Philip V the Long. Philip V of Spain

Was born 3 January 1322- King of France (1316-1322), second son of Philip IV the Handsome.

Prior to his accession to the throne, he bore the title of Count of Poitiers. After the sudden death of his elder brother Louis X the Grumpy, he declared himself regent of the kingdom under his pregnant widow and the new King John I the Posthumous. He inherited a nephew who died five days after birth. The death of his nephew was so helpful to Philip that there were rumors about his involvement in the death of the baby king. Immediately upon accession to the throne, Philip V liquidated the war with Flanders inherited from him, removed his uncle Charles, Count of Valois, from ruling the kingdom, and devoted himself entirely to internal government.

Introduction Philip V to the French throne was the first application of the Salic law, according to which females could not, in the absence of male heirs, inherit the royal throne. Philip's older brother, King Louis X, who died at the age of 27, also had a daughter from his first marriage to Margaret of Burgundy. Hastily convened by Philip V, the States General confirmed the earlier decision of the Royal Council to excommunicate women forever from succession to the throne and recognized Philip V as King of France by law.

He was full of the best intentions, sincerely tried to restore order in the administration; during his short reign, many ordinances were issued, with the help of which he tried to settle internal troubles.

His reign can be regarded as a time of summing up the results of all the activities of the Capetians: what had not been included in the legislation before was now subject to regulation. To carry out this work Philip V convened conferences of various kinds on numerous occasions. The Estates-General do not seem to have taken advantage of him; he was much more willing to convene meetings of a more private nature and was especially fond of consulting with representatives of cities.

By a strange irony of fate, this king, who so successfully supplemented the decrees of his predecessors, failed in both major reforms that he conceived: he wanted to restore to the royal power the monetary regalia that it had lost during the period of feudal unrest, and to introduce uniformity in the confusion of measures and weights. Neither one nor the other he was able to carry out, by the way, I must admit, he did not have enough time. During his reign, the Templars, who had lost power, but had not yet lost their knowledge, actively tried to harm the French kingdom. So, at the beginning of Philip's reign, huge sects of wandering shepherds appeared, calling for a new crusade, but in fact just robbing and marauding commoners. Later, the Templars were most likely involved in the poisoning of the river waters of France, the blame for which was laid on lepers. According to some sources, Philip was also among the victims of the poisoned waters.

Applied Philip V only six years before his own death, the Salic law did Philip himself a disservice: since after the death of the king he left four daughters, the throne passed to his younger brother Charles IV, who largely abandoned the domestic policy of his predecessor.

Philip V was married (1307) to Jeanne de Chalon (Joan of Burgundy) (1293-1330), daughter of Otto IV de Chalon, Count Palatine of Burgundy, and Matilda, Countess of Artois, later Countess of Artois and Countess Palatine of Burgundy, by whom he had four daughters - Jeanne II, Countess of Artois (1308-1347), Marguerite I, Countess of Artois (1310-1382), Isabella (1312-1348), married to the Dauphin of Vienne, Blanca (1314-1358), who retired to a monastery in Longchamp, and son Louis (1316-1317), who died in infancy. Jean-Charles Volkmann also reports a son Philip (-1313-) and a daughter (-1322-)

1746) - King of Spain since 1700, the first representative of the Bourbon dynasty on the Spanish throne.

1. Youth

Born in Versailles. He was the son of Louis, Dauphin of France (1661-1711) and the grandson of King Louis XIV of France. He was brought up in the French spirit, his mother, Maria Anna of Bavaria (1660-1690), did not take any part in raising her son. Philip's main tutor until 1697 was François Fénelon. The king of France also had a serious influence on him, having learned about the death of Charles II, king of Spain in 1700, he said: "Be a good Spaniard, this is now your noble duty. But do not forget, in order to maintain harmony between the two nations, that you were born a Frenchman. This a means to make her happy and keep the peace in Europe."

2. War of the Spanish Succession

Europe in 1713, after the Peace of Utrecht and Rashtat.

In 1700, Louis XIV faced a difficult choice. Having accepted the will of the deceased Charles II (according to which the possessions of Spain should remain indivisible), he violated previous agreements with Austria and England regarding the distribution of Spanish territories in European and Spanish colonies. . Compliance with the agreement on the division of Spanish possessions would lead to conflict with Spain. Finally, Louis accepted the will of Charles II. In February 1701, Philip arrived in Madrid. The situation was worsened by the order of Louis XIV to the Parlement of Paris to approve the legitimacy of Philip's rights to the French throne. The King of France also sent his troops into the Spanish Netherlands, in violation of the Peace of Ryswick in 1697. French trading companies were granted privileges to trade in the Spanish colonies, in particular asiento (a monopoly on the supply of black slaves in the colonies). As a consequence of all this, the War of the Spanish Succession began. She walked with success - In Spain, the Netherlands, Germany and Italy. But still, the combined forces of France and Spain lost. According to the Treaty of Utrezt of April 11 and July 13, 1713, Philip V was recognized as king of Spain. Instead, he renounced the rights to the crown of France. The southern Netherlands, Naples and Sardinia went to Austria, the Duke of Savoy Victor Amadeus II received Sicily, England - Gibralta, Mallorca and 30 years of asiento.

3. Domestic policy

France became a model for reforms in the internal life of Spain for Philip V. Differences in the basic laws of the lands were changed, brought to a common denominator (except for Navarre and the Basque Land). Deprived of their special position, the provinces came under the control of intendants, who were the link between the Council of Castile (the highest authority) and local authorities. The nobility began to gradually reclaim its leading position in favor of the bureaucracy. The authority of the monarchy in relation to the church was able to be increased due to the fact that the crown infringed on our rights, primarily economic ones, which limited the clergy.

Temporarily in 1724, Philip V abdicated in favor of his son Louis. This was caused by Philip's growing apathy and melancholy. According to the doctors, he suffered from pathological weakness. But the preliminary death of Louis I forced Philip V to return to the throne.

4. Foreign policy

The reign of Philip V is a period of continuous wars. After the Peace of Utrecht, Spain did not give up trying to regain its lost possessions, primarily in Italy. This was also facilitated by Philip's second marriage to Elisabeth Farnese, heiress of the duchies of Parma, Piancenza and Tuscona. A new war has begun. It continued in 1717-1719. England opposed Spain. France, the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Emperor. According to its results, Spain abandoned Sardinia, Sicily and Naples, on loan, the son of Philip V, Charles, received a candidate's right to Parma, Piancenza and Tuscany. An exchange took place - Savoy received Sardinia, and Austria - Sicily.

But disputes between the few states remained. On May 1, 1725, an agreement was concluded in Vienna between Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Charles VI recognized Philip V as the king of Spain and confirmed the rights of his son Charles to Parma and Tuscany, but the Austrians received trading privileges in the East Indies. This forced England to take military action against Spain, as a result, on November 9, 1729, an agreement was concluded between England and Spain in Seville, according to which the alliance with the emperor was broken, and the previous trading privileges of the British and French were confirmed. But the English fleet delivered the Infante Charles to his possession - the Duchy of Parma and Tuscany.

Soon, under the head of the government, José Patinho, Spain and France began to rapprochement. November 7, 1733 concluded the so-called first family pact. He was supposed to secure the Italian possessions of Spain.

In 1734, Philip V took advantage of the international situation - the War of the Polish Succession - and seized Naples and Sicily for his son Charles, Duke of Parma and Tuscany. Austria determined this in the Peace of Vienna of October 3, 1735. But Philip V and his son Charles abandoned Parma and Tuscany in favor of the Austrian Habsburgs.

The activity of Spain forced England to start a war against her in 1739, which, meanwhile, ended in favor of Spain - the stas quo remained.

Spain took an active part on the side of France in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). For this, on October 25, 1743, a second family pact was concluded. But Philip V did not wait for the end of this war - on July 9, 1746 he died in Madrid. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Trinity in La Granja de San Ildefonso.

5. Family

Philip V with family

1. Wife - Maria Louise of Savoy (1688-1714)

2. Wife - Elizabeth Farnese

Notes

1. Saint-Simon "Memoirs". T.1, p.260

Sources

• Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.
• John A. Lynn: The Wars of Louis XIV 1667-1714. Longman, London 1999. S. 350f
• Saint-Simon "Memoirs". T.1, p.260-261

? v ?

What in the description of the Duke of Saint-Simon looks like a triple (by birthright, testamentary order of the last Spanish Habsburg, and also by the consent of the Spaniards) legal and therefore outwardly conflict-free transfer of the entire Spanish inheritance to the 16-year-old French Bourbon, in fact, put the European state system and the constituent parts of the Spanish monarchy are facing a serious challenge. As it soon became clear, Europe, with its shaky system of the world, did not approve of the establishment of a king of French origin in Spain. A “world war” (Hans Schmidt) of the great European powers broke out that engulfed Europe and overseas territories, which escalated into a civil war in Spain. The conflict, which posed the greatest threat to Philip's dominance, was resolved by international legal means only in 1713-1714 at the Utrecht and Rastatt peace conferences.

Armed confrontation, which escalated in 1701, had been brewing for a long time. Since it became clear that the infirm Charles II would leave no heirs, European cabinets began to look for a solution to the issue of succession to the throne - the problem of competing claims that always arises in such cases. According to the witty remark of Andris Kraus, Europe during the "Old Regime" was ruled by one single family, divided into many side branches - the great families of European dynasties. It was aggravated by the fact that the most serious candidates for the Spanish crown were the head of the Austrian line of the House of Habsburg, Emperor Leopold I and the French king Louis XIV. Both were nephews and at the same time sons-in-law of Philip IV of Spain.

There was no need to expect a clear clarification of a complex legal issue, so that in the event of the opening of an inheritance, an acute political situation would certainly have arisen. Although at the turn of 1700 the political and economic power of Spain was undermined, it still represented a political force with very extended possessions, namely the metropolis, the Spanish Netherlands, Upper Italy with the Duchy of Milan, Naples, Sardinia and Sicily, as well as overseas possessions - a state that, with smart management, could again become an important factor in European politics.

For the maritime powers, England and the Netherlands, in this political situation, in order to maintain a balance of power in Europe, it was necessary not to allow any of the main contenders to enter into the common inheritance, but to divide the inheritance into several parts, and also to appoint some representative as the Spanish king, so say, a neutral third party who had the right to inherit, and satisfy the rest of the applicants. Similar reasoning formed the basis of the first partition treaty between England, France and the Netherlands of October 11, 1698, which appointed the Bavarian chicken prince Joseph Ferdinand, great-grandson of Philip IV, as the main beneficiary, but circumvented Spanish interests aimed at preserving the unity of the state. Therefore, in November 1698, King Charles approved Joseph Ferdinand as the universal heir, but after the death of the Bavarian prince in February 1699, this plan lost its significance.

In the second partition agreement (June 11, 1699), England and France agreed that Louis XIV would agree to the transfer of Spain with the colonies and the Netherlands to Archduke Charles, the second son of the emperor, but at the same time he would be able to take Spanish possessions in Italy, however with the amendment that he would exchange Lorraine for Milan with the Duke of Lorraine Leopold. However, the emperor did not agree with this partition treaty, which the Dutch also joined on March 3, 1700, since he could not come to terms with the loss of Milan. He also hoped that the outrage caused in Madrid by the division of the Spanish crown would lead to a testament in favor of the Archduke Charles.

This desire was not destined to come true - from the diplomatic struggle, which marked the last months of the life of King Charles, the French party emerged victorious. On October 3, 1700, the terminally ill Charles signed a will in favor of Philip of Anjou, in which he was declared the sole heir and where, in order to minimize the imbalance in Europe, it was expressly provided that Spain should never unite with the French monarchy. In case of renunciation of the will, the Austrian Habsburgs were to inherit the undivided property. Despite these guarantees, the succession that soon opened (the king died on November 1 of the same year) showed that the last will of Charles in any case should have led to a European crisis, which could hardly be resolved peacefully.

The dilemma facing Louis XIV is clearly described by Klaus Malettke: by accepting the will, he thereby violated the second partition agreement and acted unfairly towards the maritime powers. On the contrary, renunciation of the will would make the emperor the heir - and this was completely inconsistent with the state interests of France. Compliance with the partition treaty would eventually lead to conflict with Spain and the emperor. The “question of the right to inheritance”, in the words of Johann Kunish, became “the main and state act of pan-European politics”, a typical crisis of the system of dynastically oriented state policy in the era of absolutism. With the above dilemma before his eyes, Louis XIV, having weighed all the chances and dangers in his Council of State, decided to accept a will for his grandson, who thereby became the first Bourbon on the Spanish throne.

Excerpts from David Cohen's book "Raise them to be kings. How the highest aristocracy raised children from 1066 to the present day."

From the chapter "Prince Charles and the Troubled Separation". Charles spent too much of his childhood away from his parents. There were reasons for this, but a toddler can hardly be expected to understand the need to display the flag around the world, as royalty have done for generations. His parents missed his second birthday because his father was at sea at the time and his mother had to help her own father, and then his third birthday.

Almost immediately after his mother returned from America after a long four-month absence, she began planning a tour of the Empire and the Commonwealth countries, which was supposed to separate her from her son again for a long time. There are suggestions that she was very worried that she had to put her duties above her family, but she had no choice. And her husband didn't see the need to be overly gentle with Charles. In the end, Philip had to deal with much more serious problems in his childhood than whether his parents would light candles on the cake in honor of his birthday.

After the death of George VI and the coronation, the Queen and Prince Philip moved to Buckingham Palace. They were worried about how the change would affect their son and tried to make the nursery as close as possible to the one the boy had at Clarence House. Charles brought with him a box of toy soldiers, a cuckoo clock, and a ten-foot model of a Tudor house for dolls. The Queen and Prince Philip were worried that their children would not grow up spoiled, and therefore they insisted that the servants in the palace call for their son "Charles". One day, the boy was punished for speaking to the detective without using "Mr." If he behaved badly, Philip could spank him and the nannies were supposed to show no mercy if the prince played pranks. One day, Philip slapped him as Charles was sticking out his tongue at the crowd watching the royal carriage leave the Mall. As the footman hurried to close the door that Charles had left open, Philip stopped him, saying, " The boy has hands." When Charles fired snowballs at a soldier at Sandringham, Philip asked the soldier to respond in kind.

In 1956, when Elizabeth and Philip went on another foreign trip, Charles was allowed to accompany his parents to Heathrow Airport, and the cameras managed to capture him crying. When his parents returned to London, Charles had to wait for them at Buckingham Palace and watch them return to their homeland on TV: it is unacceptable for the public to see the future king sobbing, sniffing or showing emotion. Charles began to understand: if he shows his feelings, then he has to suffer later.

After Hill House, Charles followed in his father's footsteps by continuing his education at Chim School. Philip introduced the headmaster to his wife with the words: "This is the headmaster, who held a post in the later years of my studies, who flogged me with a rod." The Reverend Harold Taylor later wrote that the Queen smiled and replied to this: "I hope you did it in good faith and properly."

Chim prepared the boys for Eton and other famous colleges, but Prince Philip wanted his son, like himself once, to go further to Gordonstoun, because he believed that Charles needed to become tougher. Philip personally sat at the helm of the plane and flew with his son to inspect the school.

Charles behaved impeccably, shaking hands (obviously, pressure forced him to do everything exactly as his parents wanted). Gordonstoun gave Philip the stability he desperately needed in the 30s, but for him the place had one key advantage that his son didn't have: nobody knew or cared who he was as he was at the time. not well known; his classmates did not consider him "different". Charles was the future king, and therefore he was teased and even mocked. The inspiring and eccentric Khan (former headmaster during Prince Philip's time) was no longer at the helm. May 22, 1962 Charles arrives in Gordonstoun.

But for Charles, who is soft in character, the Scottish school will become a real torture, and in the end, his parents will be forced to take him away from there. This was another disappointment for Philip. Philip often pointed out to his son his slowness and distraction. He used to call him: Charles, go already!". He constantly tried to hurry him up. "Coming, dad!" the prince answered.

On the yacht Britannia. It's always more fun with dad

Later, Philip sent many offspring to Gordonstoun.

Prince Andrew

Prince Edward

Zara and Peter Philips are Anna's children.

And then there was the story with Alexandra, mutual reproaches and the appearance of Miss Camilla Shand. It was Philip who forced his son to leave his mistress and marry Diana. Uncle Dickey then noted that this would become a big problem for the family in the future and it would be better if he did not interfere in the affairs of his son. But that's a completely different story.

On the throne, he would have preferred to see Anna. She was not at all like the shy Charles: an extraordinary and bright personality, her character was very difficult, and she inherited bouts of bad mood and arrogance, even arrogance, from her father. She was used to being driven from one residence to another, and therefore showed no signs of nervousness, leaving the nursery at Clarence House to change it to the nursery at Buckingham Palace, unlike her brother.

When Philip taught Charles to swim in the palace pool, she complained that her father did not give her such lessons. Her governess advised everyone "exercise the necessary art of diplomacy" in relation to a child who clearly experienced jealousy and envy of his older brother.

In June 1969, Elizabeth appoints Porchi as her racing manager. He will hold this position until his death. This fact did not particularly please Philip, but by that time all passions had already subsided.

Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon died on September 11, 2001 of a heart attack at the same time as the New York City bombings. The words of Elizabeth, spoken during the memorial service for the victims, were also addressed to Corruption: "Sorrow is the price we pay for love." Elizabeth and Philip were at his private funeral, which went against royal protocol. They say that Philip then uttered only one phrase: "It's a pity for him, but at last he disappeared from our lives."

Philip with Theodora and niece Margarita, 1934.

14 years after her death, a girl will be born in the family of the last king of Greece, Constantine II, who will receive her name in her honor. Among her godparents will be Elizabeth.

Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark, Theodora's full namesake.

In 1967, Alice became completely deaf due to continuous smoking. At the invitation of her son and daughter-in-law, she moves to live in Buckingham Palace after King Constantine II was deposed from the Greek throne.

5 weeks after the death of his sister, Philip also buries his mother. Alice died on December 5, 1969. Only after her death did it become known that in 1943 she risked her life by sheltering a Jewish family named Cohen. The Gestapo came to her with a search and interrogation, but Alice took advantage of the fact that she had not heard well from birth, pretended to be completely deaf. The Nazis left with nothing, leaving her and her secret guests alone.

"Dear Philip, be brave and remember that I will never leave you and you will always find me when you need me most. Always your loving mother"- Alice's last letter to her son.

Alice at the wedding of Philip and Elizabeth, 1947.

Philip's parents. The video is dated 1907.

In 1994, her surviving children, Prince Philip and Princess Sophia of Hanover, planted a tree at Yad Vashem in her honor. During the ceremony, Prince Philip said: "I think that it never occurred to her that there was something special in her actions. She was a believer and considered helping people in trouble an ordinary human act."

In 2016, her grandson, Prince Charles, will visit the same place.

Family portraits from the 70s and 80s.

Frogmore House. 1974

Margrethe and Henrik's visit in 1974.

State visit to Luxembourg in November 1976.

In 1979, Philip lost the closest person. His uncle Louis "Dickey" Mountbatten was killed in a terrorist attack organized by the Irish Republican Army. On the yacht, where the 79-year-old lord and his family were, a radio-controlled explosive device was installed. The explosion killed four - two elderly people and two children: the earl himself, the 83-year-old mother-in-law of his daughter Baroness Braburn, their 14-year-old grandson Nicholas Knatchbull and a 15-year-old Irish boy who worked on a yacht. Nicholas's parents and his twin brother Timothy, who were also present at the scene of the explosion, survived but were seriously injured. On the same day, the IRA killed 18 British soldiers.

Louis funeral.

Charles did not have a relationship with his father, and his main mentor was Louis, who became his second father. Charles used to call Mountbatten "grandfather" and gave him the title "honorary grandfather", having received in return a similar one - "honorary grandson". By the time Charles was 23, Mountbatten was the person closest to him. The old earl had the strongest influence on the young prince. Charles was simply crushed by the death of Dickey. He had always feared the inevitable final parting with the old lord. When it happened so suddenly and cruelly, he fell into despair. "I have lost a person who played the most important role in my life, he wrote. - In some inexplicable way, he was my grandfather, uncle, father, brother and friend. After he's gone, life will never be the same again."

On April 24, 1981, another sister of Philip, Margarita, dies. Margarita is wearing the wedding precious tiara of Mary of Edinburgh (nee Maria Alexandrovna is the only daughter of Alexander II) and a complete set of ruby ​​parure. These jewels came into the Hohenlohe-Langenburg family through the marriage of the daughter of Mary, Princess Alexandra, with the 8th Crown Prince Ernst II of Hohenlohe-Langenburg.

The last sister Sophia died on November 3, 2001.

But not only Corruption was in the life of Elizabeth. There was also another gentleman. So that little Lilibet would not be bored, friends were sometimes brought to her. More often than others, she happened to play in the park with Edward Spencer- a very handsome boy from an old family of aristocrats. Edward's godmother was Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother. Edward was two years older than Elizabeth and was secretly in love with her. Years have passed. The boy received an excellent education, graduated from a military academy and served in the regiment of the Royal Scottish Fusiliers, and fought at the front during World War II.
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In 1944, Captain Edward Spencer served with the British occupation forces in West Germany. And the eighteen-year-old Princess Elizabeth visited the troops at that time on a friendly visit. She met Edward, a childhood friend, with delight.

No one knows what Lilibet wrote then in her diary, but they say that it was then that a strong feeling flared up between young people. Historians of the royal family consider one important detail to be proof of this. From a German town Elizabeth rode away with the tie-pin of the Royal Scottish Fusiliers pinned to her chest. A pin in the form of a shark with small diamonds. According to a long tradition, such a gift was given only as a pledge of love. Having pinned a pin at her heart, Elizabeth testified to those around her that her love was mutual. Elizabeth and Edward were not destined to marry.

But they still became relatives. Charles married his youngest daughter Diana, eventually they became matchmakers. But the story of their children's relationship turned out to be even sadder than their own.

"My dear Philip. After such a happy week that we will remember for a long time, I wanted to write a few lines about how much you mean not only for dear Lilibet, but also for our family, for the whole country. Your strength, wisdom and courage are very helped us all these years.But since such things are difficult to say out loud, I dared to express my gratitude only in this letter.Your grateful and immensely loving mother, E. PS Please do not answer anything, but do not forget to wink at me on Monday at the ceremony !"
— from a letter from the Queen Mother to Philip, 11 June 1977.

Despite such sweet letters, their relationship did not work out from the very beginning. The Queen Mother said that her future son-in-law "in the genes of depravity of the father and schizophrenia of the mother". The Queen Mother never liked him. In her opinion, he was no match for her daughter, how many good suitors were lost because of him. She often regretted that she and the king had taken their daughters on that trip to Dartmoor. Then Elizabeth and Philip would never have met. During one of their first meetings, she asked: And where is your mother now, dear Philip?

- It's not an interrogation, is it? the prince grumbled, blushing with anger and angrily hitting his knee under the table with his fist: wow - she decided to humiliate him in front of everyone. Will not work.

- Oh, I'm sorry.- muttered Elizabeth-mother, - Of course, you don't have to answer if you don't want to.

- I do not want,- snapped the young officer, catching Lilibet's shocked and admiring glance.

His favorite phrase is "just get on with it", which can roughly be translated as "Stop complaining, get down to business." The most distinctive feature of Philip is his directness in his statements, which many members of the royal family considered unacceptable even before the days of totalitarian political correctness. They even called him Duke of Hazard (i.e. Duke of contingencies). But Philip always said what he thought and continues to be true to himself. A selection of some statements.

The prince was informed that Madonna would be performing: "Shall we bring ear plugs?"

He remarked sharply to the parking attendant, who did not recognize him: "Oh you fucking stupid fool!"

After visiting Beijing, the Prince shared his impressions: "Horror!"

I noticed a group of deaf schoolchildren who were standing next to a drum orchestra: "Deaf? It's no wonder, if you stand here nearby."

Having visited the house of the Duke of York, the Prince noted: "The house is like a prostitute's bedroom."

At one of the sessions: "To hell with your seating plan, serve me dinner!"

The prince commented on the psychological support service for military personnel: "In my day, there were no psychologists rushing around us every time someone fired a gun. We just went about our business."

Commented on Ethiopian art: "Very similar to the crafts my daughter brought home from art class at school."

In a club for Bangladeshi teenagers, he asked: "So, well, who's doing drugs here. Ah, here he looks like a drug addict."

Question to the leader of the Australian tribe: "Are you still throwing spears at each other?"

The photographer could not take a picture for a long time, to which Philip replied: "Yes, do you already faster this damn picture!".

"I would really like to visit Russia, even though the bastards killed half of my relatives."

Grand Duchesses Maria and Anastasia Romanov together with Philip's sisters Margarita and Theodora. 1908

Philip is never Greek. He is 85% German and 15% Russian. Here's a short photo to back up what I'm saying. Philip, great-great-grandson of Nicholas I.

I just want to insert a quote from 17 moments of spring: True Aryan. Character - Nordic, seasoned. Maintains good relations with co-workers. Impeccably fulfills his official duty. Excellent athlete)))

Despite his venerable age, Philip performs all public duties. In terms of the total number of events, it is always the second after the queen. Over the past year, the figure has been around 300, which is more than the events of Kate, William and Harry combined. To date, Philip and Elizabeth have 8 grandchildren and 5 great-grandchildren.

This year they will celebrate their 70th wedding anniversary.

Philip: "Beloved Lilibet? I don't know if this word is enough to express my feelings. Is a person loved for his sense of humor, or for his ear for music, or for his beautiful eyes? I'm not sure. But I thank God for these features of her, and more - I humbly thank him for Lilibet herself and for us."

Elizabeth: "All these years he has been my support and support. Therefore, I, and our entire family, and this country, and many other countries, owe him the greatest debt - more than he will ever admit, and than we are able to realize" .

King of Spain from the Bourbon dynasty, who ruled in 1700--1724, 1724

1746 Son of the Dauphin Louis and Anna Maria of Bavaria. F: 1) from 1701

Maria Luisa, daughter of King Victor Amadeus I of Sardinia (b. 1688. Died 1714)

G.); 2) from 1714 Elizabeth, daughter of Edward II, Duke of Parma (born 1692

Died 1766). Genus. 1683 Died 1746

The last Spanish Habsburg Charles II, dying in 1700, bequeathed

the Spanish throne to Philip, who at that time bore the title of Duke of Anjou.

Saying goodbye to his grandson, Louis XIV told him: "Be a good Spaniard,

this is your main duty; but don't forget that you

were born in France" Then he wrote for Philip with his own hand

instructions in which he gave him the most prudent advice and at the same time

assured that he did not intend to interfere in the government of Spain. Just

the government of Versailles expressed its readiness to fulfill the will of Charles II,

Duke of Anjou was proclaimed without any obstacles king in all

affairs of government during the interregnum, transferred her powers to him.

The new king was seventeen years old. He ascended the throne without any

preliminary preparation. Philip had a sanguine temperament and before

extremes was carried away by his sensual inclinations. Continuous

abstinence darkened his mind and drew him into deep melancholy. Then he

he lost heart in full confidence that he would soon die, and stubbornly remained silent. Him,

however, there were also good moral qualities: he was generous, affable

and brave, loved truth and justice, but he lacked talents,

needed to govern the state. Raised in blind dependence on

his older brother, the Duke of Burgundy, he was only capable of

obey, not command. With his timid nature, with his

indecisive mind and with his inability to freely and clearly express his

thoughts, he felt an irresistible aversion to deeds. After his marriage

Philip began to treat everything with disdain - he got up only at 11

o'clock in the morning, went to the council, "like a pupil going to school", was up to

so distracted that after the end of the meetings he forgot everything that was there

was said to be silent and constantly bored outside of his bedroom and his

chapels. In essence, he had only two passions - the fear of hell and the love of

female gender. Having with him a prayer book and a woman, he, according to Alberoni,

forgot about the existence of the outside world. Therefore, Philip was throughout

his life the same as at the beginning of his reign: lazy, voluptuous and

pious child (he was depicted in caricatures as a little boy,

led by his ministers). Most of all, he was under the influence

Queen Marie Louise of Savoy. She just passed the wedding year

fourteen years old, but she was very beautiful, gifted with a lively mind and

practical acumen. She loved nothing but politics and led

dependencies. She stopped Philip's rare attempts to act independently.

punches or, if that didn't help, pushed him against

bed and forced to spend the night in armchairs. At the same time, the queen was very

active, capable of selflessness, inspired the Spaniards with an ardent

devotion and gained such popularity as it did not enjoy at all.

In the early years of their reign, Philip and Maria Louise, as people

inexperienced and aware of their shortcomings, they obeyed the advice of Louis in everything

XIV, who soon forgot his original good intentions not to interfere in

Spanish affairs. Louis considered himself capable of managing both at the same time.

states - his own and his grandson. Everything urged him to take over

such a role - and the childish obedience of Philip, and the flattery of the Spanish nobles, and

ministerial councils. So he ruled despotically for nine years.

Spain, allowing even the smallest of its internal affairs, and led his

grandson or through daily correspondence with him, or through

French agents.

The excessive strengthening of France soon aroused the alarm and envy of all

European powers and eventually led to the start of a great war,

known as the War of the Spanish Succession. For the ruined and fallen into

the complete poverty of Spain, the outbreak of war became a real disaster.

The state treasury was empty. The king and queen appeared on

to the public with lackeys in old liveries; they were forced to reduce their

household table expenses; their pages and bodyguards asked in the street

alms. The government had neither ships nor an army; in 1702 it

labor gathered two thousand soldiers for an expedition to Italy. In dilapidated

The fortresses had extremely insignificant garrisons, which was the case in 1704.

cause of the loss of Gibraltar. Soldiers who had neither money nor weapons

no clothes, scattered without any remorse, and France had to

use their fleets and armies to guard the vast Spanish possessions. Soon

the Spaniards suffered heavy defeats in the Netherlands and Italy, and then the war

spilled over into the country. The Austrian Habsburgs, who also claimed

the Spanish crown, put up their pretender to the throne - the Archduke

Carla. In the summer of 1705, he landed in Catalonia and easily mastered

Barcelona. Most of the Catalans, out of hatred for the Castilians, switched to his

side and recognized Charles as king. Part of Aragon, almost veya Valencia, Murcia

and the Balearic Islands openly took the side of the pretender. Philip at the head

his army approached Barcelona, ​​but after an unsuccessful siege he was forced

retreat to the Pyrenees (spring 1706). Meanwhile, the British and Portuguese

they took Alcantara and Salamanca, and in June they entered Madrid. The position seemed

hopeless, but Philip, supported by the ardent courage of his wife, decided

don't give up your rights. He stopped in Burgos and announced that "rather

will shed his blood to the last drop before he renounces the throne."

example inspired courage in the Castilians, who were outraged that

the northern provinces and the heretical English are preparing to impose their king on them.

A popular movement began everywhere, the nobility took up arms, edible

supplies and donations began to flow in from all sides

french camp. The moved queen admitted later that after God

she and Philip most of all owe the preservation of the throne to their subjects. Not

seeing support from nowhere, the allies left Madrid in October, and Philippe with

triumphantly returned to his capital.

In April 1707, the allies were defeated in a bloody battle

under Almanza. Valencia opened its gates to the winners, soon they

all of Aragon was subjugated. For some time, Philip's position was strengthened, but in

1710 he experienced a new series of failures. Louis XIV forced to defend against

enemies of his own country, withdrew French troops from Spain.

Taking advantage of this, Archduke Karl and his generals began a new

attack on Madrid. Departing from Barcelona, ​​they forced Philip

Philip rode to Madrid before the remnants of his defeated army. Across

a few days he had to move his capital to Valladolid. Carl Wo

the second time he occupied Madrid, but found there only a general silence, sadness and obvious

expressions of popular ill will. Louis XIV advised his grandson

renounce the throne, but Philip did not want to part with his

subjects. Soon Charles retreated from the capital, as he could not gather there

food for his army. Pursuing the retreating, the Spaniards inflicted

again passed under the control of Philip. Only Catalonia remained in the hands of Charles. But

and Philip, who had spent all his strength in this war, had to go to

concessions. In 1712 he renounced his rights to the French throne, and in

1713 joined the Treaty of Utrecht, very difficult and humiliating

for him. Philip retained Spain and the American possessions, but

had to cede to the emperor the Kingdom of Naples, the island of Sardinia,

Tuscany, Duchy of Milan and Belgium. The Duke of Savoy received Sicily.

The British retained Gibraltar. Only after the allies

retreated from the Catalans, Philip was able to take Barcelona after a stubborn siege

(September 1714) and return the Balearic Islands (July 1715).

The victory over the separatists in Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia made

possible final centralization of the country. Back in 1707 were canceled

"fueros" in the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia. These provinces have lost their

political and judicial autonomy. Council of Aragon, Cortes and Tribunal

justice was abolished forever. Instead, in Zaragoza and Valencia were

royal audiences were established, whose members were appointed by the king. cities

and the villages began to be ruled, just as in Castile, by corridors. In both

kingdoms introduced Castilian taxes. In 1714 they lost their

autonomy of Castile and the Balearic Islands. In 1716 were abolished

Cortes of Barcelona and introduced uniform taxes for the whole country.

Only the "fueros" of the Basque provinces and Navarre remained untouched.

Thanks to the abolition of the tax privileges of the northern provinces,

revenues to the treasury increased, which allowed the king to form more or

less combat-ready army and revive the navy. But in general the state of the country

remained very heavy. Crafts, agriculture, trade still

were in deep decline. The Church, which relied on the Inquisition, as well as

earlier dominated the minds of the Spaniards.

Queen Marie Louise died at this time. Philip entered into a second marriage

with Elizabeth Farnaze. The new queen was a proud and quick-tempered woman.

The Italian party led by Giulio Alberoni took over at court. This

an enterprising and gifted minister, who soon became a cardinal,

concentrated in his hands all the threads of control. In 1717 he tried

take back Sicily and southern Italy. The Spanish fleet unexpectedly appeared at

Italian coasts. The Spaniards easily captured Sicily and Sardinia, but in

In August 1718, their squadron was destroyed by the British at Cape Passaro. V

In December, Philip dismissed Alberoni and agreed to clear the captured islands.

Shortly after these failures, in January 1724, Philip, in a fit of

melancholy abdicated in favor of his sixteen-year-old son

Louis and settled with his wife in the castle of Saint-Ildefonso. But after eight

months, Louis died unexpectedly of smallpox; then everything was used

means to convince the king to take control again

state. Philip agreed to this with great reluctance. Around 1730 he

finally fell into a state of melancholy and irresistible laziness. Since then

it was not easy to get even a simple word from him. He didn't cut his hair and

nails, stayed in bed for whole days, got up only at night for a few

minutes to eat; could not be persuaded to sign any

documentation. Only under the influence of singing did he awaken for a short time to

life. Queen Elizabeth in 1737 specially invited the singer to Madrid

Farinelli, who was then famous throughout Europe for his amazing voice.

This man soon became indispensable to the management

state: after listening to him, Philip obediently walked to the table and put his signatures

where he was directed.