Do-it-yourself well in the country: an overview of technologies and tools for manual drilling. Drilling a water well with your own hands - device technology and a step-by-step guide Drilling water wells yourself

Drilling a well under water may be required for owners of sites where there is no running water or a well, or the water in them is undrinkable.

The owners have to choose between an uncomfortable life without water and drilling a well. How to drill a well yourself and get drinking water, you will learn from this article.

Drilling technology

A water well is a serious hydraulic engineering facility, the efficiency and service life of which depend on the design and compliance with the technology.

The first thing to do when drilling a hole in the ground under water is to determine the location of the future source of water. Drilling begins after the layout of the site.

A place is needed not only for the well itself, but also for the drilling rig and additional mechanisms, so there must be an entrance to the future well. It is necessary to provide a place for draining technical water.

Approximately for drilling a shaft under water, a flat area of ​​​​40 - 50 square meters in size will be required.

So that water-carrying equipment and a drilling rig can enter it, the width entrance gate must be at least 3 meters. Above the drilling site should not pass electrical wires.

According to building codes:

• the trunk cannot be drilled closer than 3 meters from the house;
• nothing can be built over it;
• There should be access for vehicles.

The technology of drilling a well under water involves three types of work.

Destruction of rocks - most often used destruction by various mechanisms.

In industry, the rock is destroyed mechanically, thermally or explosively, but when drilling wells under water in individual areas, the last two technologies are not used.

Excavation - mechanical and hydraulic methods can be used for this work.

With the hydraulic method, the soil from the well is lifted to the surface with a liquid under pressure: water or a water-clay solution. At mechanical way use special equipment: drills, augers, bailers.

Strengthening the walls - it is not enough to drill a hole in the ground. So that its walls do not crumble, it will be necessary to equip the trunk.

To fix the walls, a metal casing made of black steel, electric-welded or solid, is inserted into the hole.

Pipe sections can be connected by threaded connection or by welding. If it is assumed that the water from the well will be drunk, then a galvanized pipe cannot be used.

The ideal option for pipes through which artesian water will pass is stainless steel, but this material is too expensive.

Now, most often, the construction of wells under water is used using double casing technology, when an insert from a plastic pipe made of HDPE or PVC is inserted into the main metal column.

This allows you to significantly increase the life of the well.

Four ways to self-drill a well under water

The choice of drilling method depends on the technical and financial capabilities, as well as on the desired specifications future hydrotechnical facility.

The auger method is suitable when you need to drill a small well in the area. Drilling is carried out with an auger, the blades of which simultaneously destroy the soil and carry it up.

Auger - a device resembling a corkscrew in shape and mechanism of action. Its blades can be welded at a right angle - in this case, they enter the soil also at a right angle and crush it before being fed to the surface.

In this case, part of the soil may fall to the bottom and require additional extraction to the surface.

A more advanced way of drilling is when the blades are welded to the axis obliquely. Such an auger enters the soil and removes it without crushing and spilling.

Core method - for drilling, a special tool is used in the form of a tube with a nozzle at the end, which is a core column with hard metal cutters.

The method is suitable if you have to drill hard rocky rocks. In this case, the soil is first broken with a chisel, and then raised to the surface with a crown.

The tube rotates, sludge is clogged into it and brought to the surface. A completely clogged pipe is removed and cleaned of rock by hitting with a heavy sledgehammer.

In the process of drilling a well using a core method, water with a suspension of clay must be supplied to the hole - this protects the walls of the well from shedding.

The shock-rope method consists in the fact that the soil is first broken with a heavy tool, and then removed using a cutting and gripping device located at the end of the pipe.

This device is called a bailer. A two-meter-high tripod is placed above the site of the future well. A block is equipped on it, through which a cable with a bailer fixed on it is passed.

If it is planned to equip a well with a length of less than 10 meters, then the construction of a tripod is optional.

But in any case, if the well is pierced with your own hands, then this device will facilitate the process, since when working with a tripod, you do not need to apply a lot of physical strength.

Percussion-rotary - in this case, drilling is accelerated due to the fact that the installation makes both percussion and reverse advancement.

The method is considered the most productive method of drilling channels under water in rocky soil.

Drilling a well under water with an ice drill

If you need to drill a shallow well under water with your own hands on a site with soft soil with minimal cost, then you can take a regular ice drill.

In the process of drilling, the tool is built up with homemade rods. Ice drill knives replace the auger, and rods can be made by hand from steel tubes with a diameter of 2.5 centimeters.

An ice drill is used for drilling ice and frozen ground during winter fishing or mountaineering. A fishing ice drill is suitable for drilling the earth.

The ice drill is a light tool with sharp knives. He has the right angle of attack, thanks to which the knives easily bite into the ground.

It is quite possible for them to dig a shallow well under water or a hole for poles in the area. The ice drill takes dry soil well, but gets stuck in wet soil. It is unsuitable for clay drilling.

To speed up work, cutters need to be welded to the edge of the ice screw blades. In addition to the ice drill and rods, casing pipes will be required to secure the hole, a shovel and a trolley for loading and removing soil from the site.

How to drill a hole in the ground with an ice drill with your own hands?

The work consists of the following stages:

• dig a hole 40-50 centimeters deep with a shovel;
• a drill is placed in the pit and, rotating, it is introduced into the ground according to the rule of tightening the screws;
• having made 3-4 turns, the tool is pulled out and manually cleared of the ground;
• after driving the first meter, you need to start forming a channel for water, for this, a casing pipe is lowered into the hole.

Tip: it is correct when the diameter of the pipe is slightly larger than the ice screw. When arranging a well with your own hands, it is better to use light plastic pipes that are connected to each other using a threaded connection.

When the tool is completely underground, stop drilling and attach an extension to the drill (using thread, soldering or a steel rod pin).

You need to drill until the top 10 centimeters of the casing pipe remains on the surface. The next segment is fixed on it.

Making the arrangement of the walls, periodically check their verticality, leveling with pieces of wood. The wedges are driven into the gap between the ground and the outer wall of the pipe.

Drilling continues until water appears in the well. After that, the work is stopped, the tool is removed and the filter is installed.

Tip: the gap in the ground near the pipe must be filled with rubble.

Pipes can be inserted into the hole not during, but after drilling, but in this case the well will have to be freed again from the soil that has spilled down.

Then the pipes are alternately lowered into the shaft and connected to each other after the next section of the pipe goes down.

Final works

You drilled a well under water with your own hands, but this is only the first stage. Now you need to carry out the arrangement of your hydraulic structure.

The arrangement includes:

• installation of a caisson;
• pump start;
• installation of electrical equipment;
• laying pipes for water.

The arrangement of an artesian well is carried out without fail, but if there is not enough money, then this can be done a little later.

Arrangement is not necessary if it is decided to drill a small well on the site solely for watering the garden and other non-domestic needs.

Arrangement begins with the installation of the caisson. For the caisson, a head is made, that is, soil is removed around the upper edge of the casing and the caisson is lowered to a depth of about two meters.

Thus, the hole from which water will flow will be in the center of the caisson. The pipe is hermetically connected to the inner edges of the caisson.

The installation of a caisson is needed to prevent flooding of the well with groundwater. Without a caisson, the water at the mouth of the hole can freeze in winter.

What is a caisson device? The caisson can be made with your own hands from a piece of an ordinary pipe, the diameter of which is approximately one meter.

The wall thickness of the caisson should be about 4 millimeters. From the inside, the caisson is coated with an anti-corrosion compound, it is isolated from water from the outside, and it must be closed with a lid from above.

The pipe, through which water rises, leaves the caisson - its upper end is below the freezing of the soil.

The pump for the well must supply water under sufficient pressure. A waterproof cable is mounted to the pump and a metal cable is attached for insurance.

The end of the cable is fixed on the head of the casing string.

If desired, you can install the elements yourself automatic control so as not to turn on the pump manually.

The pump control panel allows the device to automatically turn on and off depending on the pressure of the accumulator.

The hydraulic accumulator (membrane tank) protects the pump motor from dry operation and from power surges.

Practice shows that drilling a hydrowell with your own hands is quite labor-intensive, but possible.

If there are no funds to hire drilling equipment and you have to do everything yourself, then you need to approach the matter responsibly - choose the right drilling option depending on the soil on the site, read the instructions.

But as a result, you will get high-quality water from a do-it-yourself hydraulic facility.

Water on suburban area or in a private house - a necessary resource, without which it is impossible. However, the organization of a common water supply is often impractical. Due to the remoteness of land holdings from each other, centralized water supply is an expensive pleasure. An individual source of water is easier and cheaper to use. However, first you need to organize it. Own well will provide its owner with confidence that the economic needs of the site and housing will be satisfied. At the same time, the owners do not have to pay for water supply, counting each cubic meter of water spent. It is difficult and expensive to dig a well, but drilling a well on your own is realistic if you are familiar with the drilling technology and the type of well device.

Types of wells and their features

Before drilling, the territory of the site must be explored, determining the level of occurrence ground water. The amount of work that will need to be done in order for the well to become water-bearing will depend on this parameter. The type of well is chosen, precisely taking into account the depth of the water-containing formation.

If water occurs at a depth of 3-12 m, choose the type "". At a depth of up to 50 m, a sand well is used, and an artesian one, if the water lies in the ground at least 200 m. Almost every summer resident can manually perform the first two types, but an artesian well will require a drilling rig and professional drillers.

Drilling a sand well by hand

This type of source involves pumping water from a depth of up to 50 m. A sand well is so called because it "produces water" from a water-containing sandy layer of soil, which is usually just fifty meters deep. This depth does not guarantee the purity of the water, so it is recommended to periodically check the contents of the well in the sanitation station for the presence of organic and chemical compounds.

To organize a sand well, a classic scheme with a pump is used. And to purify water from suspensions and debris, they use a filter installed at a depth. The filter needs to be cleaned regularly. The service life of a sand well is about 15 years.

Organization of the well "Abyssinian well"

This is the simplest well-needle in execution. It is shallow, so you need to take care of carefully choosing a place for it.

Nearby there should be no septic tanks, garbage heaps, cesspools and sewage pits. Because of the shallow depth harmful substances may seep into the source, contaminating it.

If there are no pebbles and other hard rocks in the soil, well drilling can be carried out in the area around the house or right in the basement of the house. The well in the basement is convenient to use even in cold weather. A home well is equipped with a hand column and a pump so that water can be used, regardless of the availability of electricity.

Drilling an artesian well

Provided that there are already wells of this type in neighboring areas, there is a high probability of occurrence of water in the limestone layer in this area. In other cases, drillers are ordered an experimental well to determine the depth of water. An artesian well can provide water to several sites at once. Often drilling is ordered in a pool to save money and get the desired result.

The choice of the type of well depends on the type of soil and the planned amount of water consumed. An Abyssinian well and a sand well will provide a good low flow. And if the flow rate is from 10 cubic meters per hour, you will need to arrange an artesian well. It is better to drill any well away from potential pollutants and close to home so that there are no problems with laying water pipes.

Drilling equipment and tools

When drilling artesian wells, drilling rigs are used by professionals. For smaller wells, a conventional tripod with a winch is suitable. It will lower and raise the drilling tool, consisting of a core barrel, drill rods, a core for drilling, a drill.

Special equipment, without which it is problematic to make a well, is a drilling tool that will help you go deeper into the ground (auger), a tripod and a winch. To drill a well with your own hands, you will need a metal auger. An ice drill, which is used during winter fishing, can act as an auger. The main thing is that the drill should be made of high-strength steel. This is the most cheap option well drilling. In addition to the tripod, you will need pipes of different diameters ( water pipes, hoses, casing pipe), valves, caisson, filters, well pump.

Drilling work: stages

1. First you need to dig a hole or a pit, the dimensions of which are 150 by 150 cm. In order for the recess not to crumble, its walls are lined with plywood, boards, pieces of chipboard. Another option is to dig a trunk with a diameter of 15-20 cm and a depth of 1 m with an ordinary drill. This is done so that the pipe is more stable in a vertical position.

2. A strong metal or wooden tripod is placed directly above the recess (it is called a drilling rig), fixing a winch at the junction of its supports. Log towers are more common. A drill column with one and a half meter (with self-drilling) rods hangs on a tripod. The rods are threaded into one pipe, fixed with a clamp. This design is used for lifting and lowering equipment.

The pump is selected in advance in order to determine the diameter of the future well and core barrel. The pump must pass freely into the pipe. That is why the difference between the diameter of the pump and the inner diameter of the pipe must be at least 5 mm.

Descent-ascent of drilling equipment - and there is drilling a well. The bar is rotated while hitting it from above with a chisel. It is much more convenient to do this together: the first turns with a gas wrench, and the second hits the bar from above, breaking through the rock. Using a winch simplifies the process: it is much easier to lift and lower equipment into the well with it. The rod is marked during drilling. Marks are required for orientation. The markings help you determine when it's time to pull out the rod and clean the drill. It is usually recommended to do this approximately every half a meter.

3. To make it easier to overcome different layers of soil, special drills are used.

• spiral drill (otherwise, coil) - for clay soils;
• drill bit for loosening hard soils;
• drill spoons for sandy soil;
• bailer helps to raise the soil to the surface.

4. The sandy layer is easier to pass with a drill spoon, adding water during drilling. If the ground is hard, use a chisel. Drill bits are cross and flat. In any case, their purpose is to help loosen hard rocks. Quicksands are overcome by impact.

With clay soil, you will need a coil, bailer and drill spoon. Serpentine or spiral drills, pass well clay soils, because they have a design similar to a spiral, and the pitch of the spiral is equal to the diameter of the drill. The size of the lower base of the drill is from 45 to 85 mm, the blade is from 258-290 mm. Pebble beds containing gravel are punched, alternating bailer and chisel, with casing pipes. Sometimes you can not do without pouring water into the hole. This can significantly simplify the task of drilling a well. The option of drilling a well with a pump also deserves consideration.

Soil drilling process

5. If the rock brought to the surface has become important, then the aquifer is already close. It takes a little more depth to cross the aquifer. Drilling will become noticeably easier, but you can not stop. You need to find a waterproof layer with a drill.

Well construction and buildup

After the desired depth is reached, the next stage begins - arrangement. A filter column is lowered into the finished well, consisting of a pipe, a sump and a filter. You can make it yourself from a filtration mesh, perforation and casing, or use a ready-made, store-bought sand filter for a submersible pump.

To strengthen the pipe, the space behind it is covered with crushed stone of a 5 mm fraction or coarse sand. The backfill must be above the level of the filter. Filter - essential element any well. The main function of the filter is to protect against sand and large impurities. In parallel with backfilling, water is pumped into a pipe with a sealed upper end. This manipulation helps to flush the annulus and the filter. After washing, a natural barrier for large impurities is formed. Gelation of the well with a nozzle-bailer or screw pump means that water is pumped out of a fresh well until the water is clean and clear. This stage is called buildup. For her, most often use electric centrifugal pump. The advantage of this mechanism is that it can pump high-density liquid media. An ordinary household pump is also acceptable, but it will require more effort and time. In case of problems with the power supply, it is possible to use a hand pump.

After pumping on a safety cable, the pump is lowered to a depth (see the picture above). A water pipe or hose with a diameter of 25 or 50 mm is connected to it. The choice of diameter depends on the capabilities of the well - the amount of water that can be pumped out of the well in a certain period of time.

If a metal pipe is used, the pump is not fixed. Instead, a waterproof cable is attached to the pipe from the pump.

Well pump. Peculiarities

To select a pump of the correct power, it is necessary to take into account such parameters as:

1. well debit, indicators of its depth;
2. casing diameter;
3. remoteness of the well from the house.

The required pump power directly depends on these parameters. At a shallow depth (up to 9 m), a self-priming surface pump will do, in other cases a submersible borehole pump will serve well.

After the pump is immersed, a pipe is brought out into the wellhead equipped with a caisson, welded to its head. A valve is installed on it, which will open the way for water up and regulate the flow. With an excessive water intake rate, an unproductive well will quickly dry up, and the pump, working idle, will fail. Pipes are connected in the caisson, which will be the conduit to the room. For them, it is required to provide waterproofed and insulated trenches. You can read about how to choose a pump for a well, but about how to choose a pump for a well -.

Well operation

Wells of all types need timely cleaning. Signs that an aquifer needs service can be: jerks in the water outlet, the presence of air locks, impurities (silt, sand). If maintenance is missed, well productivity may no longer recover. To restore normal functions, the well is purged with water or air compressor. More radical methods cleaning - with acid or electricity. However, these methods are risky and are best left to professionals.

Tips for those who make a well on their own

Before starting work, it would be good to ask your neighbors about the level of water in your area. If there are wells nearby, look there.

The water level above 5 m is good news, because the only tools needed for drilling are a garden drill.

A small-sized drilling rig or a mechanical drilling device - "handbrake" can be rented. So you get the opportunity to use convenient equipment and not pay a lot of money for it.

Do not lower the water pipe into the well to the very bottom. It should not reach the deepest point of about half a meter. This way the water will flow better.

The pipe leading to the well must have ventilation holes on the surface, otherwise, without air, the water will quickly become stale. It is convenient to equip a hinged cover on the pipe so that there is constant access to the well.

The most convenient well for equipment is one-piece plastic pipe.

After the well has earned, be sure to give your water for examination. Water is recognized as drinking water if its transparency is at least 30 cm, nitrate content is not more than 10 mg/l, less than 10 Escherichia coli per 1 liter, and the maximum odor and taste score is 3 points.

Disadvantages and advantages of manual well drilling

Advantages: low cost; no need to drive to the site of bulky special equipment; due to the relatively small depth, home-made wells are pumped faster, less dragged out; if there is no electricity, water can be obtained with a manual suction pump.

The main disadvantage of self-drilling is the limited depth, the lack of specialists who can help maintain a home-made well. Thus, after reading this article, we hope that you will have no questions about how to drill a well with your own hands.

Uninterrupted water supply of a private house is a prerequisite for a comfortable stay.

Centralized water supply in rural areas or summer cottages is expensive, and its organization is fraught with difficulties.

The best option is an individual source: a well or a well.

Where to get water

To organize an individual source fit:

Important note! Artesian waters constitute a strategic reserve. For their extraction and exploitation of the source, they obtain permission from state bodies.

They drill wells "on the sand" with their own hands.

Such a source is sufficient for water supply in the house, and the cost of organizing it pays off within 1-2 years of operation.

A small educational program

Taking water from an unconfined aquifer is not always the best option.

Therefore, the preferred option is a limestone well..

An exploratory well-“needle” will answer the question about the occurrence of layers and the complexity of drilling.
On such a well, a so-called. "Abyssinian well" as a source of temporary water supply.

Practical note! The Abyssinian well can be drilled directly in the basement of the house, while receiving a guaranteed source of water at any time of the year.

The device of the well "on the sand"

In the design of such a source, 2 elements are required.

Well construction includes:

• erection of a caisson (or installation of a downhole adapter),
• installation of automation (about the optimal pressure of the water supply in a private house is written in the article),
• hydraulic accumulator (),
• filters.

Drilling technology

For independent drilling wells fit in several ways. They are used, depending on the composition of the soils that must be passed to the aquifer.

Before drilling, a pit is laid with dimensions of 1.5x1.5x1.5 (or 2) meters. In the place defined as the drilling point, the first meters (3-4) of the well are passed by the auger.

Very important! When drilling at the first stage, be sure to check the verticality of the auger (the hole being laid). This will make future work easier.

Practical advice! If drilling is carried out to a depth of more than 7 m, for accuracy further work the installation of a conductor will not interfere.

This is a pipe whose diameter exceeds the dimensions (diameter) of the casing and the annulus. The conductor is placed vertically and concreted.

On a note! The diameter of the well, tool, casing is chosen based on the diameter of the submersible pump.

The gap between the walls of the pipe and the housing must comply with the documentation of the pump manufacturer, but not less than 7 mm.

For the 86 mm pump caliber commonly found on the market, inner diameter casing is 100 mm.

For deep well drilling, the tool, as it goes deeper, will have to be lengthened with rods.

As the knees of the drill string (rods) use steel pipes(for a tool with a diameter of 100 mm, pipes with a diameter of 80 mm with a machine thickness of at least 4 mm are suitable).

Important! The connection of the column is performed with bayonet couplings.

The threaded connection can unscrew when the rods are turned to release and lift the tool, and the locks are unreliable when percussive drilling.

To avoid damage to the casing by the drill string, pipe centralizers (steel springs) are used - 1 per 3-5 m of the drilling structure.

Important note! Manual drilling is intermittent, with periodic lowering and raising of the tool to free it from the rock.

For 1 cycle pass no more than the length of the working part!

Necessary equipment

The most common in the practice of manual drilling of wells:

• auger and shock-rope methods - require the use of a minimum of necessary equipment.

Types of drills and their application

The main tool for sinking a wellbore and removing soil is a drill.

For different drilling technologies and soils use:

• Auger (coil).
  Scope - rotary drilling.

  The cutting head is made of sheet steel (thickness less than 3 mm), the edges are sharpened.

  Important! The auger must be two-way otherwise, ground resistance will pull the instrument away from vertical.

  Practical note!
  Even with a screw screw length of several meters, it is recommended to lift and free it from the ground every 1-1.5 m of shaft penetration.

  Otherwise, it will be problematic to remove the tool.

• Bur glass.
  It is used with the shock-rope method for driving cohesive viscous soils, for example, clay.
• Boring spoon.
  Suitable for loose and loose rocks.
  Scope of rotational and shock-rotational drilling.
• drill bit for breaking hard rocks.
  It is used for cable-percussion drilling.
• Bailer.
  A device for freeing the shaft from crumbling soil and / or semi-liquid rock.

Koper

When drilling to a depth of 5 m, lowering and raising the drill string and casing can be done manually.

For greater depths, use a pile driver - a drilling rig.

In the simplest case, the copper- a tripod made of steel pipes or logs, assembled in the form of a trihedral pyramid.

The height of the pile driver is chosen based on the maximum length of the elbows of the drill string or casing, it should exceed this parameter by 1.2-1.5 m.

To work with equipment, 3 m long, the height of the copra is 4.5 m, which allows it to be assembled from 6 meter logs or pipes.

Important! Be sure to ensure the stability of the tower!

To do this, the legs of the copra are fastened with a wound, or buried in the ground, placing under the heel of each, a bed - a horizontal segment of a log up to 1 m long.

Equip the pile driver with a drilling collar and lifting mechanism- a gate or a winch.

Casing installation

With manual drilling, one of the simple methods is used:

At the end of the drilling process, it is time to build up and equip the well, and connect the source to the water supply.

How to make a simple drill and drill a well for water yourself, see the proposed video.

Having your own water source makes living in the country as comfortable as possible. Having a water intake on the site, you can not only arrange high-quality water supply at home, but also provide watering of the garden and vegetable garden in dry times. Moreover, it is quite possible to drill a well for water with your own hands in the country.

However, before you get down to business, you should determine what type of water intake you plan to arrange, select the drilling technology and prepare the appropriate tool.

How and which well is best to drill in the country?

There are two main types of water intakes: sand and artesian. The former are drilled into sand, the latter into limestone. Sand wells can be up to 50 meters deep, while artesian wells can be up to 200 meters deep. They differ in both the diameter of the shaft and the size of the casing pipes. It is extremely difficult and expensive to drill an artesian well on your own in a country house or near a private house, so the sandy type remains the best option.

To determine the location for the device of a water supply source, one should have information about the depth of occurrence groundwater. If the figure does not exceed 20 meters, there is every chance to cope with the creation of the well on your own. And when is the best time to drill a well, it's up to you.

Events can be held at any time of the year.

The well shaft is best located in the immediate vicinity of the house; it is also possible to arrange a water intake in the basement, garage, outbuilding, utility room, etc.

In most cases, a ready-made drilling tool is used to create a water intake. However, you can build a simple drilling mechanism by hand. It will consist of a tower and a column.
The tower looks similar to a tripod. You can make them metal pipes or logs. We connect the structural elements with a pivot. Next, we place a drill column in the upper part of the structure. With the help of a winch, we connect the two legs of the drilling rig.

If the aquifer lies high, you can limit yourself to using a drill.

Video instruction - How to manually drill a well for water

We create a drilling column with the help of three-meter rods, which we connect with each other with couplings. In some cases, half-meter rods may suffice. The column will sink into the ground, and its length will increase due to the rods.

The choice of drill head should be made depending on the type of soil. When deciding how to drill a well in a summer cottage, a chisel, a coil, a spoon-drill, a bailer are most often used.

A drill head is a percussion or cutting tool that breaks up soil. It is installed on the column using a special threaded adapter. After lowering the head into the face, the cavities of the drill are filled with soil. For soft rocks, a “spoon-drill” is best suited, for hard ones - a chisel, for dense soil - a “serpentine” is enough. With the help of a bailer, the soil is raised to the surface.

It is possible to prevent sprinkling of the walls of the water intake by installing casing pipes. Plastic water pipes can act as their role. The bottom of the pipe must have a "shoe" - a serrated (a) or smooth (b) edge.

Main stages of work:

• Preparatory stage. Before drilling a well, you should manually create a pit - a special structure that will prevent soil from shedding into the face. The pit is a pit 1.5x1.5x2 m. The walls of the pit are reinforced with boards or metal sheets, they also cover the bottom.
• Building a tower and determine the center point in the lower flooring;
• We create a hole, the size of which should correspond to the diameter of the casing pipes. Check if the drilling tool is installed vertically.
• We pass the bar through the top and bottom holes and fasten the collar. The best thing rotate the gate with two people, a third person can be involved to correct the position of the barbell.
• Put on a column mark at a distance of 60 cm from the top. After the column is lowered into the ground at this distance, it is raised to the surface and the soil is removed. Repeat the operation several times. As the tool deepens, it is built up with the help of rods and couplings. To understand how best to drill a well with or without casing, you should know the density of the soil. The installation of casing strings will prevent shedding of the walls of the water intake, thereby extending its service life. Casing pipe diameter should be slightly larger than the diameter of the couplings. To prevent collapse of the walls, do not lower the drill too deep (the depth of the tool should not exceed its length). Thus, the well device is an alternation of drilling operations and the installation of casing strings, which are built up as they deepen.
• At the final stage we produce well cleaning from the rock with the help of a bailer, we put a strainer at the bottom, which will prevent the ingress of mechanical impurities and rapid silting of the source. The filter can be a perforated pipe or a fine-mesh metal mesh.

After the work on the internal device of the source is completed, we proceed to the arrangement of the ground part. We dismantle the casing of the pit and carry out backfill. Install pump equipment. You can decorate a well in the form of a crane, a canopy, a fake well, and even a gazebo.

TO manual technology drilling of wells, as a rule, is resorted to when it is necessary to provide a summer residence or private house water supply. Sometimes a well is chosen for this function, but a well for water is still preferable - it has several advantages:

1. Long service life;
2. Aquifers lie deep underground, which helps to extract more clean water;
3. The rate of water replenishment at wells (the so-called debit) is much higher than at wells.

There are several drilling technologies and downhole structures themselves. The very process of drilling wells under water with your own hands is much simpler than it might seem at first. The methods described below do not require the purchase and use of expensive complex equipment or special highly specialized knowledge. Manual drilling of wells is quite within the power of every man.

Types of wells

Verkhovodka

The uppermost layer is the high waters - they lie about 10 m from the surface. Sometimes they are used to provide water, but this is not recommended. For the safe use of such water, constant sanitary checks are required - the upper water is rarely suitable for drinking, more often it is used for technical needs.

Well on the sand

Usually, wells are drilled to a free-flow reservoir - it lies about 5-20 m from the surface and is much safer for drinking than water from the upper reservoir. A well in an unconfined formation is called a sand well. Before you start drinking water, it is still recommended to check it with sanitary organization, but getting a positive opinion is much more likely.

A pressureless formation has no pressure, while for safe operation filtering of fine soil particles is essential. The debit of such a well is approximately 2 cubic meters. m / day.

borehole on limestone

It produces water of the highest quality. The depth of such wells for limestone can be from 7 to 50 m. The composition of the aquifer includes: loam, limestone and water-resistant rock. It is these wells that contain water of very high quality and therefore, to ensure the dacha drinking water Do-it-yourself water well drilling is best done in limestone.

The reservoir has its own pressure - it helps to raise water to the surface. The debit is 5 cubic meters. m/day However, it is still recommended to carry out a sanitation check before using the water. Important advantages of such a well over all others are:

• long service life;
• simplified water supply system, due to the well's own pressure;
• stable daily debit;
• no need for a sand filter;
• high quality and purity of water.

An artesian well is located in interstratal waters and provides the highest quality and unique purity of water. The depth of such a well lies from 30 to 50 m deep, so it is almost impossible to drill it manually.

Yes, and it’s not worth trying to drill a well under water in such a reservoir on your own, since artesian waters are considered valuable natural resource and protected by law.

drilling depth

Before starting work, it is necessary to determine the depth of the planned well, for which you need to know at what depth the aquifer lies. To do this, it is necessary to conduct geological studies or at least ask the neighbors operating the well about the depth of their well. There are also in our time folk experts dowsers who are able to find the closest location of water from the surface of the earth.

According to their depth, wells are divided into three main types:

1. shallow- no more than 3 m. It is recommended to drill such a well if the water from it will be used only for technological and operational needs.
2. Medium deep- no more than 7 m. Such a well is created if the produced water will be used both technical and drinking, but with dubious quality;
3. Deep- more than 7 m. This type of well is done when there is a need for in large numbers drinking water.

Methods for self-drilling wells

Hydro drilling

Hydrodrilling is carried out by pumping water into the drill string (pipe) at the bottom of which there are special holes. Water erodes the soil below and rises up into the pit into the gap between the drill pipe and the walls of the well. Most of the soil raised with water settles in the pit, and the water itself enters the second pit in a purified form.

The drilling pump pumps out purified water from the 2nd pit and feeds it to the pump. As a result of a closed cycle, water consumption is relatively low.
As the well deepens, the drill pipe is extended with additional threaded pipes.

At the end of drilling work, casing is lowered into the well. The casing pipe is equipped with a filter in drilled holes or notches and is located at the end of the casing pipe. As a rule, the filter has a length of about 1 m.

Auger drilling

This type of drilling is carried out using a steel pipe equipped with spirally welded blades. Such a drill is also called an auger, it is convenient for drilling soft or medium-hard soils, but is contraindicated in the presence of stony or rocky soil.

The drilling technology using auger drill is as follows:

1. The rotation of the drill starts into the ground.
2. When the auger goes into the ground to its full depth (or the rotational force becomes very large), it is removed and the soil is cleaned off the blades. To facilitate the rotation of the drill, you can pour water into the well.
3. The pipe is built up from above to the drill and it again descends into the ground;
4. The procedure continues until the aquifer is reached.

Mostly, auger drilling is used in professional drilling rigs, but you can also work with hand augers. It is not easy to work with such a drill, the process itself requires certain skills and knowledge.

Well-needle

Alternative title: Abyssinian well- this is rather not a drilling method, but a direct clogging of the pipe through which water will go into the ground. The tool is a rod with a tip in the form of a cone, the maximum diameter of which is greater than the diameter of the pipe to be driven.

Pipes for a well-needle are thick-walled water pipes, the diameter of which varies from 25 to 32 m. A prerequisite for such pipes is tightness, since they are driven into the ground once and for all. If the pipes are to be joined by welding, sufficient qualification of the welder is required to ensure tightness. If the pipes are threaded, sealing and sealing of the threaded connection is required.

The design of the Abyssinian well:

1. Needle;
2. Filter - drilled holes in the bottom of the pipe for the aquifer;
3. Wire and a small mesh of stainless steel over the drilled holes, which must be welded to the pipe so that they do not peel off when driven.

The wire is necessary from stainless steel in order to avoid electrolytic corrosion in the case of using wire made of copper or brass.

In order not to break the upper end of the pipe when driving it into the ground, you can use an eccentric or wedge fixture that is put on the pipe. It is a ring with an internal cone, into which another conical split ring with an external counter-cone is inserted, or separate conical plates. The ring is put on the pipe and wedged on the cones in such a way that its downward movement becomes impossible. Next, the headstock is taken (it is also a heavy and large ring with two handles) and the headstock hits the wedged ring and the pipe is buried in the ground.

Shock rope method

The percussion-rope method of creating wells has earned its popularity due to its simplicity and accessibility. However, this is a rather slow process, since this method requires a lot of physical effort. It can be used with almost any type of soil.

The drilling technology is simple and straightforward, and the process is as follows: a tripod is installed, at the upper end of which there is a pulley. A rope has the ability to slide along the pulley, at one end of which a drilling tool is installed, at the other end the tool is manually lifted. The tool is abruptly thrown into the well, releasing the rope, and then the tool is pulled to the surface by the rope, where, upon reaching a penetration depth of about 0.5 m, the tool is cleaned.

The following tool is used for such drilling:

• drill glass, otherwise called Schitz projectile - designed to work with viscous, highly sticky soils;
• the bailer is a piece of pipe with a spring-loaded damper valve that opens during impact and closes when lifted up, preventing soil from spilling out. It is used while working with loose rock;
• a spoon drill is a piece of pipe with petals bent at the bottom. Used for loose or loose soil;
• a drill bit with a plate in cross section is used to pass through rock layers.

At shock-rope method the casing can be installed and lowered as the well deepens. In this case, the pipe must be metal, since a plastic pipe can be damaged from the inside by a drilling tool.

Casing Types

The diameter of such a pipe must be selected, referring to the parameters of the well and the size and type of the pump intended for use. Materials for pipes are quite diverse and not all of them are safe for operation.

Pipe materials:

• asbestos pipes - contain a very strong carcinogen and therefore are very harmful to use;
• galvanized pipes - negatively affect the human body, there is a risk of poisoning;
• steel pipes are an economical and practical option, but over time they rust up to through corrosion;
• stainless steel pipes do not have any harmful effect on the human body and, among other things, help to significantly increase the life of the well. The downside of such pipes is not an affordable price for stainless steel and sophisticated technology her brews;
• HDPE and PVC pipes(plastic) - one of the most commonly used materials, deserving such reverence due to its availability and low cost. However, they are only suitable for wells of shallow depth (no more than 15 m), since they do not tolerate large loads well, and can be damaged from the inside by a submersible pump.

Some nuances

1. It is desirable for a drilled well to go through a buildup, in which water is poured into the gap between the well and casing pipe and pumped out of the pipe. It is possible to pump through a pipe and pump out between the pipe and the ground, but this method can disrupt the aquifer.
2. Further, daily pumping of the entire volume of water from the well is necessary to increase the debit and increase the transparency of the water.
3. To operate the well, it is necessary to use a filter. It would be optimal to mount the filter directly to the pump inlet.
4. The life of a well depends on the regularity of water intake and the amount of water pumped out.