Why is chemistry needed in modern life. Chemistry and everyday human life - Knowledge Hypermarket

Andriyanova Elizaveta, Mankova Valentina

Chemistry is wonderful world mysteries and discoveries. It is she who allows a person to extract from mineral, animal and vegetable raw materials substances, one more amazing and wonderful than the other.

Look around you and you will see that life modern man impossible without chemistry. Its role is huge.

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Municipal educational budgetary institution

Tyukalinsky municipal district of the Omsk region

"Tyukalinsky Lyceum"

Theme of the project: "Chemistry in our life"

Educational research work

Scientific direction: chemistry grade 9

Completed:

9b grade students

Andriyanova Elizaveta and

Mankova Valentina

Project Manager:

Khinevich Tatyana Vasilievna,

chemistry teacher

Tyukalinsk - 2017

I Introduction …… ……………… ……………………………… 3

1. Relevance of the topic, purpose, tasks, methods ....................... 3

II Main part………………………………………… 4-18

2. Theoretical material……………………………… 4-9

2.1 Water …………………………………………………. 4

2.2 Chlorine………………………………………………… 4-6

2.3.Baking soda…………………………………… 6-7

2.4 Acetic acid……………………………………. 7-8

2.5 Citric acid……………. …………………… 8

2.6 Iodine ……………………………………………………….8-15

2.7. Ammonia ……………………………………………………

2.8. Hydrogen peroxide ………………………………………

III Conclusion…………………………………………………19-22

5. Conclusions……………………………………………………… 19

7. Job prospects………………………………………. 21

8. Literature………………………………………………… 22

I Introduction

1. Relevance of the topic, purpose, tasks, hypothesis, methods

Chemistry spreads its hands wide in human affairs... Wherever we look, wherever we look, the successes of its diligence turn before our eyes.

(M.V. Lomonosov)

Chemistry is a whole wonderful world, a world of mysteries and discoveries, a world of the past, present and future. It is this that allows a person to extract substances from mineral, animal and vegetable raw materials, one more wonderful and amazing than the other. She not only copies nature, imitating it, but also - every year more and more begins to surpass it. Thousands and tens of thousands of substances are born, unknown to nature. With properties very useful and important for practice, for human life.

Take a look around and you will see that the life of a modern person is impossible without chemistry. We use chemicals in production food products. We move around in cars whose metal, rubber and plastics are made using chemical processes. We use perfumes, eau de toilette, soaps and deodorants, the production of which is unthinkable without chemicals.Chemistry surrounds us at every turn. Its role is huge. Many life and natural processes are connected with chemistry. At all times, chemistry has served man in his practical activities, and serves to this day. Knowledge of chemistry will certainly help to maintain health, find a non-standard way to solve everyday problems, give answers to many of our questions, chemistry will reveal the secrets of not only things familiar to us, but also distant stars ...

Objective: Explore the chemicals that help us in our lives.

Tasks: 1. To identify the degree of information content about chemicals used in our lives among parents and students of the 9th grade of the Tyukalinsky Lyceum.

2. Analyze information about chemicals on the Internet and popular science literature.

3. Process the results and draw conclusions.

Hypothesis: Not all substances are needed in human life.

Subject of study:chemical substances

Object of study:Samples of chemicals

Research methods:

1. Collection of information on the topic

2. Analysis of information on the topic

3. Surveillance

II main part

1. Theoretical material

1. WATER

Water (hydrogen oxide) - binary inorganic compound from chemical formula H 2 O. At normal conditionsis transparent colorless liquid (with a small layer thickness), smell and taste. The solid state is called ice. (ice crystals can form snow or hoarfrost), and in gaseous - water vapor . Water can also exist in the formliquid crystals.

The properties of water are used by living beings. In a living cell and in the intercellular space, solutions interact various substances in water. Water is necessary for the life of all, without exception, unicellular and multicellular living beings on Earth.

living human body contains 50% to 75% water, depending on weight and age. Loss of more than 10% of water by the human body can lead to death. Depending on temperature and humidity environment, physical activity etc. a person needs to drink different amounts of water.

Growing enough crops in open drylands requires a significant amount of water for irrigation reaching up to 90% in some countries.

Water is a solvent for many substances. It is used to clean both the person himself and various objects of human activity. Water is used as a solvent in industry.

Among the liquids that exist in nature, water has the highest heat capacity. Its heat of vaporization is higher than the heat of vaporization of any other liquids. As coolant water is used in heating networks , for heat transfer heating mains from heat producers to consumers. Water in the form of ice is used for cooling in catering systems, in medicine. Majoritynuclear power plantsuse water as a heat transfer medium.

Many sports are practiced on water surfaces, on ice, on snow and even underwater. Thisdiving, hockey , boating sports, biathlon, short track, etc.

Water is used as a tool for loosening, splitting and even cutting rocks and materials.

Water is used aslubricant for bearing lubrication from wood, plastics, textolite, bearings with rubber linings, etc. Water is also used in emulsion lubricants.

2.2 CHLORINE

Chlorine (from the Greek. χλωρός - "green") -chemical element with atomic number 17 .Simple substance chlorine, at normal conditions- poisonous gas yellowish green colors , heavier than air, with a sharp smell and sweetish, "metallic" taste. Molecule diatomic chlorine (formula Cl 2 ).

Chlorine is used in many industries, science and domestic needs: In productionPVC, plastic compounds, synthetic rubber, from which they are made: insulation for wires, window profile,packaging materials, clothing and footwear, linoleum and gramophone records, varnishes, equipment and foam plastics , toys, instrument parts, construction materials.

Window profile made of chlorine-containing polymers

The bleaching properties of chlorine have been known since ancient times.

Production of organochlorine insecticides - substances that kill insects harmful to crops, but are safe for plants. One of the most important insecticides.

For water disinfection - chlorination ". In chemical production of hydrochloric acid , bleach, poisons, medicines, fertilizers.

2.3.BADING SODA

Sodium bicarbonate (Natrii hydrocarbonas) 3 (other names: drinking soda, baking soda , sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate) - acid salt carbonic acidand sodium. Usually a fine crystalline powder white color. Used in Food Industry, in cooking, in medicine as a neutralizer of burns of the skin and mucous membranes of a person with acids and a decrease in the acidity of gastric juice.

Applies in the chemical industry - for productiondyes, foams and other organic products, fluorine reagents, goods household chemicals, fillers in fire extinguishers, for the separation of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide from gas mixtures.

In light industry - in the production of sole rubber and artificial leather, leather production (tanning and neutralization of leather), textile industry (finishing silk and cotton fabrics).

In the food industry - bakery, production confectionery, preparing drinks.

Sodium bicarbonate is part of the powder used in powder systems firefighting , utilizing heat and displacing oxygen from the combustion source with the emitted carbon dioxide.

2.4. ACETIC ACID

Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) - organic matter with formula CH 3 COOH. Weak, unilateralcarboxylic acid.

Acetic acid is colorless liquid with characteristic sharp odor and sour taste. Hygroscopic, i.e. absorbs water.

Aqueous solutions of acetic acid are widely used in the food industry ( food additive E260 ) and household cooking, as well as in canning.

Acetic acid is used to obtain medicinal and aromatic substances, as solvent. It is used in printing and dyeing.

Acetic acid is used to get rid of scale.

Acetic acid is used as a reaction medium for the oxidation of various organic substances.

Since acetic acid vapor has a strong irritating odor, it can be used for medical purposes as a substituteammonia to bring the patient out of a fainting state.

Vapors of acetic acid irritate the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. The effect of acetic acid on biological tissues depends on the degree of its dilution with water. Dangerous are solutions in which the concentration of acid exceeds 30%. Concentrated acetic acid can cause chemical burns.

2.5. LEMON ACID

Lemon acid(C 6 H 8 O 7 ) White crystalline substance. Well soluble in water.

crystals citric acid under the microscope.

It is widely used in the food industry and in household chemicals as a cleaning agent.

Citric acid is dangerous only in very large quantities, as it leads to burns of the digestive tract.

2.6. IODINE

	iodine
126,9045
4d 10 5s 2 5p 5

Iodine (from other Greek ἰώδης - "violet ( purple )") .

simple substance iodine at normal conditions- black-gray crystals with purple metallic glitter , readily forms purple couples , which have a sharp smell.

Iodine is poisonous. Lethal dose - 3 g . Causes damage to the kidneys and the cardiovascular system. When iodine vapor is inhaled, headache, cough, runny nose, maybe pulmonary edema . When it comes into contact with the mucous membrane of the eyes, lacrimation, eye pain and redness appear. When ingested, general weakness, headache, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, brown coating on the tongue, pain in the heart and increased heart rate appear. A day later, blood appears in the urine. After 2 days, kidney failure appears and myocarditis . Without treatment, death occurs.

5% alcohol iodine solution is used for disinfection skin around an injury (torn, cut or other wound), but not for ingestion with iodine deficiency in the body.

In forensics, iodine vapor is used to detectfingerprinton paper surfaces such as banknotes.

Iodine is used inlight sources:

halogen lamps- as a component of the gas filler of the flask for the precipitation of evaporated tungsten filament back to it.

Iodine is used as a component of the positive electrode (oxidizing agent) in lithium-iodine accumulators for cars.

IN last years demand for iodine from manufacturers of liquid crystal displays has sharply increased.

In animals and humans, iodine is part of the so-called hormones produced bythyroid gland,that have a multilateral effect on the growth, development and metabolism of the body.

The human body (body weight 70 kg) contains 12-20 mg of iodine. The daily human need for iodine is determined by age, physiological state and body weight. For a middle-aged person of normal build, the daily dose of iodine is 0.15 mg.

Lack or deficiency of iodine in the diet (which is typical in some areas) leads to diseases (endemic goiter, cretinism, Graves' disease).

Also, with a slight lack of iodine, fatigue, headache, depressed mood, natural laziness, nervousness and irritability are noted; memory and intellect weaken. Over time, arrhythmia appears, blood pressure rises, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood drops.

2.7.AMMONIA

Ammonia (nitride hydrogen) is a chemical compound with the formula NH 3 , at normal conditionsIt is a colorless gas with a pungent characteristic odour.

Liquid ammonia is a good solvent for very a large number organic, as well as for many inorganic compounds. Solid ammonia - colorless cubic crystals.

According to the physiological effect on the body, it belongs to the group of substances with an asphyxiant and neurotropic effect, which, when inhaled, can cause toxic pulmonary edema and severe damage to the nervous system.

Ammonia vapor strongly irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory organs, as well as the skin. This is a person and perceives as a pungent smell. Ammonia vapors cause profuse lacrimation, pain in the eyes, chemical burns of the conjunctiva and cornea, loss of vision, coughing fits, redness and itching of the skin. When liquefied ammonia and its solutions come into contact with the skin, a burning sensation occurs, a chemical burn with blisters and ulcerations is possible.

Mainly used for the production of nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium nitrate and sulfate, urea ), explosives and polymers , nitric acid, soda (ammonia method) and other products of the chemical industry. Liquid ammonia is used as solvent.

IN refrigerationused asrefrigerant(R717)

In medicine 10% ammonia solution, more commonly calledammonia, is used for fainting (to excite breathing), to stimulate vomiting, as well as externally - neuralgia, myositis, insect bites, to treat the surgeon's hands.

The physiological effect of ammonia is due to the pungent smell of ammonia, which irritates specific receptors of the nasal mucosa and excites the respiratory and vasomotor centers of the brain, causing increased breathing and increased blood pressure.3% hydrogen peroxide solution

Due to its strong oxidizing properties, hydrogen peroxide has found wide application in everyday life and in industry, where it is used, for example, as bleach in the textile and paper industries.

Used as rocket fuel, as an oxidizing agent. Used inanalytical chemistry, as a foaming agent in the production of porous materials, in the productiondisinfectantsand bleaching agents.

Although dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide are used for small superficial wounds. While providing an antiseptic effect and cleansing, it also prolongs the healing time. While having good cleansing properties, hydrogen peroxide does not actually speed up wound healing. Sufficiently high concentrations to provide an antiseptic effect may also prolong the healing time due to damage to the cells adjacent to the wound. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide can interfere with healing and promote scarring due to the destruction of newly formed skin cells. Without preliminary treatment with hydrogen peroxide, the antiseptic solution will not be able to remove these pathological formations, which will lead to a significant increase in the time of wound healing and worsen the patient's condition.

Hydrogen peroxide is also used for bleaching hair and teeth whitening , however, the effect in both cases is based on oxidation, and consequently - the destruction of tissues. INFood IndustryHydrogen peroxide solutions are used to disinfect technological surfaces of equipment that are in direct contact with products. In addition, at enterprises for the production of dairy products and juices, hydrogen peroxide solutions are used to disinfect packaging (technology " Tetra Pak "). For technical purposes, hydrogen peroxide is used in the production of electronic equipment.

In everyday life, it is also used to remove MnO stains. 2 formed during the interaction of potassium permanganate ("potassium permanganate") with objects (due to its reducing properties).

A 3% hydrogen peroxide solution is used in the aquarium trade to revive suffocated fish, as well as to clean aquariums and control unwanted flora and fauna in the aquarium.

III Conclusion

5. Conclusions

1. There are a lot of chemicals in our life that we need.
2. In order to use chemicals in everyday life, you need to know about them: how they are used, what properties they have, what safety rules must be observed.

1. Save water, use only the required amount.
2. Read the instructions carefully before using any chemical.
3. Do not use expired chemicals.

7. Job prospects

Analyze other chemicals found in our lives.

8. Literature

1. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
2. Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Young Chemist Kritzman V.A., Stanzo V.V., M, Enlightenment, 1990.
3. I know the world: Children's encyclopedia. Plants. M. AST, 1996.

Before opening this topic, it is impossible not to recall the words of one of the heroes of Kurt Vonnegut's novel "Cat's Cradle": "No matter what scientists work on, they still get weapons."

The importance of chemistry in human life is very difficult to overestimate, because these processes surround us everywhere: from elementary cooking to biological processes in the body. Achievements in this area of ​​knowledge brought mankind great damage (the creation of weapons of mass destruction), and gave salvation from death (the development of medicines for diseases, the cultivation of artificial organs, etc.). It is impossible to be indifferent to this science: so many contradictory discoveries did not occur in any other field of knowledge.

The role of chemistry in human life: life

Chemistry in human life: production

Knowledge about such processes is widely used in industry, and new technologies are being developed on their basis.

Even in ancient times, crafts based on chemical processes were common: for example, the creation of ceramics, metal processing, the use of natural dyes.

Today the petrochemical and chemical industry- one of the most significant sectors of the economy, and this suggests that chemical processes and knowledge about them play an important role in society. It depends only on humanity how to use them - for constructive or destructive purposes, because among the variety you can also find dangerous ones for humans (explosive, oxidizing, flammable, etc.).

Thus, chemistry in human life is a panacea for diseases, and weapons, and the economy, and cooking, and, of course, life itself.

Glycine was the first of twenty different amino acids isolated in the next century from natural proteins.

The French chemist Michel Eugene Chevrel (1786-1889) devoted the first half of his very long creative life to the study of fats. In 1809 he treated soap (made by heating fat with alkali) with acid and isolated what we now call fatty acids. Later, he showed that, turning into soap, fats lose glycerol.

Berthelot in 1954, by heating glycerin with stearic acid (one of the most common fatty acids derived from fats), obtained a molecule consisting of the remainder of the glycerol molecule and three residues of the molecules stearic acid. This tristearin, which turned out to be identical to the tristearin obtained from natural fats, was the most complex analogue of natural products synthesized up to that time. A chemist can synthesize from products of inanimate nature a compound that is organic in all its properties. It is with the synthesis of analogues of natural products that the greatest achievements of organic chemistry in the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries are associated.

The role of chemistry in the modern world and its future.

In an atmosphere of “chemiphobia”, one must be fully aware of the impossibility of social progress without the development of chemistry and the application of its achievements to solve the problems of energy, ecology, national defense, healthcare, industrial development, and agriculture.

Suffice it to say that 92% of the energy currently consumed by society, we receive by carrying out chemical processes. And if modern energy creates environmental problems, then it is not chemistry that is to blame, but the illiterate or unscrupulous use of the products of its activity (chemical processes, products, materials).

It must be remembered that chemistry is not only DDT, defoliants, nitrates and dioxins. But also sugar and salt, air and validol, milk and magnesium, polyethylene and penicillin.

Everything we use, wear, live in, move about, play with is produced by controlled chemical reactions.

The occupation of a chemist is the invention of reactions that transform the substances around us into those that serve to satisfy our needs.

We need to have effective remedy against Parkinson's disease. Chemists synthesize carbidofa, a compound that is not found in nature, but has a high therapeutic activity.

Millions of cars pollute the atmosphere. This problem is partly helped to solve the automotive exhaust gas catalytic converter.

Now there are more than 8 million synthesized compounds. Chemistry plays a role in solving the problems of providing people with food, clothing and housing, new energy sources, in creating renewable substitutes for depleting or rare materials, in improving human health, in monitoring the state of the environment and protecting it.

Since all life processes are caused by chem. changes, knowledge of chemical reactions provides the necessary foundation for comprehending the essence of life. Thus, chemistry contributes to the solution of problems of universal philosophical significance.

The tragedy in Bhopal (India) clearly shows the two sides of chemistry. Thousands were poisoned by toxic substances used in food production, saving millions of people from starvation every year.

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Presentation on chemistry by student 8 "A" Fedotova Elizabeth on the topic: "The role of chemistry in people's lives"

Chemistry is very important in human life, because these processes surround us everywhere: from cooking to biological processes in the body. Achievements in this field of knowledge brought damage to humanity (the creation of weapons of mass destruction), and gave salvation from death (the development of medicines for diseases, the cultivation of artificial organs, etc.). Knowledge of this science is necessary: ​​so many contradictory discoveries have not occurred in any other field of knowledge.

Life Chemical processes: when we set fire to a match; personal hygiene when a person uses soap that foams when interacting with water; washing with the use of powders, rinses to soften linen; when a person drinks tea with lemon, the color of the drink weakens; when people make repairs and knead cement, burn bricks, quench lime with water. There are complex chemical processes that we do not think about in everyday life, but not a single person would have managed without them.

Medicine By mixing substances, medicines are obtained, and when they react with the cells of the body, recovery occurs. Chemistry can play both a creative role in medicine and a destructive one, because not only medicines are created, but also poisons - toxic substances that are harmful to human health. There are such types of toxic substances: harmful; annoying; aggressive; carcinogenic.

Biological side of life Assimilation of food, breathing of man and animal is based precisely on chemical reactions. Photosynthesis, without which people cannot live, is also accompanied by chemical processes. Some scientists believe that the origin of life on our planet took place in an environment consisting of carbon dioxide, ammonia, water and methane, and the first organisms received energy for life by decomposing molecules without oxidation. These are the simplest chemical reactions accompanying the origin of life on Earth.

Production Even in ancient times, crafts were widespread, which were based on chemical processes: for example, the creation of ceramics, metal processing, the use of natural dyes. Today, the petrochemical and chemical industry is one of the most significant sectors of the economy, and chemical processes and knowledge about them play an important role in society. It depends on humanity how to use them - for constructive or destructive purposes, because among the variety of chemicals one can also find dangerous ones for humans (explosive, oxidizing, flammable, etc.). Chemistry in human life is a panacea for diseases, and weapons, and the economy, and cooking, and, of course, life itself.