Projective technique Rorschach Spot Personality Research established in 1921 . The stimulus material consists of 10 standard tables with black-and-white and color symmetrical amorphous (weakly structured) images. The subject is asked to answer the question about what is depicted, what it looks like. To understand the method, Rorschach's ideas about the structure of personality are decisive. Rorschach proceeded from the position that a person's activity is determined by both internal and external motives, and therefore, the activity of a person is expressed the more clearly, the less stereotyped (structured) the stimuli causing activity are. In this regard, Rorschach introduces the concepts of introversion and extraversion, each of which corresponds to a set of certain personality traits associated with the predominant type of activity. The Rorschach typology represents a qualitatively new stage in the understanding of intro- and extraversion.
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Unlike Jung, who understood introversion as a state, Rorschach believes that introversion also acts as a process. “In normals, the tendency to withdraw into oneself is mobile, short-lived ... normals can always restore the adaptation of function.” Introversion acts as a process, as a flexible possibility of withdrawing into oneself, depending on the circumstances and. environmental conditions. Only the rigid predominance of introversion tendencies allows us to speak of introversion as pathological condition, and Rorschach repeatedly emphasizes this. Rorschach goes on to point out that the concept of introversion in the commonly explored sense is opposed to the concept of extraversion.
The author believes that it is inconvenient to use such terminology, since it can be concluded that extraversion and introversion are opposites. In reality, “... the mental processes that produce introversion and extraversion are not opposite, but different, they are different like thinking and feeling, like movement and color.” It is also unjustified to oppose the intro- and extravert as a “thinking” and “feeling” type of personality, since adequate adaptation involves the participation of both affective and cognitive processes.
In the course of a clinical and experimental study of groups of healthy and mentally ill subjects, by comparing the clinical characteristics and characteristics of the responses, Rorschach identified two types of perception of stimulating material by the Rorschach Spot method. It turned out that some subjects tend to perceive spots in motion, in the images of people, animals or objects produced by them, the dynamic (kinesthetic [M]) aspect is emphasized first of all; other subjects, on the contrary, fix the color [C] aspect in their Answers. The type of perception, or "type of experience", according to Rorschach, characterizes predominantly introversive or extra-intense personality tendencies.
Four types of experience
Depending on the predominance (balance) of one or another type of activity, Rorschach distinguishes four main types of experience.
1. Extratensive type, in which one should distinguish between:
a) purely extra-intense - "color" responses in the absence of kinesthetic engrams, if М=0, and S С > 2 - extra-intense egocentric;
b) mixed extra-intense - 1C exceeds the amount of M by at least one.
2. Introversive type, which can be divided into:
a) pure introversive kinesthetic in the absence of “color”;
b) mixed introversive amount of M not less than one I. C.
3. Ambiqual type - the number of color responses is equal to the number of kinesthetic ones, deviation of the side up to 0.5 points is allowed.
4. Coartive ("narrowed") type - there are no both kinesthetic and "color" responses, or the number of one or the other does not exceed one.
Rorschach distinguished between coarted (OM and OS) and coartative (GM and 1C, IM and OS and OM) types of experience depending on the number of responses in color and kinesthetic, but this division is not of great practical importance. The predominance of one or another type of interpretation in the Rorschahan Spot method finds its expression in the corresponding psychological characteristics.
Domination of kinesthesia
More individual intelligence. Independent creativity. More "inner" life. Affect Stability Less adaptation. More intense than extensive connection Regularity, stability of movements. Awkwardness, clumsiness.
color dominance
Less personality. reproductive creativity
More "outer" life. Lability of affect
Great ability to adapt. More extensive than intensive
Restlessness, mobility of movements. Dexterity, dexterity
“Individual characteristics of both types show no absolute correlation with one another. Their relationship is not simple, not straightforward. If the subject, for example, exhibits 3M and 5S, we cannot say that any characteristic in question is present in the personality to a certain degree, or that a certain degree of individuality is combined with a certain degree of affective stability.
Each characteristic in the Rorschach Spot method is influenced by various factors such as mood, conscious logical functioning, the unconscious... These groups can act as opposites, and this should be clearly separated, in a clinical, not in a psychological sense... Under the M type, there is simply in mind that certain functions are developed to an appreciable degree. What appears clinically as an antithesis is psychologically a mere variation.
Thus, the type of experience is not an unchanging, fixed value. Obviously, the influence of alcohol (shift into extroversion), good mood, inspiration somewhat shift the formula of the type of experience to the side. notes that in all such cases the absolute number of M and C changes, while the ratio between them does not change or changes insignificantly.
DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD - RORSCHACH SPOT
The stimulus material of the Rorschach method (Rorschach Spots) consists of ten tables with polychrome and one-color images (five black-and-white tables - 1.4, 5, 6, 7 and five polychrome - 2.3, 8, 9, 10). The tables are presented to the subject in a certain sequence and position.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY DATA
Despite the fact that there is still no complete theory linking the features of stimulus interpretation with personality characteristics, the validity of the test has been proven by numerous studies. The high retest reliability of both individual groups of indicators and the Rorschach Spot test as a whole was also confirmed.
CONDUCTING THE SURVEY
There are discrepancies in the literature regarding the instructions offered to the subject, but most authors almost do not deviate from the classical form: “What could it be? What does it look like?". Such instruction should be limited, no additional information during the experiment, the subject should not receive. The experimenter should not ask any leading questions during the study, with the exception of clarifying, if necessary, the place in the image that the subject is interpreting. If the subject tries to find the “correct” answer, asks if he answered correctly, then it should be explained, then the answers may be different and it is only necessary to express your own opinion about the proposed images.
After the presentation of the tables, a survey follows. In this phase of the study, it becomes clear how the subject came to a particular answer, i.e., the survey is always focused on clarifying the localization of the image and its determinants. The experimenter is obliged to avoid direct or leading questions and, at the same time, his task is to obtain detailed information that facilitates the subsequent encryption of answers. To identify the localization of the answer on the table, you can ask questions like: “Where is ..?” or: “Show me…”. To clarify the determinants of the answer, sometimes simple questions are enough: “What makes you think about ...?”, “Describe in more detail how you see ...”, etc.
PROCESSING THE RESULTS BY THE METHOD OF “RORSCHACH SPOT”
Currently, there are quite a lot of variations of the schemes for analyzing the results obtained, which have both formal and interpretive differences in the Rorschach Spot method. Below is the original Rorschach scheme, and some of the most famous interpretations are also given.
Each response of the subject in the Rorschach Spot test is formalized into five categories in a certain sequence (localization, determinant, determination of the level of form, content, originality-popularity assessment), which makes it possible to obtain an answer formula. The character used to encrypt the response is the initial letter of a word, such as W (Whole). The Anglo-American system is used here, with other designations possible.
1. Localization features of interpretation:
W - interpretation of the presented image as a whole; D - interpretation of some significant, often chosen detail of the image; Db - interpretation of an unusual or small detail; S is the interpretation of the white space; Do - "oligophrenic detail" - interpretation of a fragment of the image where the majority sees the whole (for example, the subject sees the "head", "legs", while the majority sees "man"). In addition, answers may appear in which some detail or white space served as the starting point for interpreting the whole: DW - to build the whole source is a large detail; DdW - small detail; SW is white space.
2. Determinants:
F - the answer is determined only by the shape of the image; M - the imaginary movement of a person; FM - the imaginary movement of the animal; m - imaginary movement inanimate objects; C - only the color of the image; CF - predominantly in shape, but color is also taken into account; c - light gray or gray; Fc - shape when taking into account light gray or gray color; c1 - black or dark gray; Fc' - the answer is determined by the shape when taking into account black or dark gray.
3. Mold level:
the form is evaluated with a positive (F+) or negative (F-) sign, which shows how adequately it is reflected in the created image. The criterion is the interpretation of the corresponding images and their details by healthy people. If there is no clearly defined shape in the created image (clouds, smoke, shore, etc.), the shape symbol is either not marked (F) or indicated as (F±).
4. The content of interpretations can be varied, so the most commonly used designations are given: H - the image of a person, A - the image of an animal, Hd - part (s) of a human figure. Ad - part (parts) of the animal figure, Anat - anatomical content, Sex - responses of sexual content, PI - interpretation of the image as related to the plant world, Ls - landscape. From - ornament. If no corresponding character is provided for the response, the content should be indicated by the full word.
5. Originality-popularity.
Original (Orig) answers are those that appear rarely (once or twice in a hundred protocols). Popular (Pop) responses are those found in at least 30% of normal adults. These answers are always positive. Thus, each interpretation of the subject receives a certain formalized form.
For example, the answer to table 2 - “two people shaking hands” takes on the form WM + HPop, i.e. the image is fully interpreted (W), the subject sees human beings in motion (M),the form is evaluated with a positive sign, since most of the subjects see two people in this image (+) *, in terms of content - human images (H), the answer is often (Pop). Table 8 - “some kind of predatory beast” (the side part of the image is interpreted). Answer formula: DF+APop. Table 10 - "fantastic flower" (WCFPI). The table is interpreted in full (W), the form is not taken into account, the color (CF) prevails, but the plant (PI) dominates the content. It is necessary to clarify what is considered the answer of the subject and what, therefore, is subject to formalization.
Despite the apparent simplicity, this question can arise, and it is often not easy to solve it. For example, the subject interprets table 5 as "bat or butterfly". The question is, is this one answer or two? Various exclamations, remarks, as well as new answers received during the survey are not subject to formalization. The answer “ink blot” should be formalized if this term was not mentioned in the instructions. We can assume that answers containing a noun are formalized regardless of whether they are given in a negative, interrogative form or in the form of alternatives. For example, “no, this is not a leaf”, “maybe this is a butterfly?”, “butterfly or leaf”. Sometimes it is suggested “or” - the answers are always described by two formulas. One answer is encrypted with several formulas in another case. For example, “rocket takeoff against the backdrop of thunderclouds, flames behind.”
Here the rich content of this engram cannot be covered by a single formula. But one cannot resort to increasing the number of formulas if the subject describes various parts of the seen image, clarifies it, for example: “two dancing people ... here are the arms, legs ...”. In this case, only one WM+HPop formula is needed. At the same time, table 10 is often * When formalizing the answer, one leading determinant is designated, therefore, in this entry, the form is present only in the sign, it is interpreted as a whole as “seabed”, “garden”, and then the answers follow the details of the image. In this case, they should be regarded as independent.
When the question arises which of the determinants in the Rorschach Spot method should be preferred when coding the answer, the following rules must be followed:
1. Kinesthetic determinants in any case have an advantage.
2. Determinants of color (FC, CF, C) take precedence over the others, with the exception of kinesthetic ones.
3. “Cross-and-shadow” determinants (black and gray with their shades) have an advantage over other determinants, with the exception of kinesthetic and “color” determinants.
NUMBER OF ANSWERS AND ACCOUNT OF THE TIME OF THE STUDY ACCORDING TO THE “RORSCHACH SPOT” METHOD
The total number of formalizable responses (R) varies considerably. The change in the number of responses depends on a number of factors, the most significant of which are: the richness of images of past experience in the subject, his mental state and the conditions of the experiment.
The social and cultural differences of the studied groups have a significant impact. The number of responses may indicate the richness of the images and the ease of updating them, however, without taking into account the “quality” of the responses, it is impossible to objectively assess these parameters. Not a large number of responses in itself is not pathological. Typically, protocols with fewer than 10 or 60 interpretations are of little value.
According to Rorschach in the Rorschach Spot method, the number of answers for adult healthy subjects is 15-30. The study time is taken into account as follows:
1) fix the time from the beginning to the end of the experiment (T);
2) average time spent on one answer (T/R);
3) determine the period of formation of a reaction to each table (t) - from the moment the table is presented to the beginning of the answer;
4) calculate the average reaction time - the sum of t to the number of tables;
5) separately calculate the average reaction time for color and single color tables.
On average, t in healthy adults ranges from 7 to 20 °.
DETERMINING THE SEQUENCE OF PERCEPTION
One of the important features is the sequence, i.e. the order in which they appear when interpreting the tables various ways perception. To a certain extent, consistency is an indicator of logic, disciplined thinking. It is assumed that usually a person initially seeks to give a holistic answer (W), then pays attention to large details (D), and then can move on to interpreting small details (Dd) and finally the background (S). Rorschach identified 5 types of sequence: rigid, ordered, inverse, free and chaotic. When all 10 tables are interpreted in the sequence presented above, this is considered evidence of a rigid, very rare sequence, which is characteristic of pedantic persons, "slaves" of logic.
Experimental studies have shown that the appearance of a rigid sequence may be a sign of depression. A sequence is considered ordered if, while maintaining the specified order in most tables, it varies depending on the structure of the spot itself. An unordered, or free, sequence is one in which unforeseen deviations are possible, but one can point to any characteristic way of perception. Emotional stability can contribute to this consistency.
The highest degree of free sequence - chaotic, most often appearing in mental patients, is obviously associated with adaptation disorders or (rarely) occurs in especially gifted individuals of the “artistic” type. The reverse sequence (from S to W) is as rare as the rigid one. Where sequencing is not possible (for example, only one answer per table is given), this should be marked with a question mark.
INTERPRETATION OF THE MAIN CATEGORIES OF ENCRYPTION
The interpretation of the test material presents significant difficulties, and it is this phase of working with the methodology that is most vulnerable to criticism. Until now, despite the huge popularity of the Rorschach test, numerous publications of the largest specialists in Rorschach technology, the basic principles of interpretation do not have a satisfactory theoretical justification. This applies primarily to the evaluation psychological significance certain categories of analysis. The Rorschach test diagnoses the structural characteristics of the personality: individual characteristics affective-need sphere and cognitive activity (cognitive style), intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts and measures to combat them ( defense mechanisms), the general orientation of the personality (type of experience), etc.
At the same time, the relationship of individual indicators (or their partners) with the indicated personality parameters has been proven only empirically. Indeed, it is still difficult to explain why, for example, answers like “shape” reflect rational intellectual tendencies, and answers like “color” reflect controlled or impulsive emotionality. Most often, it is believed that an isolated indicator acquires a psychological meaning in the “context”, i.e., it is determined by a combination of many indicators that form an integral configuration or pattern, however, many indicators have an independent diagnostic value.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANING OF LOCALIZATION INDICATORS
According to Rorschach, many responses can be subdivided into confabulated and contaminated. In the first case, the subject, starting from any part of the image, creates a complete image, not taking into account the shape of the entire image. Such interpretations are designated as DW (may be DbW, SW, depending on which part was used to build the whole). Confabulations take place not only in answers like DW, but also in simple holistic or detail data that are completely unmotivated, “taken from the ceiling”.
W-contaminated responses are absent in healthy individuals and appear due to disorganization of thinking in mental illness. An example is Rorschach's interpretation of Table 4 for patients with schizophrenia - "liver statesman leading a respectable lifestyle.” In this case, two types of answers to this table merge into a whole - “a person” and “any organ”. Not only W, but also D contaminated interpretations are POSSIBLE.
Picture Shapes
Depending on how much the image shape is taken into account in the interpretation, W answers are graded K3KW+ HW-. A significant amount of W + indicates high intelligence, richness of imagination, the subject's propensity for synthesis, a critical approach to actualized images. At the same time, numerous W- or DW- (DbW-, SW-) indicate a violation of critical abilities, inadequate synthesis. The appearance of contaminated W indicates a violation of thinking. According to Rorschach, a normal adult shows about six Ws on a protocol, and according to Piotrowski, with an IQ of 110 or more, the number of Ws goes up to ten. Often subjects interpret large image details (D). These are the most frequently encountered details, the choice of which is common for normal subjects, and they can be established statistically.
Rorschach recommends that 50 healthy subjects be examined to determine D, which reveals most of the usual responses to image details. Various authors have compiled lists of the most common parts that can be used as a guide, but the D areas are often completely different. The researcher must first of all rely on his own experience, not to mention the fact that there may be cultural, age, national and other differences between the surveyed groups.
Rorschach believes that if W is an indicator of a tendency to abstract, theoretical thinking, then D indicates practical, concrete intellectual activity. However, high correlations between these forms of thinking and the number of W and D in the protocols were not found.
Db - unusual, rare, as a rule, small details (sometimes it is necessary to denote it as Db and great detail, which happens if it is interpreted in a completely unusual aspect and unusual connection). An increased number of small details is uncharacteristic for adults, normal faces and, as a rule, does not exceed 5–10% of the total number of responses.
A large number of small details is always a sign of deviation from the norm. Db are frequent in "picky, petty critics", persons with a limited outlook, patients with epilepsy. At the same time, the responses of gifted people can act as a manifestation of acute observation, evidence of a search for something unusual.
A special form of Db is the choice for interpretation not of the actual figures, but of the space between them. Such responses are denoted by the symbol S. Rorschach understood by S the responses associated with inter-figure space, and later this category was expanded to include not only details formed by gaps in the image, but also borders and all white backgrounds.
Rorschach suggested that the white background of extroverts is interpreted as evidence of negativism, the desire to resist the influence of the environment, or for introverts - opposition to oneself, insecurity, a sense of inferiority, but this hypothesis has not been validated. At the same time, answers related to the interpretation of white space may indicate the ability to see phenomena from different angles, i.e., certain intellectual qualities.
Oligophrenic details (D) (the name was introduced by Rorschach, who, as shown by further research, mistakenly believed that such responses were typical for patients with oligophrenia), may be a sign of affective inhibition. Thus, Luzley-Usteri writes about the “internal uncertainty syndrome” in the case when two of the indicators of the Db-Do-S triad exceed the average value.
Proportions
Rorschach attached great importance to the relationship to the proportions of responses of each type, and not their absolute number. The mutual combination of perception modes in one specific protocol is called a “perception type”. As a criterion for determining the type of perception, Rorschach used the ratios most often encountered in the examination of normal subjects:
8W - 23D - 2Db - IS American researchers consider the ratio: IW to 2D to be the norm, but this proportion changes with an increase in the number of answers.
An increase in the number of responses leads to an increase in the number of D, the ratio becomes IW to 3D, while a decrease in the number of responses causes the opposite - IW to ID or even 2W to ID. Pure D or Db types of perception are extremely rare, the W type is much more common. Usually, the “W +” type is distinguished when about ten answers are given with good form with almost no indication of details (as a rule, subjects with high intelligence) and “W-” type - about the same number of answers, but with poor form (found in limited patients with schizophrenia). The type of perception in which there are very few or no W responses is called depleted.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANING OF THE MAIN DETERMINANTS
The main point in the formalization of the answer, and then in understanding its psychological essence, is the definition of the determinant, that is, the factor that played the main role in the appearance of one interpretation or another. The determinants make it possible to judge:
1) about the degree of realism in the perception of reality
2) about activity directed outward or manifested in the imagination;
3) about the emotional attitude to the environment;
4) a tendency to anxiety, restlessness, stimulating or inhibiting the activity of the individual.
FORM OF OBJECTS
Form (F) is one of the most popular determinants of the answer and more than the weight of the rest characterizes the actual process of structuring, organizing indefinite material. But first of all, an assessment of the level of form is important. When determining the correspondence of the interpretation to the form of the stimulus, one should first of all rely on a statistical criterion. When a large number of people see the same object in one or another “spot” (or part of it), these are answers with a positive form. Rorschach, when assessing the level of form, proceeded from the data obtained during the examination of about 100 healthy subjects.
Original interpretations
But along with the statistical criterion, there is also a certain point, since rare, original interpretations, evaluated individually, can always appear. The level of form is indicated in responses in which the form is in the first place (FC, Fc, FM), as well as in kinesthetic determinants (M), where the sign of the form is of great importance. The number of F + answers reaches 70% of the total number of F answers, and with high intelligence F + reaches 85 - 95%.
Only in overly pedantic faces is it possible to have 100% F + Rorschach believes that in the process of removing uncertainty and structuring (with answers F and especially F +), the following factors are revealed: the ability to observe and controllable thinking, the richness of images. Very close is the interpretation of Luzley-Uster, who considers F + a manifestation of the conscious constructive tendencies of the individual, the ability to reasonably control his affective impulses. Klopfer also considers F+ to be an indicator of intellectual control and "ego strength", that is, the degree and quality of adaptation to reality.
Rorschach calculated F +% as equal to F ± / F 100. They began to use slightly different, enriched formulas:
100 (F + 0.5F±) 100 (F + 0.66F±)
F + % = or JF 2F
Kinesthetic indicators
Rorschach considered kinesthetic interpretations to be especially important indicators that determine the characteristics of the personality of the subject. At the same time, the definition of kinesthetic engrams is one of the most difficult elements in the study.
Kinesthetic interpretations are understood as those in which the subject sees the movement of a person, they are based on the more or less simultaneous perception and integration of three factors:
1) forms;
2) movements;
3) content - a vision of the image of a person.
It should be emphasized that "interpretations involving human beings are not always kinesthetic." The question always arises, “…does movement play a primary role in determining the response? Are we dealing with a truly sensed movement, or simply with a form that is reinterpreted as movement?
To assess the response as determined by movement, it is necessary to make sure that the subject not only sees but feels kinesthesia, empathizes with what he sees. During the experiment, sometimes it can even be observed that the subject involuntarily tries to make those movements that he puts into the image he created. These are definitely kinesthetic engrams. As M denotes those answers in which movement is carried out by animals, however, these acts must be anthropomorphic, that is, characteristic only of man. The decisive role in determining whether a movement is felt belongs to the survey.
Kinesiology
Rorschach, and after him other researchers, subdivide kinesthesia into extensive and flexion (sweeping and constrained), assuming differences in the level of activity-passivity of persons demonstrating movements different type. The former speak of active benevolence - a cooperative life attitude, the latter indicate passivity, a tendency to avoid difficulties, up to the position “away from the world”. The psychological interpretation of kinesthetic indicators is the most difficult and controversial part of working with the Rorschach test. The author considered M in connection with the introversive orientation of the personality, i.e., the ability of a person to “withdraw into himself”, creatively process affective conflicts and thereby achieve internal stability. Such an interpretation of the meaning of M seemed to be confirmed by a study of a certain contingent of subjects - actors, artists, people of mental labor.
Dependencies
At the same time, subsequent experimental tests demonstrated the dependence of this indicator on a number of other factors, for example, adaptability, the degree of differentiation of the “I”, the possibility of openly responding to affective urges in external behavior, etc. There is also data on the relationship of M with the characteristics of interpersonal relationships, in in particular, a person's idea of himself and his social environment, the ability to empathize and understand other people. According to these data, M is a multivariate variable, the specific value of which determines the context, i.e., a combination of all other indicators that is unique for a given person. The ambiguity of M partly stems from the fact that this determinant implicitly contains two other determinants -F and H. Apparently, therefore, Klopfer considers human kinesthesia to be a sign of a conscious, well-controlled inner life accepted by the subject - one's own needs, fantasies and self-esteem.
Thus, human kinesthesia indicates:
- introversion;
- the maturity of the "I", expressed in the conscious acceptance of one's own inner world and good control over emotions;
- creative intelligence (at F +);
– affective stability and adaptability;
- the ability to empathize.
A normal adult with an average level of intelligence demonstrates from 2 to 4 M, and with a higher level of intelligence - 5 M and above. The optimal W:M ratio is 3.1. In a quantitative comparison with other determinants, each M interpretation is estimated at 1 point. In analyzing the relationship between the World, one should proceed from the fact that the higher the percentage of positive forms, the more conscious control restrains the manifestation in activity of tendencies expressed in kinesthetic engrams.
Animal Movement (FM).
With the symbol FM, American psychologists designate the movements of animals, parts of the bodies of animals or their caricatures in the activities inherent in animals. Identification with FM kinesthesias is usually associated with the immaturity of the personality. In contrast to M kinesthesia, animals reflect less conscious, less controlled drives that are not fully accepted by the individual. Klopfer believes that FM represents a more primitive, infantile level of mental life than M. The complete absence of FM may indicate the suppression of primitive drives, perhaps due to their unacceptable content.
The movement of inanimate objects (t).
The cipher t denotes the movement of objects, the action of mechanical, abstract, symbolic forces. Depending on the clarity of the form, the symbols Fm (with a clear form), mF (with a less definite form) are sometimes used, and m in this case indicates the action of some forces. The evaluation of these interpretations can hardly be considered developed. On the one hand, Piotrowski connects interpretations with high level intelligence, since bringing motion to inanimate objects requires more “reality-breaking” than what happens when interpreting the movement of people and animals in images. According to Klopfer, the appearance of kinesthesia of inanimate objects more than twice in the protocol indicates internal tension, conflict, indicates deep unconscious, 'uncontrollable impulses, unfulfilled desires. At the same time, a certain amount of FM and m in a certain ratio with M is acceptable and characterizes the richness and liveliness of the inner world of a person, the spontaneity of its affective manifestations, a developed imagination against the background of good control and adaptability.
COLOR - RORSCHAC SPOT
Color as an objective sign of a stimulus is rarely used (no more than 3-5 responses per protocol). Color engrams are considered as representing the affective sphere: the more color is represented in the protocol, the stronger the individual reacts to emotional stimuli. FC responses testify to the emotionality controlled by the intellect (F), indicate the ability to affectively contact with the environment and adapt to the surrounding reality. CF responses speak of efficiency, poorly controlled by the intellect, and little opportunity for adequate adaptation to the environment. C answers are a sign of emotional impulsivity, a tendency to affective outbursts, and an inability to adequately adapt to the environment. MS responses determined by kinesthesia and color at the same time are quite rare. Characteristic, as a rule, for gifted people, with a figurative type of thinking of artists.
No color responses
The absence of “color” answers in the protocol most often indicates inhibition of efficiency (neurosis, depression), but this is also possible with affective dullness in schizophrenia or due to dementia, with the exception of emotionally excitable oligophrenics. To evaluate the effectiveness, use the “color sum” formula S С = 0.5FC + ICF + 1.5С. For example, in the case of 3FC + 3CF + 1C, the “color sum” will be 1.5 + 3 + 1.5 = 6 (the exception is cases in which C is combined in the formula with another determinant that has an advantage, for example, FMC or tC; in in this case, “color” is estimated at 0.5 points). However, the "sum of color" says nothing about the degree of intellectual control and the ability to edeptate. To establish this, the ratio FC: (CF + C) is used.
Left-sided type (FC > CF + C) - stable, controllable efficiency, the ability to adapt to external stimuli. Right-handed - the efficiency is unstable, weak possibilities of adaptation. For normal adult faces, the approximate number of color interpretations is 3FC, ICF, OS.
Black and gray color
Rorschach first drew attention to interpretations determined by black or gray with shades, and referred them to “color”. To distinguish from interpretations of chromatic colors, he designated them (C). In understanding the origin of these shades, Rorschach proceeded from the fact that they also reflect efficiency, but inhibited by the subject, and indicate that he has difficulty adapting to the environment due to indecision and timidity. The psychological essence of these interpretations causes a lot of controversy among specialists. Different authors define these determinants in different ways and distinguish different amounts of them.
The rest is the system developed by Klopfer, however, due to its bulkiness, it is not always advisable to use it and practical work. The Piotrowski system seems to be convenient, in which only four symbols are used: c, Fc, c' and Fc'. The classification is based on the selection of determinants c' and c. The symbol c' denotes answers that take into account black or dark color, and the shape does not matter, for example, “black night”, “black clouds”. As with', those interpretations that are associated with the words “dirty”, “horrible”, etc. are designated. The symbol c denotes the interpretation of light gray, for example, “summer clouds”, the same group in most cases includes “perspectives” and interpretations that take into account the character of the surface (gladkey, rough, etc.). Fc and Fc' denote those responses in which the form dominates, for example, "black butterfly" (Fc') or "animal skin with head and paws" (Fc).
Quantification
When quantifying the “chiaroscuro” determinants, Fc or Fc’ is estimated at one point, c and c’ are 1.5 points. If these come together with other determinants, for example Ms, then they are estimated at 0.25 belle. Such an assessment matters when comparing these answers with others. According to Piotrowski, about 25% of the subjects have c’ answers, while interpretations are found in about 90% of the surveyed. The sum from the responses is significant if it exceeds two units, the number c' > 2 is also considered high.
Piotrowski believes that "chiaroscuro" interpretations reflect a deeply hidden tendency in the psyche to anxiety, restlessness, which stimulates or inhibits the activity of the individual. Moreover, answers with c indicate a decrease in activity in activities that cause anxiety and discomfort in order to overcome this state, while c’ indicates an increase in activity to achieve the same goal.
When studying relationships with other determinants, the most important is the ratio of IC to 2 s. It is known that C is an indicator of emotional excitability, expressed in external activity, and c is an indicator of inhibition of activity due to anxiety. The more E c in relation to S C, the more paralyzed is the activity (for example, obsessive states in neurosis). The optimal ratio: I, c - I, C, while a slight predominance of “color” is allowed up to 2 units.
Content
Determining the content is the simplest step in formalizing the subject's response. As has already been shown, conditional values are accepted for the most important, most frequently occurring content categories. The symptomatic value of this phenomenon is also not clear. Piotrowski believes that “red shock” is a sign of aggressiveness and fear. "Black shock". This concept was first introduced by Binder. According to the frequency of “black shock” stimulation, the tables are arranged in the following order: 4, 6, 7, 1, 5. According to Binder, “black shock” most often indicates a chronic disorder of behavior, anxiety, and anxiety. Similarly to the “color shock”, an overcompensated “black shock” is possible. Kinesthetic shock is manifested by a departure from kinesthetic engrams when interpreting stimuli suggesting them (tables 1, 2, 3, 9), as well as a decrease in the overall level of responses (appearance of Db-, Do, etc.). It is believed that kinesthetic shock is a sign of insufficient affectivity.
Description (description).
The subject does not interpret the image, but only says something about it, for example, “some image that does not tell me anything.” When interpreting color tables, description acts as a kind of “color shock”. Bohm singles out kinesthetic description, a rather rare phenomenon (description mechanical movements out of touch with objects, for example, “something rotating around its axis”), which should be considered as a remark, not an answer. In his opinion, such descriptions are found almost exclusively in patients with schizophrenia. Color name. The subject only names the colors, but does not interpret them (“green”, blue”).
The color name should be distinguished from descriptive comments, which are sometimes used to clarify localization. Rorschach and Binder, when evaluating these answers, gave them the same importance as “pure color” [C]. However, Bohm and other researchers do not combine the name of the color with the actual "color" answers. If for children under the age of five the name of a color is usual, then for adults it is always a pathological sign.
An indication of the symmetry of the images. This is a fairly common phenomenon, but the symptomatic value of remarks about symmetry varies and depends on their kind. Single comments about the symmetry of the images offered to the subject are not significant. Indications of symmetry, which are stereotypical in nature, as well as an obsessive desire to find the asymmetry of both parts and the image, are possible in patients with epilepsy.
The pedantry of the wording is expressed in a special, “widely branched” and stereotypical presentation, with a careful description of all kinds of details. For example, “there is symmetry here, vertical processes… black paint is applied unevenly”, “here again symmetry, processes… the same colors” (Table 3) and so on in the same style. Most often, such pedantry is a sign of an epileptic personality change.
Perseveration.
Perseveration in the Rorschach Spot method is understood as the repetition of the same answer in content. There are three forms of perseveration.
1. Rough, organic, in which the same interpretation is repeated, and it often goes from one table to another. In severe cases, the same interpretation applies to all ten tables. Rough perseveration is observed in patients with organic brain lesions, with epilepsy, schizophrenia and dementia.
2. A kind of “sticking” to the main topic, observed in true epilepsy. The subject does not give completely identical answers, but adheres to one, slightly variable content category (“dog's head”, “horse's head”, etc.).
3. A weakened form of perseveration, in which, against the background of answers of different content, the same answers appear. This does not apply to "popular" answers, since "BAT" can occur twice in the answers to 1 and 5 of the table. The repeatability of not quite ordinary answers is important here.
In addition, Bohm distinguishes perceptual perseveration, in which the subject constantly selects completely similar image details (often D and Db), but interprets them differently, and perceived detail perseveration, when the subject selects one detail (sometimes the entire image) and interprets it differently. The same is true for healthy individuals. Anatomical stereotypy is the preference for answers with anatomical content. With a high percentage of such interpretations (60 - 100%), the diagnosis of personality traits is impossible.
stereotype
Often in pathological cases, anatomical stereotypy is combined with perseveration. As individual cases, “stereotyping of body parts” and “stereotyping of the face” are distinguished. The stereotypical preference for Hd responses (excluding “faces” and “heads”) most often indicates dementia (but localizations are Do responses “The stereotype of faces”, according to Bohm, is a sign of phobias and occurs in neurosis. Self-reference is manifested in a rude form in the introduction of his “I” into an interpretation, for example, “two people, one of which is me.”
In a weaker form, it is realized as a focus on one's own experiences (“it reminds me of a cat that we had at home”). A rough form of reference to oneself occurs in schizophrenia and epilepsy, less often in dementia, and milder forms are found in patients with neuroses. Rejection of color. This phenomenon was first described by Piotrowski and consists in the fact that the subject denies the influence of color on the interpretation, although he uses it (“...these are flowers, but not because of the color”). Piotrowski refers to such answers as “color shock”. Projection of color onto black images. Color (polychrome) is rarely introduced into the interpretation of black-and-gray tables by subjects (“magnificent colored butterfly” – tab. 5).
Opinions
According to Piotrowski, interpreting the Rorschach Spot, the subject in this case is trying to “make a good face at bad game”, i.e., as if he imposes on himself a joyful mood in the absence of one. Such popular responses, index of realism and form-color responses, as well as a decrease in the proportion of holistic interpretations with poor form. In qualitative terms, the improvement in the perception of form is expressed in the gradual complication of the form of clearly perceived spots from popular answers to combinatorial ones. As the child grows older, the ways of perceiving spots become more diverse: the number of integral answers decreases and the proportion of answers to ordinary and small details and to a white background increases. From the age of 6-7, kinesthetic responses appear.
signs childhood
Characteristic signs of childhood in the interpretation of the Rorschach Spot method are confabulatory responses and a relatively large number of perseverations. At the age of 6-7 years, there are more kinesthetic responses in boys, and color responses in girls; at the same age, girls are ahead of boys in the development of perception of form. A similar study was conducted on younger schoolchildren (8-12 years old). Table 2 summarizes data for this age. In general, a slight decrease in the rate of development of visual perception was shown compared with preschool children. The following indicators undergo the greatest growth in this age period: the total number of responses, the number of interpretations of white spaces, the proportion of responses indicating human images, the number of kinesthetic and combinatorial responses. The last three of the listed categories of responses are positively correlated with school performance and are used to assess intelligence.
Average students 1.55+ -0.20 12.89+ -1.10 0.65+-0.16
Degree of reliability Р<0, 01 Р<0,01 Р<0,01
Indicator Good students
M 2.38 + -0.23 N% 17.79 + -1.22
Combinatorial responses 1.53 + -0.26
In addition, in the group of good students there was a higher total number of responses, a higher percentage of responses with a clear form, a lower proportion of integral responses with poor form and a “color sum” index, more responses to rare details and a white background, and fewer perseverations, but differences between groups for these indicators were not significant. Note: When using the Rorschach Spots method on children aged 3 to 6, a modification of the instruction was used, according to which the children were asked to guess what the spots looked like. Starting from the age of 6, the procedure for conducting the experiment did not differ from the standard one.
Popular answers, indicated in tables 1 and 2 of the “Rorschach Spots” method as P, were determined according to the “adult” lists of I. G. Bespalko. According to his tables, the localization of area D was determined.
Projective method of personality research. It was created in 1921. In terms of its popularity in psychodiagnostic studies of personality, this test occupies a leading position among other projective methods (the bibliography includes about 11,000 works).
The stimulus material for the test consists of 10 standard tables with black and white and color symmetrical amorphous (weakly structured) images (the so-called Rorschach "spots").
The subject is asked to answer the question of what, in his opinion, each image looks like. A verbatim record is kept of all the statements of the subject, the time from the moment the table was presented to the beginning of the answer, the position in which the image is viewed, as well as any features of behavior are taken into account. The examination ends with a survey, which is carried out by the experimenter according to a certain scheme (clarification of the details of the image, according to which associations arose, etc.). Sometimes the procedure of “limit determination” is additionally applied, the essence of which is the direct “call” of the subject to certain reactions-answers.
Each answer is formalized using a specially designed symbol system according to the following five counting categories:
1) localization(selection for the answer of the entire image or its individual details);
2) determinants(to form an answer, the shape of the image, color, shape in combination with color, etc. can be used;
3) levelforms(assessment of how adequately the shape of the image is reflected in the answer, while the interpretations received most often are used as a criterion);
5) originality-popularity(Very rare answers are considered original, and those that are found in at least 30% of the surveyed are considered popular).
These enumeration categories have elaborate classifications and interpretive characteristics. Usually, "total estimates" are studied, i.e. sums of the same type of assessments, the relationship between them. The totality of all obtained relationships allows you to create a single and unique structure of interrelated personality traits.
Main theoretical settings Rorschach were as follows.
If a person operates with the entire spot, it means that he is able to perceive the main relationships and is prone to systematized thinking. If he is fixed on small details, then he is picky and petty, if on rare ones, it means that he is prone to "extraordinary" and is capable of heightened powers of observation. Responses to a white background, according to Rorschach, indicate the presence of an oppositional attitude: in healthy people - a tendency to debate, stubbornness and self-will, and in mentally ill people - about negativism and strange behavior. In all these interpretations, there is a tendency to direct analogies and the idea of the uniqueness of the way of seeing and the nature of thinking. You see every little thing, which means you are a pedant; you see not the spots themselves, like most people, but the adjacent white background, which means you think unconventionally.
Rorschach considered the ability to clearly perceive the shape of spots as an indicator of the stability of attention and one of the most important signs of intelligence. Responses to movement, arising with the assistance of ideas about movements previously seen or experienced by the subject himself, he considered as an indicator of intelligence, a measure of inner life (introversion) and emotional stability. He regarded a large number of color responses as a manifestation of emotional lability.
Rorschach called the ratio of responses by movement and color “type of experience”. He associated the predominance of responses by movement with the introversive type of experience, the predominance of color responses - with extratensive. He saw the main difference between introversion and extratension in a greater dependence on internal experiences than on external impressions.
Paying special attention to the peculiarities of the perception of spots, Rorschach dwelled relatively little on what kind of objects were seen in them. He believed that the content of the answers only accidentally reflects the experiences of the subjects.
Despite the fact that there is still no complete theory linking the features of stimulus interpretation with personality characteristics, the validity of the test has been proven by numerous studies. Special studies 80-90 years. confirmed and high retest reliability both individual groups of test indicators, and the methodology as a whole (J. Exner, 1980, 1986, etc.). The development of the Rorschach test led to the emergence six the most famous in the world psychodiagnostic practice analysis schemes of the obtained results, which have both formal and interpretive differences. Known tests of "ink spots", developed on the model of the Rorschach test, its modification for group examination.
The role and significance of the Rorschach test
Unlike all previously existing psychological methods, the subjects in this test give their answers on their own, and do not choose them among those prepared in advance by the experimenter. Under these conditions, responses depend to a much greater extent on innate characteristics of perception and individual past experience than on external stimuli given in the experiment. Such methods were later called personal, and the Rorschach test was the first among them.
The interpretation of inkblots was studied even before Rorschach, but was limited mainly to the content of the answers. Rorschach for the first time moved from analyzing the content of responses to the mechanisms of their occurrence. He considered the main thing not what exactly a person sees, but how he sees and what features of spots (color, shape, etc.) he uses in this case.
In the ten tables he proposed, Rorschach managed to create such a combination of spots that allows you to select different areas in them in an almost innumerable number of ways, relying either on the shape, then on the color, then on the shades of the spots, then on the outlines of the areas of white adjacent to the spots. background, then a combination of all these methods of perception.
Rorschach was able to formalize the responses to spots, introduced quantitative criteria, studied the peculiarities of the interpretation of spots in 405 subjects, among whom were both healthy people of various age groups and patients with various mental illnesses. He noticed that certain categories of responses are combined with certain personality traits and that the nature of the interpretations can roughly estimate the degree of intelligence of the subjects. He showed how the answers of healthy people differ from the interpretations of the mentally ill, and described the ways in which tables are interpreted that are characteristic of schizophrenia, congenital and acquired dementia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive psychosis.
Rorschach could not offer a theory explaining the connection between the perception of spots and certain personal characteristics. All his interpretations were of an empirical nature and were often based on the principle of analogies and "common sense". But he managed to create an almost universal test, capable of providing a large amount of original and new information about almost any homogeneous group of subjects. In creating this extraordinary and amazingly versatile apparatus of research, he managed to do so much that in the seven decades that have passed since his death, the test has not changed in its essence, only small additions have been made to it.
Distribution of the technique.
After the death of Hermann Rorschach, his test gradually gained wide acceptance. In Switzerland, this test was done by Zulliger, Binder, Meili-Dvoretsky, in France - by Losli-Usteri, in Denmark, Bohm's manual was reprinted many times.
This technique has received the greatest distribution in the USA, where a number of directions and schools have appeared. Klopfer took the leading position among the American Rorschachists. He developed a detailed system of questioning and evaluation of answers, introduced new symbols and terms, introduced a number of interpretive novelties; in 1939 he opened the Rorschach Institute, where psychologists, psychiatrists and sociologists worked. Special three-year test courses were created, where a diploma was issued only after a certain practice (at least 25 own observations) and an exam. A special journal dedicated to this technique began to appear.
Other major American Rorschachists include Beck, Hertz, Rapaport, and Ford. All of these researchers approached the test from psychoanalytic positions (to the least extent this applies to Beck). Piotrowski, in contrast, was primarily interested in the perceptual characteristics of responses and assumed that the use of the Rorschach test is comparable to any personality theory. Schechtel in his book made many subtle observations regarding the interpretation of a number of response categories. Aronov and Reznikov devoted their monograph to the substantive aspects of the methodology. Frank, in a series of papers published from 1976-1979, discussed the validity of a number of Rorschach hypotheses.
During the period when the Rorschach test was in its heyday, it was widely used in the armed forces of the United States, Canada, England and Germany to identify people unsuitable for military service and for promotion to senior positions in the army and industry. In 1960, the Rorschach test ranked first among all psychological methods in terms of prevalence. However, after the appearance of a number of articles that criticized certain theoretical principles of the test, interest in it gradually began to fall. If in 1954 references to publications devoted to the Rorschach test accounted for 36.4% of references to all psychological literature, then in 1968 the number of such references fell to 11.3%.
In domestic psychology, R. t. was used mainly in clinical and psychological studies of personality (L.F. Burlachuk, 1979; I.G. Bespalko, 1983, etc.). Over the past 20 years, a number of studies have appeared on the use of the Rorschach test in the examination of depressive patients, with MDP, brain tumors, epilepsy, in children, and in senile patients. A statistical work has been published on the category of localization, a number of theoretical articles. Three Ph.D. theses were defended on the Rorschach method, two monographs and methodological recommendations were published. The technique was included in the program of psychology departments of universities. Significant work has been done to standardize the test (B. I. Bely, 1982; I. G. Bespalko, 1983).
Order of conduct.
The study should be conducted in a calm and relaxed atmosphere in the absence of strangers. If the presence of a third person is necessary, it is advisable to warn the subject about this and obtain his consent. It is necessary to ensure the continuity of the experiment in advance, to exclude phone calls and other distractions. If the subject uses glasses, care must be taken in advance that they are at hand. The test is best done in daylight. In cases where a detailed psychological study is being carried out, it is recommended to offer the Rorschach test to the subject in the first place.
The experimenter sits down at the table at a right angle to the subject or next to him so that he can see the tables at the same time as the subject. The tables are preliminarily placed to the left of the experimenter face down.
Before starting the experiment, it is necessary to ask the subject whether he is familiar with the technique, heard or read about it. Before showing the tables in a preliminary conversation, you should establish contact with the subject. It is also extremely important to be aware of the subject's physical (fatigue, illness) and mental state at the time the tables are shown.
The origin of the tables is usually not explained. If the subject asks if this experiment is an intelligence test, the answer should be negative, but one can agree with the opinion that the test is a fantasy test. Questions of the subject during the experiment should be avoided and their resolution “until later”.
Work with the subject consists of four stages: 1) the actual execution, 2) a survey, 3) the use of analogies, 4) the definition of sensitivity limits.
1st stage. The tables are given to the subject in the hands in the main position, in a certain sequence - according to the number on the back of the table. The subject is asked what the spots remind him of, what they look like. The instruction can be repeated several times. If the subject doubts the correctness of his answers, then he is told that there are no erroneous answers, since all people see different things on the tables. Bohm proposes to supplement the instructions with the following phrase: "You can rotate the tables as you like." According to Kloepfer et al., remarks about table rotation should not be included in the initial instruction, but when the subject himself begins to rotate the table, he is not interfered with. We recommend using Bohm's instructions.
Any clue as to the interpretation of spots should be avoided. Permissible rewards: "Yes", "Excellent", "See how well you do." If it is difficult to answer the first table, the experimenter behaves expectantly, but if the interpretation is still not given, one must proceed to the next table. If after the first answer there is a long pause, they ask: “What else? You can give several answers."
Time is not limited. It is allowed to interrupt work with one table after 8-10 answers.
All responses of the subject are recorded in the study protocol. Exclamations, facial expressions, the behavior of the subject and all the comments of the experimenter are recorded. The position of the table is marked with an angle, the top of which means the upper edge of the table, or with letters: Λ - the main position of the table (a), > - the upper edge of the table on the right (b), v - the table is turned upside down (c),< - верхний край таблицы слева (d). Локализация ответов описывается словесно или отмечается на специальной дополнительной схеме, где таблицы изображены в уменьшенном виде. Если речь идет не об основном положении таблицы, то обозначения типа «снизу», «сверху», «справа» рекомендуется заключать в скобки. Временные показатели фиксируются при помощи часов с секундной стрелкой; секундомер нежелателен, так как может вызвать экзаменационный стресс.
2nd stage. The survey required to clarify the answers. The main orientation of the survey is in the words: "where?", "How?" and why?" (“Show where it is”, “How did you get such an impression?”, “Why is this such and such an image?”). In this case, it is better to use the terminology of the subject himself. If, for example, the answer is "beautiful butterfly", one might ask what makes the spot look like a butterfly and why it looks beautiful. The wording of subsequent questions will depend on the responses received. Leading questions should not inspire the subject with answers that do not reflect his personal perception.
If the subject finds it difficult to verbally designate the localization, he is offered to make a copy of the specified part of the spot using transparent paper or draw the image he sees. To clarify whether a human image is visible in motion, the experimenter asks the subject to tell in more detail about the perceived. Questions like: "Are we talking about the living or the dead?" - not recommended. To find out if color was used in the answer, they ask if the same image can be seen on reduced achromatic diagrams (see localization tables in Fig. 2.1).
If additional answers are given at this stage, they may be used for the overall score, but are not included in the calculation.
3rd stage. The use of analogies is optional and is used only where the survey did not reveal what features of the spots the subject relied on in his answers. They ask whether one or another determinant (color, movement, shades) indicated in one answer can be applied to other answers. The results obtained are referred to additional estimates.
4th stage. Determination of sensitivity limits. The need for it is less, the richer the initial protocol. At this stage, it is determined: 1) whether the subject can see the details and integrate them into the whole, 2) whether he can perceive human images and project movement on them, 3) whether he can perceive color, chiaroscuro and popular images.
The subject's answers are provoked by more and more specific questions. If the subject gives only complete answers, they say: “Some people can see something in certain parts of the table. Try it, maybe you can do it too." If the subject finds it difficult to fulfill this request, point to the usual detail (D) and ask: "What does it look like?". If this does not help to see the image in the detail of the spot, it can be said that some people see "animals" in the lateral pink areas of the table. VIII and "spiders" in the upper lateral blue spots of pl. x.
If the subject does not give popular answers, then he is shown several popular images and asked: “Do you think this looks like ...?”
When there are no color answers in the protocol, it is suggested to decompose all tables into groups according to some criterion. When separating groups, for example, by content, they are asked to divide the tables again according to another attribute. For the third time, you can offer to decompose the tables into pleasant and unpleasant. If within three Attempts the subject does not select a group of color tables, it is concluded that he does not respond to the color stimulus.
Response encryption.
Most domestic authors used two encryption methods. One of them - "classic Rorschach" - is presented by Bohm's monograph, the other - the so-called "American school", is most fully set out in the works of Klopfer and co-authors. Since there are differences between these two directions, the conclusions of authors using different designations in some cases become difficult to compare.
The encryption methods used in this work were based on the Klopfer system as the most developed one (most of the examples in this chapter are taken from the manual of Klopfer et al. The specified system was supplemented by some provisions taken from other authors.
Answer Definition
Answers are such statements that the subject himself evaluates as an answer, and not as a remark or comment. (Here and below: E. - experimenter, I. - test subject.)
Tab. x."There's a sense of balance here."
E. "Do you consider this a remark or an answer, like the 'spiders' you saw here?"
I. "That's the answer... They're all in balance."
Evaluation of W mF Abs. 0.5
Comments are not rated as an answer.
Tab. VII. "This table gives the impression of something furry."
E. "When you mentioned the general 'fury impression,' did you mean an answer or a remark?"
I. "That was a remark."
E. "Couldn't this be a piece of fur?"
I. "No..."
If the subject considers the naming of a color (for example, Table IX: “Here is red, green, yellow”) as the answer, it is encrypted:
W Cn (color naming) Color 0.0
If the subject does not consider his statement an answer, it is marked with des (color description) and is not encrypted.
Two or more responses to the same spot are encrypted separately, unless the subject subsequently rejects one of them or if he does not say that they are different descriptions of the same image.
Tab. V. "Butterfly. Bat".
E. "Do you think it's a butterfly or a bat, or maybe it's both?"
I. "It's more like a bat."
This is one answer.
Tab. v."On the wings and legs it is a bat, and on the antennae it is an insect."
These are two answers.
If the subject connects two or more answers with the word “or”, they are all encrypted separately. If the subject replaces one answer with another and at the same time uses different determinants, then the rejected answer is taken into account only in additional marks. If the answer is given as a question or rejected without replacement, it is also scored as an additional one.
E. "What part of the spot did you use for this answer?"
I. “I meant the whole spot, but now it does not seem to me the skin of an animal. I don't know why I said that."
Tab. VI."It might be the skin of an animal."
Score (W Fc Aobj P 1.0).
Here parentheses mean that all elements should be classified as additional. With localization difficulties, such additional answers should be completely excluded from the rating system.
When the subject corrects his answer spontaneously, this is considered the development of the original answer. Such developments (specifications) should be distinguished from individual responses. Specifications are elements that form essential parts of the seen image. For example, legs, arms, and head belonging to the same person are not scored as separate responses. The main criterion that distinguishes a specification from an answer is that it cannot be seen if taken separately, by itself. "Hats" can be considered as specifications for "heads", although they may be seen separately. "Rivers" and "forests" are specifications for "landscapes". When in the upper central dark areas of the table. X see "two animals gnawing a tree", then "tree" should be considered a specification. On the other hand, the "butterfly" or "bow" seen in Table. III, and "spiders" or "caterpillars" in Table. X's are so often seen separately that they are evaluated as independent interpretations, even when they are part of a more complex answer.
With a "dense organization" of interpretations, individual parts are not regarded as independent answers if they do not belong to popular images.
Tab. I."Three dancers. Two men in cloaks and hoods circle around the woman in the center with their arms raised. The woman is wearing a transparent shirt.
This "dense organization" cannot be broken down into its component parts. Rating W M Fc H 4.5 Tab. VIII."A multicolored shield with animals standing on their hind legs."
Here, despite being "densely organized", animal images are among the popular responses and are therefore scored separately.
W Fc Ernbl 2.0 D FM (A) P 1.5
The parenthesis indicates the relationship between the answers.
With “free organization”, individual parts receive an independent localization assessment. If they are only mentioned in the survey, they receive an additional score.
Tab. VIII.“These are underwater creatures and corals. Green and pink are water and flowers. Sea lizards clamber along the sides.
W CF N 0.5 D FM A 1.5
Tab. IX."Marine". (When questioned, "claws of cancer" and "oyster shell" are indicated.)
Add. 1 D Fc Ad 1.0
Add. 2 D Fc" Aobj 1.0
In cases where relatively formless determinants are part of a larger response characterized by good form, they are not separately coded.
Tab. III.“Two natives are beating a drum; from the ashes left after the fire, smoldering embers fly out.
W M CF Fc Fc" mF Nigre P O 4.5
Here, the “ember” response to red details would not have arisen if it had not been subordinated to a holistic organization. Therefore, the use of color is not reflected in a separate assessment, but in an additional one.
Each answer receives five ratings: according to the localization of the image, according to the determinants, that is, those features of the spot on which the subject relies when giving the answer, according to the content, according to the degree of originality of the answer, and according to the level of form.
Response Localization
Holistic Answers. When the entire table is interpreted, the answers are called complete and are denoted by W (from the English. Whole). Among them, four groups are distinguished: W, W, DW and WS.
An example of a holistic answer W for Table. I can be either a "bat" or the "three dancers" described above. The first answer is simple, the second is simultaneous-combinatorial. Both of them reflect an instantaneous act of perception.
The successive-combinatorial holistic answer does not appear at first glance, but gradually. One image follows another until they merge. For example, in Table. III: “Two people stand bent over. They are cooking something in a cauldron... The red is discarded bones.”
The answer is also denoted as W in those cases when, when using the entire spot, individual small parts of it are ignored. If one symmetrical half is seen as a reflection of the other, this is also a holistic interpretation. It is more difficult to evaluate the answer in those cases where it focuses on one half of the table, and says about the other: "It's the same." Bohm does not consider such answers to be holistic, in contrast to Klopfer and co-authors, who propose to evaluate them as holistic. Bohm's point of view seems more justified to us.
Where only a part of the spot is clearly perceived, but the subject tends to use the entire spot (these answers should be distinguished from confabulatory ones), the symbol "W" is used, denoting a tendency to the whole.
Tab. VIII. "Mice climbing the wall."
E. "Where is the wall?"
I. "Here" (points to the middle part).
E. "What makes it look like a wall?"
I. "Exactly what they are climbing on it."
D W F M A R 1.5
The assessment W as an additional one (D W) will also be given in those cases when a holistic answer is indicated for the first time not during the execution itself, but at the stage of the survey, or when the subject refuses the initially holistic answer expressed.
Tab. I."Bat Wings"
I. "At first I saw only the wings, now I see that the whole spot looks like a bat."
D W F A R 1.0
The truncated W (cut-off Whole) is used when the subject uses almost the entire spot (at least 2/3 of it) and indicates that he omits some elements that do not correspond to the concept of the image. The red details in Table 1 are often excluded. II and III. The subject should spontaneously mention any missing parts of the spot. If the fact of non-use of some parts is revealed only during the survey in response to questions like: "Did you use this part?", then such answers are rated as ordinary W.
Confabulatory holistic responses DW. In these cases, one detail is clearly perceived, and everything else is conjectured to the whole without taking into account the configuration of the entire spot or the location of individual parts relative to each other. Examples are "butterfly" (in Plate VI) due to the "antennae" located at the top, or the answer "chest" (in Plate VIII) resulting from the assessment of the blue squares as "lungs".
DW answers are always in bad shape. Some authors propose to consider interpretations not only with bad form (DW-), but also with good form (DW+) as confabulatory. This does not correspond to the point of view of Rorschach and most other researchers who considered confabulatory responses as an important pathological feature. Therefore, solid images with good shape, based on the initial highlighting of any detail, should not be assessed as DW+, but simply as W+.
Holistic responses that take white gaps into account, such as the "mask" in Table. I are rated as WS.
Answers to the usual details. Parts of the spot that are clearly visible and most often perceived are called ordinary details. Images based on them are denoted D. Most Ds are large fragments, but small details also fall into this category if they have a distinct shape and are immediately striking. (Such small, but quite often perceived details are distinguished by American authors as a special variety of ordinary details, denoted by the symbol d). Rorschach did not indicate the frequency of responses sufficient to highlight D. Lepfe suggested referring to them those parts of the spots for which at least 4.5% of responses are given. Beck and I. G. Bespalko used a 2% level of D isolation in their works.
In view of the dependence of the perception of Rorschach tables on the ethnic factor noted by many researchers, Losley-Usteri recommended compiling localization maps for each country separately. In our country, such work was carried out by I. G. Bespalko. Below is his list D, and in fig. 2.1 - localization tables.
Table I
1. The entire middle region ("beetle", "man").
2. The entire side section ("mythical animal"),
3. The upper half of the side area ("dog's head"),
4. Lower half of the lateral region without clear outer boundaries; the choice of this area is not due to the external borders, but due to the texture (“teddy bear head”, “owl head”).
5. Lateral contour of the lower half of the lateral area ("doll profile").
6. The most pronounced lateral protrusion ("wing"),
7. Upper central claw-like protrusions (“deer antlers”).
8. The upper half of the central region ("crab").
9. The dark part of the lower half of the central region (“thighs”),
Table II.
1. The entire dark area ("bears").
2. Lower red spot ("butterfly").
3. Intermediate white central spot (“yule”),
4. Top red areas.
5. Upper central conical area ("rocket", "castle", "knight"),
6. Lower side protrusion ("rooster's head"),
Table III.
1. Everything dark (“two people”).
2. Upper-lateral red spots ("monkeys").
3. Central red spot ("butterfly"),
4. Lower-lateral oblong areas ("fish"; in the D1 concept - "people's legs"),
5. Center-lower dark rounded areas ("heads of blacks").
6. All lower dark center.
7. “The head and torso of a person” from D1 (“man”; in the c-D1 position - “bird”),
8. The entire gray center of the lower central dark area D6.
9. "Human Head" by D1.
10. The lower part of the “human body” (in the b-position - “mouse head”).
11. "One of the people."
12. Lower endings D4 (“shoes with heels”, “hooves”).
Table IV.
1. Central lower region ("snail's head").
2. Inferior-lateral ledge, outer part of the light gray area ("dog's head", "profile of a man with a forelock").
3. The entire lower-lateral part ("boot").
4. Upper oblong ledge ("snake", "roots").
5. The entire lower lateral light gray area, the light part of the "boot" (in the b-position - "dog").
6. Dark in the "boot" ("walrus").
7. A small protrusion at the top of the spot ("clown profile" in b-position, "gymnast's head" in D8).
8. The entire upper lateral protrusion, including D4, as well as its dark base and a connecting strip from the base to D4 ("bird's head").
9. The entire central dark strip ("spine"),
10. The entire upper half of the spot ("dog's head").
11. The uppermost central light area, taken either as a whole (“human head”), or only in its protruding part (“flower”).
Table V
1. Lower central oblong protrusions ("snakes"),
2. Lateral area, including about a third of the "wing" and the outer side protrusions ("ham", "running animal"),
4. Central upper area ("hare's head"),
5. Half of the entire spot or almost the entire half (“wing”),
6. The whole center ("hare"),
7. Upper ledges ("hare ears").
8. The outermost upper lateral process ("leg").
9. Upper contour of the wing ("profile") with possible inclusion of lateral processes D3, forming a beard or profile horns.
10. The lower contour of the wing ("profile in a high cap"),
Table VI.
1. The entire lower part ("skin"),
2. The entire upper part ("bird").
3. One of the halves of the lower part (“head with a long nose”; in the d-position - “iceberg”),
4. Upper protrusions on D2 ("wings of a bird").
5. The uppermost part of the spot in the form of a rounded protrusion with thin lines extending from it on the sides (“whiskers”) or without them (“snake's head”).
6. The upper central elongated part, remaining from two, after the exclusion of the lateral D4 ("wings").
7. Lower central small protrusions, two central and two slightly lateral (“flower organs”, “insect mouth”).
8. Large side protrusion ("walrus head"),
9. All dark central stripe, starting from the very top ("spine").
Table VII.
1. Middle area ("monster's head"),
2. One or both upper areas with or without the uppermost protrusions (“hairstyles”) (“women's heads”),
3. The upper or middle region as a whole (in the d-position - "dog").
4. The entire lower region with or without indicating the dark center (“butterfly”),
5. Intermediate white area ("head in a triangular hat").
6. Dark lower central part with or without a gray central area located below (“man”, “well section”).
7. The uppermost ledge ("cat's tail").
8. One of the symmetrical halves of the entire lower area D4 ("chess knight").
9. Small light gray spiky protrusions on the upper area ("icicles").
10. The lowermost light gray center, taken independently, i.e. outside D6 ("dog's head").
Table VIII.
1. Lateral pink areas ("walking animal").
2. The entire lower orange-pink center ("butterfly", "flower").
3. The upper gray-green conical part (“mountain”) with the possible addition of a central dark stripe and underlying blue squares (“spruce”),
4. Light skeletal formation between blue squares with possible inclusion of above and below central dark stripes (“spine”, “thorax”).
5. Blue squares, one or both.
6. Most lateral projections on D2 ("dog's head").
8. Upper pink half of D2.
9. Apical part on D3 (two pointed protrusions at the very top of the table - “two people from a distance”, “beak”).
Table IX.
1. One of the symmetrical green areas.
2. One or both of the top orange areas.
3. The entire central light area with or without the central stripe and two eye-like spots (“dress”, “violin”),
4. Only the lateral parts of the lower pink area ("human head"),
5. The entire central line or only part of it, enclosed in area D3, but called independently (“fountain”, “cane”),
6. The entire lower pink area ("clouds", "swaddled baby"),
7. The largest brown protrusion on the medial side of D2 (“claws of cancer”).
8. All branched brown on the medial side of D2 (when it is selected, the answer should include at least two of the three protrusions that make it up - “deer horns”, “two people and a tree”).
9. A small area in D1, partly bordering D2 ("elk's head").
10. Pinkish area together with central stripe (i.e. D6 and D5 taken as a whole; in c-position "tree").
11. Both green halves, taken as a whole ("pelvic bones").
12. Central light rounded area (lower part of D3) with or without two eye-like spots (“owl heads”) included in it.
13. Orange top and green middle areas as a whole (D1 + D2).
14. The uppermost of the three protrusions included in D8 (in the d-position it resembles a “key”, “boot”).
Table X.
1. Upper side blue spots (“crab”),
2. Lower green oblong areas without a center (“caterpillar”) that unites them,
3. Dark dense areas, approximately at the middle level of the map, outside the pink areas (“beetle”), sometimes with the inclusion of a dark spot associated with the main area in the adjacent yellow spot (“doe”).
4. The lower central small part is light green with or without the inclusion of lateral dark dots (“rabbit head”, “man”).
5. Inner yellow areas ("amoeba", "sitting dog"),
6. One or both upper central dark areas ("insects").
7. All dark upper center.
8. Large oblong pink areas.
9. Blue small areas on the inside of the pink spots with or without a small blue spot that unites them (“climbers”)
10. Lower outer brown spots ("hairy dog"),
11. Small, centrally located slingshot part of the orange center (“cherries”).
12. Green upper spots ("grasshopper").
13. The entire green lower horseshoe region, i.e. D2 + D4, taken as a whole ("lyre").
14. The uppermost dark central "pillar" ("chopped off trunk").
15. Yellow side areas ("autumn leaves").
16. Both pink parts together with the upper dark center with or without the inclusion of the dark central pillar D14.
17. Upper white central area bounded by pink areas) from the sides and blue D9 from below with the inclusion of D1 inside it or without carrying (“white owl”, “tortoise”).
18. The entire intermediate area between the oblong pink areas includes the colored areas located in it, forming the eyes (D5) whiskers (D13), etc. ("face of a man", "head of a goat").
If we compare the list of D-answers given by I. G. Bespalko and that of Klopfer et al., it can be noted that they are basically the same. 102 D responses from Kloepfer et al. In both cases, the most common, frequently quoted answers are the same, so using either list will give about the same number of answers to the usual details. The fundamental difference is only that the answers to the white background (D3 to II, D5 to VII, D17 and D18 on X tables) are included by I. G. Beslalko in the category of D-answers due to the high frequency of occurrence, and in the Klopfer classification and co-authors, they are regarded as S-otvsty.
Sometimes the subject may add to D or, conversely, omit small patches of spots. If such changes form an insignificant part of the concept, answers are still scored as D. A combination of several ordinary answers is also scored, except in cases where this combination is unusual.
Answers to unusual details. Those interpretations that are neither integral nor ordinary and are not responses to white space are evaluated as responses to the unusual details of Dd. They fall into several categories:
a) dd - small or tiny details that are separated from the rest of the spot by space, shades or color;
b) de - edge details in which only contours are used; most often these are "profiles" or "coastlines";
c) di - internal details, in which the inner shadow part of the spots is used without indicating the edges;
d) dr - unusually delimited details that do not fall under any of the categories listed above; in size, they can be large, close to W, or, conversely, small, approaching dd (unlike dd, their boundaries are debatable). Among them, two types are distinguished: with unusual outlines, not limited by the structural qualities of spots, and with an unusual combination of D details.
Bohm's manual uses a single symbol, Dd, to represent all of these categories of responses to unusual details.
Responses to white space. In the rating system of Klopfer and co-authors, they are denoted by the symbol S. Bohm suggests dividing them into ordinary DZw and unusual DdZw (here "Zw" from German "Zwischenfiguren", similar to English "S"). Beck, who paid much attention to the frequency assessment of answers, came to the conclusion that the large white spots in tables II, VII and X are true D. According to the above list of I. G. Bespalko, D-answers should include not only interpretations of the indicated Beck high-frequency white details, but also indications of the white central region of Table. X. In our work, responses to white space areas listed in the list of D-answers by I. G. Bespalko were rated as D, and indications to any other background fragments as S.
Where white spaces are indicated in combination with main spots, two designations are used to assess localization and the leading one is placed first.
Tab. VII. "It's an ocean with islands on it" (here "islands" is the whole blur, and "ocean" is the white space around it).
Tab. I."Mask with holes for the eyes."
Rorschach and Bohm used a special designation for the so-called oligophrenic details - parts of a human or animal figure, which are given where most healthy subjects easily see a whole person or a whole animal. For example, in Table III, the subject points not to the figure of the whole person, but to his head or leg. Rorschach initially assumed that such responses were found only in oligophrenics and people with low intelligence, but this assumption turned out to be incorrect. Following the American authors, we did not use a special designation for such details.
determinants
These include qualitative characteristics of the response in form, kinesthesia, color and light and shade. Only one determinant can be the main one, the rest are considered additional. The first place is given to the determinant, which is emphasized by the subject in the description and development of the answer. A determinant that applies only to a part of the indicated spot, for example, and in the answer "Bears with red hats", or is due to a prompt, is evaluated as additional. In difficult cases, preference is given to the determinant already mentioned, and not to the one that first appeared during the survey. In other cases, kinesthesia comes first, color comes second, and texture comes third. Because shape always has a place in kinesthetic responses and is included in chiaroscuro and color scores, it is never considered as an additional determinant.
Shaped responses F. A form score is given to all responses where there is no other primary determinant (movement, hue, color). This estimate is also applied in those cases where the form is imprecise, indefinite abstract.
Tab. I."Mask" (during the survey, the eyes, nose and cheekbones are indicated).
Tab. IX."It's an abstract thing, a balance" (when questioned, it is indicated that this is the answer).
Rorschach singled out responses with a good F+ and a bad F-. He proposed to define good forms in a statistical way and to attribute to them those shaped answers that are most often given by healthy subjects. “Anything that is better than these uniform answers is also rated as F+, everything that is less clearly seen is designated as F-.” Here, the word "better" implies a good match between the image concept that the subject proposes and the spot configuration that he uses.
Among shaped responses with poor form, inaccurate F- and indefinite F- are distinguished. The first, with a certain statement, lacks resemblance to a spot (for example, the answer “bear” to a spot that looks completely different). This category includes most anatomical responses, such as "pelvis" or "thorax" in Table. I. In the second case, there is no certainty of reasoning: "Something anatomical", "Some kind of prehistoric animal." For geographic answers such as “country”, “some kind of archipelago”, when there is no concretization, but there is some similarity to the image in the spot, the F± score is applied.
If the subject determines the side spots on the table. VIII as “two animals”, when questioning it should be clarified: “What kind of animals are these?”. When concretizing the answer, F + is put, otherwise - F-.
An approximate list of good and bad answers, intended for beginning Rorschachists, is available in the monographs of Losley-Usteri and Bohm.
Movement responses (M). They arise with the assistance of kinesthetic engrams, i.e., ideas about movements previously seen or experienced by the subject himself. Often, the subject himself makes the appropriate movements with his arms and torso. Bohm believes that responses to movement are always empathized by the subjects and there is always identification behind them. He refers to kinesthetic responses not only human movements, but also the movements of anthropomorphic and anthropomorphized animals. Anthropomorphic animals include bears, monkeys, sloths. But their movements are encrypted as M only if they resemble human ones. "Climbing the wall bears" on the table. VIII are not encrypted as M, because their movements do not resemble human ones. (It should be noted that American authors evaluate the humanoid actions of animals not as M, but as FM.) Anthropomorphized animals include popular characters from books and films (Cheburashka, the Hare and the Wolf from the cartoon “Well, wait a minute!”), whose actions are experienced as humanoid.
M-responses do not always reflect a person in motion. Getting used to a specific body position, such as in the "sleeping women" response, is also associated with kinesthetic sensation. M-answers also include indications of parts of human figures visible in action (“two hands with raised index fingers”). American authors refer to M and descriptions of human facial expressions (“someone stuck out their tongue”, “distorted faces”), but a number of authors recommend not to encrypt such facial interpretations as kinesthetic. According to Shakhtel, the descriptions of facial expressions do not reflect the projection of one's own feelings, but the attitude of other people expected by the subject towards him.
In cases where movements or posture appear during questioning in response to leading questions, or are attributed to a human figure expressed in a drawing, caricature or statue, or are noted in tiny human beings that occupy an insignificant place in the overall concept, M is given as an additional assessment.
Animal movements are encrypted as FM.
Movements of inanimate objects ("flying carpet", "falling vase") are evaluated by the symbol m.
Color answers. Depending on the combination with the form, they are encrypted as FC, CF, C.
Form-color responses FC are noted when the form dominates, and the color is secondary, for example, "boiled crayfish" - on a yellow spot (Plate IX) and "grasshopper" - on a green upper spot (Table X). The answer "butterfly" to the central red spot (Table III) is in most cases an answer in the form F +, but "tropical butterfly" to the same spot is encrypted as FC. The response "red polar bears" to lateral pink areas (Table VIII) is an F+ response because the color used is not the color of the object in its natural state. (American authors categorize such responses as "forced color" and designate them as F ↔ C.)
FC responses can also be in bad shape. In this case, the subject names a certain colored object, the shape of which does not correspond to the outlines of the spot used.
If the shape-and-color answer is applicable only to part of the concept (“colored clown hats” in Table II) or if the entire indicated spot is colored, and the color is used only for part of the concept (for example, “roosters” to the upper-side red spots of Table III, “ as they have a red crest"), then the FC counts as an additional mark.
The color-forming responses of CF are determined primarily by color, while the form recedes into the background and is indefinite (“clouds”, “flowers”, “rocks”, etc.). Typical CF responses are "guts" or "explosion" in Table 1. IX. "Ice floes" and "lakes" into blue squares in Table. VIII.
Tab. VIII. "Corals".
Tab. VIII, lateral pink area. "Strawberry ice cream".
Primary responses for color C are determined only by color. This is "blood" and "fire" for any red spot, "sky" for any blue "forest" for any green. But if there is any form element ("bloodstains", "a forest on a geographical map", "paints on an artist's palette"), the answer is encrypted as CF.
American authors offer even more stringent criteria for this category of answers and designate with the symbol “C” only those undifferentiated color answers that, when presented with tables, repeat several times. They encode the single response "blood" as CF. Therefore, in their protocols, the symbol "C" is rare and has a special pathological meaning.
If the answer consists in naming or listing various colors, it is encrypted as "naming a color" - Cn. In this case, the survey should establish that this is a response, and not a remark.
Tab. x."Here are two blue things, two yellow and two red."
E. “Can you tell us anything else about what you see on this table?”
E. "What could it be (upper side blue spot)?"
I. "It's blue."
Color naming is rarely seen in healthy adults, but is more common in epilepsy, organic dementia, or schizophrenic dementia.
Achromatic color responses are those where the black, white or gray parts of the tables are used as color characteristics of the object. They are encrypted as FC", C" F and C" depending on the combination with the form.
Tab. v."Bat".
E. "What makes her look like a bat?"
I. “She is black. The ribs holding the wings are visible.
Tab. VII."Black smoke".
W K C- Smoke 0.0
Chiaroscuro Answers. The interpretation of darker and lighter shades of gray and chromatic fields by Bohm and by American authors differs significantly from each other. We are first in in general terms we will characterize the basic principles of interpreting tint responses according to Bohm, and then we will analyze in more detail more detailed methods for classifying these responses from American authors.
Bohm divides hue responses into two main groups: F(C) tint responses and Ch chiaroscuro responses. The former are characterized by the fact that the subjects inside the selected area of the spot highlight each shade and consider first of all its borders, and secondly, its color. Often these interpretations are perspectives, for example, in Table. II: “Park alley under the bright sun, bordered by dark trees hanging over the alley. The street narrows in perspective and becomes a narrow path in the distance.
With the answers of the second group, individual shades are not perceived, but there is a general diffuse impression of the perception of light and dark on the table. Depending on the combination with the shape, they are coded as FCh ("animal skin" in Tables IV and VI), ChF ("coal" in Table I, "X-ray" in Table IV, "storm clouds" in Table VII ) and Ch ("smoke", "steam", "dirty snow", "fog").
Kloepfer et al divide responses on chiaroscuro into three main categories: C - hue gives the impression of surface or texture, K - hue gives the impression of three-dimensionality or depth, k - hue gives the impression of a three-dimensional space projected onto a two-dimensional plane. Depending on the combination of these categories with the form, different types of tint responses are formed.
The FC score is applied where the surface or texture is highly differentiated, or an object with surface or texture qualities has a specific shape. This includes answers naming animal fur, silk or satin clothing, objects made of marble or steel.
Tab. VII, middle area. "Teddy bear".
Tab. II, top red area. "Red wool socks".
D F C Fc Obj 2.0
Tab. VI. "Fur rug" (sees thin curls).
The same rating is given for "cellophane transparency", for a light effect on a polished surface, for responses where subtle chiaroscuro differentiation is used to specify parts of objects, such as facial features, and where it creates a low-differentiated three-dimensional bas-relief-like effect. On the contrary, in those cases where the difference between the surfaces is more emphasized, the score "FK" is given.
Tab. I the entire middle region. "Dancer in a transparent shirt."
The answer "dummy" to the same spot (the subject sees the tree through the clothes) is evaluated
since the distance between the surfaces is emphasized here.
Tab. III, light processes in the lower part. "Icicles" (in the survey indicates that the effect of transparency makes them icicles).
dd Fc Icicle 1.5
Tab. VI, upper central oblong part. "A gleaming bedpost with a carved knob."
Tab. VII, left middle area. "The court clown. He says something funny and evil” (sees the hat, open mouth, lip, teeth).
Tab. VII."Carved busts of women with feathers on their heads, directed forward."
W Fc M (Hd) 3.0
Tab. VIII, central red spot. "Vertebra" (sees shades).
In cases where the effect of texture is denied by the subjects or the answer is given along the contours, the Fc score is not used.
Tab. VIII, lateral pink areas. "Furry animals climbing something" ("furry" because of the irregularity of the outlines, in which he sees small standing hairs of fur).
D W F M A R 2.5
It uses an outer line, not chiaroscuro, and no texture is implied.
The cF estimate is given in cases where the skin effect itself is not highly differentiated. These are indefinitely outlined pieces of fur, rocks, grass, corals, snow.
Tab. VI."Rock" (in the survey it is indicated that it is rough and has the color of a rock).
WcF C"F Rock 0.5
Here the texture effect is combined with an object of indefinite shape.
A mark of c is given in those cases where the subject completely ignores any element of the form, focuses only on the surface effect, and repeats this type of answer more than twice. Examples of such answers: "snow", "something metallic". This rare variety of tint responses occurs only in severe pathology.
The FK score is applied when chiaroscuro contributes to the depth effect. This requires at least three adjacent fields, the tint difference of which is used to form the concept. These responses include bushes and trees reflected in the water, views of the terrain seen horizontally or from an airplane, and all responses where one object is in front of another and the distance between them is emphasized.
Tab. II, top red area. "Spiral staircase" (points to shades).
The KF estimate is used where a specific shape is included in the concept of diffusion.
Tab. VII."Clouds".
Tab. VII."Smoke Spirals".
W KF mF Smoke 0.5
If clouds are defined only by vague outlines and no hues are used, the KF score does not apply.
The K score refers to space-filling responses of light and dark (eg, "Northern Lights" in Table VI), or diffusion without form. Diffusion criterion: it can be pierced with a knife without being divided into parts. These are completely undifferentiated "darkness", "fog", "smoke" and "clouds".
The Fk score is mainly used to refer to topographic maps and X-rays when they refer to a specific entity (a country of a certain geographic shape, a chest X-ray with ribs). If the indicated part of the map does not belong to a certain country, and certain anatomical formations are not distinguished on the x-ray, then such answers are encrypted as RF. And, finally, if the answer “X-ray” does not imply a form at all and is given for at least three tables, then such an answer is denoted as k.
H - human figures, whole or almost whole,
(H) - human figures devoid of reality, i.e. presented as drawings,
caricatures, sculptures, or as mythological creatures (monsters,
(Hd) - parts of human figures,
A - the figure of an animal, whole or almost whole,
(A) - mythological animal, monster, caricature, animal drawing,
Ad - parts of an animal, usually the head or paws,
At - human internal organs (heart, liver, etc.),
or lower body
Obj - objects made by people,
Aobj - items made from animal material (skin, fur),
Aat - internal organs of animals,
Food - food, such as meat, ice cream, eggs (fruits and vegetables are
plants),
N - landscapes, aerial view, sunset,
Geo - maps, islands, bays, rivers,
Pl - plants of all kinds, including flowers, trees, fruits, vegetables and parts of plants, .
Arch - architectural structures: houses, bridges, churches, etc.,
Art - children's drawing, watercolor, where what is drawn has no specific
Abs - abstract concepts: "power", "strength", "love", etc.,
Bl - blood,
Ti - fire,
Cl - clouds.
Rarer types of content are indicated by whole words: Smoke, Mask, Emblem, etc.
Originality of answers
According to the frequency of answers, only two extremes are noted: the most common, or popular, and the rarest - original answers. By popular answers, R Rorschach meant the interpretations that are given by every third subject. Most authors consider the answers of every sixth subject to be popular.
The popularity of the answers is largely determined by ethnographic factors, so the lists of P by different authors differ somewhat from each other. Below we provide a list of answers received by I. G. Bespalko on a sample of 204 adults, indicating the percentage of subjects who named them. The minimum frequency limit P is equal to 16%, i.e. 1/6 of the number of subjects.
Table R-answers %
I 1. Bat (all spot) 38.2
2. Butterfly (all spot) 25.5
3. Beetle (entire central region) 22.5
II 4. Any quadruped in normal or lateral position 31.5 III 5. Two humans (entire dark area in normal position). One of the 66.7 "people" is also R
6. Butterfly or bow tie (central red area) 46.1
7. Human or humanoid creature with arms raised (for the entire 20.6 dark area in an inverted position)
8. Front part of an insect, fly, beetle (over the entire dark area 20.6 upside down)
IV 9. Fur skin or fur carpet (all spot) 21.6
V 10. Bat (all spot) 60.8
11. Butterfly (all spot) 48.5
VI 12. Skin, fur clothing, fur carpet (all stain or no top D) 40.2
VII 13. Heads or faces of women (both or one upper region, called 33.3
independently or included in larger localizations)
14. Head of the animal in the usual position of the table (on the middle area) 24.5
VIII 15. Any kind of mammal (lateral pink areas) 82.4 X 16. Any multi-legged animal: spider, octopus, beetle (upper lateral blue spots) 60.8
17. Head of a hare (lower central area in light green) 16.2
18. Seahorse upside down (central green oblong areas) 30.0
19. Beetles, insects (two symmetrical central dark spots in the upper central region, taken with or without a stem-like region uniting them) 17.2
20. Beetle, crab, tick (lateral dark area at the middle level of the table) 27.5
Original responses occur approximately once in 100 responses in healthy individuals. Depending on the clarity of perception, the original responses are divided into Orig+ and Orig-. There are originally developed answers and original answers, due to the peculiarities of perception. The latter reflect deviations from the usual ways of perception: often there is a mixture of figure and background.
Form Level Evaluation
It is obvious that simply dividing responses into popular and original, as well as responses with good and bad form, only gives a very approximate estimate of the quality of responses. It is clear that combinatorial responses to spots, which include both the perception of individual details and their integration into a single concept, are answers of a higher quality than popular responses of simple structure, where the entire spot or its area is considered as some kind of undifferentiated unity. But how to assess the degree of clarity of perception and reflect the level of its differentiation and complexity? Many methods have been proposed to solve this problem.
Beck described the concept of organizational activity (Z), i.e., the ability to perceive the entire spot as a whole, or to see adjacent or separated details in relation to each other, or to include white spaces between spots in response. The listed signs of organizational activity manifest themselves in different ways on different tables: for example, it is easy to give a holistic answer to some tables, but it is difficult to compare individual details with each other, on the other, on the contrary, holistic answers are rarely given, and individual details are linked to each other without much labor. Beck proposed a conditional scoring scale for any manifestation of such activity on each of the tables. His system is of known interest, but it did not solve the problem of assessing the quality of answers.
Friedman proposed to evaluate the level of form depending on the maturity of visual perception, the main features of which - clarity, differentiation and good organization - were formulated by Meili-Dvoretsky. So, he divided holistic answers with good form into three categories. He referred to the best answers (W++) those perceptions in which a single field on tables I, IV, V, VI, IX was first divided into its component parts, and then logically combined into a single, clearly seen answer. Examples of such answers: tab. I - "three dancing", tab. V - "donkey with a load on his back."
In type W+ responses, two or more discrete fields separated by white space on tables II, III, VII, VIII, X are integrated into a single clearly visible response. For example, tab. III - "two people are bending over and picking up something."
Answers of type Wm (average) are given for single fields, i.e., for tables I, IV, V, VI, IX, but do not include analysis followed by synthesis. For example, tab. I - "butterfly", tab. IV - "animal skin".
The most successful assessment of the level of the form proposed by Klopfer and co-authors should be recognized, who managed to include three different components in it: 1) clarity of answers, 2) their development (specification) and 3) organization.
According to the first component, all answers are divided into clear, indefinite and fuzzy, corresponding to the concepts of F+, F± and F- in the classical interpretation. Clear answers are those where a concept with a specific shape is applied to a patch whose outline matches the specified shape (e.g., "witch" in orange D of Table IX corresponds to the outlines of the head, body, and conical hat). In vague answers, the concept itself refers to objects so different in shape ("flower", "cloud", "island") that almost any spot or part of it can fit them. Fuzzy responses are those in which the concept of a specific shape refers to a portion of a spot of dissimilar configuration, or the vague concept refers to a spot that has a particularly specific shape. For example, the answer "clouds at sunset" to the side pink areas of Table. VIII should be classified as fuzzy, since here the concept of an indefinite form ("cloud") is applicable to a spot that clearly resembles an animal.
The clarity of comparison can be improved or degraded depending on the design or specification offered to the subjects. Design developments testify to highly differentiated perception. They compare concepts more carefully with the outlines of a spot (for example, animal body parts and human clothing details are indicated) or determinants (color, shades, movement) are used that are combined with a good form (FC, FC, FK).
Irrelevant developments do not improve or worsen the clarity of the concept to the spot. For example, tab. IX, orange spot: "Witch. Here is her hat. This hat has a pointed top and brim." Here "hat" is a constructive development, while "top" and "brims" are irrelevant, as they refer to the concept of a hat; tab. III: "Two people bowing to each other. Here are their legs and bowed backs. Here the posture is already indicated by the fact that people "bow", the rest does not add anything to the answer. Color indications for objects that do not necessarily have this color (“green jacket”, “red butterfly”), and developments that are purely verbal in nature that do not improve the correspondence of the concept to the spot are also irrelevant. Finally, there are developments that weaken or destroy the level of form. For example, in Table. V child 5 years old answers:
"Bat", but sees the legs not only from below, but also on the sides.
Any procedure used by the subject to combine the various parts of the spot into a broader meaningful concept is recognized as an increase in the level of form. The interaction of images can manifest itself in movement, position or symbolism.
Form is judged on a scale that goes from -2.0 through 0.0 to +5.0. The evaluation is carried out in two stages: 1) establishing the main score and 2) adding 0.5 points for each constructive development or for successful organization and subtracting 0.5 points for each development that degrades the fit of the concept to the spot.
A basic score of 1.0 is given for a concept that meets the minimum requirements for a "distinct" answer. There are three types of such responses.
A. Popular responses.
B. Popular-level answers, often given to perfectly obvious parts of the spot and requiring about the same level of organizational ability as the popular answers themselves:
"Hands" on the upper claw-like protrusions (Plate I),
"Butterfly" on the lower red spot (Table II),
"Crab" on the lower dark center (Plate III),
"Lungs" on the central red spot (Table III),
"Boots" on the lower lateral parts (Table IV),
"Head of an animal" to the central lower region (Table IV),
"Female leg" on the outermost upper lateral process (Plate V),
"Butterfly" on the entire upper part (Table VI),
"Animal head" on one of the symmetrical green areas (Plate IX).
B. Concepts that require little imagination or organizational ability, regardless of the frequency with which they are encountered. These concepts include indefinite forms. For example, "butterfly" - on any field with a central narrow small "body" and symmetrical "wings" on the sides, "tree" - on any spot with a narrow "trunk" and a wider part at the top, "spider" or "crab" - on any round spot with processes, "fish" - on any narrow oblong spot.
A base score of 1.5 is given for concepts that exceed the minimum requirements for clarity, i.e., implying a distinct form. A 1.5 score usually includes four or more essential shape characteristics, while a 1.0 score only three, and sometimes two. For example, a human profile includes at least the nose, mouth, chin, and forehead all included in one outline. The assessment takes into account not only the complexity of the form, but also the proportions. The human figure includes a long, relatively narrow body, a round, smaller head, legs, and possibly arms. The specific figure of the animal "Scottish terrier" is a more distinct form than just "dog".
A baseline score of 0.0 is given for form-indeterminate responses. These are rather rare answers C, Cn, c, C, K, k, etc.
A base score of 0.5 is given to indeterminate responses where the form is not completely negated. These are the answers F ±, CF, C "F, cF, KF, RF. Examples: "leaf", "island", "drawing", "liver", "lungs".
A basic score of -0.5 is given when an undefined concept is assigned to a structure-defined field, such as the central red spot in Table 1. III is rated as "blood" or "fire".
A base score of -1.0 is given for a response where the subject makes some effort to match the concept to the spot shape, but fails to meet the minimum requirements for doing so. Usually such an assessment is made for confabulatory combinations.
A base score of -1.5 is given to confabulatory responses rated as DW.
A base score of -2.0 is given to answers where the concept does not match the spot and no effort is made to match. Many of these answers are perseverations, the shape of which does not correspond to the outlines of the spot and for which the subject does not give any explanation.
Each design specification and each design organization adds 0.5 to the base score. Usually such additions are made to the scores 1.0 or 1.5, more rarely - to the scores 0.0 or 0.5. The upper limit of the score is 5.0, further specifications do not receive additional points. At the same time, the specification: a) should be expressed spontaneously in the answer or in the survey, and not arise in response to leading questions; b) must exceed the essential formal elements of the concept (for example, the answer "bat" includes wings, body and legs, the specifications here would be the division of the wings and the emphasis on dark color); c) must be independent ("eyes" and "eyebrows" are one specification, not two). For the organization, only one allowance is given per answer.
For example, tab. II: "Two dogs on their hind legs that touch each other with their noses." Base score 1.0 (popular answer) + 0.5 for rearing posture + 0.5 for noses + 0.5 for organization (sees dogs in relation to each other) = 2.5; tab. II, an intermediate white central spot and a gray area above it: "A big fat white rabbit, and here are his ears." Base score 1.5 + 0.5 for "white" + 0.5 for "thick" (ears are already part of the rabbit concept) = 2.5.
Each weakening specification, including a confused organizational element, reduces the base score by 0.5, provided that the base score is 1.0 or 1.5. For example, when the animals on the table. VIII is assigned an "alien" color, this reduces the score by 0.5 points. No further subtraction is made from the main negative ratings. It is not uncommon for debilitating specifications to be mixed with constructive ones, and the score remains the same.
For a general assessment of the abilities of the subject, an average weighted assessment of the level of form is also used. In this case, all scores equal to 2.5 or higher are multiplied by two; all scores below 2.5 are added to them and the resulting amount is divided by the total number of answers. In records where there is not much variation in form definition, a weighted mean level of form between 1.0 and 1.4 represents average intelligence, between 1.5 and 1.9 is above average intelligence, and a score above 2.0 indicates very high intelligence. With a large spread of estimates, the determination of the intellectual level becomes more difficult.
Calculations
The total number of responses R is calculated, on average it is 15-30. The number of answers to the last three tables is counted separately. They write, for example, "R = 34 (VIII-X = 12)". Normally, the sum of the answers to the last three tables is 40% of the total number of answers.
The average reaction time (T1), i.e., the time from the display of the table to the first answer, and the average response time (Tg), which is calculated from the ratio of the duration of the experiment to the total number of answers, are determined. Sometimes these indicators are calculated separately for black and color tables. The average reaction time ranges from 10 s to 1 min, the average response time is about 30 s.
Separately, the number of holistic interpretations, responses to ordinary, small and unusual details, the number of uniform, kinesthetic and color responses is calculated.
W = 9(7+) (2DW, 2WS),
F = 12 (F+ = 8, F± = 2, F- = 2),
FC=4, CF=2, C=1.
The ratio of H: Hd and A: Ad is taken into account; normally it is 2:1.
After that, a number of indicators are calculated as a percentage. F +% - the percentage of answers with a clear form - this is the percentage of clearly seen form answers to the total number of form answers. Only formal responses are taken into account; interpretations based on motion, color and chiaroscuro are not taken into account. Indeterminate F± responses are counted as 1/2 responses. For example, F = 40, of which F+ = 28, F- = 8 and F± = 4.
A% (percentage of answers for animals) - the percentage of the sum of whole samples and parts of animals (A + Ad) to the total number of answers (R).
P% (percentage of popular answers) - percentage of popular answers to the total number of answers.
Orig% (percentage of original responses) - the percentage of original responses to the total number of responses.
Sequence, or succession, is the order in which different ways of perceiving appear when interpreting the tables. If the subject on each table first gives a holistic answer, and then proceeds to the details, never naming a small detail before a large one, then such a sequence is designated as strict. Such cases are extremely rare. If the answers to all tables start with W and there are one or two irregularities, then the sequence is said to be ordered. If W follows D-answers more than once, the sequence should be considered free. If the irregularity is so great that no order can be seen at all, then it is an incoherent or disordered sequence. Finally, if the subject begins most of the tables with Dd or Do, and then moves on to D- and W-answers, then this sequence is called reverse.
The type of perception is the ratio of the ways of perception in one particular protocol. Rorschach took the following ratio as the norm:
8W, 23D, 2Dd and 1S for 34 responses. He called this type W-D. Depending on the predominance of one or another way of perception, one of the letters is emphasized. For example:
10W, 18D, 1Dd= W-D,
6W, 25D, 5Dd=W- D-dd,
2W, 18D, 12Dd, 4S=D -Dd-S.
10-20% (W) 20-30% W
30 ―45 % W
45-60 % W
>60 % W
55―65 % D
65-80 % D
>80 % D
15―25 % d
25-35 % d
35-45 % d
10-15 % DDS 15-20 %DDS 20-25 %DDS
(remember, 'd' are normal small responses, which we recommend to include in the D-response category).
Pure D- and Dd-types are extremely rare, while pure W-types are not uncommon. A distinction is made between the W+ -type, where most of the responses are in good shape, and the W- -type. The latter is a sign of gross pathology. When assessing the type of perception, it is important to consider the total number of responses. A low D% is rare in a long record, and a high Dd% is of particular diagnostic value in a short record.
The most important of the whole calculation is the type of experience: the ratio of responses to movement and color. Each M counts as 1, FC as 0.5, CF as 1, C as 1.5 points. With 3M, 3FC, 2CF, 2C, the formula for the type of experience will be 3: 6.5. There are five types of experience:
1) co-arted (narrow, compressed), when the numbers on both sides are 0 or 1,
2) coartive (narrowed) - with scores up to 3 on each side,
3) ambiequal - with high and approximately equal scores on both sides (M: C = 5: 6 or 9: 11),
4) introversive - with the predominance of M, for example, 5: 2,
5) extratensive - with a predominance of C, for example, 3:8.
A color type is a distribution of color scores. With the “left” type, FC predominates, with the “middle” type, CF and with the “right” type, C. Here are examples of Bohm:
left type
medium type
right type
In all the examples given, the "sum of the color" is six. The realism index (RI) is calculated by the frequency of occurrence of four responses: 1) response by movement in Table. III in the usual position, 2) "bat" in the table. V in any position, 3) any figure of an animal on the side pink areas of the table. VIII, 4) any animal figure in Table. X. If one of these answers is given first, it is worth two points, if given later - one point. The maximum possible value of the realism index is eight, normally it ranges from five to seven.
Special Phenomena
Since the Rorschach method surpasses any other test in multiple aspects, except for purely formal data, when using its tables, many more factors that cannot be formally quantified should be taken into account. In the protocol, they are usually listed after the calculations under the name of special phenomena. Below we will focus on the most important of them.
Failures. When it is difficult to give an answer to some table, they try to overcome this delay in the flow of thoughts. They say encouragingly: "You try, take your time, you can always find something here." Failures occur more often on tables II, IV, VI, IX. They can occur with depression, stupor, epileptic absence, with neurosis and psychopathy, but often occur in healthy people. Patients with schizophrenia have refusals for "easy tables" (1, III, V, VIII), while the rest do not cause them any difficulties.
understanding of the interpretation. Healthy subjects usually sense a discrepancy between the perceived spot and the engram stored in their memory. Psychasthenics and pedants often emphasize that one or another part of the spot only resembles the image they named. In dementia, this awareness of interpretation may be completely absent. Patients are firmly convinced that the spot has a certain meaning and try to guess it. More often there is a reduced awareness of the interpretation, which is manifested by the questions: “Is this right?”, “What does this really mean?” Such uncertainty in the interpretation of the tables is noted in a number of mental illnesses, but can also occur in healthy people with individual neurotic features.
Subjective and objective criticism. The first is expressed by the phrases: "My imagination is not sufficiently developed", "I should have studied anatomy." Such remarks are signs of inner uncertainty and are found in psychasthenics, neuroses, phobias, schizophrenia, and organic brain damage.
Objective criticism often manifests itself in the form of criticism of the form: "Ears do not fit here", "This should be removed." It indicates caution and timidity, as well as the poverty of fantasy in pedants and psychasthenics. According to Rapaport and co-authors, pronounced criticality towards spots (“I don’t like this”, “Stupid picture”, “What do you think about it yourself?”) Expresses a strong aggressive tension and hostility towards the experimenter, which the subject cannot express directly.
Color shock. By this phenomenon, Bohm understands any distinct violation of the smooth flow of associations upon presentation of color tables. It can manifest itself in refusal, slow reaction times, gestures, facial expressions, negative or positive exclamations, a sudden deterioration in the clarity of forms, reduced productivity, sexual interpretation as a first response, and other signs. Color shock is considered the most common symptom of neurosis. Due to the fact that this phenomenon is very common and often occurs in healthy people, it has no pathognomonic significance.
Other types of shocks have been described: red, dark, blue, white, "kinesthetic" shock, but the symptomatic significance attributed to them is either unclear or highly questionable.
An indication of symmetry. A sign of inner uncertainty characteristic of psychasthenics. The stereotypical repetition of remarks about symmetry on most or all tables is characteristic of epileptoids.
Pedantry of wording. Verbose, detailed pronunciation with a careful description of the details is considered characteristic of patients with epilepsy or epileptoid psychopathy.
Perseverations. Reflections of the inertia of representations. Bom distinguishes among them 5 types:
a) repetition of the same content in two or more successive answers; it is the crudest, organic form of perseveration;
b) sticking to the topic, for example, enumerations: "head of a horse", "head of a crocodile", "head of a snake", etc., there can be several such topics;
c) perseveration of the type of "chewing": the same answers are repeated, but there are many other interpretations between them;
d) perseveration of perception, in which the subject identifies parts of the same shape and gives different answers to them;
e) perseveration of a separately snatched part, when the subject uses the same part of the spot and gives several interpretations to it, being unable to tear himself away from the selected part. This weakest kind of perseveration occurs in healthy people with epileptoid character traits.
Stereotype. Preference for one specific category of content. Anatomical stereotypy is found in somatic patients, in hypochondriacal disorders in patients with neurosis and organic brain damage. Rorschach described her with an "intelligence complex", i.e. with the desire of the subject to show his education and erudition. Stereotyping on faces is found in phobias. Stereotyping of other parts of the body (hands, fingers, legs) is noted with low intelligence, oligophrenia and mental infantilism.
Upside Down Answers(e.g., Table VI: "tree upside down"; common in children). In adults, they can be manifestations of infantilism. In pathology, they are found in senile dementia, in trauma patients and in patients with epilepsy.
Sexual responses. Rorschach tables contain whole line details resembling male and female genitalia. Most often, sexual responses are given to the following details: Table. I, central apical part ("chest", "vagina"); tab. II, lower red spot ("vagina"), upper central conical area ("penis"); tab. Ill ("penis" and "chest" in human figures); tab. IV, uppermost central region ("vagina"); tab. VI, upper central oblong part ("penis");
tab. VII, dark lower central part ("vagina"); tab. VIII, lighter central parts of the base ("vagina"); tab. X, the uppermost dark central "pillar" ("penis"). These answers were included in the Show's list of ten "popular sexual responses". According to the observations of Rapaport and co-authors, mentally healthy people often give sexual responses and formulate the latter "technically correctly". Patients with schizophrenic thought disorders are more characterized by vague verbalization (“the main parts of a woman”, “her personal parts”), incorrect terminology, fabricated developments and references to sexual acts.
Bohm considers getting stuck on sexual details or an associative stupor when considering them (“I don’t know what it is”, “I can’t figure it out here”, “What could it be”) Bom considers a manifestation of “sexual fear” in neuroses.
Instructions for destruction(for example, “a bat with a torn off wing”, a skull in the desert”), aggression (interpretations with an expression of direct hostility, struggle, conflict, reference to firearms or cold weapons, explosions, volcanic eruptions, etc.) and anxiety (terrible scenes with threats, animals dangerous to humans and representatives of evil spirits, indications of darkness and gloom) are considered an expression of the hostility and anxiety of the subjects.
Links to yourself. The subjective feeling that the tables or survey have special relevance to the subject. Bohm defines this phenomenon as the projection of one's own personality onto an interpretation. For example: "It's me myself", or to a request to show the nose of a "dog" - "You mean that I'm too big-nosed." This phenomenon occurs in patients with schizophrenia and epilepsy, as well as in organic dementia. Lighter forms are found in neurosis and psychopathy as a manifestation of egocentrism. This phenomenon should be distinguished from the reminiscences that can be observed in mentally healthy subjects: "As a child, I had a doll that looked exactly the same."
Blending figure and background. This phenomenon should be distinguished from those interpretations where white space is perceived as holes or dips, as a color or as an independent contour. Figure and ground mixed responses fall into two categories. In the first case, the figure and the background are at different levels and therefore are separable from each other, for example, a white spot is seen as a lake, and a black spot is seen as the mountains surrounding it. In the second case, dark and white are on the same level and are inseparable from each other. For example, the upper lateral process in Table. IV is regarded as a "gull's head", and the white part of it is evaluated as a white spot on the bird's head. Such responses are often original in perception and, in good form, are found in artistically gifted individuals, indicating a great lability of perception. In pathological cases, the confusion of figure and background has been described in organic brain damage and schizophrenia.
Confabulatory responses. This is the term for bad-form interpretations in which content based on the perception of a small part of the spot is inadequately attributed to a larger field. Such responses can be encrypted in terms of DW-, when an ordinary detail is initially perceived, DdW-, when the proposed concept does not apply to the entire spot, but to an ordinary detail. The smaller the initially selected field and the less significant the initial content for the formation of the confabulatory response, the greater the degree of pathology. If a confabulatory response is based on more than one clearly perceived detail, such a response is considered a confabulatory combination.
Some authors propose to consider interpretations not only with bad form (DW-), but also with good form (DW+) as confabulatory. This does not correspond to the point of view of Rorschach and most other researchers. As Kloepfer et al. and Weiner point out, confabulatory responses always imply a concept with a specific form and are always bad-form responses. References to objects of indefinite form are not confabulatory. For example, the answer "crab" in Table. I, based on the “pincers” seen above, is not considered confabulatory, since the shape of the entire spot can be compared with the outlines of a crab. The answer "cloud" to any spot also does not apply to confabulatory due to the uncertainty of the concept.
According to Bohm, many of the original answers with bad form, which are not motivated by anything and "taken from the ceiling", can be considered as confabulatory, although they are encrypted as ordinary W-.
Confabulatory responses are typical for patients with organic brain damage, schizophrenia, and for healthy children aged 4-6 years. Rapaport et al noted that confabulatory responses in patients with schizophrenia are very peculiar and are characterized by a pathological loss of distance from the spot.
Fabrication. Greater affective elaboration or greater response specificity than warranted by the actual stimuli.
For example, tab. II, white central spot and adjacent dark areas:
lake ... dangerous rocks. There is a fabricated element in the word "dangerous" which is not determined in any way by the initial perception. Or the lower red spot of the table. II is defined as "hell". This is where overly affective response development comes in. Fabulizations include responses such as "terrible person", "threatening posture", "yelling", "sparkling", etc. Such responses may be found in sensitive individuals who enjoy the brilliance of their own responses. In healthy subjects, they are often found in the description of facial expressions.
According to Rapaport et al., the presence of even several fabulizations in one protocol is not a pathology, but their abundance indicates autistic thinking. Unlike schizophrenic patients, healthy people are able to report the eccentricity of their associations when asked about it.
A more pathological variant of this phenomenon is extended phables, represented not by individual words, but by whole phrases. For example, the answer to Tab. V: “Two people lie on their backs. This is a man and a woman, they have just been intimate and are now sleeping.”
Symmetry dissociation. Assigning different meanings to the same symmetrical spots. This phenomenon is close to fabulizations. For example, tab. VII: “these are fairies, good and evil. The good one is snub-nosed, and the evil one has a hooked nose.
Absurd answers. Giving specific and developed meanings to individual spots, which are extremely far from real stimuli. For example, the answer to two dots: "one child is crying, and the other is looking at him";
tab. III: "human knee"; tab. VII: "shoe laces". In all these answers, the shape of the spot is grossly ignored.
The described phenomenon is close to fabulizations, but is a more gross pathology. Even a single appearance of such answers indicates a gross disorder of thinking; they are characteristic of patients with schizophrenia.
Fabricated Combinations. Responses with an unrealistic relationship between two or more perceptions based only on their spatial adjacency. Most often they are expressed in a combination of various parts of living beings into a single chimerical creation. For example, tab. IV: "the skin of the beast in boots"; tab. V: "bat-winged rabbit" or "bird-headed people". Such combinations can be expressed by neologisms: "butterfly-card", "horse-crew". Bohm's opinion about attributing such answers to contamination seems to us disputable.
Fabulized combinations can be expressed as responses with inadequate activity, or as unlikely or impossible combinations: “two hens rolling balls”, “two elephants standing on two other monks”, “dogs climbing a butterfly”, “rabbit with worms, coming out of the eyes” (Plate X, lower green oblong areas with the central part uniting them).
As noted by Rapaport et al., fabulized combinations are also found in the protocols of healthy people, but the latter, as a rule, accompany such answers with a smile or appropriate explanations, being surprised that such a thought occurred to them. Patients with schizophrenia express fabulized combinations without any criticism. In cases where the attitude of the subjects to such answers is not entirely clear, it is necessary to ask them: “Does this happen?”.
Kloepfer and co-authors rate the level of form of the fabulized combinations extremely low, assigning them the lowest score: -2.0. This point of view seems to us incorrect, since each component of such a combination, as a rule, has a good form. In these cases, we propose to evaluate the form of each of the components, sum them up and subtract 0.5 points from the resulting figure for an inadequate combination of concepts.
The phenomenon of "transparency". Close to fabulized combinations, when the subject names objects that cannot be seen at the same time, since one of them obscures the other. In such answers, the body is seen through clothes, and internal organs through external tissues, for example, "this is a person, and this part is his heart." If such answers are not justified by x-rays or anatomical drawings, they indicate impaired thinking.
Contamination. Complete merging of two discrete images into a single response. For example, tab. III, upper lateral red spot: "bloody island"; tab. IV: "the liver of a respectable employee" (Rorschach example). Sometimes this phenomenon is manifested in neologisms, for example, "cat-bird" ("catbird"). Contaminations are extremely rare and always indicate gross disorders of thinking. According to Rapaport et al., contamination reflects the fluidity of perceptual boundaries in patients with schizophrenia and their inability to keep emerging images separate from each other.
autistic logic. Examples of similar responses: “little lion; it is small, as it occupies only part of the spot”; "two people over a spirit lamp, they warm their hands, so this is a spirit lamp." This category of interpretations includes answers by number and position: "angels, because they are above the earth", "North Pole, because it is at the top."
Strange verbalizations. Answers close to autistic logic: "a beautiful dog, the most noble of dogs", "one of the ilium ... the left", "the first table reminds me of the anus, and this makes me believe that everything else will be the same."
Symbolic responses(“good and evil”, “life struggles with death”). Healthy subjects may use the symbolism as a conclusion or addition to an already developed response. At the same time, they gravitate towards the generally recognized color symbolism: blue - coldness, red - anger, black - evil, etc. can be considered as a manifestation of a thought disorder.
Abstraction. "Death", "autumn", "gaiety", indications of numbers, letters and geometric shapes.
Response Uncertainty. "The tail and hind leg of something diving into eternity, emerging from this world and diving into nothing." Such responses, like abstractions, are found in patients with schizophrenia.
Ambivalence, or movements with a double meaning. Tab. VII, c-position: "two girls, one of whom invites, and the other refuses." Such responses are found in patients with neuroses, schizophrenia and schizoid psychopaths.
Rorschach test spots are known to many today. Its creator died very early, at the age of 37. He never saw the great success of the psychological tool he invented...
The Rorschach test is based on showing 10 five black and white, three color and two black and red. The psychologist in strict order shows the cards, asking the patient the question: "What does it look like?" Then, after the patient has given answers to the Rorschach test, the specialist again suggests looking at the cards, again in a certain sequence. The subject is asked to name everything that he could see on them, as well as in what place of the picture he saw this or that image, and what makes the patient give this particular answer. You can tilt, turn over the spots of Rorschach dough. You can manipulate them in all sorts of ways. At the same time, the psychologist conducting the Rorschach test accurately captures everything that the patient does and says during the test and during each response. The scores are then calculated and the responses are analyzed. Then, with the help of mathematical calculations, the result is obtained.
The Rorschach test is interpreted by a specialist. If a person does not evoke any associations with any ink spot, and he cannot say what he sees on it, this may mean that the object depicted on the card is blocked in his mind, or that the corresponding image is associated in the subconscious of the subject with a topic that he would not like to discuss at the moment. As you can see, the Rorschach test is not at all difficult to pass, but it is difficult to do it yourself. It is better to consult a psychologist for this. You can pass the Rorschach test yourself, but only a specialist can correctly interpret the results. However, you can use it to assess a person's personality in general terms.
First card
It has a smudge of black ink on it. This card is shown first when the blot test is done. The received answer allows us to assume how a person performs tasks that are new to him, and therefore related to stress. People usually say that this image looks like a butterfly, a moth, or the face of an animal (rabbit, elephant, etc.). The answer to the question displays the type as a whole.
For some, the image of a bat is associated with something unpleasant, while for others it is a symbol of rebirth, as well as the ability to navigate in the dark. Butterflies can symbolize transformation and transition, as well as the ability to overcome difficulties, change, grow. Moth means a feeling of ugliness and abandonment, as well as anxiety and weakness. The face of an animal (such as an elephant) symbolizes the ways in which we confront difficulties, as well as the fear of our inner problems. It can also mean a feeling of discomfort, talk about a problem that the respondent is currently trying to get rid of.
Second card
It depicts a red black spot. Often people see something sexy on this card. The red color in the image is usually interpreted as blood, the reaction to which shows how a person can control his anger and feelings. Most often, respondents answer that this spot resembles two people, an act of prayer, a person looking into a mirror or a long-legged animal, for example, a bear, a dog or an elephant.
In the event that a person in a spot sees two people, this may indicate interdependence, an ambivalent attitude to sexual intercourse, an obsession with sex, or a focus on close relationships and connection with others. If it resembles a person reflected in a mirror, this indicates self-centeredness or a tendency to self-criticism. If the respondent sees a dog, then he is a loving and faithful friend. If this stain is perceived as something negative, it means that a person needs to face their fears. If it resembles an elephant, possible interpretations: a developed intellect, a tendency to think, a good memory. Sometimes, however, such a vision indicates a negative perception of the respondent's body. Bear means disobedience, independence, rivalry, aggression. The stain is reminiscent of sexuality, so if a person sees a person praying, this indicates an attitude towards sex in a religious context. If at the same time he notices blood, it means that he associates physical pain with religion or resorts to prayer, experiencing complex emotions (for example, anger), etc.
Third card
On it we see a spot of black and red ink. Perception of it speaks about the relationship of a person to others in the framework of interaction. Respondents most often see the image of two people, a person looking in a mirror, a moth or a butterfly. If a person notices two diners, then he leads an active public life. If the spot resembles two people, washing hands, this indicates a feeling of impurity, insecurity, or paranoid fear. If the respondent saw in him two people who are playing a game, it is often noted that in social interactions he takes the position of a rival. If the subject notices a person who looks at his reflection in the mirror, he may be inattentive to others, self-centered, unable to understand people.
Fourth card
Let's continue to describe the Rorschach spots. The 4th card is called "father's". On it we see a black spot and some blurry fuzzy parts of it. Many talk about something awesome and big. The reaction to this stain can reveal the attitude of the respondent to authorities, as well as the peculiarities of his upbringing. It most often resembles a huge animal or its hole or skin, or a monster.
If a person sees a monster or a large animal, this indicates a worship of authority and a sense of inferiority, an exaggerated fear of people in positions of power, including his own father. The skin of an animal often symbolizes the strong internal discomfort of the respondent when discussing topics related to the father. But it may also indicate that for him the problem of admiration for authorities or his inferiority is irrelevant.
Fifth card
This is a black spot. The association caused by him displays, as on the first card, the true "I". People, looking at the image, usually do not feel threatened. If the image that the respondent saw is significantly different from the answer received when they saw the 1st card, this indicates that, most likely, the Rorschach spots - from the 2nd to the 4th - made a big impression on this person. The image most often resembles a bat, moth or butterfly.
Sixth card
The image on it is also black, one-color. This card is distinguished by the texture of the spot. For a person, the image on it evokes intimacy, and therefore it is called a "sex card". Respondents most often note that the spot resembles the skin of an animal or a hole. This may mean a reluctance to enter into close relationships with other people and, as a result, a feeling of isolation from society and inner emptiness.
Seventh card
On this card, the spot is also black. Respondents usually associate it with the feminine principle. Most often, people see images of children and women in it. If a person finds it difficult to describe what is depicted, this may indicate that he has a difficult relationship with women. Often respondents note that the spot resembles the faces or heads of women and children. It can also remind you of a kiss. Women's heads testify to the feelings associated with the mother, affecting the attitude towards women in general. Children's heads mean an attitude towards childhood, the need to take care of a child living in a person's soul. Heads bowed for a kiss mean the desire to be loved, as well as reunite with the mother.
Eighth card
It has pink, gray, blue and orange colors. This is the first multi-colored card in the test and is especially difficult to interpret. If during the demonstration the respondent feels discomfort, it is likely that he has difficulty processing complex emotional stimuli or situations. People most often report seeing a butterfly, a quadruped, or a moth.
Ninth card
The spot on it includes pink, green and orange colors and has an indefinite outline. Most people find it difficult to determine what a given image resembles. Therefore, the card can assess how a person copes with uncertainty and the lack of a clear structure. Patients most often see the general outline of a person or a vague form of evil. If the respondent sees a person, then the feelings experienced at the same time indicate how successfully he can cope with the disorganization of information and time. An abstract image of evil can symbolize that a person needs a clear routine in life to feel comfortable, and he copes poorly with uncertainty.
Tenth card
The Rorschach psychological test ends with the 10th card. It has the most colors: yellow, and orange, and pink, and green, and blue, and gray. This card resembles the 8th in shape, and the 9th in complexity. At the sight of her, many experience pleasant feelings, except for those who are puzzled by the difficulty of identifying the image depicted on the 9th card, which the Rorschach test offers. The interpretation is most often as follows: spider, lobster, crab, rabbit head, caterpillars or snakes. Crab means a tendency to become attached to things and people, or tolerance. Lobster indicates tolerance, strength, ability to cope with problems, fear of harming oneself or fear of harm from another. A spider can mean fear, a feeling that the respondent has been tricked or forced into difficult situation. The head of a rabbit speaks of a positive attitude towards life and reproductive ability. Snakes - a sense of danger, fear of the unknown, a feeling that a person has been deceived. In addition, they can mean forbidden or unacceptable sexual desires. Caterpillars testify to the understanding that people are constantly evolving and changing, they speak of growth prospects.
So, we have briefly described the Rorschach test. It is not easy to interpret the results on your own - a good knowledge of psychology is required. However, in general terms, you can get an idea of \u200b\u200ba person based on this test.
Back in 1921, Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist Hermann Rorschach created a personality test named after him - Rorschach test, also known under the names: “Spots or Rorschach blots”, as well as the “ink stain technique”, which is still quite in demand and popular with psychologists and psychotherapists in diagnosing the psyche, its disorders and disorders.
The term "Psychodiagnostics" was also coined by Rorschach.
The stimulus material of the Rorschach projective test consists of 10 amorphous (weakly structured) black-and-white and color pictures, the so-called. Rorschach spots, symmetrical along the axis and arranged in a certain order from 1 to 10.
Rorschach test online
Rorschach test online is possible only in a truncated form, because to get real psychodiagnostic results, it is necessary to have an examination in the presence of a psychologist, and even in combination with others, including clinical studies and a survey of the subject. In this case, the tested person, looking at the image, the Rorschach stain, uses free associations and says the first thing that comes to mind: a word, an image, a representation…What a person "sees" in a blot (ink stain) will help determine the characteristics of his personality and psyche - the norm and deviations, up to personality, neurotic disorders and pathology.
So, the Rorschach test online, pass for free
Now, if you're ready, you can go Rorschach test online, free in a truncated version…
You are invited to answer questions about what you think each picture looks like, a Rorschach inkblot.
Attention! For the purity of the Rorschach test, first, in order, look at each inkblot and, on the basis of personal associations, tell yourself (preferably write down) what comes to your mind: what does the Rorschach stain remind you of, what does it look like ...
Then, at the end of the content (page), select the definitions that suit your associations by the number of each blot. Click on the result button and find out a lot about your personality.
Those who wish to take the famous Rorschach test with the participation of a psychologist, for example, via Skype, and receive the most reliable personality studies together with psychoanalysis, can SIGN UP for online psychodiagnostics from the main page of the site.
Rorschach inkblot technique - take the test
Blob №1
Blob №2 
Blob #3 
Blob №4 
Blob №5 
Blob №6 
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Blob #9 
Blob №10 
Ecology of life. Psychology: In the personality of each person, such qualities as introversion and extroversion are presented ...
Hermann Rorschach was born on November 8, 1884 in Zurich (Switzerland). He was the eldest son of an unsuccessful painter who was forced to earn his living by giving art lessons at school. From childhood, Herman was fascinated by color spots (in all likelihood, the result of the creative efforts of his father and the boy's own love for painting), and his school friends nicknamed him Blob.
When Herman was twelve, his mother died, and when the young man was eighteen, his father also died. After graduating with honors from high school, Rorschach decided to study medicine. In 1912, he received his doctorate in medicine from the University of Zurich, after which he worked in a number of psychiatric hospitals.
In 1911, while still at university, Rorschach conducted a series of curious experiments to test whether schoolchildren gifted with artistic talents were more developed imagination when interpreting ordinary inkblots. This study had a huge impact not only on the future career of a scientist, but also on the development of psychology as a science in general.
It must be said that Rorschach was not the first to use color spots in his research, but in his experiment they were first used as part of an analytical approach. The results of the scientist's first experiment were lost over time, but over the next ten years, Rorschach conducted a large-scale study and developed a systematic methodology that allows psychologists to determine people's personality types using ordinary inkblots. Thanks to work in psychiatric clinic had free access to her patients. Thus, Rorschach studied both mentally ill people and emotionally healthy people, which allowed him to develop a systematic test using inkblots, with which you can analyze the personal characteristics of a person, determine the type of his personality and, if necessary, correct it.
In 1921, Rorschach presented the results of his large-scale work to the world by publishing a book called Psychodiagnostics. In it, the author outlined his theory about the personal characteristics of people.
One of the main provisions is that in the personality of each person such qualities as introversion and extroversion are represented - in other words, that we are motivated by both external and internal factors. According to the scientist, the test with ink spots allows you to evaluate the relative ratio of these properties and identify any mental deviation, or, conversely, strengths personality. The first edition of Rorschach's book was largely ignored by the psychological scientific community, because at that time the opinion prevailed that it was impossible to measure or test what a person's personality consisted of.
However, over time, colleagues began to understand the benefits of the Rorschach test, and in 1922 the psychiatrist discussed the possibilities of improving his technique at a meeting of the Psychoanalytic Society. Unfortunately, on April 1, 1922, after suffering for a week with severe abdominal pain, Hermann Rorschach was hospitalized with suspected appendicitis, and on April 2 he died of peritonitis. He was only thirty-seven years old, and he never saw the huge success of the psychological tool he invented.
Rorschach ink blots
The Rorschach test uses ten inkblots: five black and white, two black and red and three color. The psychologist shows the cards in strict order, asking the patient the same question: “What does it look like?”. After the patient has seen all the pictures and given answers, the psychologist shows the cards again, again in strict order. The patient is asked to name everything that he sees on them, in which place of the picture he sees this or that image, and what in it makes him give just such an answer.
Cards can be flipped, tilted, manipulated in any other way. The psychologist must accurately record everything the patient says and does during the test, as well as the timing of each response. The responses are then analyzed and scores are calculated. Then, by mathematical calculations, the result is displayed according to the test data, which is interpreted by a specialist.
If some ink spot does not evoke any associations in a person or he cannot describe what he sees on it, this may mean that the object depicted on the card is blocked in his mind, or that the image on it is associated in his subconscious with a topic that at the moment he would not like to discuss.
Card 1
On the first card we see a spot of black ink. It is shown first, and the answer to it allows the psychologist to suggest how this person performs new tasks for him - therefore, associated with a certain stress. Usually people say that the image reminds them of a bat, a moth, a butterfly, or the face of some animal, such as an elephant or a rabbit. The response reflects the respondent's personality type as a whole.
For some people, the image of a bat is associated with something unpleasant and even demonic; for others, it is a symbol of rebirth and the ability to navigate in the dark. Butterflies can symbolize transition and transformation, as well as the ability to grow, change, and overcome difficulties. The moth symbolizes a sense of abandonment and ugliness, as well as weakness and anxiety.
The face of an animal, in particular an elephant, often symbolizes the way we face adversity and the fear of inner problems. It can also mean "an elephant in a china shop", that is, to convey a feeling of discomfort, and indicate some kind of problem that a person is currently trying to get rid of.
Card 2
This card has a spot of red and black, and people often see something sexy in it. Parts of the red color are usually interpreted as blood, and the reaction to it reflects how a person manages his feelings and anger and how he copes with physical damage. Respondents most often say that this spot reminds them of an act of supplication, two people, a person looking in a mirror, or some kind of long-legged animal, such as a dog, a bear, or an elephant.
If a person sees two people in the spot, this can symbolize interdependence, an obsession with sex, an ambivalent attitude towards sexual contact, or a focus on connection and close relationships with others. If the spot resembles a person reflected in a mirror, this can symbolize self-centeredness or, on the contrary, a tendency to self-criticism.
In each of the two options, either a negative or a positive personality characteristic is expressed, depending on what feelings the image evokes in a person. If the respondent sees a dog in the spot, this may mean that he is faithful and loving friend. If he perceives the stain as something negative, then he needs to face his fears face to face and recognize his inner feelings.
If the spot reminds a person of an elephant, this can symbolize a tendency to think, a developed intellect and a good memory; however, sometimes such a vision indicates a negative perception of one's own body.
The bear, imprinted in the spot, symbolizes aggression, rivalry, independence, disobedience. In the case of English-speaking patients, a play on words can play a role: bear (bear) and bare (bare), which means a feeling of insecurity, vulnerability, as well as the sincerity and honesty of the responder.
The spot on this card is reminiscent of something sexual, and if the respondent sees it as a person praying, this may indicate an attitude towards sex in the context of religion. If at the same time the respondent sees blood in the stain, it means that he associates physical pain with religion or, experiencing complex emotions like anger, resorts to prayer, or associates anger with religion.
Card 3
The third card shows a spot of red and black ink, and its perception symbolizes the relationship of the patient to other people within the framework of social interaction. Most often, respondents see on it the image of two people looking in the mirror of a person, a butterfly or a moth.
If a person sees two dining people in a spot, this means that he is actively social life. A stain that looks like two people washing their hands indicates insecurity, a feeling of impurity, or paranoid fear. If the respondent saw two people playing a game in the spot, this often indicates that he takes the position of a rival in social interactions. If the spot resembles a person looking at his reflection in the mirror, this may indicate self-centeredness, inattention to others and inability to understand people.
Card 4
Experts call the fourth card "father's". The spot on it is black, and some of its parts are fuzzy, blurry. Many people see something big and frightening in this picture - an image that is usually perceived not as feminine, but as masculine. The reaction to this stain makes it possible to reveal a person's attitude to authorities and the peculiarities of his upbringing. Most often, the spot reminds the respondents of a huge animal or monster, or the hole of some animal or its skin.
If the patient sees a large animal or monster in the spot, this may symbolize a sense of inferiority and admiration for authority, as well as an exaggerated fear of people in positions of power, including his own father. If the spot resembles the skin of an animal responding, this often symbolizes the strongest internal discomfort when discussing topics related to the father. However, this may also indicate that the problem of one's own inferiority or worship of authorities is irrelevant for this respondent.
Card 5
On this card, we again see a black spot. The association caused by him, like the image on the first card, reflects our true "I". Looking at this image, people usually do not feel threatened, and since the previous cards caused them completely different emotions, this time the person does not feel much tension or discomfort - therefore, a deeply personal reaction will be characteristic. If the image he sees is very different from the answer given when he saw the first card, this means that cards two through four most likely made a big impression on him. Most often, this image reminds people of a bat, butterfly or moth.
Card 6
The picture on this card is also monochrome, black; it is distinguished by the texture of the spot. This image evokes in a person associations with interpersonal intimacy, which is why it is called the “sex card”. Most often, people say that the stain reminds them of a hole or an animal skin, which may indicate a reluctance to enter into close relationships with other people and, as a result, a feeling of inner emptiness and isolation from society.
Card 7
The spot on this card is also black and is usually associated with the feminine. Since people most often see images of women and children in this spot, it is called "motherly". If a person has difficulty describing what is shown on the card, this may indicate that he has difficult relationships with women in his life. Respondents often say that the stain reminds them of the heads or faces of women or children; it can also evoke memories of a kiss.
If the spot looks like the heads of women, this symbolizes the feelings associated with the mother of the respondent, which also affect his attitude towards female gender generally. If the spot resembles children's heads, this symbolizes feelings associated with childhood and the need to take care of the child that lives in the soul of the respondent, or that the patient's relationship with the mother needs close attention and, possibly, correction. If a person sees two heads bowed for a kiss in a spot, this indicates his desire to be loved and reunite with his mother, or that he seeks to reproduce the once close relationship with his mother in other relationships, including romantic or social.
Card 8
This card has gray, and pink, and orange, and blue colors. Not only is this the first multi-colored card in the test, it is also particularly difficult to interpret. If it is during its demonstration or change of the pace of displaying pictures that the respondent experiences obvious discomfort, it is very likely that in life he has difficulties with processing difficult situations or emotional stimuli. Most often, people say that they see a four-legged animal, a butterfly or a moth here.
Card 9
The spot on this card includes green, pink, and orange. It has a vague outline, so most people find it difficult to understand what this image reminds them of. For this reason, this card allows you to evaluate how well a person copes with the lack of a clear structure and uncertainty. Most often, patients see on it either the general outlines of a person, or some indefinite form of evil.
If the respondent sees a person, then the feelings experienced at the same time convey how successfully he copes with the disorganization of time and information. If the stain resembles some abstract image of evil, this may indicate that a person needs to have a clear routine in order to feel comfortable, and that he does not cope well with uncertainty.
Card 10
The last card of the Rorschach test has the most colors: there are orange, and yellow, and green, and pink, and gray, and blue. In form, it is somewhat similar to the eighth card, but in terms of complexity it is more similar to the ninth.
Many people experience quite pleasant feelings when they see this card, except for those who were very puzzled by the difficulty of identifying the image depicted on the previous card; when they look at this picture, they feel the same way. This may indicate that they have difficulty coping with similar, synchronous, or overlapping stimuli. Most often, people see crab, lobster, spider, rabbit head, snakes or caterpillars on this card.
The image of a crab symbolizes the respondent's tendency to become too attached to things and people, or such a quality as tolerance. If a person sees a lobster in a picture, this may indicate their strength, tolerance and ability to cope with minor problems, as well as the fear of harming themselves or being harmed by someone else. If the spot resembles a spider, it may be a symbol of fear, a feeling that a person has been dragged into a difficult situation by force or deceit. In addition, the image of a spider symbolizes an overprotective and caring mother and the power of a woman.
If a person sees the head of a rabbit, it can symbolize reproductive ability and a positive attitude towards life. Snakes reflect a sense of danger or a feeling that a person has been deceived, as well as a fear of the unknown. The snake is also often regarded as a phallic symbol and associated with unacceptable or forbidden sexual desires. Since this is the last card in the test, if the patient sees caterpillars on it, this indicates the prospects for his growth and the understanding that people are constantly changing and developing. published
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