Do-it-yourself septic tank for biological treatment. Do-it-yourself suburban sewerage

29.08.2019

Country sewerage is convenient and modern solution, therefore, in dachas and in private villages, local purification systems are increasingly being installed. Such systems are able to provide high-quality and efficient wastewater treatment through decomposition organic matter contained in them. Thus, problems regarding the disposal of these compounds are solved.

If a station is installed biological treatment to give, then you can forever forget about the issue of waste disposal and removal of sewers.

The installation of an autonomous sewage system in your home does not require much effort, while the result of the work justifies the costs. As a result, an ordinary summer cottage turns into a comfortable suburban housing designed for year-round use.

On the one hand, the owner country house must himself monitor the operation of the autonomous sewage system, ensuring its serviceability. On the other hand, if you purify wastewater and do sewage in the country with your own hands from a barrel, then you can be calm that everything is in order.

The device of the biological sewerage treatment station for the house

One of the main advantages of such systems is the independence from the general sewer system, which often fails. It is also worth noting that the price of such a solution is quite acceptable.

There are many important advantages of installing an autonomous sewer system:

eliminates the risk of pollution and poisoning of the land on the site;
does not get dirty Environment, namely ground water and reservoirs;
comfortable stay at home.

Features of biological wastewater treatment

As a rule, biological treatment occurs with the participation of bacteria, which are divided into two groups:

due to aerobes, ammonia is converted into nitrates and nitrites;
due to anaerobes, nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide are released in gaseous form.

Biological treatment is the most convenient and in a safe way purification of domestic water in the sewer system. There are various types of stations, the work of which is based on the vital activity of aerobic bacteria, the question of how to make a toilet in a country house with a sewer can be solved quickly and easily. Thus, organic compounds in wastewater decompose into simple components.

It should be noted that the biological method of wastewater treatment is considered the most versatile, since a local sewerage system can be installed in any suburban area. There is also no need to connect to a centralized sewer system.

You can install such systems for a country house of a country type, a cafe, a hotel, a restaurant and other establishments. Due to the biological treatment of wastewater, the destruction of organic impurities is ensured, so the water becomes clean and transparent. The advantages also include the absence of a problem with the disposal of water and a decrease in the risk of its re-contamination.

Autonomous sewer systems are used to effectively treat domestic wastewater. This is perhaps the most successful solution to such problems of a country house.

Biological stations are able to qualitatively purify wastewater without accumulation, which occurs in the case of using conventional septic tanks. If such a station is installed in the house, then there is no need to call a sewage truck.

Autonomous sewage system has a compact size and can be installed on any soil.

The principle of operation of the biological treatment plant

Deep biological treatment plant or septic tank?

The station consists of 4 sections, in which there is a stage-by-stage purification of wastewater due to activated sludge and oxygen. In this case, purification is carried out up to 98%. The resulting water can be fully used for irrigation or for technical needs.

Such a biological treatment plant is compact and easy to install, which is an indisputable plus for independent work. In addition, no further pumping of settling effluents is required. Despite this, the station needs regular maintenance, which consists in washing the sections with a pressure washer, in addition to this, the unit will need to be restarted. You can do this yourself or contact the service department. An important condition is the careful handling of the station during its operation.

Installation of a station for deep biological wastewater treatment

It is advisable to use such treatment facilities at facilities where permanent residence is planned.

System advantages:

Compact dimensions - the deep biological treatment station does not take up much free space.
Easy installation - this is especially important for independent work.
Pumping out is not necessary if maintenance is performed in a timely manner.
There is no need to install a post-treatment system.

Disadvantages:

The station is volatile, so it does not work without electricity.
Regular maintenance required.
To wash the unit, you need to use special detergents which can be bought at the store.
If no one lives in the house in winter, equipment conservation and its subsequent launch will be required.

Comparative table of wastewater treatment methods

Septic tank device

The device is a polyethylene container, consisting of three sections, directly in which wastewater is purified up to 90%. Such septic tanks should not be confused with simple storage tanks. This device performs wastewater treatment by directing water into special systems for final purification. Such water can be used as a technical liquid, for irrigation of the soil or for the construction of drinking sources.

If the water from the septic tank is not further purified, then unpleasant consequences can be observed. There is sediment left in the device, which must be pumped out, about once a year. From a certain point of view, septic tanks are considered cheaper than biological treatment plants, but do not forget about the need to use a post-treatment system. Installation of such a unit is relatively more difficult, since anchoring is required. Despite this, this system can be used for country houses where year-round living is not provided.

Advantages:

It does not require electricity to work.
Do not buy and use special detergents.
The device can be used both in the country and for the house where people live permanently.
Maintenance is not required, the filtration composition in the post-treatment system needs to be changed once every 15 years.
Affordable cost, even if you take into account the purchase of a post-treatment system.

Disadvantages:

The need for post-treatment systems.
Installing a septic tank is more difficult.
Periodic pumping required.
Such a septic tank in the country with your own hands from the rings can be installed for any house or cottage.

Using a septic tank to give

The principle of operation of biological treatment plants

Stations where sewage biotreatment is carried out are called SBR reactors. Intermittent aeration of activated sludge colonies takes place in them. As a result of such actions, ammonium is converted to nitrogen, while phosphate-accumulating bacteria contribute to the removal of phosphorus from wastewater.

Inside the case, made of foamed polypropylene, the stations are located:

automatic control unit;
compressor;
4 chambers, namely the receiving chamber, the aerotank, the activated sludge stabilization chamber and the secondary clarifier.

Wastewater treatment steps at aeration stations:

There is a separation of wastewater into fractions in the receiving chamber.
The wastewater is then saturated with oxygen. Effluent is pumped through the operation of airlift pumps, in other words, air bubbles act on the waters, while the biomass is not damaged.
When biomass enters the aeration tank, they turn into suspended activated sludge, on the flakes of which the main purification is carried out.
After that, the spent sludge enters the chamber, where the activated sludge is stabilized.
In the secondary clarifier, the treated effluents are released from particles that are in suspension.
When the wastewater treatment process is completed, the wastewater is discharged into a reservoir or simply onto the terrain of the site.
After going through all the processes, the sludge becomes safe and can be used as a biofuel or a good fertilizer for plants in the country.

Installation process of biological treatment plants

The advantages of installing equipment include the absence of the need to use special equipment. So, you should follow a certain sequence:

first a pit is made;
if there is a high level of groundwater, then it will be necessary to form a loading plate. In the case of non-watered soils, the station will have to be installed on a compacted site;
the station is immersed in the pit;
the pit is covered in layers with sand and compacted;
inlet and outlet sewer pipes are mounted;
bring the electric cable;
the site is being planned, while only the hatch will be visible on the surface.

Mounting Features

During the installation of a biological station, it is required to take into account the following features:

the bioreactor should be mounted at a short distance from the house, while the station is completely or partially submerged underground;
concrete rings are not used for installation, therefore, construction costs are significantly reduced;
the station is usually installed on a concrete slab;
the edge of the bioreactor is sprinkled with sand and then earth;
if the equipment is of low power, then the timer and compressor will be located near the reactor in the technological well. If necessary, the control unit can be installed on the outside of the bioreactor;
with the help of special casings protect air ducts and cables;
if it is not possible to organize the flow of water into the equipment by gravity, then it is necessary to install a pumping station.

Installation of a biological treatment station

Only specialists should pump out excess sludge, check airlifts, compressor and aerator membranes, as well as change faulty parts and clean the walls of the bioreactor. Such processes are required to be carried out at least 1-2 times a year.

Biological sewerage for a country house is a modern environmentally friendly option for wastewater treatment.

What advantages does a septic tank with a biofilter have against the background of familiar structures? How does such a scheme work? Is it difficult to implement it yourself?

Let's figure it out.

What it is

Under the loud name "biofilter" hides just one of the chambers of a multi-chamber septic tank, in which optimal conditions are created for the reproduction of bacterial colonies.

What exactly?

The chamber has a filling with a large surface area. In industrially produced deep cleaning stations, special plastic products are used in this capacity, outwardly resembling ... ordinary dishcloths.
In addition, the vital activity of aerobic (oxygen-absorbing) bacteria requires the saturation of wastewater with air. That is why in the notorious stations of deep biological treatment, the biofilter chamber is aerated: air bubbles are forced to its bottom by a compressor.

Please note: with a lack of oxygen, among the crops propagating in the biofilter, for obvious reasons, anaerobic bacteria dominate.
Their ability to assimilate organic matter is much more modest than that of aerobic ones; however, they also contribute to wastewater treatment.

How it works

A biofilter for a septic tank is the last step in wastewater treatment after mechanical separation.

The full cycle looks like this:

Effluent enters the primary sump. Its dimensions and shape are selected so that the wastewater spends about three days in it with minimal disturbance. The goal is mechanical separation: heavy sludge settles to the bottom of the sump, light fractions of wastewater (faeces, fat, etc.) form a dense crust on the surface.
The settled wastewater enters the secondary sump. The overflow is organized in such a way that it receives effluents taken below the surface level. Here, in a compartment with an extremely slow laminar (devoid of disturbances) flow, separation continues: the smallest particles of silt settle to the bottom.
Finally, the moment of truth arrives. By this time, water pollution is mainly of a biological nature: all heavy suspensions of mineral origin have already been screened out.
Effluent enters the biofilter - right on dinner table to bacterial colonies.
Those, of course, begin their favorite pastime - they begin to devour organic matter with the release of harmless water, carbon dioxide and a certain amount of volatile hydrocarbons.

The resulting degree of purification depends on several factors:

The size of the bacterial population. Anaerobic cultures generally need periodic recruiting: Biologicals are added to the septic tank on a monthly basis.

It is curious: with sufficient aeration of wastewater, aerobic bacteria, unlike anaerobic cultures, multiply explosively.
Periodic supplementation of biological products is not required in principle.

Filling area of the biofilter. The larger it is, the greater the amount of wastewater in contact with colonies of bacteria that are hungry for organics.
Water flow rates. Slow movement through the biofilter means maximum cleaning; when the flow accelerates, the bacteria do not have time to process the pollution.

crazy hands

The price of a finished deep biological treatment plant for a family of two or three is at least 60-70 thousand rubles. At the same time, a do-it-yourself septic tank of sufficient performance will cost 3-5 times cheaper; however, it will provide a much worse degree of purification.

With a high level of groundwater, soil post-treatment becomes problematic; dumping drains on the terrain or using them for irrigation is also not an option: the smell of sewerage knows no mercy and stinks on the spot. What to do?

The obvious solution is to screw a biofilter to a one- or two-chamber septic tank.

General principles

The most effective scheme is a biofilter with aerobic bacterial cultures and forced aeration. With a minimum volume, it provides the maximum degree.

Efficiency comes at a cost. Forget about cheap aquarium compressors: their performance will not be enough. Our choice is special ones with a capacity of 60-120 liters per minute.

Simply supplying air to the bottom of the biofilter tank is not enough. One vertical chain of bubbles will aerate a small part of the effluent volume. The simplest aerator is a sewer pipe with a diameter of 40-50 mm plugged at one end with frequent perforation made with a drill with a diameter of 4-5 millimeters.

Tip: with sufficient pump performance, you can use tees to assemble a simple comb that will saturate the entire volume of the biofilter tank with air.

Capacities

We have already found out that a container with an aerated biofilter is just one of the septic tank chambers, the last one on the wastewater path.

What materials can it be made from?

The ideal solution is a plastic container for water. As a rule, in its lower part there is a branch pipe for a relief valve; in our case, it is useful to connect the compressor. Of course, through check valve: getting sewage is clearly not in our interests.

Horizontal polyethylene container - a ready-made section for a septic tank.

in brick or concrete septic tank it is possible to fence off a small section in the secondary sump and provide it with two overflows - inlet and outlet.
Finally, an old steel barrel can act as a container. A simple instruction will help protect it from rust: external and inner surface covered with two layers of bituminous mastic.

filling

Actually, we have already mentioned the most affordable options.

Expanded clay - the cheapest filling. The large surface area is provided by its porous structure.

Somewhat more expensive (but also somewhat more effective) ... yes, plastic dishcloths. They fit into the container without sealing, filling its entire volume.

Conclusion

The video in this article will offer the reader a few more ideas for finalizing local treatment facilities. Good luck!

Environmental pollution today is in the first place, the solution of this issue concerns absolutely all spheres of human life. One serious step towards solving the sanitary and hygienic problem has already been taken - numerous treatment facilities have been developed for private use. Because private use water resources cause most of the trouble, special standards have been adopted, thanks to which the risk of infection is significantly reduced.

The standards for various treatment facilities are in the collections of SNiP, on the basis of which the design part of the sewer systems is compiled, based on the characteristics of the territory where the construction work will be carried out.

Types used and their characteristics

The tanks used have a mass distinguishing features, which may be indispensable in certain natural conditions, but may be unnecessarily demanding in care, or the initial cost will only increase over time. Consider existing species used capacities for today:

cesspools and storage tanks, a very old type of tank, is gradually losing its popularity due to an increase in cost, each call for a sewer increases the primary cost of the product;
septic tanks are a relatively new type of treatment structure that allows you to dispose of clean water into the ground, subject to reaching a certain percentage, described in state standards;
biological treatment plants - a new engineering structure, a fully automated process, the degree of purification reaches stunning results.

Three main types can be purchased from the manufacturer or made independently. Individual production requires serious preparation, collection of information, and a detailed detailed project.

Factory biological treatment stations are designed at the level of local urban wastewater treatment systems, have certain sensors and a special remote control, which can be used to receive and send signals.

Effluent entering the station is cleaned by several types of procedures, we are talking about mechanical and biological cleaning. The degree of purity reaches 97-100%, which makes it possible to reuse the resource for technical purposes.

Progress goes forward without looking back, gradually improving the existing developments, factory models of stations can disinfect water with ultrasound and other devices, the price accordingly becomes higher. There is a mass different options, but most of the cleaning is carried out by microorganisms, thanks to which this level of cleanliness is achieved.

Stations are divided into two types:

simple stations;
stations for deep wastewater treatment.

Products consist of the following parts:

several cleaning chambers, often common number three, maybe more, each chamber has its own purpose;
filters for final cleaning;
special devices ventilation, air ducts or compressor;
emergency sensors and other types of special equipment.

Cleaning with biological preparations

The biological treatment plant takes its name from the bacteria used as a processing agent, organic waste is completely decomposed into a harmless sludge, which can then be used to create compost.

Stations are divided into types based on the selected bacteria, which in turn can be:

aerobic;
anaerobic representatives.

Each species has its own characteristics, for example, anaerobic microbes can only live in an environment where oxygen is present, for this the station needs devices that exchange gases within the section where the microorganisms are located. Anaerobic species of bacteria are used in pressurized sections, do well without oxygen.

Different sections can have different equipment, which will allow you to use both types of biological mixtures to get the best result.

Organization of a place for mounting the station

You need to choose a place in accordance with the regulated norms. The station is located in a place that meets the following standards:

after analyzing the terrain and relief, inclusive, a place is selected in the lowland of the site, which helps to facilitate land work to comply with the angle of inclination, thus ensuring the gravity flow of effluents through the pipeline;
the treatment plant is removed from the sources drinking water at least 30 meters;
from the main building on the site, a distance of 15-20 meters;
secondary buildings are located within 10-15 meters;
natural water bodies must be removed at least 35 meters.

Having picked up the right place, they proceed to the design of the self-assembly structure.

The first thing to do is to calculate the volume of the future station. The daily consumption rate per person is 200 liters of water, you can resort to savings and consume 150 liters per person. We multiply the number of liters by the number of people permanently residing in the house. The resulting figure is increased by the amount of water consumed. household appliances. The average number of days in which cleaning takes place is 3 days, we multiply by the figure obtained for the consumed water resource.

The formula looks like this:

V \u003d 200 l * 3 people + 300 l ( Appliances) * 3 days/1000

We get 2.7 m³, this volume is quite enough for a family of 3 people, but as experts advise, you need to make some reserve in case of receiving guests, growing family size.

The resulting figure is divided by the number of sections, the first section or receiver has the largest volume, the remaining capacities can be equal to each other.

Choosing material for sections

Independent production of a biological treatment station, as a rule, from the following materials:

concrete rings;
polymer tanks;
stainless steel tanks.

Most cheap option- polymer products, they are resistant to impact aggressive environments, light weight, no need to rent special vehicles, no need for additional waterproofing, high service life.

The other two options are more expensive, concrete rings need to be treated with waterproofing agents, heavy products need special devices for moving in space, lifting mechanisms during installation.

Each material has advantages and disadvantages, you need to choose the most suitable for the natural conditions of the site.

Design considers everything possible options, including placement of additional equipment (air compressor, other). Dependence on electricity may not be appropriate in an area with frequent interruptions, you need to provide additional source, or use mechanical way air exchange.

Works of installation of external communications

Work begins with marking the territory, digging a foundation pit, trenches. It is very important to observe the slope of the trenches, the angle of inclination depends on the diameter of the pipe. The pit is prepared in this way:

depth of occurrence below the freezing line of the soil;
the bottom is made stepped, each next tank is lowered 20 cm below the previous one, ensuring the flow between the compartments of the station;
the bottom is cemented, if necessary, clamps are made for the container;
walls are leveled.

After the bottom has dried, concrete rings are lowered onto the cement base, fixing cement mortar, other containers used to create a biological station.

While the concrete is curing, they make a preliminary layout of the pipes. An embankment is made in the trenches of sand and gravel, on which building insulating fabric is laid. Pipes are laid, the docking point is treated with sealed plumbing mastic.

Concrete rings are treated with a bituminous waterproofing solution inside and out, three layers are applied, each next only after the previous one has completely dried.

The pipeline is brought to the receiving tank, connected, sealed.

The second tank is equipped with an air duct, for this a pipe is cut in that rises 70 cm above the ground cover, an umbrella is installed on top as a protection against atmospheric moisture entering the system.

Connecting pipes are installed between the sections, the gaps between the tank wall and the pipe are sealed. The last reservoir also has a pipe for liquid disposal. It is directed at an angle into the post-treatment well, another device with a special embankment in layers (sand, sand and gravel, clean gravel).

Trial run in progress clean water, in the absence of a leak, a quarter of warm water is poured into the tanks, after which they fall asleep biological means for recycling, the containers are covered with lids. Conduct reverse winding of pipes and backfill.

The biological wastewater treatment plant is ready for use.

There are several ways to clean the sewerage generated when people live in a private house. Some are cheaper to install, others are easier to operate. But if the most efficient treatment system is required, then one option is an aerobic septic tank, also called an active septic tank or a biological treatment plant. Impurities in it are processed by microorganisms by 98–99%. Although it is large, it is quite easy to arrange with your own hands.

The task of any sanitary sewage treatment system is to process them and drain them into the ground. First, the effluents are clarified in the sump, during which large suspensions settle. Then the purified water is drained or used for household needs, and the sediment in the form of sludge is pumped out.

Septic tank with post-treatment of wastewater with aerobes

However, a wide variety of disinfection and filtration elements are often added to this scheme. Getting into the local treatment system (VOC), which is standard in design, sewage flows go through three stages of utilization:

Primary filtration, clarification of water with sedimentation of heavy fractions to the bottom of the tank.
Fermentation with partial decomposition of organic matter.
Drainage into the ground or pumping out with sewage equipment.

In the cesspool, all these processes take place in one container. However, this option is acceptable only for small volumes of wastewater, otherwise, due to overflow with waste, the “cesspool” ceases to fulfill its functions.

Numerous types of typical septic tanks subject waste to partial processing up to 60-70% of the volume. They are assisted by anaerobic bacteria that do not require oxygen. They are present in the same cesspool, providing continuous fermentation and decay of organic waste in it. However, they are “slow”, in order to speed up their work, a bioactivator has to be constantly added to the septic tank.

General scheme of a septic tank with aerobic bacteria

Aerobes are more productive - microorganisms that require constant oxygen supply for life. Therefore, to provide them with the necessary oxygen, aerobic septic tanks are supplied with aerators and air compressors.

It is important to know! Only with continuous pumping of air will the septic tank with aerobes function effectively.

Scheme of VOC deep biological treatment

An active septic tank of an aerobic type consists of several chambers:

Settler for lighting.
Tank with aerator (there may be several).
Prefabricated well with water purified to technical quality.

For the operation of such a treatment system, not only microorganisms are needed, but also electricity. If bacteria feed on waste, then pumps and compressors need electricity.

Advice! An aerobic septic tank is a volatile installation. If a private house is regularly de-energized due to power outages, it is better to find another cleaning option or take care of an emergency generator.

How bacteria work in an “oxygen” septic tank

Anaerobic bacteria are always present in the VOC primary clarifier. Fermentation of wastewater in it takes place in two stages: acidic and alkaline. The first occurs at the very beginning after launch, when the septic tank only receives the first volume of sewage. In its course, a large volume of gases with unpleasant odors is formed, which displace oxygen from the tank.

Due to oxygen starvation in the cleaning tank, a rapid increase in the number of anaerobic microorganisms begins - this is already alkaline fermentation. The silt at the bottom acquires a dark color and no longer emits fetid odors. But it is in it that anaerobes “live”.

Advice! It is not necessary to completely clean the sump from alkaline sludge. Its small mass at the bottom of the treatment tank is a guarantee of the absence of sewer stench and correct operation VOC.

Scheme of the wastewater treatment process

Further, the water clarified in the sump enters the aerobic chamber of the septic tank for post-treatment. Aerobic bacteria are already starting to act here. And the more oxygen they receive, the better and faster they decompose and oxidize organic matter.

The post-treatment of wastewater in an aerobic septic tank is carried out not by natural aerobic microorganisms, but by bacteria specially bred and attached to the filters. They purify wastewater by 99%, which makes it possible to reuse purified water for technical needs.

In order for the aerobes to work efficiently, the water in the tank is blown with air - it is aerated. Compressors are used for this. The settled effluents, when they enter the post-treatment chamber, are mixed with activated sludge, which rises from the bottom due to the action of compressed air.

Aerobic bacteria begin to process organic matter and multiply. As a result, additional silt is formed in a small amount, settling at the bottom. The volume of the septic tank is calculated so that the sediment from it has to be unloaded no more than 1 time per year.

Advantages of using aerobes in wastewater treatment

Aerobic septic tanks have four undeniable advantages:

No unpleasant odors.
The minimum number of cleanings - vacuum trucks will need to be called only once a year.
Maximum biosecurity - pollution of the earth and groundwater is practically excluded.
The possibility of recycling treated water for irrigation or technical needs.

The device of a two-chamber anaerobic-aerobic septic tank with a drainage field

The only drawback is the sensitivity of the microflora of the aerobic septic tank to certain chemical compounds that lead to the death of aerobes.

Important! Aerobic bacteria and household chemicals with a high content of formaldehyde and chlorine compounds are incompatible. These substances simply kill aerobic microorganisms.

Installing an aerobic septic tank with your own hands

The easiest way is to install an aerobic type factory septic tank. This is a ready-made system that only needs to be buried in the ground and sewerage connected to it. It is supplied in the form of plastic or metal containers with a set of compressor and pumping equipment.

The size of the sump is determined at the rate of 600 liters of wastewater for every living person in the house. This is 200 daily liters multiplied by three days. These are the recommendations of SNiP for private cottages.

overflow septic tank from two reinforced concrete wells

With your own hands, an aerobic septic tank can be made from several tanks, for the arrangement of which it will fit:

Brick.
Reinforced concrete rings.
Plastic containers.
Iron barrels.
Tires.

You will have to tinker with brick wells, reinforced concrete is heavy and will require lifting equipment. Barrels and tanks made of iron are subject to corrosive processes. The best option is plastic. But the choice of material largely depends on its availability and cost in a particular region.

Do-it-yourself aerobic VOC device option

For the functioning of an aerobic septic tank, you will need equipment:

external compressor for pumping air;
aerator for saturating the tank with aerobes with oxygen;
a pump for pumping sludge from the end tank into a container with bacteria;
submersible pump for pumping purified water.

Important! All this equipment requires connection to the mains, a septic tank with aerobes is volatile. This should be taken into account when choosing a local treatment plant for a country house where problems with electricity are possible.

Video: odorless aerobic two-chamber septic tank

If you wish, you can install an aerobic septic tank yourself. It is enough to assemble the factory set of the cleaning system according to the instructions. But when arranging wells or sedimentation tanks made of reinforced concrete or brick, you will have to work. But everything is possible. It is also important to correctly connect the electrical equipment and load the aerobes into the cleaning chamber. The main thing is not to miscalculate with the power and size of the septic tank.

To make life in the country comfortable, it is necessary to carry out the main communications - plumbing and sewerage. On the suburban areas often there is no centralized sewerage network, so each owner of the house solves the problem on his own. Periodic use of the dwelling does not require the installation of expensive and complex equipment, it is enough to arrange a septic tank.

Often in summer cottages, the function of collecting wastewater is performed by a cesspool. If the house is not equipped with a plumbing system, this option is quite justified, but with the installation of plumbing fixtures and a large volume of drained water, it is not enough. In this article, we will talk about how to make a sewer in a country house with our own hands in various ways (from concrete rings, barrels, without pumping), and also demonstrate diagrams, drawings, photo and video instructions.

Sewerage should be built according to the developed project, including schemes for external and internal piping.

Two-chamber septic tank

The most convenient is the installation of a collector of two chambers connected by an overflow pipe. Let's find out how to arrange it yourself.

Work begins with digging a pit in a place chosen taking into account all sanitary requirements. The volume of the structure depends on the number of people living in the country. You can dig a pit manually or with an excavator.
At the bottom of the pit, a sand cushion up to 15 cm high is formed. The depth of the pit is 3 meters.
It is necessary to install formwork from boards or chipboard. The design must be reliable. Next, a reinforcing belt is formed from metal rods tied with steel wire.
It is necessary to make two holes in the formwork and insert pipe trimmings. These will be places for the entrance of the sewer line and the overflow pipe between the sections.
The formwork is poured with concrete, which is distributed throughout the entire volume with the help of a vibrating tool. The design of the septic tank must be monolithic, so it is advisable to fill the entire formwork at a time.
In the first compartment, the bottom is poured with concrete, a sealed section is formed, it will serve as a sump. Here, the wastewater will be divided into solid coarse fractions that sink to the bottom, and clarified water that overflows into the adjacent section. For better decomposition of solid residues, aerobic bacteria can be purchased.
The second compartment is made without a bottom; it can be made not only from monolithic walls, but also using concrete rings with a diameter of 1–1.5 meters, stacked on top of each other. The bottom of the well is covered with a thick layer of sedimentary rock (crushed stone, pebbles, gravel) to filter wastewater.
An overflow pipe is laid between the two sections. It is installed at an angle of 30 mm on running meter. In height, the pipe is located in the upper third of the wells. The number of sections is not necessarily limited to two; a four-section septic tank can be made to provide better cleaning.
The overlap of the septic tank is made independently, using formwork and concrete, or ready-made reinforced concrete slabs are used. Be sure to arrange a hatch that allows you to control the filling of sections and exhaust. The pit is filled with sand and selected soil. The sump of such a system will be cleaned every 2-3 years.

Due to the ease of installation, many summer residents prefer to make a septic tank from concrete rings.

If the soil in the area is clayey or groundwater is very close to the surface, it will not work to arrange a septic tank of this design. You can stop at a sealed container of sufficient volume, securely installed and fixed to a concrete slab in the pit.

Another option is a biological treatment plant. Local stations are convenient and efficient, they are indispensable for suburban buildings of a large area. Specialists are engaged in the installation and launch of the device, the cost of such a station is acceptable for a narrow circle of summer residents.

External line laying

From the exit of the sewer pipe from the house to the septic tank, it is necessary to lay a pipeline. The main line must lie at a slope providing the flow of polluted water. The larger the diameter of the pipes you use, the smaller the angle of inclination required for their operation, on average it is 2 degrees. The depth of the trench for laying pipes should be greater than the amount of winter freezing of the soil. If the trench is shallow, provide thermal insulation for the line.

The average depth for laying sewers is 1 meter, in warm regions it is enough to go down by 70 cm, and in cold regions you will need to dig a pit up to 1.5 meters. The bottom of the dug hole is covered with a dense cushion of compacted sand. This procedure will protect the pipes from soil displacement.

The best option would be to lay a direct pipeline to the collector. If necessary, make a turn, this place is equipped with a manhole. For the highway, you can use plastic and cast iron pipes with a diameter of 110 mm, their connection must be tight. After installation, the pipeline is covered with sand, and then with soil.

The design, which does not require regular pumping of sewage, consists of several tanks operating simultaneously. It can be two / three-chamber septic tanks. The first tank is used as a sump. It is the largest in size. In two-chamber septic tanks, the sump occupies ¾ of the structure, and in three-chamber ½. Here, a preliminary treatment of wastewater takes place: heavy fractions settle, and light fractions are poured into the next compartment as the first one is filled. In the last part of the septic tank, the final post-treatment of wastewater takes place. The water is then directed to the filtration fields/drainage well.

The first 2 compartments must be sealed. The last chamber has holes in the walls/bottom. Thus, purified water seeps into the ground, which helps to avoid the systematic pumping of waste without causing irreparable damage to the soil.

It is worth considering that in wastewater, in addition to organic matter, there are also insoluble impurities. In view of this, such a design will also have to be periodically pumped out in order to get rid of the sediment that accumulates in the sump. This can be done with a fecal / drainage pump. The frequency of maintenance of a septic tank depends entirely on the size / volume / composition of wastewater.

For the independent construction of such a septic tank, you need to correctly calculate its volume. It depends on the water consumption of your household. The norm of water consumption per person is 200 liters per day. So, multiplying this amount by the number of households, you will get the daily rate of water consumption in the house. Add another 20% to the resulting figure.

18 m 3. In this case, you need a septic tank that has a depth and length of 3 m each, and a width of 2 m. Multiplying all sides, you get 18 m 3. Minimum distance from the bottom of the septic tank to drain pipe- 0.8 m.

The advantage of the treatment system is that the sludge is processed by anaerobic bacteria, as a result of which it settles to the bottom in a much smaller volume. Gradually, this sediment thickens and rises. When the sludge reaches the overflow level, the septic tank must be immediately cleaned. The septic tank needs to be cleaned infrequently. This is due to the fact that the volume of sludge for 6 months will be from 60 to 90 liters.

Volatile septic tanks have built-in pumping units. Their non-volatile analogues should be cleaned manually or using sewage equipment.

However, not so long ago, biological preparations with special enzymes appeared, processing sludge into acid, and then into methane and carbon dioxide. To remove these gases, you just need to install ventilation in the septic tank. Thus, your septic tank will become an absolutely waste-free, safe and energy-independent treatment plant.

Bacteria need to be "fed" with oxygen for greater efficiency of their work. Tanks for a septic tank can be bought or made independently.

Before installing the finished structure of the septic tank, it is necessary to determine a suitable place for this. The minimum distance between the septic tank and the house is 5 m. The sewer pipes leaving the house should go directly to the septic tank. Turning the pipeline is best avoided, because it is in such places that blockages form.

The septic tank should not be installed near trees, as their roots can damage the integrity of the body. The depth of the septic tank and sewer pipes directly depends on the level of soil freezing.

If groundwater is close to the surface, then reinforce the bottom of the pit with a concrete slab / screed. The size of the pit will depend on the size of the septic tank. If you have to install a compact structure, then it is easier to dig a pit manually in order to save money.

The pit should be slightly wider than the septic tank body. The gaps between the walls and the ground should be at least 20 cm, and preferably more. If there is no need to strengthen the bottom, then you should still lay a sand cushion 15 cm thick (meaning the thickness of compacted sand).

The top of the septic tank should rise above the ground. Otherwise melt water in the spring they will flood the equipment of the device.

After installing the base of the pit, lower the septic tank into it. This can be done with the help of cables placed in the stiffeners of the septic tank. In this case, you can not do without an assistant. Next, connect the device to communications, after digging trenches for pipes, laying a sand cushion and installing pipes. They should be laid under a slight slope - 1-2 cm per linear meter. Pipe laying is carried out to a depth of approximately 70–80 cm.

The septic tank should be installed strictly according to the level. It will work better in a horizontal position.

To connect the sewer pipe to the septic tank, a hole of the appropriate diameter should be made in it. This is done according to the instructions for the cleaning system. After that, you need to weld the pipe to the hole. To solve this problem, you will need a polypropylene cord and a building hair dryer. When the pipe has cooled down, it will be possible to insert a sewer pipe into it.

If you are connecting a volatile septic tank, then after these steps you need to connect electric cable. It is carried out from the shield to a separate machine. It must be laid in a special corrugated pipe and placed in the same trench as the sewer pipe. The septic tank has special holes with stamps. Connect a cable to them.

If the level of soil freezing in your area is large enough, then insulate the septic tank. Any heater can be thermal insulation material which can be used for laying in the ground.

After completing the connection of electricity and pipes, the septic tank should be covered with soil. This is done in layers of 15–20 cm. To equalize the pressure in the process of backfilling the soil, water must be poured into the septic tank. In this case, the water level should be slightly higher than the backfill level of the pit. So, gradually the entire septic tank will be underground.

If you are not satisfied with the finished plastic autonomous system for wastewater treatment, due to its size or cost, then you can make a septic tank from several compartments yourself. An excellent inexpensive material for the implementation of the plan is concrete rings. You can do all the work yourself.

Among the advantages of a septic tank from reinforced concrete rings, we note the following:

Affordable price.
Unpretentiousness during operation.
The ability to perform work without the help of specialists.

Of the shortcomings, the following deserve attention:

The presence of an unpleasant odor. It is impossible to make the structure absolutely airtight, and therefore the formation of an unpleasant odor near the septic tank cannot be avoided.
The need to clean the chambers from solid waste using sewage equipment.

It is possible to reduce the frequency of the need to pump out a septic tank if bioactivators are used. They reduce the amount of solid fractions due to the fact that they accelerate the process of their decomposition.

If the installation of the rings is illiterate, then the septic tank will be leaky, which will increase the risk of untreated sewage penetrating into the ground. But, with proper installation, the septic tank will be airtight, so this drawback of the system is rightfully called conditional.

The scheme for the construction of a septic tank, as a rule, includes 1-2 chambers designed for settling and treating wastewater and a filtration field / filter well.

If few people live in your house and at least plumbing devices, then you can easily get by with a septic tank, consisting of one sump and a filter well. And vice versa, if you have many households and many devices are connected to the sewer, then it is better to make a septic tank from two chambers and a filtration well.

How to calculate the required volume for a septic tank has already been described above. According to building codes, the septic tank chamber must accommodate a three-day volume of wastewater. The volume of the reinforced concrete ring is 0.62 m3, which means that in order to build a septic tank for 5 people, you will need a sump of five rings. Where did this amount come from? For 5 people, you need a septic tank with a volume of 3 m 3. This figure must be divided by the volume of the ring, equal to 0.62 m 3. You will get a value of 4.83. It needs to be rounded up, which means that in order to equip a septic tank in this particular case, you will need 5 rings.

The pit must be of such a size that it can accommodate the septic tank chambers and the filter well. These works, of course, can be done manually, but it is long and very difficult, so it is more cost-effective to order digging a pit from a company with earthmoving equipment.

The bottom of the pit at the installation site of the sedimentation chambers must be concreted in order to avoid the possibility of penetration of untreated effluents into the ground. Before starting concrete work, it is necessary to drain a part of the bottom of the pit for the installation of sedimentation tanks, laying a sand cushion on it, with a layer of 30–50 cm.

If you do not want to concrete the bottom, then you can purchase reinforced concrete rings with a blank bottom. They will need to be installed first in a vertical row.

The place for the filter well also requires the preparation of the base. Under it, you need to make a pillow of sand, crushed stone and gravel with a thickness of at least 50 cm.

To install the rings, you will have to order the services of lifting equipment. It is very difficult to perform these tasks manually. You can, of course, install the rings by digging under the bottom ring. But this method is laborious. Yes, and the bottom will have to be filled after installing the last ring, which will entail whole line inconvenience. In view of this, it is better not to save on ordering lifting equipment.

Typically, the rings are fastened together with a solution, but for greater structural reliability, they can be fastened with metal plates or staples. In this case, your septic tank will not suffer due to ground movement.

Now it's time to organize an overflow, and for this you need to bring pipes to the rings. It is better that they work on the principle of a water seal, that is, they must be installed with a bend.

To seal the joints, you need to use a solution with an aqua barrier. From the outside, the tanks must be treated with coating or built-up waterproofing.

Another option is to purchase plastic cylinders installed inside the well. In this case, the likelihood of dirty water ingress will be minimized.

Installation of ceilings / backfill

Finished wells must be covered with special concrete slabs, in which holes are provided for mounting sewer manholes. Ideally, the backfilling of the excavation should be carried out with soil with a high percentage of sand in its composition. But if it is impossible to realize this, the pit can be covered with soil removed from it before.

Now the septic tank can be put into operation.

The wastewater treatment system from barrels, as well as a similar design made of concrete goods, can be two- or three-chamber. Wastewater will flow into it by gravity, so it must be installed below the sewer pipes. The principle of operation of this device is similar to the construction of reinforced concrete rings.

For arrangement autonomous sewerage according to the principle of the cleaning system, any containers can be used. These can be old metal/plastic barrels. The main thing is that they are airtight.

If you decide to make a septic tank from metal barrels, then they should be pre-treated with an anti-corrosion agent.

Plastic containers have several advantages over their metal counterparts:

A wide range of plastic containers that can be used to equip a septic tank.
Barrels are highly resistant to the aggressive effects of effluents. Therefore, they last longer than their metal counterparts.
The light weight of the containers simplifies their installation at the place of permanent deployment.
Plastic does not need to be further processed, unlike metal.
The high tightness of the barrels eliminates the possibility of dirty water penetrating into the ground.

Plastic barrels must be securely fixed when installed in the ground, because due to spring floods or winter frosts, they can be squeezed out of the ground. In view of this, plastic barrels are attached with cables to concrete base(it must first be poured or a reinforced concrete slab installed). In order not to crush plastic barrels, backfilling should be carried out very carefully.

For seasonal use, sewage from metal barrels is also suitable, but for stationary use this is not an option.

The popularity of metal containers for arranging sewerage is associated with their compactness and ease of installation. As a cover, you can use the appropriate size wooden blank or the one provided by the manufacturer. To install a metal septic tank, you need to dig an appropriate pit, which also needs to be concreted - walls and bottom.

Metal containers do not have a long service life even after they have been treated with anti-corrosion compounds. Therefore, their installation as a septic tank may be unprofitable. Buying stainless steel containers is not an option, as these products are very expensive.

Maybe you decide that in this case you can buy barrels with thin walls. However, this is also not The best decision, since during operation such a septic tank can be pushed out. Yes, and such barrels have a limited capacity - up to 250 liters, which is not suitable for a large family.

For mounting reliable system for wastewater treatment, it is better to use factory polymer barrels.

To make a septic tank from 220 l barrels, you will need the following materials:

geotextile - 80 m 2;
sewerage pipe Ø110 m, length 5 m;
crushed stone fraction 1.8–3.5 cm, approximately 9 m 3;
corner for sewerage at an angle of 45 and 90º - 4 pcs.;
plastic barrel with a volume of 220 l - 2 pcs.;
coupling, flange - 2 pcs.;
wooden peg - 10 pcs.;
Y-shaped sewer tee - 4 pcs.;
building level;
drainage perforated pipe in the filter 5 m - 2 pcs.;
epoxy two-component sealant - 1 pc.;
glue for PVC - 1 pc.;
water tape - 1 pc.

Of the tools you will need:

Shovel.
Electric jigsaw.
Rake.

For a summer house / small country house, with economical use, standard plastic barrels are suitable. Installing such a cleaning system is easy. If you do not drain black drains into the sewer, then the septic tank will be unpretentious in maintenance. If the house has a toilet, then the sewer will have to be cleaned regularly, calling for sewage equipment.

For private houses with permanent residence, barrels will not be enough. For sewage, it is better to purchase plastic cubes / tanks / tanks. The process of their installation in the ground does not differ from the installation of barrels.

The distance of the septic tank from the house should not exceed 15 m. Too much distance will complicate the process of connecting the sewer to the house:

there is a need for a large deepening of the pipeline;
on the way to the septic tank, you will need to install a revision well.

The sewerage system from metal barrels does not require large financial investments and complex installation work. To begin with, as in previous cases, you need to prepare a pit, and then install 2 barrels, each of which has a volume of at least 200 liters. Then pipes are installed for overflowing liquid from one barrel to another and a transition to the filtration fields / drainage well.

Each subsequent container must be located below the previous one in level.

The joints must be sealed, and the barrels must be insulated with foam. After that, the pit with a septic tank is filled up. Since, as mentioned above, metal barrels are short-lived, you need to be prepared for the fact that after 3-4 years they will need to be replaced.

Pipe laying