Projective technique personality research Rorschach Spot was established in 1921. The stimulus material consists of 10 standard tables with black and white and color symmetric amorphous (weakly structural) images. The subject is asked to answer the question of what is depicted, what it looks like. For understanding the method, Rorschach's ideas about the structure of the personality are decisive. Rorschach proceeded from the position that a person's activity is determined by both internal and external motives, and therefore, the activity of a person is expressed the more clearly, the less stereotyped (structured) the stimuli that cause activity. In this regard, Rorschach introduces the concepts of introversion and extraversion, each of which corresponds to a set of certain personality traits associated with the predominant type of activity. Rorschach typology represents a qualitatively new stage in the understanding of intro- and extraversion.
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Unlike Jung, who understood introversion as a state, Rorschach believes that introversion also acts as a process. “In normal people the tendency to withdraw into oneself is mobile, short-lived ... normal can always restore the adaptation of function”. Introversion acts as a process, as a flexible opportunity to withdraw into oneself, depending on the circumstances and. environmental conditions. Only the rigid predominance of introversion tendencies allows us to speak of introversion as pathological condition, and Rorschach emphasizes this repeatedly. Rorschach further notes that the concept of introversion in the commonly studied sense is opposed to the concept of extraversion.
The author believes that it is inconvenient to use such terminology, since it can be concluded that extroversion and introversion are opposite. In reality, “... mental processes, producing introversion and extraversion, are not opposite, but different, they are different as thinking and feeling, as movement and color ”. It is also wrong to contrast the intro- and extrovert as a “thinking” and “feeling” type of personality, since adequate adaptation presupposes the participation of both affective and cognitive processes.
In the course of a clinical and experimental study of groups of healthy and mentally ill subjects, by comparing the clinical characteristics and characteristics of the responses, Rorschach identified two types of perception of the stimulating material of the Rorschach Spot method. It turned out that some subjects are inclined to perceive spots in motion, in the images of people, animals or objects they produce, the dynamic (kinesthetic [M]) aspect is accentuated first of all; other subjects, on the contrary, fix the color [C] aspect in their Answers. The type of perception, or “the type of experience,” according to Rorschach, characterizes predominantly introversive or extra-intense personality tendencies.
Four types of experience
Depending on the predominance (balance) of one or another type of activity, Rorschach identifies four main types of experience.
1. Extra intensive type, in which it is necessary to distinguish:
a) purely extra-intensive - “color” responses in the absence of kinesthetic engrams, if M = 0, and S C> 2 - extra-intense egocentric;
b) mixed extra-intensive - 1C exceeds by at least one the amount of M.
2. Introversive type, which can be subdivided into:
a) pure introversive kinesthetic in the absence of “color”;
b) mixed introversive amount of M is not less than one I. C.
3. Ambiqual type - the number of color responses is equal to the number of kinesthetic ones; deviation of the side up to 0.5 points is allowed.
4. Coartive (“narrowed”) type - both kinesthetic and “color” responses are absent, or the number of those or others does not exceed one.
Rorschach distinguished between coartative (OM and OS) and coartative (GM and 1C, IM and OS and OM) types of experience depending on the number of color and kinesthetic responses; however, this division is not of great practical importance. The predominance of one type or another of interpretations in the Rorshak Spot method is reflected in the corresponding psychological characteristics.
Dominance of kinesthesia
More individual intelligence. Independent creativity. More “inner” life. Stability of affect Less adaptation. More intense than extensive communication. Regularity, stability of movements. Awkwardness, clumsiness.
Dominance of color
Less personality. Reproductive creativity
More “outside” life. Lability of affect
Great adaptability. More extensive than intense
Restlessness, mobility of movements. Agility, agility
“Individual characteristics of both types do not show absolute correlation with one another. Their relationship is not easy, not straightforward. If the subject, for example, shows 3M and 5C, we cannot say that any considered characteristic is represented in the personality to a certain extent, or that a certain degree of individuality is combined with a certain degree of affective stability.
Each characteristic in the Rorschach Spot method is influenced by various factors, such as mood, conscious logical functioning, unconscious ... These groups can act as opposites, and this should be clearly distinguished, in a clinical, not in a psychological sense ... Under the M type there is simply in view of the fact that certain functions are developed to a noticeable degree. What appears clinically as an antithesis, psychologically, is a simple variation. ”
Thus, the type of experience is not an unchanging, fixed quantity. Obviously, the influence of alcohol (shift to extraversion), good mood, inspiration somewhat displaces the formula of the type of experience aside. notes that in all such cases, the absolute number of M and C changes, while the ratio between them does not change or changes insignificantly.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE - SPOTS OF RORSHAH
The stimulus material of the Rorschach method (Rorschach spots) consists of ten tables with polychrome and one-color images (five black-and-white tables - 1,4, 5, 6, 7 and five polychrome ones - 2,3, 8, 9, 10). The tables are presented to the test subject in a certain sequence and position.
DATA ON VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
Despite the fact that to date there is no complete theory linking the peculiarities of the interpretation of stimuli with personality characteristics, the validity of the test has been proven by numerous studies. The high retest reliability of both individual groups of indicators and the Rorschach Spot test as a whole was also confirmed.
CONDUCTING AN INSPECTION
In the literature, there are discrepancies regarding the instructions offered to the subject, however, most authors almost do not depart from the classical form: “What could it be? What it looks like?". This instruction should be limited, no additional information during the experiment, the subject should not receive. The experimenter should not ask any leading questions during the study, with the exception of specifying, if necessary, the place of the image that the subject is interpreting. If the subject is trying to find the “correct” answer, asks if he answered correctly, then it should be explained, then the answers may be different and you just need to express your own opinion about the proposed images.
After the presentation of the tables, a survey follows. In this phase of the study, it is clarified how the subject came to a particular answer, that is, the survey is always focused on clarifying the localization of the image and its determinants. The experimenter must avoid direct or leading questions and, at the same time, his task is to obtain detailed information that facilitates the subsequent encryption of answers. To identify the localization of the answer on the table, you can ask questions like: "Where is ..?" or: “Show me…”. To clarify the determinants of the answer, sometimes simple questions are sufficient: “What makes you think about ...?”, “Describe in more detail how you see ...”, etc.
PROCESSING OF RESULTS BY THE "RORSHAH SPOT" METHOD
Currently, there are many variations of the schemes for analyzing the results obtained, which have both formal and interpretive differences in the Rorschach Spot technique. Below is the original Rorschach schematic and some of the more well-known interpretations.
Each answer of the subject in the Rorschach Spot test is formalized into five categories in a certain sequence (localization, determinant, determination of the level of form, content, assessment of originality-popularity), which allows you to obtain a response formula. The character used to encrypt the answer is the initial letter of the word, for example W (English Whole). The Anglo-American system is used here, with possible use of other designations.
1. Localization peculiarities of interpretation:
W - interpretation of the presented image as a whole; D - interpretation of any significant, often chosen detail of the image; Db - interpretation of an unusual or small detail; S - white space interpretation; Do - "oligophrenic detail" - interpretation of a fragment of the image where the majority sees the whole (for example, the subject sees the "head", "legs", while the majority sees the "person"). In addition, answers may appear, in which some detail or white space served as the starting point for the interpretation of the whole: DW - a large detail is used to build the whole; DdW - small detail; SW - white space.
2. Determinants:
F - the answer is determined only by the shape of the image; M - imaginary human movement; FM - imaginary movement of the animal; m - imaginary movement inanimate objects; C - only by the color of the image; CF - mainly in shape, but the color is also taken into account; c - light gray or gray; Fc - shape, taking into account light gray or gray; c1 - black or dark gray; Fc '- the answer is determined by the form, taking into account the black or dark gray color.
3. Form level:
the form is evaluated with a positive (F +) or negative (F-) sign, which shows how adequately it is reflected in the created image. The criterion is the interpretation of the corresponding images and their details by healthy people. If the created image does not have a clearly defined shape (clouds, smoke, shore, etc.), the shape sign is either not marked (F), or it is indicated as (F ±).
4. The content of interpretations can be varied, therefore, the most common designations are given: H - the image of a person, A - the image of an animal, Hd - a part (parts) of a human figure. Ad - part (s) of the animal's figure, Anat - anatomical content, Sex - responses of sexual content, PI - interpretation of the image as referring to the plant world, Ls - landscape. From - ornament. If no corresponding symbol is provided for the answer, the content should be indicated by the full word.
5. Originality-popularity.
Original (Orig) are those answers that rarely appear (once or twice per hundred protocols). Popular (Pop) answers are considered to be found in at least 30% of normal adults. These answers are always positive. Thus, each interpretation of the subject receives a certain formalized form.
For example, the answer to table 2 - “two people shaking hands” takes the form WM + HPop, that is, the image is fully interpreted (W), the subject sees human beings in motion (M),the form is assessed with a positive sign, since most of the subjects perceived in this image two people (+) *, in terms of content - human images (H), the answer is often encountered (Pop). Table 8 - “some kind of predatory animal” (the side part of the image is interpreted). Answer formula: DF + APop. Table 10 - Fantastic Flower (WCFPI). The table is fully interpreted (W), the shape is poorly taken into account, The color (CF) prevails, but the plant (PI) is the content. It is necessary to clarify what is considered the subject's answer and what, therefore, should be formalized.
Despite its seeming simplicity, this question can arise, and it is often not easy to solve. For example, the subject interprets Table 5 as “bat or butterfly”. The question arises, is it one answer or two? Various exclamations, remarks, as well as new answers received during the survey are not subject to formalization. Answer " ink blot”Should be formalized if this term was not mentioned in the instructions. It can be considered that answers containing a noun are formalized, regardless of whether they are given in negative, interrogative form or in the form of alternatives. For example, “no, it’s not a leaf”, “maybe it’s a butterfly?”, “A butterfly or a leaf”. Sometimes it is suggested “or” - the answers are always described by two formulas. One answer is encrypted with several formulas in another case. For example, "rocket take off against the background of thunderclouds, behind a flame."
Here the rich content of this engram cannot be captured by one formula. But one cannot resort to increasing the number of formulas if the subject describes various parts of the seen image, specifies it, for example: “two dancing people ... here are arms, legs ...”. In this case, only one formula WM + HPop is needed. At the same time, Table 10 often * When formalizing the answer, one leading determinant is denoted, therefore, in this record, the form is present only in the sign, interpreted as a whole as “seabed”, “garden”, and then the answers follow the details of the image. In this case, they should be regarded as independent.
When the question arises which of the determinants in the Rorschach Spot method to give preference to when encrypting the answer, it is necessary to be guided by the following rules:
1. Kinesthetic determinants take precedence in any case.
2. Determinants of color (FC, CF, C) take precedence over the rest, with the exception of kinesthetic ones.
3. "Black and white" determinants (black and gray with their shades) have an advantage over other determinants, except for kinesthetic and "color" ones.
NUMBER OF ANSWERS AND ACCOUNTING OF THE RESEARCH TIME BY THE "ROSHAH SPOT" METHOD
The total number of formalizable responses (R) varies considerably. The change in the number of answers depends on a number of factors, the most significant of which are: the richness of images of past experience in the subject, his mental state and the conditions of the experiment.
Social and cultural differences of the studied groups have a significant influence. The number of answers may indicate the richness of images and the ease of their actualization, however, without taking into account the “quality” of the answers, it is impossible to objectively assess these parameters. Not a large number of the answer itself is not pathological. Typically, protocols with fewer than 10 or 60 interpretations are of little value.
According to Rorschach, in the Rorschach Spot method, the number of responses for healthy adults is 15-30. The research time is taken into account as follows:
1) record the time from the beginning to the end of the experiment (T);
2) average time spent on one answer (T / R);
3) determine the period of formation of a reaction to each table (t) - from the moment the table is presented to the beginning of the answer;
4) calculate the average reaction time - the sum of t to the number of tables;
5) separately calculate the average reaction time for color and monochrome tables.
On average, t in healthy adults ranges from 7 to 20 ° C.
DETERMINING THE SEQUENCE OF PERCEPTION
One of the important features is the sequence, that is, the order in which different ways of perception appear when interpreting the tables. To a certain extent, consistency is an indicator of the consistency and discipline of thinking. It is assumed that usually a person initially seeks to give a holistic answer (W), then pays attention to large details (D), and then can move on to the interpretation of small details (Dd) and, finally, the background (S). Rorschach identified 5 types of sequence: rigid, ordered, inverse, free and chaotic. When all 10 tables are interpreted in the sequence presented above, it is considered evidence of a rigid, very rare sequence that is characteristic of pedantic persons, “slaves” of logic.
Experimental studies have shown that the appearance of a rigid sequence can be a sign of depression. A sequence is considered ordered if it, while maintaining the indicated order in most tables, varies depending on the structure of the spot itself. A disordered, or free, sequence is called one in which unexpected deviations are possible, but you can indicate any characteristic way of perception. Emotional stability can contribute to this consistency.
The highest degree of free sequence - chaotic, most often appearing in mental patients, is obviously associated with adaptation disorders or (rarely) occurs in especially gifted individuals of the "artistic" type. The reverse sequence (from S to W) is as rare as the rigid one. In cases where sequencing is not possible (for example, only one answer is given for each table), this should be indicated with a question mark.
INTERPRETATION OF BASIC ENCRYPTION CATEGORIES
Interpretation of the test material presents significant difficulties, and it is this phase of working with the technique that is most vulnerable to criticism. Until now, despite the immense popularity of the Rorschach test, numerous publications by leading specialists in Rorschach technology, the basic principles of interpretation do not have a satisfactory theoretical basis. This applies primarily to the assessment of the psychological significance of certain categories of analysis. The Rorschach test is used to diagnose the structural characteristics of a person: individual characteristics affective-need sphere and cognitive activity (cognitive style), intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts and measures to combat them ( defense mechanisms), the general orientation of the personality (type of experience), etc.
At the same time, the connection of individual indicators (or their partners) with the indicated personality parameters has been proven only empirically. Indeed, it is still difficult to explain why, for example, responses like “shape” reflect rational intellectual tendencies, and responses like “color” - controlled or impulsive emotionality. Most often, it is believed that an isolated indicator acquires a psychological meaning in a “context”, that is, it is determined by a combination of many indicators that form an integral configuration or pattern, but many indicators have independent diagnostic value.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANING OF LOCALIZATION INDICATORS
According to Rorschach, many answers can be divided into confabulated and contaminated. In the first case, the subject, starting from any part of the image, creates a holistic image, not taking into account the shape of the entire image. Such interpretations are designated as DW (can be DbW, SW - depending on which part was used to build the whole). Confabulations take place not only in responses like DW, but also in simple holistic or data on details that are completely unmotivated, “taken from the sky”.
Contaminated W responses are absent in healthy people and appear as a result of disorganized thinking in mental illness. An example is the interpretation of Table 4 mentioned by Rorschach for patients with schizophrenia - “the liver statesman leading a respectable lifestyle ”. In this case, two types of answers to this table merge into a whole - “person” and “any organ”. Not only W, but also D contaminated interpretations are POSSIBLE.
Image shapes
Depending on how much the form of the image is taken into account in the interpretation, W answers are assessed K3KW + HW-. A significant amount of W + indicates high intelligence, richness of imagination, a tendency of the subject to synthesis, a critical approach to actualized images. At the same time, numerous W- or DW- (DbW-, SW-) indicate a violation of critical abilities, inadequate synthesis. The appearance of contaminated W is indicative of impaired thinking. According to Rorschach, an adult normal person demonstrates about six W in the protocol, and according to Piotrowski, with an IQ of 110 and above, the number of W reaches ten. Subjects often interpret large image details (D). These are the most common details, the choice of which is common in normal subjects, and can be determined statistically.
Rorschach recommends examining 50 healthy subjects to determine D, which reveals most of the usual responses to image detail. Various authors have compiled lists of the most common parts that can be used as a guide, but the D regions are often completely different. The researcher must first of all rely on his own experience, not to mention the fact that there may be cultural, age, national and other differences between the surveyed groups.
Rorschach believes that if W is an indicator of a tendency to abstract, theoretical thinking, then D indicates practical, concrete intellectual activity. However, no high correlations were found between these forms of thinking and the number of W and D in the protocols.
Db - unusual, rare, usually small details (sometimes you have to denote Db and a large detail, which happens if it is interpreted in a completely unusual aspect and unusual connection). An increased amount of small details is not typical for adults, normal persons and, as a rule, does not exceed 5-10% of the total number of answers.
A large number of small details is always a sign of a deviation from the norm. Db are common in “picky, petty critics,” those with limited horizons and epilepsy. At the same time, the answers of gifted people can act as a manifestation of keen observation, evidence of a search for something unusual.
A special form of Db is the choice for the interpretation not of the actual figures, but of the spaces between them. Such answers are denoted by the symbol S. Rorschach understood by S the answers associated with inter-figure space, and later this category was expanded to include not only the details formed by the gaps in the image, but also the borders and the entire white background.
Rorschach suggested that the white background of extroverts is interpreted as evidence of negativism, a desire to resist the influence of the environment or, among introverts, opposition to oneself, insecurity, a feeling of inferiority, but this hypothesis has not been validated. At the same time, answers related to the interpretation of white space may indicate the ability to see phenomena from different angles, i.e., to certain intellectual qualities.
Oligophrenic details (D) (the name was introduced by Rorschach, who, as further studies showed, mistakenly believed that such responses are typical for patients with oligophrenia), may be a sign of affective inhibition. Thus, Luzley-Usteri writes about the “syndrome of internal uncertainty” in the case when two of the indicators of the Db-Do-S triad exceed the average value.
Proportions
Rorschach attached great importance to the relationship of the proportions of responses of each type, rather than their absolute number. The mutual combination of ways of perception in one specific protocol is called "type of perception". As a criterion for determining the type of perception, Rorschach used the ratios most often encountered in examining normal subjects:
8W - 23D - 2Db - IS American researchers consider the ratio: IW to 2D to be the norm, but this proportion changes with an increase in the number of responses.
An increase in the number of responses leads to an increase in the number of D, the ratio becomes IW to 3D, while a decrease in the number of responses causes the opposite - IW to ID or even 2W to ID. Pure D or Db tones of perception are extremely rare, the W type is much more common. Usually, the “W +” type is distinguished, when about ten answers with a good form are given with almost no indication of details (as a rule, subjects with high intelligence) and the “W-” type - about the same number of answers, but with a bad form (found in limited patients with schizophrenia). The type of perception in which there are very few or no W responses is called depleted.
PSYCHOLOGICAL SENSE OF BASIC DETERMINANTS
The main point in formalizing the answer, and then in understanding its psychological essence, is the definition of the determinant, that is, the factor that played the main role in the emergence of a particular interpretation. The determinants make it possible to judge:
1) about the degree of realistic perception of reality
2) about activity directed outward or manifested in the imagination;
3) about the emotional attitude towards the environment;
4) the tendency to anxiety, worry, prompting or inhibiting the activity of the individual.
OBJECT SHAPE
Form (F) is one of the most popular determinants of the answer, and more than the weight of the rest characterizes the process of structuring itself, organizing an indefinite material. But above all, an assessment of the level of form is important. When determining the correspondence of the interpretation to the form of the stimulus, one should first of all rely on a statistical criterion. When a large number of faces see the same object in one or another “spot” (or part of it), these are responses with a positive form. Rorschach, when assessing the level of the form, proceeded from the data obtained during the examination of about 100 healthy subjects.
Original interpretations
But along with the statistical criterion, there is also a certain point, since there can always appear rare, original interpretations, assessed individually. The level of form is indicated in the answers in which the form is in the first place (FC, Fc, FM), as well as in kinesthetic determinants (M), where the sign of the form is of great importance. The number of responses F + reaches 70% of the total number of F responses, and with high intelligence F + reaches 85 - 95%.
Only in overly pedantic individuals is it possible 100% F + Rorschach believes that in the process of removing uncertainty and structuring (with answers F and especially F +) the following factors are revealed: the ability to observe and controlled thinking, a wealth of images. Luzley-Uster's interpretation is very close, who considers F + to be a manifestation of conscious constructive personality tendencies, the ability to reasonably control one's affective motives. Klopfer also considers F + to be an indicator of intellectual control and “ego strength”, that is, the degree and quality of adaptation to reality.
Rorschach calculated F +% to be equal to F ± / F 100. began to use slightly different, enriched formulas:
100 (F + 0.5F ±) 100 (F + 0.66F ±)
F +% = or ЈF 2F
Kinesthetic indicators
Rorschach considered kinesthetic interpretations to be especially important indicators that determine the personality traits of the subject. At the same time, the definition of kinesthetic engrams is one of the most difficult elements in the study.
Kinesthetic interpretations are understood as those in which the subject sees the movement of a person, they are based on more or less simultaneous perception and integration of three factors:
1) forms;
2) movement;
3) content - the vision of a person's image.
It should be emphasized that "interpretations involving human beings are not always kinesthetic." The question always arises, “… does movement play a primary role in determining the answer? Are we dealing with really felt movement or just a form that is interpreted a second time as movement? ”.
To assess the response as determined by movement, it is necessary to make sure that the subject not only sees but feels kinesthesia, empathizes with what he saw. In the course of the experiment, it is sometimes even possible to observe that the subject involuntarily tries to make those movements that he puts into the image he has created. These are definitely kinesthetic engrams. As M denote those responses in which the movement is carried out by animals, however, these acts must be anthropomorphic, that is, characteristic only of man. Polling plays a decisive role in determining whether movement is felt.
Kinestizii
Rorschach, and after him and other researchers subdivide kinesthesia into extensive and flexion (sweeping and constrained), assuming differences in the level of activity-passivity of persons demonstrating movements different types... The former speak of active benevolence - a cooperative life attitude, the latter indicate passivity, a tendency to avoid difficulties, up to the position “away from the world”. The psychological interpretation of kinesthetic indicators is the most difficult and controversial part of working with the Rorschach test. The author considered M in connection with the introversive orientation of the personality, that is, the ability of a person to “withdraw into himself,” creatively rework affective conflicts and thereby achieve internal stability. Such an interpretation of the meaning of M seemed to be confirmed by the study of a certain contingent of subjects - actors, artists, people of mental labor.
Dependencies
At the same time, subsequent experimental tests demonstrated the dependence of this indicator on a number of other factors, for example, adaptability, the degree of differentiation of the “I”, the possibility of an open response to affective urges in external behavior, etc. in particular, a person's idea of himself and his social environment, the ability to empathize and understand other people. According to these data, M is a multidimensional variable, the specific value of which determines the context, that is, a combination of all other indicators that is unique for a given person. The ambiguity of M partly stems from the fact that this determinant implicitly contains two other determinants - F and N. Apparently, therefore, Klopfer considers human kinesthesia a sign of a conscious, well-controlled internal life accepted by the subject - his own needs, fantasies and self-esteem.
Thus, human kinesthesias indicate:
- introversion;
- the maturity of the “I”, expressed in the conscious acceptance of one's own inner world and good control over emotions;
- creative intelligence (at F +);
- affective stability and adaptability;
- the ability to empathy.
A normal adult with an average intelligence demonstrates from 2 to 4 M, and with a higher level of intelligence - 5 M and above. The optimal W: M ratio is 3.1. When quantitatively compared with other determinants, each M interpretation is scored 1 point. In the analysis of the relationship between the World, one should proceed from the fact that the higher the percentage of positive forms, the more conscious control inhibits the manifestation of tendencies expressed in kinesthetic engrams in the activity.
Animal Movement (FM).
American psychologists designate the FM symbol for the movements of animals, animal body parts or their caricatures in animal-specific activities. Identification with FM kinesthesias is usually associated with immaturity of the personality. In contrast to M, animal kinesthesias reflect less conscious, less controlled drives that are not fully accepted by the individual. Klopfer believes that FM represents a more primitive, infantile level of mental life than M. The complete absence of FM may indicate the suppression of primitive drives, possibly due to their unacceptable content.
The movement of inanimate objects (t).
The cipher t denotes the movement of objects, the action of mechanical, abstract, symbolic forces. Depending on the clarity of the form, the symbols Fm (for a clear form), mF (for a less definite form) are sometimes used, and m in this case indicates the action of some forces. An assessment of these interpretations can hardly be considered elaborate. On the one hand, Piotrowski connects interpretations with high level intelligence, since the introduction of movement into inanimate objects requires a greater "violation of reality" than it happens when interpreting the movement of people and animals in images. According to Klopfer, the appearance of kinesthesia of inanimate objects more often than twice in the protocol indicates internal tension, conflict, indicates deep unconscious, 'uncontrollable impulses, unfulfilled desires. At the same time, a certain amount of FM and m in a certain ratio with M is acceptable and characterizes the richness and liveliness of the inner world of the individual, the spontaneity of its affective manifestations, developed imagination against the background of good control and adaptation.
COLOR - SPOTS OF ROSHAH
Color is rarely used as an objective sign of a stimulus (no more than 3-5 responses per protocol). Color engrams are considered to represent the affective sphere: the more a color is represented in the protocol, the more the individual reacts to emotional stimuli. FC responses indicate emotionality, controlled by the intellect (F), indicate the ability for affective contact with the environment and adaptation to the surrounding reality. CF answers speak of efficiency, poorly controlled by intelligence, and small opportunities for adequate adaptation to the environment. With answers - a sign of emotional impulsivity, a tendency to affective outbursts, inability to adequately adapt to the environment. MS responses determined by kinesthesia and color at the same time are quite rare. Typical, as a rule, for gifted people with a figurative type of thinking of artists.
Lack of color responses
The absence of “color” answers in the protocol most often indicates inhibition of efficiency (neurosis, depression), but this is also possible with affective dullness in schizophrenia or due to dementia, with the exception of emotionally excitable oligophrenics. To assess the effectiveness, use the formula "color sum" S C = 0.5FC + ICF + 1.5C. For example, in the case of 3FC + 3CF + 1C, the “color sum” will be 1.5 + 3 + 1.5 = 6 (the exception is cases in which C is combined in a formula with another determinant that takes precedence, for example, FMC or TC; c in this case “color” is estimated at 0.5 point). However, the “sum of color” says nothing about the degree of intellectual control and the ability to edeptate. To establish this, use the ratio FC: (CF + C).
Left-sided type (FC> CF + C) - stable, controlled efficiency, the ability to adapt to external stimuli. Right-sided - the efficiency is unstable, the ability to adapt is weak. For normal adults, the approximate number of color interpretations is 3FC, ICF, OC.
Black and gray
Rorschach was the first to draw attention to interpretations determined by black or gray color with shades, and referred them to “color” ones. To distinguish them from interpretations of chromatic colors, he designated them (C). In understanding the origin of these shades, Rorschach proceeded from the fact that they also reflect efficiency, but which is inhibited by the subject, and he does not mean that he can hardly adapt to the environment due to indecision and fearfulness. Psychological essence these interpretations cause a lot of controversy among specialists. Different authors designate these determinants in different ways and distinguish different amounts of them.
The rest is the system developed by Klopfer, however, due to its cumbersomeness, it is not always expedient to use it and practical work... The Piotrowski system seems to be convenient, in which only four characters are used: s, Fc, s 'and Fc'. The basis of the classification is the identification of the determinants with 'and with. The symbol c 'denotes answers in which black or dark color, and the form has no meaning for example "black night", "black clouds". As with 'those interpretations that are associated with the words “dirty”, “ugly”, etc. are also denoted. the same group, in most cases, includes "perspectives" and interpretations that take into account the haracter of the surface (gladcay, rough, etc.). Fc and Fc ’denote those responses in which the form is dominant, for example,“ black butterfly ”(Fc’) or “animal skin with head and paws” (Fc).
Quantification
When quantifying "cut-off" determinants, Fc or Fc 'is assessed at one point, 1.5 points for s and s'. If these things' appear together with other determinants, for example Ms, then they will be estimated at 0.25 belle. This score is important when comparing these 'answers with others. According to Piotrowski's data, approximately 25% of the respondents meet with 'answers, while interpretations are encountered in approximately 90% of the surveyed. The amount of answers is significant, if it exceeds two units, the number with '> 2 is also considered high.
Piotrowski believes that "light and shade" interpretations reflect a tendency deeply hidden in the psyche to anxiety, anxiety, which stimulates or inhibits the activity of the individual. Moreover, c answers indicate a decrease in activity in activities that cause anxiety and discomfort to overcome this state, while c 'indicates an increase in activity for the realization of the same goal.
When studying relationships with other determinants, the most important is the ratio of IC to 2 s. It is known that C is an indicator of emotional excitability, expressed in external activity, and C is an indicator of inhibition of activity due to anxiety. The more E c in relation to S C, the more paralyzed activity is (for example, obsessive states with neurosis). The optimal ratio: I, s - I, C, while a slight predominance of “color” up to 2 units is allowed.
Content
Determining the content is the simplest step in formalizing the subject's response. As has already been shown, for the most important, most frequently encountered categories of content, conditional are adopted. The symptomatic value of this phenomenon is also not clear. Piotrowski believes that "red shock" is a sign of aggressiveness and fear. "Black shock". This concept was first introduced by Binder. According to the frequency of stimulation of “black shock”, the tables are arranged in the following order: 4, 6, 7, 1, 5. According to Binder, “black shock” most often indicates a chronic disorder of behavior, anxiety, anxiety. Similar to “color”, overcompensated “black shock” is possible. Kinesthetic shock is manifested by a withdrawal from kinesthetic engrams when interpreting stimuli that suggest them (tables 1, 2, 3, 9), as well as a decrease in the general level of responses (the appearance of Db-, Do, etc.). It is believed that kinesthetic shock is a sign of lack of affectivity.
Description (description).
The subject does not interpret the image, but only says something about it, for example, “some image that does not tell me anything”. When interpreting color tables, the description acts as a kind of “color shock”. Bohm emphasizes kinesthetic description, a rather rare phenomenon (description mechanical movements out of connection with objects, for example, “something rotating on its axis”), which should be considered as a remark, not a response. In his opinion, such descriptions are found almost exclusively in patients with schizophrenia. Color name. The subject only names the colors, but does not interpret them (“green”, blue ”).
Color names should be distinguished from descriptive comments that are sometimes used to clarify localization. Rorschach and Binder, when evaluating these answers, gave them the same importance as “pure color” [C]. However, Bohm and other researchers do not combine the name of the color with the actual "color" answers. If for children under the age of five the name of the color is usual, then for adults it is always a pathological sign.
An indication of the symmetry of the images. This is a fairly common occurrence, but the symptomatic value of the symmetry remarks varies and depends on their type. Isolated remarks about the symmetry of the images offered to the subject are not essential. Stereotypical indications of symmetry, as well as an obsessive desire to find the asymmetry of both parts and images, are possible in patients with epilepsy.
The pedantry of the wording is expressed in a special, “widely ramified” and stereotyped presentation, with a careful description of all kinds of details. For example, “here there is symmetry, vertical branches… black paint is applied unevenly”, “here again symmetry, branches… the same colors” (Table 3) and so on in the same style. Most often, such pedantry is a sign of an epileptic personality change.
Perseveration.
Perseveration in the Rorschach Spot method means the repetition of the same answer in terms of content. There are three forms of perseveration.
1. Rough, organic, in which the same interpretation is repeated, and it often moves from one table to another. In severe cases, the same interpretation applies to all ten tables. Rough perseveration is observed in patients with organic brain lesions, epilepsy, schizophrenia and dementia.
2. A kind of "sticking" to the main theme, observed in true epilepsy. The subject does not give completely identical answers, but adheres to one, slightly varying content category ("dog's head", "horse's head", etc.).
3. A weakened form of perseveration, in which the same responses appear against the background of responses of different content. This does not apply to the “popular” answers, as “BAT” may appear twice in answers in 1 and 5 of the table. The repetition of unusual answers is important here.
In addition, Bohm distinguishes perceptual perseveration, in which the subject constantly selects completely similar image details (often D and Db), but interprets them differently, and perseveration of the perceived detail, when the subject chooses one detail (sometimes the entire image) and interprets it differently. The same is true for healthy individuals. Anatomical stereotyping consists in the preference for answers with anatomical content. With a high percentage of such interpretations (60 - 100%), the diagnosis of personality traits is impossible.
Stereotypy
Often in pathological cases, anatomical stereotypy is combined with perseveration. As separate cases, there are “body parts stereotypy” and “face stereotypes”. Stereotypical preference for Hd answers (excluding "faces" and "heads") most often indicates dementia (but localization is Do answers "Stereotype of faces", according to Bohm, is a sign of phobias and is found in neuroses. your “I” into interpretation, for example, “two people, one of whom is I.”
In a weaker form, it is realized as focusing on one's own experiences (“it reminds me of a cat that we had at home”). A rough form of self-identification is found in schizophrenia and epilepsy, less often in dementia, and milder forms are found in patients with neuroses. Denial of color. This phenomenon was first described by Piotrowski and consists in the fact that the subject denies the influence of color on the interpretation, although he uses it (“… these are flowers, but not because of the color”). Such answers Piotrowski refers to as “color shock”. The projection of color onto black images. Color (polychrome) is rarely introduced to the interpretation of black-and-gray tables by the subjects (“magnificent colored butterfly” - Table 5).
Opinions
According to Piotrowski, who interprets the Rorschach Spots, the subject in this case is trying to “make a good face at bad game”, That is, as if imposing on himself a joyful mood in the absence of such. Such popular answers, the index of realism and form-color responses, as well as a decrease in the proportion of holistic interpretations with a bad form. In qualitative terms, the improvement in the perception of form is expressed in the gradual complication of the form of clearly perceived spots from popular answers to combinatorial ones. As the child grows up, the ways of perceiving spots become more diverse: the number of integral responses decreases and the proportion of responses to ordinary and small details and to a white background increases. From 6 to 7 years old, kinesthetic responses appear.
Signs childhood
The characteristic features of childhood in the interpretation of the Rorschach Spot method are confabulatory responses and a relatively large number of perseverations. At the age of 6-7 years, there are more kinesthetic responses in boys and more color responses in girls; at the same age, girls are ahead of boys in the development of form perception. A similar study was carried out on younger schoolchildren (8-12 years old). Table 2 summarizes the data for this age. In general, a slight decrease in the rate of development of visual perception was shown in comparison with preschoolers. The following indicators undergo the greatest growth in this age period: the total number of responses, the number of interpretations, white gaps, the proportion of responses indicating human images, the number of kinesthetic and combinatorial responses. The last three of the listed categories of responses are positively correlated with school performance and are used to assess intelligence.
Mediocre students 1.55+ -0.20 12.89+ -1.10 0.65 + -0.16
Confidence level P<0, 01 Р<0,01 Р<0,01
Indicator Good students
M 2.38 + -0.23 N% 17.79+ -1.22
Combinatorial responses 1.53 + -0.26
In addition, in the group of good students there was a greater total number of answers, a higher percentage of answers with a clear form, a lower proportion of holistic answers with a bad form and a “sum of color” indicator, there were more answers to rare details and a white background and fewer perseverations, however, differences between groups for these indicators were not reliable. Note: in the study by the "Rorschach spots" method of children from 3 to 6 years old, a modification of the instruction was used, according to which the children were asked to guess what the spots looked like. Starting from the age of 6, the experimental procedure did not differ from the standard one.
Popular answers, designated in Tables 1 and 2 of the Rorschach Spots method as P, were determined according to the “adult” lists of I. G. Bespalko. According to his tables, the localization of the area D was determined.
The presented projective technique of personality research by Hermann Rorschach (first published in 1921) today occupies one of the leading places in the world of psychodiagnostic research. A person who is little aware of the peculiarities of human thinking, at first can classify this work as a creative research. However, in reality, thinking only decorates images that are dictated by completely different mechanisms. Henry Rorschach was convinced that the images emerging from ink blots are individual and unique for each person. Ordinary, at first glance, fantasy in fact turns out to be a complex and confusing process of the brain. The essence of the Rorschach test, which is easy to pass online for free today, is to analyze the images seen. In other words, the subject is asked to look at the ink stain and say what it associates with. In addition to keeping records of each spoken word of a person passing the test, the time required for him to answer and other features of testing are recorded. In conclusion, the specialist clarifies the individual details of these answers, can carry out the so-called procedure of "determining the limits". Each given answer is assessed according to the following criteria:- localization (the subject's association can be associated with both the whole image and its part);
- determinants (records are kept of the use of the tested colors, shapes or images reflecting their mixing in the answer);
- the level of the form (the degree of adequacy of the presented image to the response of the subject is assessed);
- content (attention is drawn to the associative array of the tested person - whether he correlates the presented images with people or they more remind him of inanimate objects and animals);
- originality-popularity (statistics are kept of the originality of the answers, where the one that was given by at least 30% of the subjects is considered popular).
The decision to pass the Rorschach test online for free is a unique opportunity to diagnose the structural characteristics of a person: - on the basis of the affective-need sphere and cognitive activity, determine the cognitive style;
- study defense mechanisms;
- establish the type of experience;
- other.
Clinical trials
According to the theory of G. Rorschach, the use of the entire ink blot by the subject as an association is a vivid indicator of his systematic thinking. While paying attention to detail is a characteristic of a petty and meticulous person. Placing an emphasis on some unusual elements is a reflection of a person's ability to heightened observation. There were cases when the test taker took not the ink spot itself as the basis for the answer, but the white background surrounding it. Rorschach believed that such a decision could also be interpreted in its own way. In healthy people, this feature was expressed in a tendency to conduct discussions, self-will and stubbornness. As for mentally ill people, their choice of a white background is a reflection of negativism and strange behavior. To put it simply, the ordinariness of human thinking was assessed here. If a person paid attention to various little things, he could be characterized as a pedant. If a white background was taken as the basis of the image, it means that there was work with an extraordinary person.
Particular attention was paid to the clarity of the perception of the image. If the tested person perceived the ink blot or part of it as something static, the specialist could conclude that he possesses intelligence and sustained attention. Association with something movable was regarded as intelligence specificity, introversion, and emotional stability. Emotional lability was revealed by analyzing the frequency of "color" responses of the test taker. The type of experience by Rorschach was determined by the ratio of responses in movement and color. If the subject was dominated by color responses, he was assigned to the category of extratensive personalities. If he emphasized movement responses, he was classified as an introvert. Moreover, the latter showed a greater orientation towards internal experiences than external ones. The content of the answers (the emerging image of the tested person) was of little interest to the author of the method. He believed that the current association is nothing more than a temporary phenomenon. How to pass the Rorschach test online for free?
First of all, it is necessary to create an environment corresponding to the passing of the test - to sit in a quiet, calm, bright place away from strangers. If there is a need for the presence of a third person, the test taker must be notified in advance. It is important to ensure continuity of the testing process - to eliminate the likelihood of answering phone calls and other distractions. If the subject wears glasses, be sure to take them with him. When conducting a comprehensive personality study, the psychologist is recommended to start it with the Rorschach test.
As a material base of the test, 10 pictures are used with the image of blurry outlines of ink spots. Half of them are colored, the other half are black and white. The task of the test taker is to look through the offered cards and say his opinion about what is depicted - who or what it is, where it is, what is doing, and so on. The Rorschach test is one of the most famous, widely used and objective projective techniques.
G. Rorschach's ink stain technique is used to diagnose the properties and qualities of a person. This technique serves as one of the best indicators of those personality traits that are manifested in synthetic activity under conditions of undirected association. That is, testing is based on the analysis of creative products, which reflect (project) some individual characteristics of a person.
This projective method of personality research was created by Hermann Rorschach in 1921.
The stimulus material for the test consists of 10 standard tables with black and white and color symmetrical images that bear little resemblance to something specific. The test taker is asked to answer the question of what, in his opinion, each image looks like.
Rorschach test. Ink stain technique:
Instruction.
Look at the proposed pictures in turn and answer the following questions for each of them.
What does this stain look like? Indicate what you see on it: in whole or in parts. What does a spot resemble in shape or color, is it static or moving?
The viewing time for each drawing is not limited. Having finished with one drawing, move on to another, memorizing or recording your answer.
Incentive material for the Rorschach method.
The key to the Rorschach test.
Rorschach uses the sphere of perception as an objective basis for identifying specific personal qualities. On the basis of the individual construction of the image, he develops his own system of personality diagnostics. The researcher believes that individual personality traits and qualities are behind the individual characteristics of the construction of representations. In his opinion, information about individual qualities is provided by selectivity in perception, and the method of subsequent integration of selected elements into a particular image, and the content of the image itself.
Thus, the subject must see in each indefinite spot (or group of spots) a certain object, image or picture, which are further considered as projections of individual qualities of his personality.
It is assumed that a number of mental acts and those mental characteristics of a person that bear the most striking imprint of individuality are involved in the creation of such an image or a detailed picture. First of all, it is the selectivity of perception, the peculiarities of the course of associative processes and the peculiarities of the attitude. From the moment the spot is presented to the creation of the image, an interconnected chain of processes arises. First of all, the very uncertainty of the spot gives rise to associations that are only partially realized. The vague associations that have arisen are combined into complex images. Finally, a defined image gives a new direction to associations, as a result of which complete, logical, grounded pictures are created.
This is the basic scheme of the Rorschach test, which distinguishes it from other projective tests in terms of system and structure in projection. By the nature of the projection, by its type, the Rorschach test is considered the cleanest test, independent of external influences. It is assumed that the uncertainty and formlessness of the spot (unconstructed stimulus) excludes the external objective orientation of the associations leading to the creation of an image - a picture. Therefore, the features of projections according to the Rorschach test are attributed exclusively to subjective factors.
The material obtained by the Rorschach test is assessed sequentially by two types of assessments (characteristics): formal assessment and content assessment. Formal assessments are based on an analysis of the peculiarities of the organization of perception, assessments in terms of content - on the analysis of the material of specific associations.
The principle of separate assessments plays an essential role in personality diagnostics, since for each of them there is a different mechanism that forms the answer. Therefore, one and the same answer must be consistently evaluated from both the formal and the substantive sides.
According to formal estimates, the answers reflect one of the following features of the organization of perception:
A) the peculiarities of the operation and orientation in space (in one case, to build the image, the entire spot is taken as a whole, in the other - only a part of it);
b) selectivity of reactions (for example, an extremely strong reaction to color or mainly to color);
c) the order of the reaction (for example, a reaction consisting of a number of categories always begins with a form);
d) static or dynamism is either motionless, or movement is seen in the pictures).
Content assessments fall into one of four categories - people, animals, objects and fantastic images - and testify to those features of the associative process, as a result of the manifestation of which, based on the action of prevailing ideas and concepts, one of the typical images is formed. Separate relationships between the categories of responses and their diagnostic values (according to formal assessments and assessments by content) are summarized in the tables below.
Explanations for the coding of answers in the study by the Rorschach test (types of answers).
Formal characteristics
C (integrity) - this is how the answers based on the perception of the entire spot of the table as a whole are encrypted, with a clear limitation of the spot from the background of the tables.
D (detail) - answers based on the perception of a part of the spot without taking into account its other parts.
F (form) - a clearly expressed form (description of people, animals, plants, etc.).
Fn is an indistinctly perceived form.
ФЦВ (form-color) - answers in which form prevails and color is mentioned.
Tsvf (color-form) - answers in which color predominates, but form is also mentioned.
Content characteristics
F - category "animals". Mention is introduced here of any representatives of the animal world - mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects.
H - category "human figures". Mentions about human beings in any form - by the naming of gender (man, woman, little girl, boys), age (old man, old woman, young man); profession (blacksmith, ballerina); with a pronoun (someone bent over, dancing here) or a participle (working, fighting, pointing); with a gang (fight, demonstration, auditorium full of audience).
P - category "items". Mention of items for any purpose, size, property, material, position.
Fan - the category of "fantastic images" - fantastic creatures mentioned by the subjects, etc. (witch, sorcerer, centaurs, king of the underworld).
Dv - category "movement". Includes movement, posture movement, sometimes foreshortening, state, less often - facial movements.
Processing of results
1. All responses are encrypted (see encryption above and the table below).
2. The number of answers of different categories is counted.
3. The percentage of responses of various categories from the total number of all responses is calculated.
4. Combinations of answers based on formal assessments and assessments by content are identified.
5. The individual characteristics of the tested person and the number of deviations from the norm are determined.
6. A conclusion is drawn about the personality of the test taker.
Interpretation (decoding) of the Rorschach test.
Protocol
|
Formal characteristics |
Content characteristics |
||||||||||
|
D (detail) |
F (clear form) |
Fn (fuzzy form) |
F - Tsv (shape - color) |
Color - F (color - shape) |
Dv (movement) |
F (animal) |
H (person) |
P (subject) |
Fan (fantasy) |
||
|
Number of responses |
|||||||||||
|
Expression (in%) |
|||||||||||
|
Indicators of the norm |
|||||||||||
Diagnostic indicators
(according to formal estimates - "the value of the Rorschach blot")
C (whole) - a large number of holistic images - an indicator of the ability and desire for integration, observing, covering the type of perception, a synthetic way of thinking, the ability to abstract.
D (detail) - a) a large number of details - an indicator of the "fragmentation" of attention, its narrowness, fragmentation and illogical thinking; b) the perception of white gaps and the construction of images on them - an indicator of negativism or defensive position of the subject.
F (form) - a large number of answers with a predominance of indications of forms: a) an indicator of the dominance of thought over feeling; b) an indicator of compensatory phenomena, when, through reflection, reasoning "extinguish" or try to extinguish an affect or emotion. In this case, it is possible to diagnose latent fear, anxiety, fear of "dissolving" emotions. A very high percentage of answers F, on the contrary, is an indicator of impulsivity.
Dv (movement) - responses with the discretion of movement - an indicator of the subject's introversive tendencies, an indicator of the wealth and flexibility of the associative process. A sign of independent associative work, often without external impulses.
Color (color) - answers with a high percentage of Color are indicators of a person's capture of affect and emotions. Evidence of the predominance of affective processes over other mental processes. Sign of "narrowed consciousness", impulsivity and lack of control.
Here is a short interpretation of the answers, Rorschach's "blob meanings". A detailed interpretation of the test can be found in the following literature:
Note: The interpretation of the test must be carried out by a specialist, otherwise the results may be invalid.
Rorschach or "roschach" is a classic testing based on stimulus materials or Rorschach spots.
Rorschach spots how it all began.
The Rorschach spot technique was founded by the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922).
Rorschach found that those subjects who see the correct symmetrical figure in a shapeless inkblot usually understand the real situation well and are capable of self-control.
The online Rorschach test will acquaint you with this projective technique on the example of one of the 10 “Rosharch spots”.
Heinrich Rorschach as a child. Humor.
Heinrich Rorschach: "Mommy, what do you see in the spot on my T-shirt?"
Rorschach's mom: "Henry! I have again at least 45 minutes of washing! ".
Heinrich Rorschach: “To decipher these unrealistic fantasies based on recurring emotions, I will have to become a famous psychiatrist. Poor mommy! "
What do you see on Henry Rorschach's T-shirt?
Rorschach projective test online.
Look at the picture - a Rorschach spot - and note the emerging emotion and the first free association that arises in response to the Rorschach stimulus.
For example, "alarm" and "the skeleton of the muzzle of some animal."
Then mark your answer in the survey and only then read the transcript of the Rorschach technique.
Note the first association that comes to your mind.
Deciphering the projective technique of Henry Rorschach.
Meaning of associations in response to the Rorschach stain:
6. Two bears are dancing in the fountain. Quite rare, but not an isolated association. May indicate schizophrenic and schizophrenic illness. In no case Rorschach test online cannot diagnose, moreover, such a serious one as schizophrenia. The two bears on the fountain can be seen by both schizophrenics and simply people with a well-developed imagination. Most likely you belong to the latter.
7. I do not see any spots or patterns. Most likely, pop-up windows and pictures are disabled in yours. Plug in this plugin and take the Rorschach test again.
The rest of the associations are considered individually and require a special interpretation.
The meaning of the emotional response to the image of the Rosharkh spot:
Anxiety- You are scared or worried about something, you are prone to phobias, anxious thoughts or. You urgently need a consultation with a happiness psychologist.
Anger- Perhaps now you are going through hard times. wrapped your body in a tension hoop and keeps you from taking decisive action.
Happiness- You and a confident person and no methodology will change your positive attitude and outlook on the world.
Share the projective Rorscharch test online:
What associations do the icons above evoke in you?
Below are the ten Rorschach test inkblots printed in the edition Rorschach test - Psychodiagnostic techniques with the most frequent answers for the whole image or the most prominent details according to various authors. This material has been in the public domain in Switzerland, the birthplace of Hermann Rorschach, since at least 1992 (70 years after the death of the author or 50 years after the cut-off date of 1942), under Swiss copyright law. They are also in the public domain under United States copyright law, which states: "All works published before 1923 are considered the public domain."
All pictures are "clickable"
Table I :
Popular Answers:
Piotrowski: bat (53%), butterfly (29%)
Dana (France): butterfly (39%)
A comment: Receiving for consideration Table I, subjects are often asked about how they should proceed, and the questions about what they can do with the table (for example, rotate) are not very significant. As the first table, it can contain information about how the subject solves new, stressful tasks. This does not mean, however, that tables, which are usually difficult for the subject to handle, have popular answers available.
Table II : 
Popular Answers:
Beck: two people
Piotrowski: four-legged animal (34%, gray parts)
Dana (France): animal: dog, elephant, bear (50%, gray)
A comment: Red details Table II are often seen as blood and are the most distinctive feature. The responses may include indications of how the subject can manage feelings of anger or aggression. This table can elicit a variety of sexual responses.
Table III : 
Popular Answers:
Beck: two people (gray)
Piotrowski: human figures (72%, gray)
Dana (France): human (76%, gray)
A comment: Table III as a rule, it is perceived as two people participating in an interaction, and can provide information about the subject's relationships and connections with other people (in particular, a delay in response can reveal difficulties in interpersonal, social interaction).
Table IV : 
Popular Answers:
Piotrowski: animal hide, hide carpet (41%)
A comment: Table IV characterized by dark color and shading (which makes it difficult for depressed, depressed subjects), and is often perceived as a large, and sometimes threatening, figure. Aggravated by the general impression of the subject, which being in a subordinate position ("Looking from the bottom up") at the table, serves to identify a sense of authority. The vision of a person or animal in the table is almost always classified as masculine rather than feminine, and these qualities expressed by the subject can indicate attitudes towards men and authorities.
Table V : 
Popular Answers:
Beck: bat, butterfly, moth
Piotrowski: butterfly (48%), bat (40%)
Dana (France): butterfly (48%), bat (46%)
A comment: Table V is easy to detail and not perceived as threatening. Provokes a "change of pace" in the test, after the previous more complex tables. There are several features that are of concern or complicate development. This is the easiest spot to get a good quality response.
Table VI : 
Popular Answers:
Beck: animal skin, fur, carpet
Piotrowski: animal skin, fur, carpet (41%)
Dana (France): animal skin (46%)
A comment: Texture is the dominant characteristic Table VI, which often evokes associations associated with close interpersonal interactions; The table is defined as a "sex spot", and probable sexual perceptions are reported on this table more frequently than on any other. Although other tables have a greater variety of image recognition of sexual content.
Table VII : 
Popular Answers:
Beck: human heads and faces (top)
Piotrowski: heads of women and children (27%, top)
Dana (France): human head (46%, top)
A comment: Table VII may be associated with femininity (human figures recognized in it are often described as women and children), and has a function as a "mother table", where difficulties in solving may be related to concerns about problems with female figures in the subject's life. The central feature is relatively often (although not the most popular answer) recognized as a vagina, which places this table in particular with regard to female sexuality.
Table VIII : 
Popular Answers:
Beck: animal, not cat and dog (pink)
Piotrowski: four-legged animal (94%, pink)
Dana (France): four-legged animal (93%, pink)
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