Water well drilling technology. All about modern water well drilling technologies

For normal life support in the house or in the country should be constantly running water. Most often, the sources are a well or a well. Preferably a well. Firstly, because, as a rule, rather deep-lying aquifers with more clean water. Second, they last longer. Thirdly, their debit (replenishment rate) is much higher. It is also important that it is possible to drill water wells with your own hands. There are several technologies, you just have to choose.

Water near the house is always good

Methods for self-drilling water wells

Wells for water are drilled or clogged - different technologies involve different methods. Do-it-yourself drilling of wells for water is not possible by all methods, but some can really be used.

Auger drilling

With this technology, a well is made using a special drill - auger. This is a steel pipe, with blades welded in a spiral. When rotating, the projectile plunges into the ground. After it goes to its entire depth, it is taken out, the soil remaining on the blades is poured out. The auger is lowered into the well again, having grown the pipe from above, excavation continues. So, over and over again, taking out the projectile and shaking off the soil, they drill a well. Pipes at the ends can be threaded or connected with studs.

The disadvantage of this method is that it is not suitable for all types of soils. Normally soft or medium hard rocks are drilled. If there is a rocky or rocky layer, the work will be inefficient - the auger is powerless here. Blockages will be observed in loose soils, which is also problematic.

Quite powerful installations work according to this technology, but there are even hand-held auger drills. They work very hard, but possible. There is a simple device that makes auger drilling of water wells with your own hands easier - this is a tripod with a collar and a block fixed at the top. With the help of a cable, a winch and a block, it is easier to get a drilling tool, and this must be done often.

Motorized drilling rigs are more convenient, and not necessarily purchased ones. There is interesting homemade. In any case, this is a frame with a movably fixed motor that drives the drill. An example of such a setup is in the next video. The auger drill is not used for water wells, but the essence of the installation itself and the principle of operation do not change from this.

At small sizes auger and rods, which increase the length (up to 1.5 m), this method of drilling water wells can also be used inside the house, cottage, bath. The main thing is that the soils are suitable.

Hydrodrilling (using a pump or a pump)

As the name implies, this method uses water to drill wells. When used independently, most often water is pumped into the pipe. It exits through special holes at the bottom of the drill, flows by gravity through the gap between the outer wall of the pipe and the walls of the well.

In addition to a drill and threaded pipes, this method also requires a pump. Before starting work, two pits are dug near the future well. In the first, the main amount of soil settles, in the second, water enters, devoid of most of the impurities. Little water is needed for the process - it constantly circulates. From the first pit, sediments are periodically removed, usually with a shovel. If necessary, if the water has become too dirty, it can be replaced. It is pumped out using the same pump, only it is not fed into the well, but is drained somewhere to the site. Bay a new batch of water can continue drilling.

After the well has reached the required depth, a casing pipe with a filter at the end is inserted into it. Recently, HDPE or PVC pipe is most often used. It is easier to work with HDPE - it bends well. The filter is holes drilled at the end casing pipe. The length of such a filter is about a meter. Then you can wind a stainless steel wire on top, and a fine mesh of the same stainless steel on top.

Shock rope method

One of the easiest to implement ways to make a well on your own is shock-rope. But it is also the slowest, in the absence of mechanization, it requires significant physical effort. On the other hand, it can be considered as a simulator. Moreover, it is very effective - almost all the muscles of the body work.

Do-it-yourself shock-rope drilling of water wells is a universal method that can be used on any type of soil. Only the projectile changes, but the technology and installation remains the same:

The wireline drilling rig can be implemented in different ways. The most common type is a tripod, in the center of which a block is fixed. But the block can also be attached to an L-shaped structure; an electric motor with a gearbox can also be used to facilitate labor.

Tripod - the most common type of installation

The technology of shock-rope drilling itself is very simple: the projectile is lifted, released into free fall. This is repeated many times. With each blow, the well becomes a little deeper. When a section of 50 cm has been passed, the projectile is removed, freed from the ground. And everything repeats again.

To drill faster, you need a heavy projectile. If the pipe walls are thick, the mass can be significant anyway. If necessary, you can make it heavier - fill the upper part of the pipe with lead. Also, to speed up the passage, the lower edge can be sharpened, but this must be done so that the bevel is directed inward. One more thing: pay attention to the slots in the drilling shells. They make it easier to remove the rock. This is especially important when passing dense, viscous clay layers.

A cable for a percussion-rope drilling rig is needed with a diameter of 10-12 mm. If you work by hand, gloves are required. When passing the upper layers, it is easier to use a hand drill, and for easier passage of the upper layers in dry times, you can pour water into the drilled well.

Casing pipe and filter

All the above-described technologies for self-drilling water wells have common features. After the well has reached the aquifer (water will appear in large quantities in the rock), they continue to drill for some time, going deep into the aquifer by 1-2 meters. Then the entire drill string is dismantled, and a casing pipe is installed inside the well.

The piping needs to be dealt with. Select the diameter depending on the size of the well you drilled and the type of pump you plan to use. We must carefully consider the choice of material. For some time, asbestos pipes were used for the casing. But they are very harmful - the strongest carcinogen. Do not use galvanized pipes either - zinc is not excreted from the body, it accumulates. And poisoning them has very bad consequences.

There is not so much choice left - pipes made of steel and stainless steel, as well as plastic pipes - HDPE and PVC. stainless steel - practically perfect option, except for the price and complexity of welding. In order for the seam not to rust, welding in an argon environment is necessary, and this is not easy. Although, to some extent, special stainless steels can help.

In recent years, plastic pipes have become increasingly popular. PVC and HDPE are cheap and cheerful, but for their installation, the well must be perfectly level. Another point - plastic does not tolerate loads very well. Therefore, they can be used at a shallow depth - up to 15 meters. In any case, set for a well sewer pipes it’s not worth it, it’s better to still find plumbing, although they are more expensive: the walls in them are of different thicknesses, so the investment will be justified.

Steel pipes will definitely not collapse and stand for a long time, but they also have a significant drawback: they rust. Nevertheless, of the options described above, it is the metal that is optimal if there are no funds for stainless steel.

In order for water to enter the casing pipe, a filter is made in its lower part, which is immersed in the aquifer. Holes are made in the pipe. There are two options. First - drill large diameter, in four rows in a checkerboard pattern. The second - longitudinal slots are cut with a grinder (size 1.5-2.5 mm).

A wire (3-4 mm in diameter) is wound on top of the pipe, and a mesh with a very small cell is attached on top of it. It is best to use stainless steel. In this case, it will be possible to wash the sediment filter with washing solutions, and the wire and mesh can be welded to the pipe.

If you use any other metal, after a while the filter will fail. Ferrous metal rusts, the rest are destroyed due to electrolytic corrosion.

Abyssinian well or well-needle

This is a type of manual drilling of wells for water and cannot be called drilling - a special rod with a cast cone-shaped tip is driven into the ground, increasing as needed with pipes-rods (one 1-2 meters long), which are connected by thread. This type of wells is called differently, driven, Abyssinian, needle. All this about one method.

The difference from all other methods is that these pipes remain in the ground, it is through them that water will flow. That is, this is a well without casing. It is pierced with the help of these pipes, and then they are used. Therefore, as the rods with which the needle is built up, they use water pipes with a thick wall. Diameter from 25 -32 mm. Since the pipes are clogged forever, their connection must be airtight. Traditionally, to increase reliability, a winding (usually linen) is used, it can be coated with a sealant.

First element Abyssinian well called a needle. But the tip-peak is far from the only difference between this piece and others. Holes are drilled in almost the entire length of the pipe. This is a water filter. Water will flow through them. So that they are not clogged with rock, a wire is wound in a spiral over the pipe, and a fine mesh is attached to it. In order for the well to serve for a long time, not to clog, it was possible to flush, the wire and mesh must be made of stainless steel. Only in this embodiment, the filter will serve for a long time and without problems. The use of other metals, albeit stainless ones, greatly reduces the life of the well - metals are destroyed due to electrolytic corrosion. Because brass, copper or any other wire or mesh on steel pipe unsuitable.

The first element of the Abyssinian well is a needle with a spike tip and a filter

One more moment. So that when clogging the mesh and winding is not torn off, they are welded to the pipe. The next point: the diameter of the wide part of the cone should be wider than the diameter of the pipe. When clogging, the cone leaves a hole of a greater width than the winding pipe following them, therefore it will not be torn off.

The technical process of driving a well-needle is extremely simple: they hit the pipe, driving it into the ground. But if you knock something heavy on the top of the pipe, it will deform. Because they do special device- a headstock and a cone that is screwed onto the top of the pipe. Inside the headstock, the impact surface also has the shape of a cone. The existing cavities inside are filled with lead - to increase the weight. The more the projectile weighs, the faster the pipe will clog, but keep in mind that you need to lift it with your hands and a lot of times.

The woman herself is much larger in diameter than the pipe that will be hammered. So that during its movement there is no play at the bottom, a washer of a suitable diameter is installed (slightly larger than the outer diameter of the pipe). As a result, the headstock moves freely up / down, but without any backlash. The height of the projectile is determined by its size - it is necessary that it does not fly off the clogged pipe. Appearance headstock for driving the Abyssinian well and its drawing are located below.

This is not the only device with which wells are clogged. They make a powerful clamp on the pipe, which is fixed according to the clamp principle. Instead of a headstock, a heavy metal ring with two handles is used. How to work with them - see the video.

As you can see, it is possible to break a well for water inside the house or even at the bottom of an old well. Not much space is needed.

How to equip a punched well

Punching/drilling a well is not enough. We still need to raise the water, and this is a completely different story. If you want to make the water supply constant, with normal pressure, so that you can connect household appliances, you will need .

For seasonal water supply in the country, you can get by with a more modest set:

• vibration pump;
• check valve, which is installed in front of the pump;
• water container;
• watering hose;
• taps, etc.

Please note that the check valve is installed in front of the pump, and not at the end of the hose submerged into the well. Just like that, this very hose will not break during frosts. Another plus of such a device is that it is easier to dismantle for the winter.

Another tip: the well must be closed with something. In permanent residences, a caisson is made - a concrete or plastic bunker, which is located below the freezing depth. It contains all the equipment. When using water only periodically, the caisson is too expensive. But something needs to close the well. Firstly, some kind of living creature may fall into it, which will not please you in any way. Secondly, "good" neighbors can drop something. A more budgetary way out is to build. Even more cheap option- dig a pit, beat it with a board, make a wooden cover. Key moment: all this must be locked.

Getting to the aquifers and finding water sources is not an easy task and technologically very time-consuming and costly. And yet, as they say, "the game is worth the candle", because they are not so actively subjected to human attacks and their indefatigable curiosity. Nature knows how to keep its secrets, from time to time yielding a piece of its treasures to man so that life on Earth can continue. Man, in turn, invents new technologies to receive earthly gifts.

Insofar as ground water lie at different depths, have their own water boundaries and outlines, in water well drilling technology have their own technological algorithms. Availability technical means, equipment, mechanical equipment, according to the developed project and agreed studies of rocks, soil composition, at the proposed drilling site, it assumes the start of work in compliance with the technology of drilling wells for water.

In the process of drilling, the well is cased with special pipes that prevent the earth from collapsing and dragging the well itself from soil pressure. Upon completion of the drilling of the initial section, the first casing string is lowered - the conductor, in order to block weak, unstable rocks and upper aquifers. Pumped into the annulus cement mortar. Drilling of the well continues inside the casing pipes, but with a bit of a smaller diameter up to the design mark, after which the next casing string is lowered into the well. When drilling a well, the lower part of the casing string is perforated and serves to improve the well flow rate. The flow rate of a well is a technical indicator of the amount of water produced. After the opening of the aquifer, the water rises through the well and is established at the so-called static level.

Then, according to the technology of drilling wells for water, a pump, a riser pipe are installed and, if necessary, a caisson is installed. The caisson is a metal container with a depth of 2 meters and a diameter of 1 meter and serves to prevent freezing of water in the riser pipe and connections. From the caisson, the pipe is led into the ground to a depth of approximately 1.80 meters (the average depth of soil freezing in Moscow and the Moscow region) and is brought to the house or to the object.

AquaAlliance specialists have tested the water well drilling technology in practice and confirmed it with reliability and workmanship. You can use the services of the company at any time of the year and at a convenient time for you. on our website, you can get clarifications and answers to questions in the section or on this issue.

A well for water is a complex hydraulic structure, and how well the design is chosen and the technology for drilling a well for water is followed determines its service life, productivity, water quality, etc.

Choosing a place to drill a well for water

Before starting drilling, it is necessary to correctly select the location of the well, determine the location of the drilling and auxiliary machines, determine working area, an area for draining technical water, storing equipment for drilling, etc.

In the general case, according to the technology of drilling artesian wells, a flat area of ​​4x12 meters is required for the passage of a drilling rig and a water carrier entrance gate not less than 3 m (if it is possible to drive into them in a straight line), the absence of wires within a radius of 2 meters above the drilling point.

The location of an artesian well is chosen mainly for economic reasons - the closer to the injection site, the fewer trenches to dig and the shorter the pipes to lay. But at the same time, it must be taken into account that, according to the drilling technology, a water well can be located no closer than 3 meters from the house, it is necessary to leave the possibility of a permanent access to drilling equipment and in no case build any buildings above it.

Well drilling technology

There are many different technologies for drilling wells, but three main operations are invariably performed: the destruction of the rock, its rise to the surface, and the fixation of the walls of the drilled well.

rock destruction

It is usually produced mechanically using various rock cutting devices. There are also many other methods: thermal, electrical, explosive, etc., but these technologies are less commonly used when drilling water wells.

Rise of the rock to the surface

There are several ways:

• Hydraulic (rise to the surface is carried out with the help of a flushing liquid (water, clay solution),
• Mechanical (using special equipment for drilling (auger, bailer, various special drills, etc.)),
• Pneumatic (using compressed air),
• Combined.

Wall fixing

For most types of water wells, their walls are attached with metal casing pipes. The most commonly used pipes are made of black steel, electric-welded or solid-drawn, on threaded or welded joints. The use of galvanized pipes is not recommended for drinking purposes, and stainless steel is too expensive and unprofitable.

Currently, most artesian water wells use modern double-casing technology. The main steel column is complemented by a plastic liner made of HDPE or PVC pipe. With such a design, the service life, in comparison with a single-pipe one, increases significantly, consumer and operational properties increase.

Technology of drilling artesian wells for water

In our country, when arranging artesian wells for water, they mainly use URB 2A-2 well drilling rigs based on ZIL, as well as KAMAZ or URAL. The technology when using this installation involves the destruction of the rock mechanically, as a rock cutting tool, a cone bit is used, which is attached to the end of the drill rods and is driven by the engine of the machine for drilling the well.

Rise of the destroyed rock to the surface is carried out hydraulically, and water or a special clay solution is used as a flushing liquid. This technology of drilling wells for water is called "drilling with flushing". Its essence lies in the fact that the flushing fluid is fed through the rods to the bottom with the help of a pump, and then rises back up together with the destroyed rock. On the surface, it is poured into a special sump, from which it is pumped back. By controlling which rocks come to the surface along with the flushing fluid, drillers make up a geological section of the well.

When passing through non-solid layers (sand, loam, clay), a clay solution is used as a flushing fluid. If the cut begins with clay layers, then such a solution is obtained naturally with the addition of water, otherwise it is made using specially brought bentonite clay. In addition to lifting the destroyed rock to the surface, the clay solution fixes the walls of the well and prevents them from collapsing.

When passing through hard layers, for example limestone, as a flushing liquid, plain water. It also has a second purpose, when drillers pass through aquiferous limestone, water absorption begins, i.e. water starts flowing into the well. The rate of absorption is determined by the flow rate, when it reaches the required values, drilling stops.

The technology of drilling artesian wells for water involves sequential casing with pipes. After the well has been drilled to limestone, steel casing pipes are installed in it. Next, limestone is developed with a chisel of a smaller diameter and, if necessary, cased plastic pipes. Undoubtedly, this is the simplest variant of an artesian well device, when there are no geological complications, great depths, low flow rate, etc. In fact, there are many different designs of artesian wells.

The final stage of work is pumping the well to clean (clear) water. Also, during pumping, the necessary parameters (debit, dynamic and static levels) are measured for the selection and installation of water-lifting equipment.

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Do-it-yourself water well is a real way provide water plot within a private house, thereby building a reliable water supply for the future suburban area where there is no centralized water supply.

Arrangement of such a water source requires substantial financial and labor costs . Drilling will require special devices and equipment, but proper organization all work can be done independently and reliably.

In order to equip your own well for water, you need find the right body of water, determine the depth of its occurrence and drill a channel (wellbore) in the ground, which is included in this productive layer. The main drilling methods are discussed below.

screw method

For such drilling, drill (auger) in the form of a rod with a cutter at the end and blades located along a helical line. Garden or fishing drills can be considered elementary augers.

The essence of the technology is in screwing the tool into the ground by rotating it and extracting the earth as it rises. The process can be carried out manually or mechanically way. You can drill a well manually using auger up to a depth of 8-10 m.

This technique is considered the most simple and affordable, but it can only be used if there is a sufficiently soft or loose soil. You can not use it in the presence of quicksand and rocky outcrops. In the presence of harder soil or deeper drilling, it is necessary to tool rotation mechanization. As the hole deepens, the auger is screwed to the drill pipe (string) section.

Hydrodrilling (hydrodynamic drilling)

Technology based on the combination of traditional drill and hydraulic action.

At the same time, flushing fluid is constantly supplied to the drilling zone under pressure, which:

• helps destroy the earth;
• washes out the drilled soil, bringing it to the surface;
• cools the drilling tool;
• aligns the walls of the entire trunk as it moves.

It is water weighted with clay, and is fed into the well with a pump. Wells are usually made with the help of hydrodrilling. depth 30-50 m, but in principle, it is possible to drill a trunk even deeper than 200 m. To increase the drilling depth, a drill string is assembled from rods - pipes 1.3-2 m long, 45-75 mm in diameter.

Pneumatic drilling (pneumatic percussion drilling)

Refers to shock-rotational technology. With this technique, the destruction of the rock occurs by impact with a pneumatic tool (pneumatic hammer), while the entire drill string is given a rotational motion.

For pneumatic drilling not afraid of hard rocks, and problems arise with clayey, viscous soils that quickly clog the tool. The depth of the drilled wells is small - up to 50 m (usually 15-25 m). An important advantage is the high penetration rate.

diamond tool

The most effective, but very expensive way to drill wells is considered to be core drilling using diamond core bits. Such drilling rigs are capable of drilling at a very high speed in soil of any hardness. The main disadvantages are the small diameter of the trunk (up to 15-17 cm) and the cost of driving up to 500-700 rubles per 1 m.

Turbine technology

The method is based on the longitudinal advance of the drill bit, the rotational movement of which is provided by a turbodrill. All this is located on a submersible column, which is increased by rods as the wellbore deepens.

The main element - a turbodrill is an engine that plunges into the bottomhole zone, i.e. does not rotate the entire drill string. Drilling can be provided by low-speed (120-300 rpm) and high-speed (450-600 rpm) engines, while they are driven by the hydrodynamic force created by the fluid flow acting on the engine blades.

electric drill

This technology is not fundamentally different from turbine drilling. In this case, instead of a turbodrill with blades into the bottomhole zone immersed asynchronous type electric motor. Usage electric drive allows you to abandon the drill string in the form of pipes and lower the electric drill on a cable-rope.

The main disadvantage is reduced performance cable in downhole conditions with frequent tripping operations.

Screw motors

These are modern, improved drives lowered into the bottomhole zone. They are voluminous rotary type hydraulic units. Their rotation is provided by the drilling fluid, and efficiency is increased by the use of low and high pressure chambers.

Important. The choice of drilling method depends on the depth of the productive, water reservoir, soil characteristics and the presence of difficult areas in the drilling zone, as well as the planned well flow rate and the availability of equipment and financial capabilities.

How are water wells drilled?

Any well designed to lift water from deep water to the surface. Its principle of operation is based on the arrangement of the wellbore in the form of a pipeline by installing a casing string (pipe) so that the bottom hole with a coarse filter is inside the water source, while the liquid is lifted by a submersible or surface type pump.

Thus, water enters through the holes in the bottom of the string and is forced up the wellbore to the surface.

Kinds

Taking into account design features and depth, the following types of water wells are distinguished:

1. Abyssinian well(pipe well). It is constructed by driving a pipe into the ground, and therefore the depth is no more than 6-10 m. The water rises from the top layer (groundwater) and is heavily polluted. It can be used for technical purposes or for drinking, but only after boiling.
2. Well on the sand. She drills deep 14-25 m, which allows you to use any method of drilling. Usually it is cased with a pipe with a diameter of 12-20 cm. The flow rate of such a well is small and it is intended for small farms. The work uses centrifugal pump surface mounted.
3. Artesian well is drilled to the lower, productive water reservoir at a depth over 50 m. The water in it is absolutely clean and used for drinking. Lifting from it can only be carried out using a submersible pump.

Functional nodes

Any well, regardless of depth and variety, has the following functional zones and nodes:

1. Downhole zone or water intake. This is the lower part of the well, which is located in the water reservoir. Here, through the perforation, water enters the casing string. Mandatory element - filter.
2. Casing string (pipe) or suction line. Its task is to provide a sealed channel for water from the bottomhole zone to the pump inlet (pump intake), which must be supplied check valve to prevent backflow.
3. Pump. It provides the rise of water, for which it creates a certain pressure.
4. Hydraulic accumulator or storage tank . This node is responsible for protecting the equipment from water hammer, providing a water reserve and creating the necessary pressure in the water pipeline.
5. Pressure switch and control equipment.
6. Well head. This is the top ground part wells, providing protection from pollution from above, freezing and distribution of raised water.

Equipment

To equip a well for water, you need the following inventory and equipment:

1. Pump. It is selected taking into account the depth and productivity of the well, the size of the casing, the length of the water main. With a shaft depth of up to 10-12 m, a surface, centrifugal pump of the required power is most often used. For deep wells, a submersible type pump is used. It requires a carrier, safety cable and a submersible electrical cable.
2. Pumping station with the system automatic control process. It must have monitoring devices and overload protection devices.
3. Hydropneumatic tank. It is designed to maintain a stable pressure in the system and optimize pump performance. A constant water level in it is maintained by a level switch. The dimensions of the reservoir depend on the capacity of the equipment and the flow rate of the well. The volume can vary widely from 20-30 to 1000 liters. Containers with a volume of about 100-150 liters are considered optimal.
4. Caisson. The borehole head can be equipped different ways, but the most popular is the caisson, which is a metal box (tank) that seals the wellhead. It is mounted with a small depth (up to 1-1.2 m) and has dimensions sufficient to accommodate connecting equipment and a serving person.
5. Communications. Cable, wire to ensure reliable power supply and water pipes from the caisson to the points of water consumption.

note

The upper part of the well and the water supply are in the zone of soil freezing, and therefore they must be reliably insulated.

Mounting sequence

The submersible pump is mounted in the following sequence:

• installation of a check valve (if it is not included in the pump kit);
• fastening on a cable and connecting a cable;
• immersion of the pump to the desired depth;
• installation and connection of a hydraulic accumulator (hydropneumatic tank);
• connection and adjustment of the control and monitoring system;
• installation and connection of fine filters;
• connection to consumption points (heating equipment, mixers, etc.).

Downhole device scheme

A standard deep well device with a submersible pump has such basic design:

• perforated water intake of the casing pipe with a sump;
• coarse water filter;
• submersible pump with check valve and water intake;
• conduit or pipe (hose) for lifting water connected to a pump;
• waterproof cable for pump power supply;
• borehole or expanded upper part of the wellbore;
• cap, caisson;
• shut-off equipment (ball type valve);
• control devices, pressure gauge (up to 8-10 bar);
• pumping mechanism with a ball valve.

The scheme of the well is quite standard:

1. Water under the pressure of the formation seeps into the sump and accumulates in it.
2. When the pump is turned on, water rises along the casing string, enters the pumping water intake and goes up the conduit.
3. In the caisson, water is sent to a hydraulic accumulator, where a certain supply of it is created, after which it enters the water supply system.

How is a well set up?

When a productive reservoir, a water carrier, is reached in the process of drilling, the stage of arranging a well for water begins. First, the lower filter column is lowered into the shaft, which is a pipe with a perforated tip, a settling chamber and a filter of several meshes, which prevent the penetration of large fractions of impurities.

Next, the entire casing string is mounted, and the gap between it and the ground is filled with sand and fine gravel. Simultaneously with backfilling of the mixture, the well is pumped by supplying water with sealing of the wellhead.

After cleaning the bottomhole, a submersible pump is lowered on a cable with a connected conduit with a diameter of 25-50 mm, depending on the flow rate of the well. The casing string and wellhead protection are fixed on the head. A shut-off valve is installed in the outlet system. In the caisson, a water conduit and a water pipeline are connected.

Well is enough complex hydraulic structure, but with its proper arrangement, a reliable own water supply appears. All operations, starting with drilling the well, can be done by hand, but for this you must follow all the recommendations of specialists and use standard equipment.

Useful videos

The cheapest and easiest to manufacture hydraulic drill and its test when drilling an aquifer:

How to drill with your own hands from sheet metal, see:

The same well, purpose and device:

Do-it-yourself methods and options for cleaning a household well from silting:

Before drilling, it is important to make sure that the water reservoir is sufficiently productive, for which professional geological surveys are required.

In many regions, if it is impossible to connect to a centralized water supply, they resort to drilling water wells from underground horizons.

Isolated from surface sources of pollution by rock masses, as a rule, meet sanitary standards established for domestic water. With additional purification, passing through the filtering device, they acquire a high quality of drinking water.

What you need to know

The determining criteria for choosing a method for drilling a water well are the depth of the level groundwater and rocks of the geological section, which are subject to sinking. The right technology for drilling wells for water will allow you to quickly drill a well, avoid emergencies while drilling. As a result, this will make it possible to obtain the highest flow rate in these conditions.

What does technology mean under water? This is a method and regime for the destruction of various rocks, cleaning the wellbore and fixing its walls, equipment for the water intake.

Drilling methods

For the construction of deep water wells, rotational and shock-rope drilling is usually used. The technology of drilling wells for water in these ways is different. The features of each do not allow them to be used without restrictions in any conditions. The technology of drilling wells for water with a drilling rig with rotation of a rock cutting tool (bit) in this article is given using the example of auger and rotary methods.

Auger technology

In sandy and clayey rocks that do not contain large inclusions, drilling is used with a set of bits and augers that transport the drilled rock from the bottom to the top. Of the two types of auger drilling, for the construction of a water well in an area with a well-studied geological structure, continuous slaughter is more often used with a continuous run, run breaks and screwing. Where it is necessary to obtain high-quality information about the rocks and their depths, the annular slaughter method is used.

Continuous run (stream drilling) - the rock being drilled is carried out by a screw column to the day surface. As the drill string deepens, it is built up with additional augers. They are used for driving homogeneous sands without interlayers of silt or other weak rocks. Screw speed 250-300 rpm. Unnecessarily fast immersion is unacceptable in order to avoid overfilling the blades with rock and jamming the projectile in the well for this reason. Sufficient load is the own weight of the augers and the weight of the rotator.

In plastic and hard-plastic clayey rocks, regular breaks are used - a bit and an auger string are drilled into the rock, followed by extraction to clean the flange from the drilled mass. The value of the trip dive is within 1 meter. Rotation frequency from 100 and not more than 300 rpm. Load 500 N.

In weak rocks, a spiral chisel is used on an auger string - they are screwed to a certain depth and then removed without rotation by a winch.

Annular slaughter is carried out with special core augers, which allow extracting the core (column of drilled rock) without lifting the drill string to the surface. Drilling mode: 60-250 rpm, run length from 0.4 to 2.0 m. This technology of drilling water wells is rarely used, mainly by geological organizations engaged in exploration and simultaneously drilling water wells.

Rotary drilling technology

This method achieves a high rate of penetration and large outputs of pipe strings. The disadvantages include clogging (claying) of the aquifer, high costs for the preparation of a clay solution, large volumes of water for flushing the well to restore the fluid loss of the horizon clayed during drilling.

Rotary with direct flushing is more often used: the destroyed rock from the bottom is brought to the surface with a clay solution pumped into the well by a pump through the drill rods. It is necessary to maintain the speed of the upward flow in the range of 0.5 - 0.75 m / s. The circulation of the flushing solution is disturbed in highly fractured zones - it goes into the cracks together with the sludge. The driller needs to carefully monitor the drilling mode, reduce, if necessary, the axial load and uninterruptedly supply flushing to avoid sticking of the projectile.

It is not necessary to pursue the high mechanical speed achieved by increasing the number of revolutions: this is fraught with accidents. Weight on bit and rotational speed are adjusted depending on the formations being passed, the diameter of the bit and drill pipes, and the amount of drilling fluid.

Turnovers need to be reduced when:

• bit parameter increases;
• reducing the diameter of the drill string;
• increase in rock strength;
• when alternating layers with a small thickness (up to 1.5 m).

On rotary installations of the URB and BA type, they operate mainly at II-III speeds. The sinking of clayey and clayey-sandy rocks is carried out at 300-400 rpm (III-IV speed). For rocks of moderate strength (sandstones, limestones, marls), the limits of rotor rotation are from 200 to 300 rpm. Hard rocks are drilled with a bit with a rotation speed of 100-200 rpm.

The driller carefully monitors the drilling mode, reducing the axial load and continuously supplying flushing to avoid sticking of the projectile. The moment of the opening of the aquifer determines the sudden lowering of the mud and the increase in the load on the engine. The mud circulation is disturbed in highly fractured zones - cuttings and mud go into cracks.

If the water-bearing rocks are bedrock with small cracks, the opening of the horizon is carried out with a high-quality clay solution with its obligatory exit to the surface.

The technology of drilling water wells with a small drilling rig is similar to the technology of drilling with powerful machines.

Related works

Fastening of the walls of the well with pipes is carried out after drilling. Metal, asbestos-cement and plastic pipes are used. The type of filter (perforated or mesh) is selected depending on the water-bearing rocks.

Before installing the filter, the solution is replaced with a lighter one, a specific gravity of not more than 1.15 is desirable. After installing the filter, immediately flush the well with water. Then gelling of the well is performed - pumping out the liquid column from the well with a bailer. When washing is clarified and sand appears in it, pumping with an airlift begins. With the cessation of sand removal and complete clarification of the water, a submersible pump is installed.

Energy of a free-falling impact

The shock-rope method opens up thin aquifers (less than 1 m) without problems. It is possible to obtain the maximum flow rate - the water-bearing rocks are not clayed. No long pumping required.

The method is used:

• in a little-studied area;
• in waterless areas where it is impossible to supply water for the preparation of the solution;
• if necessary, separate testing of several horizons;
• for wells with a large initial diameter.

Disadvantages of percussion drilling:

• low penetration rate;
• high consumption of pipes for casing;
• limited drilling depth (up to 150 m).

The normal impact frequency of a free-falling projectile is calculated. It is inversely proportional square root from the height of the fall: with an increase in the height of the bit above the bottom, the frequency of impacts is reduced and, conversely, with a decrease in height, the number of impacts is increased.

It takes strength and ingenuity

With a shallow groundwater mirror (usually groundwater) and a geological section composed of loose rocks, a well can be drilled in a built-up area using the muscular strength of people - 2 people are enough.

The technology of drilling wells for water by manual method is simple. You can use a driving method or auger.

For driving steel in 1 inch, it is pre-cut into segments of 2 or 3 meters. At the ends do external thread. As they deepen, the pipe sections will be connected by couplings with internal thread. A special steel tip (shank) is made in the form of a cone, the base diameter of which is 1 cm larger than the pipe diameter. It is welded onto the pipe. About a meter of the length of the pipe above the tip (60 cm is enough) is reserved for a primitive filter - a water-receiving device for water to enter the well from the aquifer. With a 6 mm drill, holes are made 5 cm apart.

A driving device of two separate parts. The first is an emphasis with a conical hole for the pipe. Its outlet is larger outside diameter clogged pipe by 5 mm, which is enough to insert two wedges into the gap from below - cut along a metal truncated cone. The diameter of the top of the cone is slightly larger than the diameter of the pipe, but less than the outlet of the stop. The second part is a shock "woman", a load from through hole under the pipe and two handles for lifting over the stop.

When lowering the woman at the moment of her impact on the stop, the wedges enter the hole and hold the clogged pipe in their "embrace". After driving a pipe segment, the cone is knocked out, the pipe is extended, screwing with the next segment. They rearrange the stop with wedges, put on the "woman" and continue to clog the pipe to the aquifer. Periodically, you need to rotate the pipe around the axis.

The appearance of water in the well is determined by lowering inside its weight, tied to a string. If it is lifted up wet, then the well has gone deep into the aquifer. It is important not to "skip" this layer that gives water. It is necessary to leave the perforated end of the pipe in this water-saturated rock. And start pumping the mini-well first with a hand pump. As the water clarifies, they switch to pumping out with a surface electric water pump.

Screw manual drilling wells for water - the technology is similar to that described with the help of a drilling rig, which is replaced by two people here. Of course, they cannot keep up with the parameters of the mechanical drilling mode. Some craftsmen replace physical strength with mechanisms.

Water well drilling

The technology is simple minimal cost materials, strength and time. Conditions - the depth of the well is up to 10 m, the section is composed of loose soils.

Equipment - a container for water (the larger the volume, the better, but you can also use a barrel of 200 liters). The gate for turning the pipe is made of two tubes and a clamp.

Materials: pipe with a diameter of 120 mm, length to the depth of the well. Teeth are cut at the lower end, the upper end is equipped with a flange with a fitting through which water from the barrel will flow through the hose under pressure created by the "Kid" pump. To fasten the flange to the edge of the pipe, 4 lugs with holes for M10 bolts are welded.

Workforce: Easier to work with two people. Time spent - for 6 meters of driving on loams 1-2 hours.

Drilling process: dig a pit about a meter deep, install a pipe vertically in it and pump water into it with a pump. Water, exiting through the lower end with cutters, will begin to erode the soil, freeing up space for the pipe, which will begin to settle under its own weight. It is only necessary, while shaking, to turn the pipe so that the teeth crush the rock. Drilled rock particles under pressure come out with water into the pit. Water can be scooped out of it and, filtering, reused for washing. Having reached the aquifer, the flange is removed, and the pump is immersed into the well under the water level, but not reaching the bottomhole.

Types of water wells

They are divided into filterless and filtered. Filterless wells are arranged in aquifers composed of fine-grained sands or in stable fractured rocks. For other aquifers, a filter is selected depending on the fractions of water-bearing rocks.