religious, caste, production, ... ... Theoretical aspects and foundations of the ecological problem: interpreter of words and idiomatic expressions

PUBLIC RELATIONS Modern Encyclopedia

Public relations- PUBLIC RELATIONS, diverse connections between social groups, nations, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political, cultural activities. Determine the existing aspects of personal relationships of people connected ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

public relations- diverse connections between social groups, nations, religious communities, as well as within them in the course of their economic, social, political, cultural and other activities; have a significant impact on the personal relationships of people, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

PUBLIC RELATIONS- the relationship between people included in certain social communities and groups within a given social system and emerging in the process of joint activities. In the materialistic interpretation, social relations are divided into primary ... ... Thematic philosophical dictionary

Books

• Russia and the First World War. Economic problems, public sentiments, international relations, . This collection of articles has been prepared on the basis of the materials of the international Scientific session ` Great War 1914 1918 and Russia`, organized and held in Samara on May 3-4, 2012 by Scientific…

Social relations are relations between social groups or their members.

Social relations are divided into unilateral and mutual. Unilateral social relations are characterized by the fact that their participants put different meanings into them.

For example, love on the part of an individual may stumble upon contempt or hatred on the part of the object of his love.

Types of social relations: industrial, economic, legal, moral, religious, political, aesthetic, interpersonal

Industrial relations are concentrated in a variety of professional and labor roles-functions of a person (for example, an engineer or a worker, a manager or a performer, etc.).

Economic relations are implemented in the sphere of production, ownership and consumption, which is a market for material and spiritual products. Here a person acts in two interrelated roles - a seller and a buyer. Economic relations are planned-distributive and market.

Legal relations in society are fixed by legislation. They establish the measure of individual freedom as a subject of industrial, economic, political and other social relations.

Moral relations are fixed in the corresponding rituals, traditions, customs and other forms of ethno-cultural organization of people's lives. These forms include moral standard behavior

Religious relations reflect the interaction of people, which is formed under the influence of ideas about the place of a person in the universal processes of life and death, etc. These relationships grow out of a person's need for self-knowledge and self-improvement, from the consciousness of the higher meaning of being.

Political relations are centered around the problem of power. The latter automatically leads to the dominance of those who possess it and the subordination of those who lack it.

Aesthetic relations arise on the basis of the emotional and psychological attractiveness of people for each other and the aesthetic reflection of material objects. outside world. These relationships are highly subjective.

Among interpersonal relationships, there are relationships of acquaintance, friendly, comradely, friendships and relationships that turn into intimate personal ones: love, marital, family.

18. Social group

Social A group, according to Merton, is a collection of people who interact with each other in a certain way, are aware of their belonging to this group and are considered members of this group from the point of view of others.

Signs of a social group:

Membership Awareness

Ways of interaction

Unity awareness

Cooley divided social groups into primary and secondary:

Family, peer group, because they give the individual the earliest and most complete experience of social unity

Formed from people between whom there are almost no emotional ties (due to the achievement of certain goals)

Social groups are divided into real and quasi-groups, large and small, conditional, experimental and referential.

Real groups- a community of people limited in size, united by real relationships or activities

Quasigroups are characterized by randomness and spontaneity of formation, instability of relationships, short duration of interaction. As a rule, they exist for a short time, after which they either disintegrate or turn into a stable social group - a crowd (for example, fans) - a common interest, an object of attention

Malaya group - a relatively small number of individuals directly interacting with each other and united by common goals, interests, value orientations. Small groups can be formal or informal

Formal groups - the positions of the group members are clearly reflected, the interactions between the members of the group are defined vertically - the department at the university.

informal the group arises and develops spontaneously, it has neither positions, nor statuses, nor roles. There is no structure of power relations. Family, group of friends, peers

Big a group is a real, significant in size and complexly organized community of people involved in social activities and a system of relevant relationships and interactions. The staff of the university, enterprises, schools, firms. Group norms of behavior, etc.

Reference group - a group in which individuals are not really included, but with which they relate themselves as with a standard and are guided in their behavior by the norms and values ​​of this group.

Conditional group - a group united according to certain characteristics (sex, age, level of education, profession) - they are created by sociologists to conduct sociological analysis (altai students).

Variety conditional group is experimental, which is created to conduct socio-psychological experiments.

The problem of human personality cannot be solved from a scientific point of view without a clear understanding of the relationship between man and society. This can be clearly seen in the primary unit of society - the family. In the family, the individual gives up some of his specific features in order to become a member of the whole. Family life is associated with the division of labor depending on gender and age, mutual assistance in Everyday life, intimate life husband and wife, raising children, as well as with various moral, legal and psychological relationships. The family is the most important tool for personal development. It is here that the child first begins to participate in public life, acquires his own way of thinking and certain value orientations. The interaction of a person and society begins through the family, which bears the main responsibility to society.

The first duty of the family is to be social group towards society and humanity. It is through this decisive group that the child grows older and enters society. The influence of one person on another, as a rule, is extremely limited, so the collectivity as a whole is the main educational force. Psychological issues are very important here. It is essential that the person feels part of the group own will, and so that the group can voluntarily accept him as a person.

Each performs certain functions in the group. Take, for example, a production team, where people are brought together by various interests and exchange certain political, moral, aesthetic, scientific and other values. The group forms public opinion, it sharpens and polishes the mind, forming character and will. Through the group, a person rises to the level of an individual, a conscious subject of historical creativity. The group is the first shaper of the individual, and the group itself is shaped by society.

Examples of interaction between man and society

The intellectual make-up of a person bears a clear imprint of the life of society as a whole. All of his practical activities are individual expressions of the historically established social practice of mankind. The tools used by man have in their form a function worked out by society, which predetermines the ways in which they are used. In solving any task, we all must take into account what has already been achieved before us.

The ways of interaction between society and people, as well as the complexity of the social content of the individual, are due to the diversity of his connection with the social whole and the degree to which the main forms of interaction between a person and society assimilate and refract his consciousness and activity. That is why the level of individual development is an indicator of the level of development of society, and vice versa. But a person does not dissolve in society. He retains his unique and independent individuality and contributes to the social whole, just as society itself shapes people.

A person is a link in the chain of generations and his affairs are regulated not only by himself, but also by social standards, with the help of the collective mind. The true mark of human individuality is the degree to which a particular person, under certain concrete historical conditions, has absorbed the essence of society.

Consider, for example, historical fact. Who would Napoleon Bonaparte be if there had been no French Revolution? It is difficult or even impossible to answer this question. But one thing is quite clear, that he would never have become a great general and, of course, an emperor. Himself, well aware of this, in his advanced years, he said: “My son cannot replace me. I myself could not replace myself. I am, a product of circumstances. It has long been recognized that great epochs give birth to great people. The stands of the people were raised in the wake of the events of the French Revolution. Young, sometimes even young talents, who did not differ in any way among people, were raised to the height of revolutionary, militant and organizational activity during the years of the Great October Socialist Revolution.

Key to secrets human nature can be found in society. Society consists of social relations, and each person is an individual embodiment of these relations, a product not only of the existing social system, but of the entire world history. A person absorbs what has been accumulated over the centuries and traditions of the past, and his personality is a concentration of various layers of culture and depends not only on modern means mass media, but also the experience of all times and every nation.

Personality in society is a living memory of history, the focus of all the wealth of knowledge, skills, abilities and wisdom that have been accumulated over the centuries.

I invite you to discuss in the comments!