Psychological defense mechanisms

The purpose of psychological protection is to reduce emotional tension and prevent disorganization of behavior, consciousness and the psyche as a whole. Psychological defense mechanisms provide regulation, direction of behavior, reduce anxiety and emotional behavior(Berezin F.B.).

Negation

A psychological defense mechanism by which a person either denies certain frustrating, anxiety-producing circumstances, or denies some inner impulse or side of himself. As a rule, the action of this mechanism is manifested in the denial of those aspects of external reality, which, being obvious to others, are nevertheless not accepted, not recognized by the person himself. In other words, information that disturbs and can lead to conflict is not perceived. This refers to the conflict arising from the manifestation of motives that contradict the basic attitudes of the individual or information that threatens its self-preservation, self-respect, or social prestige.

As an outward process, "denial" is often contrasted with "repression", as a psychological defense against internal, instinctive demands and urges. It is noteworthy that the authors of the IZHS methodology (Life Style Index) explain the presence of increased suggestibility and gullibility in hysteroid personalities by the action of the mechanisms of denial, with the help of which unwanted, internal unacceptable traits, properties or negative feelings towards the subject of experience are denied from the social environment. "Negation" as a psychological defense mechanism, as experience shows, is realized in conflicts of any kind and is characterized by an outwardly distinct distortion of the perception of reality.

crowding out

Sigmund Freud considered this mechanism (its analogue is "suppression") the main way to protect the infantile "I", unable to resist the temptation. In other words, "repression" is a defense mechanism by which impulses that are unacceptable to the individual: desires, thoughts, feelings that cause anxiety become unconscious. According to most researchers, this mechanism underlies the action and other protective mechanisms of the individual. The repressed (suppressed) impulses, not finding resolution in behavior, nevertheless retain their emotional and psycho-vegetative components. For example, a typical situation is when the content side of a traumatic situation is not realized, and a person represses the very fact of some unseemly act, but the intrapsychic conflict persists, and the emotional stress caused by it is subjectively perceived as externally unmotivated anxiety. That is why repressed drives can manifest themselves in neurotic and psychophysiological symptoms. As studies and clinical experience show, many of the properties most commonly displaced are personal qualities and actions that do not make a person attractive in the eyes of oneself and others, such as envy, malevolence, ingratitude, etc. It should be emphasized that psychotraumatic circumstances or unwanted information are really forced out of a person's consciousness, although outwardly this may look like an active opposition to memories and introspection.

In the questionnaire, the authors included in this scale questions related to the less known mechanism of psychological protection - "isolation". With "isolation", the psychotraumatic and emotionally reinforced experience of the individual can be realized, but at a cognitive level, isolated from the affect of anxiety.

Regression

In classical concepts, "regression" is seen as a psychological defense mechanism, through which a person in his behavioral reactions seeks to avoid anxiety by moving to earlier stages of libido development. With this form of defensive reaction, a person exposed to frustrating factors replaces the solution of subjectively more complex tasks with relatively simpler and more accessible ones in the current situations. The use of simpler and more familiar behavioral stereotypes significantly impoverishes the general (potentially possible) arsenal of the prevalence of conflict situations. This mechanism also includes the “realization in action” protection mentioned in the literature, in which unconscious desires or conflicts are directly expressed in actions that prevent their awareness. The impulsiveness and weakness of emotional-volitional control, characteristic of psychopathic personalities, are determined by the actualization of this particular defense mechanism against the general background of changes in the motivational-need sphere towards their greater simplicity and accessibility.

Compensation

This mechanism of psychological protection is often combined with "identification". It manifests itself in attempts to find a suitable replacement for a real or imagined defect, a defect of an unbearable feeling with another quality, most often with the help of fantasizing or appropriating the properties, virtues, values, behavioral characteristics of another person. Often this happens in situations of need to avoid conflict with this person and increase a sense of self-sufficiency. At the same time, borrowed values, attitudes or thoughts are accepted without analysis and restructuring and therefore do not become part of the personality itself.

A number of authors reasonably believe that "compensation" can be considered as one of the forms of protection against an inferiority complex, for example, in adolescents with antisocial behavior, with aggressive and criminal actions directed against a person. Probably, here we are talking about hypercompensation or a regression close in content with a general immaturity of the MPZ.

Another manifestation of compensatory defense mechanisms may be the situation of overcoming frustrating circumstances or situations by oversatisfaction in other areas - for example, a physically weak or timid person who is unable to respond to the threat of reprisal finds satisfaction by humiliating the offender with the help of a sophisticated mind or cunning. People for whom "compensation" is the most characteristic type of psychological defense often turn out to be dreamers looking for ideals in various fields vital activity.

Projection

At the heart of "projection" is the process by which feelings and thoughts that are unconscious and unacceptable to the individual are localized outside, attributed to other people, and thus become a fact of consciousness, as it were, secondary. A negative, socially unapproved connotation of the feelings and properties experienced, for example, aggressiveness, is often attributed to others in order to justify one's own aggressiveness or hostility, which is manifested, as it were, for protective purposes. Examples of hypocrisy are well known, when a person constantly ascribes to others his own immoral aspirations.

Another type of projection is less common, in which significant persons (more often from the microsocial environment) are assigned positive, socially approved feelings, thoughts or actions that can uplift. For example, a teacher who has not shown special abilities in his professional activity tends to endow his beloved student with talent in this particular area, thereby unconsciously elevating himself ("... to the winner of the student from the defeated teacher").

substitution

A common form of psychological protection, which in the literature is often referred to as "displacement". The action of this defense mechanism is manifested in the discharge of repressed emotions (usually hostility, anger), which are directed to objects that are less dangerous or more accessible than those that caused negative emotions and feelings. For example, an open manifestation of hatred towards a person, which can cause an undesirable conflict with him, is transferred to another, more accessible and not "dangerous". In most cases, substitution resolves the emotional tension that arose under the influence of a frustrating situation, but does not lead to relief or achievement of the goal. In this situation, the subject may perform unexpected, sometimes meaningless actions that resolve internal tension.

A number of researchers interpret the meaning of this defense mechanism much more broadly, including in it not only the replacement of the object of action, but also its source, and the action itself, meaning by this various options for replacing activity.

The authors of the IZHS methodology are not inclined to such an expansive interpretation of this protective mechanism and interpret it in the manner described above, although Z. Freud considered substitution one of the "basic ways of functioning of the unconscious" (Freud 3., 1986).

Intellectualization

This defense mechanism is often (especially in the psychotherapeutic literature) referred to as "rationalization". The authors of the methodology combined these two concepts, although their essential meaning is somewhat different. Thus, the action of intellectualization manifests itself in a fact-based overly "mental" way of overcoming a conflict or frustrating situation without experiencing. In other words, a person stops experiences caused by an unpleasant or subjectively unacceptable situation with the help of logical attitudes and manipulations, even in the presence of convincing evidence in favor of the opposite. The difference between intellectualization and rationalization, according to F.E. Vasilyuk (1984), is that it, in essence, is "a departure from the world of impulses and affects to the world of words and abstractions." When rationalizing, a person creates logical (pseudo-reasonable), but plausible justifications for his or someone else's behavior, actions or experiences caused by reasons that he (the person) cannot recognize because of the threat of loss of self-esteem. With this method of protection, there are often obvious attempts to reduce the value of experience inaccessible to the individual. So, being in a situation of conflict, a person protects himself from its negative action by reducing the significance for himself and other reasons that caused this conflict or a traumatic situation. Also, sublimation was included in the scale of intellectualization-rationalization as a psychological defense mechanism, in which repressed desires and feelings are exaggeratedly compensated by others corresponding to the highest social values ​​professed by the individual.

Jet formations

This type of psychological defense is often identified with hypercompensation. The personality prevents the expression of thoughts, feelings or actions that are unpleasant or unacceptable to it by exaggerating the development of opposite aspirations. In other words, there is, as it were, a transformation of internal impulses into their subjectively understood opposite. For example, pity or caring can be seen as reactive formations in relation to unconscious callousness, cruelty, or emotional indifference.

Determination of the leading psychological defense mechanisms (Life Style Index)

Psychological defense strategies in communication

peacefulness

A psychological strategy for protecting the subjective reality of a person, in which intelligence and character play a leading role.

The intellect extinguishes or neutralizes the energy of emotions in cases where there is a threat to the Self of the individual. Peacefulness presupposes partnership and cooperation, the ability to compromise, make concessions and be pliable, the readiness to sacrifice some of one's interests in the name of the main thing - the preservation of dignity.

In some cases, peacefulness means adaptation, the desire to yield to the pressure of a partner, not to aggravate relations and not get involved in conflicts, so as not to test one's self. Intelligence alone, however, is often not enough for peacefulness to become the dominant defense strategy. It is also important to have a suitable character - soft, balanced, sociable. Intelligence in an ensemble with a "good" character creates a psychogenic prerequisite for peacefulness. Of course, it also happens that a person with an unimportant character is also forced to show peacefulness. Most likely, he was "broken off by life", and he made a wise conclusion: one must live in peace and harmony. In this case, his defense strategy is conditioned by experience and circumstances, that is, it is sociogenic. In the end, it is not so important what drives a person - nature or experience, or both together - the main result is whether peacefulness acts as the leading strategy of psychological defense or manifests itself only sporadically, along with other strategies.

It should not be assumed that peacefulness is an irreproachable strategy for protecting the Self, suitable in all cases. Solid or sugary peacefulness is proof of spinelessness and lack of will, loss of self-esteem, which is precisely what psychological protection is designed to protect. The winner should not become a trophy. It is best when peacefulness dominates and is combined with other strategies (their soft forms).

Avoidance

Psychological strategy for the protection of subjective reality, based on saving intellectual and emotional resources.

The individual habitually bypasses or leaves the zones of conflict and tension without a fight when his Self is attacked. At the same time, he openly does not waste the energy of emotions and minimally strains the intellect. Why is he doing this? The reasons are different. Avoidance is psychogenic in nature if it is due to the natural characteristics of the individual. He has weak innate energy: poor, rigid emotions, mediocre mind, sluggish temperament.

Another option is possible: a person has a powerful intellect from birth to get away from tense contacts, not to get involved with those who annoy his Self. True, observations show that one mind is not enough for a dominant avoidance strategy. Smart people often actively involved in the defense of their subjective reality, and this is natural: the intellect is called upon to guard our needs, interests, values ​​and conquests. Obviously, the will is also needed.

Finally, such an option is also possible when a person forces himself to bypass sharp corners in communication and conflict situations, knows how to tell himself in time: “do not arise with your I”. To do this, you need to have a strong nervous system, will and, of course, life experience over his shoulders, which at the right moment reminds: “do not pull the blanket over you”, “do not spit against the wind”, “do not get into your trolleybus”, “pass to the side”.

So what happens? The strategy of peacefulness is built on the basis of a good intellect and a accommodating character - very high demands on the individual. Avoidance is allegedly simpler, does not require special mental and emotional costs, but it is also due to increased demands on the nervous system and will. Aggression is another matter - using it as a strategy to protect your Self is as easy as shelling pears.

Aggression

Psychological strategy for protecting the subjective reality of the individual, acting on the basis of instinct.

The instinct of aggression is one of the "big four" instincts common to all animals - hunger, sex, fear and aggression. This immediately explains the indisputable fact that aggression does not leave the repertoire of emotional response. It is enough to take a mental look at typical situations of communication to see how common, easily reproducible and familiar it is in hard or soft forms. Its powerful energy protects the I of the individual on the street in the city crowd, in public transport, in line, at work, at home, in relationships with strangers and very close people, with friends and lovers. Aggressive can be seen from afar.

With an increase in the threat to the subjective reality of the personality, its aggression increases.

The personality and the instinct of aggression, it turns out, are quite compatible, while the intellect plays the role of a “transmission link” - with its help, aggression is “inflated”, “unwinds to its fullest”. The intellect works in transformer mode, amplifying aggression due to the meaning attached to it.

Diagnostics of the leading strategy of psychological defense in communication

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A. Freud suggested that the following "psychodynamic" mechanisms be considered protective: 1. Repression (suppression); 2. Regression; 3. Formation of reaction; 4. Insulation; 5. Denial (annulment) of the perfect action that is taking place; 6. Projection; 7. Introjection; 8. Appeal to one's own personality; 9. Turning into its opposite; 10. Sublimation. A. Freud, apparently, identified the movement mechanism with sublimation and therefore did not single it out as an independent protective mechanism. Subsequently, this list was supplemented with new mechanisms directed against external frustrators: 11. Escape (avoidance) from the situation; 12. Denial; 13. Identification; 14. Restriction "I". 15. Rationalization; 16. Fantasy; 17. Conversion; 18. Symbolization; 19. Move.

In the Dictionary of Psychiatry published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1975, twenty-three. Summarizing the list of only two classifications, L. I. Wasserman and co-authors give as an example a list of thirty-four psychological defense mechanisms.

Most modern psychologists recognize a certain set of defense mechanisms, the names of which have become almost universal. Protective mechanisms are usually subdivided into levels (from two to four), but there is still no consensus on the principles of this division and on where to attribute what protection. Let us take as a basis the classification described in the book by Nancy McWilliams, in which 2 levels of defense mechanisms are distinguished according to the degree of their “primitiveness”, depending on how much their use prevents the individual from adequately perceiving reality.

Primary Defense Mechanisms

• Almighty control- perception of oneself as the cause of everything that happens in the world.
• Dissociation- separating yourself from your unpleasant experiences.
• introjection, in particular Identification with the aggressor - the unconscious inclusion in one's inner world of the views, motives, attitudes, etc. of other people perceived from the outside.
• Negation- complete denial of awareness of unpleasant information.
• Primitive idealization- perception of another person as ideal and omnipotent.
• Primitive Isolation, in particular, defensive fantasizing - a departure from reality to another mental state.
• Projective identification- when a person imposes on someone a role based on his projection.
• Projection- erroneous perception of their internal processes as occurring from the outside.
• Splitting the Ego- the idea of ​​someone as only good or only bad, with the perception of his inherent qualities that do not fit into such an assessment, as something completely separate.
• Somatization or Conversion- the tendency to experience somatic distress in response to psychological stress and seek medical attention in connection with such somatic problems.

Secondary Defense Mechanisms

• Cancellation or Reimbursement- an unconscious attempt to "cancel" the effect of a negative event by creating some kind of positive event.
• crowding out, suppression or Repression- in everyday sense "forgetting" unpleasant information.
• Displacement, substitution or Bias- in the everyday sense "search for a scapegoat."
• Ignoring or Avoidance- control and limitation of information about the source of the frightening psychological impact or into a distorted perception of such an impact, its presence or nature.
• Identification- identification with another person or group of people.
• Isolation of affect- removal of the emotional component of what is happening from consciousness.
• Intellectualization- an unconscious desire to control emotions and impulses based on a rational interpretation of the situation.
• Compensation or Hyper compensation- covering up one's own weaknesses by emphasizing strengths or overcoming frustration in one area by oversatisfaction in other areas.
• Moralization- search for a way to convince yourself of the moral necessity of what is happening.
• acting out, Outward reaction or Discharge- removal of emotional stress by playing situations that led to a negative emotional experience.
• Turn against yourself me or Autoaggression- redirection of the negative affect in relation to the external object to itself.
• Separate thinking- the combination of mutually exclusive attitudes due to the fact that the contradiction between them is not recognized.
• Rationalization- an explanation to oneself of one's behavior in such a way that it seems reasonable and well controlled.
• Jet formation- protection from forbidden impulses, with the help of expression in behavior and thoughts of opposite impulses.
• Reversion- playing a life scenario, with a change in the places of the object and subject in it.
• Regression- return to childish, childish patterns of behavior.
• sexualization or instinctualization- the transformation of something negative into positive, by attributing a sexual component to it.
• Sublimation- redirecting impulses to socially acceptable activities.

Consider some types of psychological protection in more detail.

Almighty control- the feeling that you are able to influence the world, have power, is undoubtedly a necessary condition for self-respect, originating in infantile and unrealistic, but at a certain stage of development, normal fantasies of omnipotence. The first to arouse interest in the "stages of development of a sense of reality" was S. Ferenczi (1913). He pointed out that in the infantile stage of primary omnipotence, or grandiosity, the fantasy of having control of the world is normal. As the child matures, it naturally transforms at a subsequent stage into the idea of ​​a secondary "dependent" or "derivative" omnipotence, where one of those who originally cares for the child is perceived as omnipotent.

Negation- this is the desire to avoid new information that is not compatible with the prevailing positive ideas about oneself. Denial is seen as a refusal to recognize a traumatic reality, as a self-preservation technique that builds psychological barrier on the path of the destructive penetration of tragedy into the inner world of a person, into his value-semantic system. It allows a person to process tragic situations gradually, in stages. Avoidance may arise as a natural way to move away from stress (punishment) and its source (parents). Children whose behavior has been altered by strong physical punishment are more likely to be prone to unconscious denial of the norms that they were trying to instill in this way.

Primitive idealization- Ferenczi's thesis about the gradual replacement of primitive fantasies of one's own omnipotence by primitive fantasies about the omnipotence of a caring person is still important. We all tend to idealize. We carry the remnants of the need to ascribe special dignity and power to people on whom we are emotionally dependent. Normal idealization is an essential component of mature love. And the developmental tendency to de-idealize or devalue those to whom we have childhood affection seems to be a normal and important part of the process of separation - individualization. A by-product of idealization and the belief in perfection that goes with it is that one's own imperfections are especially painful; merging with the idealized object is a natural remedy in this situation.

Primitive Isolation- psychological withdrawal into another state is an automatic reaction that can be observed in the tiniest human beings. An adult version of the same phenomenon can be observed in people who isolate themselves from social or interpersonal situations and replace the tension that comes from interactions with others with the stimulation that comes from the fantasies of their inner world. The propensity to use chemicals to change the state of consciousness can also be seen as a form of isolation. Constitutionally sensitive people often develop a rich inner fantasy life and experience the outside world as problematic or emotionally poor.

Projection- a type of protection that is associated with the unconscious transfer of unacceptable own feelings, desires and aspirations to others, in order to shift the responsibility for what is happening inside the "I" - to the world. To this end, the boundaries of the "I" are expanded so that the person to whom the transfer is carried out is inside them. Then in this common space it is possible to carry out a projection and thereby bring hostility to one's own ideas and states outward.

After projecting, by treating them as external, one avoids having to accept them as one's own. Due to this, his awareness of his guilt is completely blocked, since he transfers responsibility for his actions to others. In this regard, the projection acts as an attempt to cope with dissatisfaction with oneself by attributing certain qualities or feelings to other people. Such a reorientation allows you to protect yourself from the rejection of yourself by others. Along with this positive effect comes the vision of the world as a threatening environment. And if the environment threatens, then this justifies one's own criticality and excessive rejection of the environment. When projection is emphasized among other defense mechanisms, the following may increase in character: pride, pride, vindictiveness, resentment, ambition, jealousy, intolerance to objections, a tendency to incriminate others

crowding out associated with the avoidance of internal conflict by actively turning off from consciousness not information about what happened in general, but only the true, but unacceptable motive of one's behavior. We can say that the global meaning of fully conscious actions, deeds and experiences remains unconscious. Repression performs its protective function, not allowing desires that run counter to moral values ​​into consciousness, and thus ensures decency and prudence. It is directed at what was previously realized, at least partially, but became forbidden a second time, and therefore is retained in memory. In the future, this repressed impulse is not allowed to penetrate into the field of consciousness as the cause of this act. The exclusion of the motive of experience from consciousness is tantamount to forgetting it. The reason for this forgetting is the intention to avoid the discomfort caused by this memory.

At suppression, as in repression, protection manifests itself in blocking unpleasant, unwanted information, but this blocking is carried out either when it is transferred from the perceiving system to memory, or when it is brought out of memory into consciousness. Suppression comes into play only when the tendency to undesirable action reaches a certain strength. Under these conditions, the corresponding traces are provided, as it were, with special marks, which make it difficult for the subsequent arbitrary memory of the event as a whole - they block them. At the same time, the information marked in this way is stored in the memory. In suppression, fear is blocked by forgetting the real stimulus and the circumstances associated with it by association. Usually, suppression is manifested by restraining the emotion of fear and overcoming dependence on the aggressor.

substitution- this is protection from a disturbing or even unbearable situation by transferring the reaction from an "inaccessible" object to another object - "available", or replacing an unacceptable action with an acceptable one. Due to this transfer, the tension created by the unmet need is discharged. This protection mechanism is related to response redirection. When the desired response path to satisfy a need is closed, then something related to the fulfillment of this desire is looking for another way out. It is essential that the greatest satisfaction from an action that replaces the desired occurs when their motives are close, that is, they are located on neighboring or close levels of the personality's motivational system. Substitution provides an opportunity to deal with anger that cannot be expressed directly and with impunity. It has two different forms: object substitution and need substitution. In the first case, stress is relieved by transferring aggression from a stronger or more significant object (which is the source of anger) to a weaker and more accessible object or to oneself.

Features of the protective behavior of people with an accentuation of protection by the type of substitution are impulsiveness, irritability, exactingness towards others, rudeness, irascibility, protest reaction in response to criticism. Often there is a passion for "combat" sports (boxing, wrestling, etc.). Such people prefer films with scenes of violence, and they choose a profession associated with risk. Along with accentuation by the type of substitution, cruelty, uncontrollable aggressiveness and immorality can be detected.

Identification- a kind of projection associated with unconscious identification of oneself with another person, transferring desired feelings and qualities onto oneself. This elevation of oneself to another is also carried out by expanding the boundaries of the "I". However, unlike projection, the process is directed in the other direction. Not from myself, but to myself. Due to these movements, projection and identification ensure the interaction of the individual with the surrounding social environment, create a sense of identification that is indispensable for the process of socialization. Identification is associated with a process in which a person, as if including another in his "I", borrows his thoughts, feelings and actions. Having moved his "I" in this common space, he can experience a state of unity, sympathy, complicity, sympathy, i.e., feel the other through himself and thereby not only understand him much deeper, but also rid himself of the feeling of remoteness and the resulting feeling of anxiety.

This defense mechanism is used as an unconscious modeling of the relationship and behavior of another person, as a way to increase self-esteem. One of the manifestations of identification is caution - self-identification with the expectations of other people. It is important to pay attention to the fact that the formation of identification has as its consequence the restriction of aggression against the person with whom they are identified. A person whose leading defense mechanism is identification tends to go in for sports, collecting, and writing. With accentuation, manifestations of arrogance, audacity and ambition are possible.

Intellectualization called option more high level isolation of affect from intellect. The person using isolation usually says that he does not have feelings, while the person using intellectualization talks about feelings, but in such a way that the listener is left with the impression of lack of emotions.

Intellectualization holds back the usual overflow of emotion in the same way that isolation holds back traumatic overstimulation. When a person can act rationally in a situation saturated with emotional meanings, this indicates a significant strength of the ego, and in this case the defense is effective.

Rationalization- this is a defense associated with the awareness and use in thinking of only that part of the perceived information, thanks to which one's own behavior appears as well controlled and does not contradict objective circumstances. The essence of rationalization is in finding a place for a tested impulse or a perfect act in a person's system of internal guidelines, values, without destroying this system. This is a search for reasonable explanations after the fact, in order to obtain indulgences for oneself. To do this, the unacceptable part of the situation is removed from consciousness, transformed in a special way and, after that, is realized, but in a changed form. This type of protection is more often used by people with strong self-control. One type of rationalization evasiveness. Persons inclined to this kind of defense are often like the characters in those fairy tales in which the hero, being persecuted, turns into a fish; not feeling safe even in this guise, it turns into a deer, and if they catch up with it, it turns into a bird and flies away. It is difficult to bind them with any of their promises, they refuse everything they said, assuring that they had in mind something completely different. At the same time, from a subjective point of view, they are true. After all, the truth is what a person says and thinks when he does not lie. When he speaks the truth. But it is not at all necessary that this truth corresponds to objective reality, truth.

Moralization is a close relative of rationalization. When someone rationalizes, he unconsciously looks for acceptable, from a reasonable point of view, justifications for the chosen decision. When he moralizes, this means: he is obliged to follow in this direction. Rationalization shifts what a person wants into the language of reason, moralization directs these desires into the realm of justifications or moral circumstances.

Sometimes moralization can be seen as a more highly developed version of splitting. The tendency to moralize will be a late stage of the primitive tendency of the global division into good and bad. While the splitting in the child naturally occurs before the capacity of his integrated self to endure ambivalence, the solution in the form of moralizing through appeal to principles confuses the feelings that the developing self is capable of enduring. Moralization can be seen as the operation of the super-ego, although usually rigid and punishable.

Regression is a relatively simple defense mechanism. Social and emotional development never follows a strictly straight path; in the process of personality growth, fluctuations are observed, which become less dramatic with age, but never completely disappear. The sub-phase of reunification in the process of separation - individuation, becomes one of the tendencies inherent in every person. It is a return to a familiar way of doing things after a new level of competence has been achieved.

To classify this mechanism, it must be unconscious. Some people use repression as a defense more than others. For example, some of us react to the stress of growth and aging by getting sick. This variant of regression, known as somatization, is usually resistant to change and difficult to therapeutically intervene.

Sublimation- this is the substitution of the instinctive action of the realization of the goal and the use instead of it of another, which does not contradict the highest social values. Such a replacement requires acceptance, or at least

least familiarity with these values, that is, with the ideal standard, according to which excessive sexuality and aggression are declared anti-social. Sublimation promotes socialization through the accumulation of socially acceptable experiences. Therefore, this defense mechanism develops in children quite late. Thus, sublimation provides protection by transferring a person's sexual or aggressive energy, which is excessive in terms of personal and social norms, into another channel, into an acceptable and encouraged by society - creativity. Sublimation is a way of avoiding a different path of defusing tension. It is the most adaptive form of defense, as it not only reduces feelings of anxiety, but also leads to a socially approved outcome.

INTRODUCTION

Psychological protection- a system of mechanisms aimed at minimizing negative experiences associated with conflicts that threaten the integrity of the individual.

All people are subject to the influence of factors of the external and internal environment, which adversely affect the human psyche. With the help of psychological defense mechanisms, a person has always guarded and protected his psyche from stress.

Modern man also uses defense mechanisms. It is this circumstance that gives me the right to assert that this topic relevant and at present.

aim This work is to consider the mechanisms of psychological defense.

In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve several tasks, namely:

open the concept of psychological protection,

consider the main characteristics of protective mechanisms,

get acquainted with the types of psychological defense mechanisms.

1. THE CONCEPT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION

"Every day we do some things, say something, judge something and somehow justify our actions. At first glance, we do all this consciously, but is it always so in reality?" 1 Most often in these situations, psychological defense mechanisms are manifested, with the help of which a person overcomes conflicts that give rise to anxiety.

Psychological protection is a system of mechanisms aimed at minimizing negative experiences associated with conflicts that threaten the integrity of the individual.

The term "psychological defense" was first introduced by Sigmund Freud in 1894, in the work "Defensive neuropsychoses" and was used in a number of his subsequent works to describe the struggle of the "I" against painful or intolerable thoughts and affects. Freud meant by it first of all "repression", but later - in 1926 - in the appendix to the work "Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety", he states that the concept of "defense mechanism" refers to all the techniques that the "I" uses in conflict and which can lead to neurosis, leaving the word "repression" for a special method of protection.

The term was later developed in more detail by other psychoanalysts, most notably Anna Freud. At the moment, this concept, in one form or another, has entered the practice of most psychotherapists, regardless of the direction of psychology they adhere to.

2. Mechanisms of psychological defense

Protective behavior allows a person to protect himself from those problems that he cannot solve yet, allows you to remove anxiety, "get away from threatening reality." "Such mechanisms 'protect' the psyche, 'protect' it from excessive load" 2 .

The defense mechanisms themselves often give rise to more and more new problems, and a person hides his real problem, replacing it with new "pseudo-problems".

Psychoanalysts Calvin Hall and Gardner Lindsay identified two main characteristics of defense mechanisms:

denial or distortion of reality,

action on an unconscious level - this is their difference from various behavioral strategies, including manipulative ones.

The perception of not only internal but also external reality is subject to distortion and denial: the “I” can protect itself both by ignorance of the existence of certain needs and instincts, and by ignorance of the existence of external objects.

Most often, people use defense mechanisms not one at a time, but in combination. In addition, most people have a tendency to "prefer" some protections over others, as if their application was a matter of habit.

2.1. Types of protective mechanisms.

There is no universally accepted classification of the defense mechanisms of the psyche, although many authors have published their own. The main complaints about most classifications are either insufficient completeness or excessive completeness.

The need to identify individual defense mechanisms is associated with the practical need of psychologists to identify and describe the most universal of the unconscious defense processes.

Most modern psychologists recognize a certain set of defense mechanisms, the names of which have become almost universal.

Consider the basic psychological defense mechanisms.

Crowding out.

Z. Freud considered this mechanism the main way to protect the infantile "I", unable to resist the temptation. "Repression" is a defense mechanism by which impulses of desire, thoughts, feelings that cause anxiety, which are unacceptable for a person, are "expelled from consciousness" and transferred to the sphere of the unconscious. At the same time, they influence the behavior of the individual, manifesting themselves in the form of anxiety, fear, etc.

“Describing this phenomenon, 3. Freud cites an interesting observation by C. Darwin: “For many years,” C. Darwin writes in his autobiography, “I followed the golden rule; namely: when I came across a published fact, observation or idea that contradicted the main results of my research, I immediately wrote it down; I have found from experience that such facts and ideas slip from memory much more easily than favorable ones.

Intentional suppression of traumatic feelings and memories is not uncommon, but it is not repression. repression is not intentional.

Sometimes difficulties are accompanied not only by memories of the traumatic event itself, but also by neutral incidents associated with it, then repression is called motivated forgetting.

Substitution.

This is a common form of psychological defense and is sometimes referred to as "shifting". It is associated with the transfer of an action from an inaccessible object to an accessible one. Those feelings that should have been directed to a disturbing object are transferred to another more accessible and not "dangerous" one. For example, "aggression towards superiors is sometimes vented on members of the worker's family" 5 . There is another type of substitution, when one feeling is replaced by the opposite. "In television coverage of football matches, we often see how an attacker who misses the goal sends a bounced ball with a strong blow, and in any direction. In this way, the accumulated energy is discharged" 6 .

Identification.

It is a defense mechanism in which a person identifies with someone else. In the process of identification, one person unconsciously becomes like another. Identification leads to imitation of the actions and experiences of another person.

Identification also has a positive aspect: with its help, the individual assimilates social experience, masters new properties and qualities for him. "In the practice of upbringing, it is noticed that in the family the son identifies himself with his father, and the daughter with his mother. In labor relations, a young specialist finds an example for himself, a role model that he can focus on, striving to master professional skills" 7 .

Negation.

It is a process of eliminating, ignoring negative, anxiety-provoking circumstances. As a rule, the action of this mechanism is manifested in the denial of those aspects of external reality that, being obvious to others, are not accepted, are not recognized by the person himself. This mechanism is known as the "ostrich position". “The first reaction of a patient who learns from a doctor about a serious illness will be: “I don’t believe it, it can’t be!” " 8 . In the case of the action of this protective reaction of the psyche, if any information negative for him arises in the zone of perception of a person, he unconsciously denies its existence.

Projection.

During projection, a person attributes his own undesirable features to others, and in this way protects himself from the awareness of these same features in himself. "Thus, disliking someone and wishing harm to someone, a person, with the help of the projection mechanism, begins to sincerely think that it is he who is plotting something evil against him" 9 . "A miser, as a rule, sees in other people primarily greed ... and an aggressive personality considers everyone around cruel" 10 . Examples of hypocrisy are well known, when a person constantly ascribes to others his own immoral aspirations.

Sometimes there is another kind of projection, in which positive thoughts or actions are attributed to significant persons that are capable of uplifting.

Rationalization.

This is a defense mechanism that masks from the consciousness of the subject himself the true motives of his actions, thoughts and feelings, in order to ensure internal comfort, create his own positive self-image. Often this mechanism is used by a person to prevent the experience of guilt or shame. After performing some actions or deeds dictated by unconscious motives, a person tries to understand them, rationally explain them, attributing more noble motives to them. Such attempts can be perceived as an excuse to others or to oneself.

Regression.

In regression, a person, in order to avoid neurotic conflict, unconsciously returns, as it were, to that period of the past, to early, childish types of behavior that were successful at that stage. That is, regression is "the return of a personality from higher forms of behavior to lower ones" 11 .

Thus, an adult in difficult situations seeks to avoid internal anxiety, loss of self-esteem. I often evaluate regression as a negative personal mechanism (for example, infantilism). "Infantility - in psychology is understood as a feature of the mental make-up of a person, in which traits are found that are characteristic of an earlier age, such as instability, immaturity of judgments, capriciousness, subordination, lack of independence" 12.

Reactive formations.

In the case of this defensive reaction, a person unconsciously translates the transformation of one mental state into another (for example, hatred into love, and vice versa). This mechanism is very curious, because indicates that the real actions of a person are unimportant, because they can only be the result of a veiled distortion of his true desires. For example, excessive anger in other cases is only an unconscious attempt to veil interest and good nature, and ostentatious hatred is the result of love that frightened a person who unconsciously decided to hide it behind an attempt to openly splash out negativity.

Psychological defense mechanisms are used for an adequate self-assessment of the individual, but they are needed not only by professional psychotherapists. They are unconsciously used by almost all people. Knowing the mechanisms of psychological defense helps to work with one's consciousness, understand the behavior and consciousness of other people, and also try to correct and correct one's actions and deeds.

CONCLUSION

The concept of "psychological defense" was introduced by Z. Freud to denote the struggle of the "I" against painful thoughts. With the help of protective mechanisms, a person protects the psyche from negative emotions and experiences.

Defense mechanisms have 2 characteristics: denial and action on an unconscious level.

Main types mechanisms are:

repression - a mechanism by which unpleasant thoughts are "expelled" from consciousness;

substitution - the transfer of emotions from one object to a more acceptable replacement;

identification - identifying oneself with someone else;

denial - unconscious denial of existing negative information;

projection - attributing one's own unwanted traits to other people;

rationalization - the process when a person unconsciously invents logical judgments and conclusions to explain his failures;

regression - the action of this mechanism lies in the fact that a person, in order to avoid conflict, unconsciously, as it were, returns to that period of the past when everything was fine with him;

reactive formations - the action of this mechanism is the unconscious transformation of one mental state into another.

Most often, people use defense mechanisms not one at a time, but in combination.

In my work was given only a short list of mechanisms that uses its protection. But at the same time, the considered mechanisms give an idea of ​​the features of interpersonal interactions. At the same time, the very fact of the existence of protective mechanisms in the psyche brings us closer to understanding the mechanisms of the influence of one person on another.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Averchenko L.K., Andryushina T.V. Psychology and pedagogy. - M.: INFRA-M, 1999.

Godfroy J. What is psychology. Volume 2. - M.: Mir, 1992.

Dubrovina I.V. Psychology: Textbook for students. avg. ped. textbook Institutions. - M.: SPHERE, 2005. S. 464.

Leibin V.M. Psychoanalysis. 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008.

Meshcheryakova B.G., Zinchenko V.P. Big psychological dictionary. – M.: Prime-Eurosign, 2003.

Freud A. Psychology I and protective mechanisms. - M .: Pedagogy, 1993.

Freud. Z. Psychology of the unconscious. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008.

Psychological protection works on an unconscious or subconscious level, and often a person cannot control his defense mechanisms of the psyche if he knows nothing about them. (Lifestyle index - test)

Psychological protection and the destructive action of the protective mechanisms of the human psyche

In addition to the protective function psychological protection of a person can also have a destructive effect on the personality, it can prevent the personality from growing and developing, achieving success in life.

This occurs when the repetition of a certain defense mechanism of the psyche in similar life situations, but some situations, although similar to the one that initially caused protection, still do not need it, because. a person is able to consciously solve this problem.

Also, psychological defense becomes destructive for the individual in cases where a person uses several defenses at once.

A person who often uses defense mechanisms (let me remind you: this happens unconsciously) is doomed to the status of a “loser” in his life.

Psychological defenses of the individual not congenital, they are acquired during the socialization of the child, and the main source of development of certain defenses, as well as their use in life (for their intended purpose or destructive) are parents or persons replacing them. In short, the use of psychological defense by children depends on how and what kind of defense the parents use.

Psychological defenses have the closest connection with character accentuations, and the more pronounced the accentuation is, the more pronounced the protective mechanisms of the human psyche are.

Knowing the accentuation of character, their individual-personal psycho-physiological characteristics (personality theory), a person will be able to learn how to manage their psychological defenses and accentuations of character, (Program of psycho-correction of character) to achieve success in life, i.e. go from losers to winners. (Personality Theory 2)

Mechanisms of psychological defense of a person

These are such protective mechanisms of the psyche as: Repression, suppression, sublimation, intellectualization, rationalization, denial, projection, substitution, identification with the aggressor, regression, compensation and hypercompensation, reactive formation, reverse feeling and their components.

MECHANISMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION AND INDIVIDUAL-PERSONAL FEATURES:

This, in turn, can lead to self-loathing. Denial implies an infantile substitution of acceptance by others for attention on their part, and any negative aspects of this attention are blocked at the stage of perception, and positive ones are allowed into the system. As a result, the individual gets the opportunity to painlessly express feelings of acceptance of the world and himself, but for this he must constantly attract the attention of others in ways available to him.

Features of protective behavior in the norm: egocentrism, suggestibility and self-hypnosis, sociability, desire to be in the center of attention, optimism, ease, friendliness, ability to inspire confidence, confident demeanor, thirst for recognition, arrogance, boasting, self-pity, courtesy, willingness to serve, affective demeanor, pathos, easy tolerance of criticism and lack of self-criticism.

Other features include pronounced artistic and artistic abilities, a rich imagination, a penchant for practical jokes.

Preferred jobs in the arts and service industries.

Possible deviations (deviations) of behavior: deceit, a tendency to simulate, thoughtlessness of actions, underdevelopment of the ethical complex, a tendency to fraud, exhibitionism, demonstrative attempts at suicide and self-harm.

Diagnostic concept: hysteria.

Possible psychosomatic diseases (according to F. Alexander): conversion-hysterical reactions, paralysis, hyperkinesia, dysfunction of analyzers, endocrine disorders.

Type of group role (according to G. Kellerman): "the role of a romantic."

THE MECHANISM OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION _ SUPPRESSION - develops to contain the emotion of fear, the manifestations of which are unacceptable for positive self-perception and threaten to fall into direct dependence on the aggressor. Fear is blocked by forgetting the real stimulus, as well as all objects, facts and circumstances associated with it.

The suppression cluster includes mechanisms close to it: ISOLATION AND INTROJECTION. Isolation is subdivided by some authors into DISTANCE, DEREALIZATION and DEPERSANOLIZATION, which can be expressed by the formulas: “it was somewhere far and long ago, as if not in reality, as if not with me”.

In other sources, the same terms are used to refer to pathological disorders of perception.

Features of protective behavior are normal: careful avoidance of situations that can become problematic and cause fear (for example, flying on an airplane, public speaking, etc.), inability to defend one's position in a dispute, conciliation, humility, timidity, forgetfulness, fear of new acquaintances, pronounced tendencies to avoid and submit are rationalized, and anxiety is overcompensated in the form of unnaturally calm, slow behavior, deliberate equanimity, etc.

Character accentuation: anxiety (according to K. Leonhard), conformity (according to P.B. Gannushkin).

Possible behavioral deviations: hypochondria, irrational conformism, sometimes extreme conservatism.

Possible psychosomatic diseases (according to E. Bern): fainting, heartburn, loss of appetite, duodenal ulcer.

Diagnostic concept: passive diagnosis (according to R. Plutchik).

Type of group role: "the role of the innocent."

a defense mechanism - REGRESSION - develops in early childhood to contain feelings of self-doubt and fear of failure associated with taking the initiative. Regression implies a return in an exclusive situation to more ontogenetically immature patterns of behavior and satisfaction.

Regressive behavior, as a rule, is encouraged by adults who have an attitude towards emotional symbiosis and infantilization of the child.

The regression cluster also includes the MOTOR ACTIVITY mechanism, which involves involuntary irrelevant actions to relieve stress.

Features of defensive behavior are normal: weakness of character, lack of deep interests, susceptibility to the influence of others, suggestibility, inability to complete the work begun, slight mood swings, tearfulness, increased drowsiness and immoderate appetite in an exclusive situation, manipulation of small objects, involuntary actions (rubbing hands, twisting buttons, etc.), specific “childish” facial expressions and speech, a tendency to mysticism and superstition, heightened nostalgia, intolerance to loneliness, the need for stimulation, control, encouragement, consolation, the search for new experiences, the ability to easily establish superficial contacts, impulsiveness .

Accentuation of character (according to P.B. Gannushkin): instability.

Possible behavioral deviations: infantilism, parasitism, conformism in antisocial groups, alcohol and drug use.

Diagnostic concept: unstable psychopathy.

Possible psychosomatic illnesses: No data available.

Group role type:"the role of the child".

The defense mechanism of the psyche - COMPENSATION- ontogenetically the latest and cognitively complex protective mechanism, which is developed and used, as a rule, consciously. Designed to contain feelings of sadness, grief over a real or imaginary loss, loss, lack, lack, inferiority.

Compensation involves an attempt to correct or find a substitute for this inferiority.

The compensation cluster includes the following mechanisms: OVERCOMPENSATION, IDENTIFICATION, and FANTASY, which can be understood as compensation at the ideal level.

Features of protective behavior in the norm: behavior caused by the installation of serious and methodical work on oneself, finding and correcting one's shortcomings, overcoming difficulties, achieving high results in activities, serious sports, collecting, striving for originality, a penchant for memories, literary creativity.

Accentuation of character: distimism.

Possible deviations: aggressiveness, drug addiction, alcoholism, sexual deviations, promiscuity, kleptomania, vagrancy, insolence, arrogance, ambition.

Diagnostic concept: depression.

Possible psychosomatic diseases: anorexia nervosa, sleep disturbance, headaches, atherosclerosis.

Type of group role: "role of unifying".

Psychological protection - PROJECTION- develops relatively early in ontogeny to contain the feeling of rejection of oneself and others as a result of emotional rejection on their part. The projection involves attributing various negative qualities to others as a rational basis for their rejection and self-acceptance against this background.

Features of protective behavior are normal: pride, pride, selfishness, vindictiveness, vindictiveness, resentment, vulnerability, a heightened sense of injustice, arrogance, ambition, suspicion, jealousy, hostility, stubbornness, intractability, intolerance to objections, a tendency to incriminate others, the search for shortcomings, isolation, pessimism, hypersensitivity to criticism and comments, exactingness to oneself and others, the desire to achieve high performance in any kind of activity.

Possible deviations of behavior: behavior determined by overvalued or delusional ideas of jealousy, injustice, persecution, invention, own inferiority or grandiosity. On this basis, manifestations of hostility are possible, reaching the point of violent acts and murders. Less common are the sadistic-masochistic complex and the hypochondriacal symptom complex, the latter on the basis of distrust of medicine and doctors.

Diagnostic concept: paranoia.

Possible psychosomatic diseases: hypertension, arthritis, migraine, diabetes, hyperthyroidism.

Group role type: reviewer role.

mental protection - SUBSTITUTION- develops to contain the emotion of anger at a stronger, older or more significant subject acting as a frustrator, in order to avoid retaliatory aggression or rejection. The individual relieves tension by turning anger and aggression on a weaker animate or inanimate object or on himself.

Therefore, substitution has both active and passive forms and can be used by individuals regardless of their type of conflict response and social adaptation.

Features of protective behavior are normal: impulsiveness, irritability, exactingness towards others, rudeness, irascibility, protest reactions in response to criticism, uncharacteristic feelings of guilt, passion for “combat” sports (boxing, wrestling, hockey, etc.), preference for movies with scenes of violence (action movies, horror films, etc.), commitment to any activity associated with risk, a pronounced tendency to dominance is sometimes combined with sentimentality, a tendency to engage in physical labor.

Possible behavioral deviations: aggressiveness, uncontrollability, a tendency to destructive and violent actions, cruelty, immorality, vagrancy, promiscuity, prostitution, often chronic alcoholism, self-harm and suicide.

Diagnostic concept: epileptoidness (according to P.B. Gannushkin), excitable psychopathy (according to N.M. Zharikov), aggressive diagnosis (according to R. Plutchik).

Possible psychosomatic diseases: hypertension, arthritis, migraine, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, gastric ulcer (according to E. Bern).

Type of group role: "the role of the looking for a scapegoat."

Psychological defense mechanism - INTELLECTUALIZATION- develops in early adolescence to contain the emotion of expectation or anticipation for fear of experiencing disappointment. The formation of this mechanism is usually correlated with frustrations associated with failures in competition with peers.

It involves arbitrary schematization and interpretation of events to develop a sense of subjective control over any situation. This cluster includes the following mechanisms: CANCELLATION, SUBLIMATION and RATIONALIZATION.

The latter is subdivided into actual rationalization, anticipating, for oneself and for others, post-hypnotic and projective, and has the following methods: discrediting the goal, discrediting the victim, exaggerating the role of circumstances, asserting harm for good, overestimating what is available and self-discrediting.

Features of protective behavior are normal: diligence, responsibility, conscientiousness, self-control, a tendency to analysis and introspection, thoroughness, awareness of obligations, love of order, uncharacteristic bad habits, foresight, discipline, individualism.

Accentuation of character: psychasthenia (according to P.B. Gannushkin), pedantic character.

Possible deviations of behavior: inability to make a decision, substitution of activity for "reasoning", self-deception and self-justification, pronounced detachment, cynicism, behavior caused by various phobias, ritual and other obsessive actions.

Diagnostic concept: obsession.

Possible psychosomatic diseases: pain in the heart, vegetative disorders, spasms of the esophagus, polyuria, sexual disorders.

Type of group role: "the role of the philosophizer".

REACTIVE EDUCATION - a protective mechanism of the psyche, the development of which is associated with the final assimilation of "higher social values" by the individual.

Reaction formation develops to contain the joy of owning a certain object (for example, one's own body) and being able to use it in a certain way (for example, for sex and aggression).

The mechanism involves the development and emphasizing in the behavior of the opposite attitude.

Features of protective behavior in the norm: rejection of everything related to the functioning of the body and gender relations, expressed in various forms and with varying intensity, avoidance public baths, latrines, locker rooms, etc., a sharp negative attitude towards "indecent" conversations, jokes, films of an erotic nature (as well as with scenes of violence), erotic literature, strong feelings about violations of "personal space", accidental contact with other people (e.g. in public transport), emphasized desire to conform to generally accepted standards of behavior, relevance, concern for "decent" appearance, politeness, courtesy, respectability, disinterestedness, sociability, as a rule, high spirits.

Other features: condemnation of flirting and exhibitionism, abstinence, sometimes vegetarianism, moralizing, the desire to be an example for others.

Character accentuations: sensitivity, exaltation.

Possible behavioral deviations: pronounced inflated self-esteem, hypocrisy, hypocrisy, extreme puritanism.

Diagnostic concept: manic.

Possible psychosomatic diseases (according to F. Alexander): bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis.

This completes the description of the defense mechanisms of the human psyche.

I wish you all mental health!

Free consultation with a psychoanalyst.

Frequently Asked Questions to a Psychologist

Psychological defense mechanisms

Analyzing the issue of personal harmony, inner harmony, we must understand that a person can never really get rid of primary instincts, desires of a savage, desires of a primitive person in the psyche. Therefore, it is an important task to keep such desires in the unconscious. Don't let them get out. Therefore, the less time a person is in altered states of consciousness (alcohol intoxication, for example), the more likely it is that the censorship of the psyche (Super-I, Super-Ego) will be able to restrain the destructive desires of the unconscious, and protect the person himself from committing crimes.

Speaking about the censorship of the psyche, we should note that when information from the external, surrounding world enters the consciousness-subconscious of a person, such information is not perceived entirely, but the mechanism for verifying the incoming information, its selection, analysis, and distribution by brain areas is turned on. responsible for storing information. In this regard, it is appropriate to recall the so-called. defense mechanisms of the psyche, which play a certain role in the distribution of information between consciousness and subconsciousness.

Let us briefly consider such defense mechanisms as: repression, projection, identification, introjection, reactive formation, self-restraint, rationalization, annulment, splitting, denial, displacement, isolation, sublimation, regression and resistance.

crowding out

Repression is the process of exclusion from consciousness of thoughts, feelings, desires and drives that cause pain, shame or guilt. The operation of this mechanism can explain many cases of a person forgetting the performance of some duties, which, as it turns out, on closer examination, are unpleasant for him. Memories of unpleasant incidents are often suppressed. If any segment of a person's life path is filled with especially difficult experiences, amnesia can cover such segments. past life person.

Projection

During projection, a person attributes his own unwanted traits to others, and in this way protects himself from the awareness of these traits in himself. The projection mechanism allows you to justify your own actions. For example, unfair criticism and cruelty towards others. In this case, such a person unconsciously ascribes cruelty and dishonesty to those around him, and since those around him are like that, then in his mind his similar attitude towards them becomes justified. As a matter of fact, they deserve it.

Identification

Identification is defined as identifying oneself with someone else. In the process of identification, one person unconsciously becomes like another (the object of identification). Both individuals and groups can act as objects of identification. Identification leads to imitation of the actions and experiences of another person.

introjection

The traits and motives of persons to which a certain person forms various attitudes can be introjected. Often the object that is lost is introjected: this loss is replaced by the introjection of the object into one's self. Professor Z. Freud gave an example when a child who felt unhappy due to the loss of a kitten explained that he was now a kitten himself.

Jet formation

In the case of this defensive reaction, a person unconsciously translates the transformation of one mental state into another (for example, hatred into love, and vice versa). In our opinion, this fact is very important in assessing the personality of a person, because it indicates that real human actions, because they can only be the result of a veiled distortion of his true desires. For example, excessive anger in other cases is only an unconscious attempt to veil interest and good nature, and ostentatious hatred is the result of love that frightened a person who unconsciously decided to hide it behind an attempt to openly splash out negativity.

Self-restraint as an adaptation mechanism

The essence of the self-restraint mechanism is as follows: when a person realizes that his achievements are less significant compared to the achievements of other people working in the same field, then his self-esteem falls. In such a situation, many simply stop working. This is a kind of departure, a retreat in the face of difficulties. Anna Freud called this mechanism "self-limitation". She drew attention to the fact that such a process is characteristic of mental life throughout the development of personality.

Rationalization

Rationalization as a defensive process lies in the fact that a person unconsciously invents logical judgments and inferences to explain his failures. This is necessary to maintain your own positive self-image.

Cancellation

Cancellation is a mental mechanism that is designed to destroy thoughts or actions that are unacceptable to a person. When a person asks for forgiveness and accepts punishment, then an unacceptable act for him is canceled, and he can continue to live in peace.

Split

In the case of splitting, a person divides his life into the imperatives "good" and "bad", unconsciously removing everything indefinite, which may subsequently make it difficult for him to analyze the problem (a critical situation that causes mental discomfort as a result of development, for example, anxiety). Splitting is a kind of distortion of reality, as, in fact, other defense mechanisms, through the action of which a person seeks to escape from reality, replacing the true world with a false one.

Negation

In the case of the action of this protective reaction of the psyche, if any information negative for him arises in the zone of perception of a person, he unconsciously denies its existence. The presence of the fact of denying any events, etc., allows you to find out about the true intentions and causes of the anxiety of this person, since often he unconsciously denies not something that does not exist in reality, but something important for him, but that, according to a number of things known to him alone reasons for such a person is unacceptable. Those. a person denies what he tries to hide in the first place.

Bias

Such a protective function is expressed in the unconscious desire of a person to switch attention from an object of real interest to another, extraneous, object.

Insulation

In this case, there is an unconscious abstraction from any problem, excessive immersion in which can lead to the development of neurosis symptoms (for example, increase anxiety, anxiety, guilt, etc.) the nature of such activity, then such a thing may lead to a failure in the implementation of this activity. (If a boxer thinks all the time that the opponent's blows can cause pain and various kinds of injuries, or even lead to death as a result of a strong blow, then such a boxer will initially lose due to the inability to fight due to fear, etc.)

Sublimation

Sublimation is an unconscious switching of negative mental energy to socially useful work. Sublimation is expressed in the fact that a person experiencing some kind of neurotic conflict finds a replacement for internal anxiety by switching to another activity (creativity, chopping wood, cleaning an apartment, etc.)

Regression

Such a protective reaction of the psyche as regression is manifested in the fact that a person, in order to avoid a neurotic conflict, unconsciously returns to that period of the past, when everything was fine with him.

Resistance

Such a mechanism for protecting the psyche as resistance is very important both for understanding the specifics of defensive reactions in general, and it serves as an opportunity to move to a new stage in the development of an individual as a person, which, in favorable situations, helps him rise to the next step in the hierarchical ladder of social relations.

First of all, remember that the human psyche is divided into such components as consciousness (left hemisphere of the brain; approximately 10% of the volume), subconscious (unconscious, approximately 90% of the volume, right hemisphere), Super-Consciousness, or Super-I, Alter ego. Between consciousness and the unconscious is the censorship of the psyche (based in the left hemisphere); censorship of the psyche is a barrier of criticality on the way of information from the outside world and the psyche (brain) of a person, i.e. censorship of the psyche is given the role of critical analysis in assessing information coming from the outside world. Censorship lets some of this information into consciousness (which means that a person is able to be aware of this information), and some of it, encountering obstacles in the psyche, the Super-I (Alter-Ego, mental censorship), passes into the subconscious. From there, in consequence, to influence consciousness through emerging thoughts and the implementation of actions (actions - as a result of thoughts or unconscious, reflex, desires, instincts).

Resistance, being one of the protective functions (censorship) of the psyche, prevents the entry of information that is undesirable for consciousness into consciousness, being forced out into the unconscious. This becomes possible in cases where the nature of the new information, its semantic part, does not find a response in the soul of the individual, that is, at the initial level of perception, it becomes impossible to correlate this information with information that already exists in the unconscious of a particular person, information that, being in memory of the individual - begins to clearly resist the flow of new information. To the question: how the information coming from the outside world is fixed in the psyche, it should be answered that, most likely, there is a kind of coincidence of encodings (of newly received and previously existing) information, i.e. new information correlates with earlier information of similar content and direction, which by the time the new information arrived was already in the unconscious mind (formed in patterns of behavior after preliminary dominant fixation in attitudes).

When information influences the brain, it should be said that any kind of such influence becomes possible due to the suggestibility of the psyche. Suggestion in this case is a conscious change in a person's existing psychological attitudes through the activation of the archetypes of the unconscious psyche. Archetypes, in turn, involve early formed patterns of behavior. If we consider this from the standpoint of neurophysiology, then the corresponding dominant is activated in the human brain (focal excitation of the cerebral cortex), which means that the part of the brain that is responsible for consciousness slows down its work. In this case, the censorship of the psyche (as a structural unit of the psyche) is temporarily blocked or semi-blocked, which means that information from the outside world freely enters the preconscious, or even immediately into consciousness. Sometimes, bypassing consciousness, it passes into the subconscious. The personal unconscious of the psyche (subconsciousness) is also formed in the process of information displacement by the censorship of the psyche. At the same time, not all information coming from the outside world is forced out unconsciously into the subconscious. Part goes into the subconscious on purpose. For example, to feed the information already available in the unconscious and complete the formation of archetypes, or specifically for the purpose of forming new archetypes, patterns of the individual's future behavior. And this, in our opinion, must be properly understood and distinguished.

If we talk about how this or that information is displaced by the censorship of the psyche, going to the subconscious, then we should say that such information has not passed verification, i.e. did not receive a proper “response” in the soul of a person whose psyche evaluates such information. As pointed out by prof. Z. Freud (2003), any painful situations for the psyche of the individual, circumstances of life, i.e. everything that he unconsciously does not want to let into consciousness. In this case, the unwanted moments of life are forgotten, that is, deliberately repressed. Moreover, we recall that both resistance and repression are the ability of the psyche to get rid of neurosis. At the same time, new information, finding a “response in the soul”, will also strengthen the information of similar content that previously existed in the brain (the unconscious mind, the right hemisphere of the brain). As a result, it is quite possible that for some time a kind of information vacuum will arise, during which the brain will absorb any information coming from the outside world. This also occurs if special techniques manage to break a person's will to perceive information by overcoming resistance. Then any incoming information is directly deposited in the subconscious, and subsequently affects the consciousness. Psychotechnologies of hypnotic influence in the waking state of consciousness of a person (object of influence) are built on this principle. In other words, if we manage to break the resistance of another person on the way of receiving new information, then this new information will not only be deposited in his subconscious, but the person will also be able to perceive it in a cognitive (conscious) way. Moreover, by the strength of its own impact, such information can have an incomparably greater impact in comparison with the modality of the information that existed earlier in the psyche. If the modality coincides, then in this case the state of rapport comes easier, i.e. a secure connection is established whereby the person becomes receptive to receiving information from the other person.

Attention should be paid to the fact that the psyche almost always protests everything new, unknown. And this happens because, as it were, initially (when new information arrives), as we have already noticed, the individual components of such information are looking for “some kindred relationships” with information that existed in the subconscious before (“coding match”, as we define it). That is, when new information begins to be evaluated by the brain, the brain looks for something familiar in this information, through which it will either fix such information in the mind or force it out into the subconscious. If the codes of the new and previously existing information coincide, an associative connection arises between the new and existing information, which means that a certain contact is established, as a result of which the new information, as it were, falls on fertile ground, and having some basis under it, serves as an opportunity adapting new information, enriching it with symbolic, emotional and other components of already existing information, and then through transformation (without this, in any way, a person’s memory cannot but be updated), some new information is born, which already passes into consciousness, and therefore through the emerging in the unconscious of the psyche of thoughts - it is projected onto actions that, although in most cases (in the absence of altered states of consciousness) are the result of the activity of consciousness, taking their basis in the unconscious of the psyche, forming there. At the same time, we must say that resistance allows us to reveal the unconscious impulses of a person, his unconscious desires, attitudes that were previously laid down (by society, the environment or another person) in the psyche of this individual, and already in one way or another began to influence his real or future activity. In this case, it should be said that the subordination of the psyche of another person occurs by programming his psyche by introducing various settings into his subconscious, which can later be demanded by the manipulator (and then he activates them with the help of code signals of an auditory-visual-kinesthetic nature); moreover, the role of such a manipulator can be played by both specific individuals and society, the social environment, any natural factors, etc. Thus, we must say that any kind of information that is involved in any representational or signaling system of a person - either immediately deposited in the unconscious of the psyche or finds confirmation from the existing early information, thereby enriching and strengthening due to this - turns out to be able to influence consciousness, i.e. on the process of human life.

It should be noted that overcoming resistance, a person opens the psyche for the perception of new information. Moreover, there is a high probability of obtaining radically new information. After all, if earlier, as we said, some information was already present in the memory, then when new information is received, the censorship of the psyche unconsciously seeks confirmation of the newly received information in the storehouses of memory. Probably the psyche in this case should react in a certain way, and it reacts. Visually, this is noticeable by external changes that occur with a person in the “here and now” parallel (reddening or blanching of the skin of the face, dilated pupils, variants of catalepsy (stiffness of the body), etc.). At the same time, such changes can occur and not necessarily so noticeable, but still be caught by the eye of an experienced observer. Such changes indicate the onset, the possibility, of rapport (information contact) with the object of manipulation. And the probability that in this state the object will accept the information supplied to it without cuts is up to one hundred percent. Another question is that individuals are possible who cannot be brought into a state of rapport in the transcription “here and now”, but this, for example, can be done later. Anyway, everyone has states when he is most susceptible to information and psychological influence, to manipulation of his psyche, intrusion into his psyche and control of the psyche this person. Moreover, it is also possible to trace the choice of the right moment to the end, but for this it is necessary to have experience, knowledge, and a predisposition to this kind of realization of opportunities. Those. though relative, but abilities, and even better - talent. In this case, the probability of achieving the programming result is significantly increased.

As a result of the fact that the barrier of criticality is broken, the psyche begins to perceive new information with unprecedented force. Such information is deposited in the subconscious, and is reflected in the preconscious and consciousness. That is, in this case, we can say that the attack is being carried out, as it were, on several “fronts” at once. As a result, an unusually strong programming of the psyche is observed, the emergence of powerful, stable mechanisms (patterns of behavior) in the unconscious. In addition, after the creation of a similar one, the initiation of the emergence of more and more new mechanisms of a similar direction in the unconscious psyche is observed. However, now they find constant reinforcement both in the consciousness and in the preconscious. This means that not only the process of fixing the information once received in the subconscious is possible (not any information, but precisely the one that caused such a process, the information that, as a result of the receipt of which patterns began to form in the unconscious), but already such information begins to be activated , soon subordinating the thoughts and desires of the individual in the key indicated by the semantic load of this kind of information. At the same time, a very important factor in the processing of such information is the characteristics of the psyche of an individual. It is known that the same information may have no effect on one individual, and force another to almost radically change life.

The right brain, as we have already noted, extends into the spectrum of activity of the unconscious psyche. Whereas the left one forms a conscious personality. The right hemisphere thinks in images, feelings, grasping the picture, the left hemisphere analyzes information received from the outside world, the prerogative of logical thinking is the left hemisphere. The right hemisphere realizes emotions, the left - thoughts and signs (speech, writing, etc.). There are individuals who, in a completely new environment, have the impression of "already seen." This is a typical example of the activity of the right hemisphere. As a result, we can say that the activity of the brain is provided by two hemispheres, the right (sensory) and the left (sign, that is, it integrates the objects of the external world with the help of signs: words, speech, etc.). The complementarity of the activity of the two hemispheres is often manifested by the simultaneous presence in the psyche of the individual of rational and intuitive, rational and sensual. Hence the high efficiency of directive instructions to the brain in the form of such mechanisms of suggestive influence as orders, self-hypnosis, etc. This is due to the specifics of the activity of the psyche, when, speaking or hearing a speech, a person also turns on his imagination, which in this case significantly enhances this kind of impact.

In this case, one should once again pay attention to the need to break the resistance. It is known that resistance turns on when new information enters the brain (psyche), information that initially does not find a response in the human soul, does not find something similar to the information already in the memory. Such information does not pass the barrier of criticality and is forced out into the subconscious. However, if by an effort of will (that is, by using consciousness; will is the prerogative of the activity of consciousness) we can prevent repression, and force the brain to analyze the incoming information (the part of such information we need), then we will be able to overcome the resistance, which means that after some more at that time it will be possible to experience that state which we have called early satori, or illumination. Moreover, the effect of this will be incomparably higher than the information methodically and in a long way penetrated into the subconscious, later influencing the consciousness. In our case, in the event of a breakdown of the barrier of criticality, and hence resistance, we will achieve incomparably more, because in this case, for some time, the state of the so-called. "green corridor", when the incoming information passes almost completely and completely, bypassing the barrier of criticality. And just as quickly in this case there is a transition into consciousness both of their preconsciousness and from the unconscious. This means that we will no longer have to wait a long time, as in the case of the natural transition of information from the subconscious to consciousness, when such information begins its transition only when it finds a “response in the soul”, i.e. only when, clinging to similar information currently available in the mind (temporary information, because any information in the mind does not last long, and after a while, from the operative memory enters the long-term memory), it enters there. In the case of overcoming resistance, such information comes immediately, while changing the worldview of a person, because in this case consciousness is actively involved, and if something is realized by a person, then it is accepted as a guide to action.

It is also necessary to say that any kind of information that passes by the consciousness and subconscious of the individual, i.e. falling under the spectrum of action of his representational system (auditory, visual, and kinesthetic) and two signaling systems (feelings and speech) is invariably deposited in the subconscious.

Resistance can be conscious, preconscious, subconscious, it can be expressed in the form of emotions, thoughts, ideas, attitudes, fantasies, and so on. One form of resistance is silence. Resistance also includes avoiding topics that are painful for the human psyche; a story in general phrases about what actually caused a storm of emotions at one time; a long story about something secondary, unconsciously avoiding what may be really important for a person. Resistance is any unconscious unwillingness to change any established order in the conduct of conversations, meetings, forms of communication, and so on. The manifestation of resistance includes lateness, omissions, forgetting, boredom, acting out (manifested in the fact that a person tells different people about facts important to him), deliberate gaiety or sadness, great enthusiasm or a long high spirits. In this case, resistance can manifest itself in different ways, i.e. be explicit or implicit. For example, when receiving any information, a person may not outwardly show any emotions, but this is precisely evidence of resistance, because, according to Professor R. Greenson (psychoanalyst Marilyn Monroe), the absence of affect is observed just when actions are considered, which "should be extremely loaded with emotion". But at the same time, the remarks of a person are “dry, boring, monotonous and inexpressive.” (R. Greenson, 2003). Thus, we have an erroneous idea that the person himself is not interested, and the information received does not touch him. Just not, he is actively experiencing, but he strives not to show his true attitude to this or that situation just by unconsciously turning on resistance.

So, we have considered a far from complete list of existing protection mechanisms, but the enumeration of the main protections, in our opinion, can bring us closer to understanding the possible features of interpersonal interactions. At the same time, the very fact of the existence of protective mechanisms in the psyche brings us closer to understanding the mechanisms of the influence of one person on another.

Considering the issues of including neurotic defenses (and any defense of the psyche is a defense against a developing neurosis), we must pay attention to the fact that, according to Professor O. Fenichel (1945, 2005), anxiety and anger are the result of not getting the release of mental energy as a result of traumatic the psyche of circumstances, and represent the discharge of mental excitation. At the same time, attention should be paid to the fact that the protective mechanisms of the psyche restrain an excess of mental energy, but in the case of a predominance or repetition of a traumatic situation for the human psyche, an energy release is possible, resulting in the development of neuropsychic symptoms. At the same time, those who are predisposed to neurosis due to the constitution and infantile fixation will react with the development of neurosis even in response to minimal activation of infantile conflicts. And for someone, this will become possible only as a result of difficult life circumstances. By and large, we are dealing with psychoneuroses, i.e. with the reaction of the psyche to any conflict involving consciousness, subconsciousness and the world around. The basis of psychoneuroses is a neurotic conflict. Neurotic conflict is the result of a conflict between the tendency to discharge and the tendency to prevent it. (O. Fenichel, 2005). The severity of the desire for discharge depends both on the nature of the stimuli and, for the most part, on the physicochemical reactions of the organism. Tracing the psychoanalytic structure of the psyche, it should be noted that neurotic conflict is a conflict between the I (Id) and the Id (Ego). At the same time, it becomes clear that the motive for protecting the psyche is anxiety. It is with the help of defense mechanisms that the individual's psyche unconsciously escapes from the danger of external influence, i.e. from the impact of information from the outside world on the inner world of the individual. Moreover, a number of people in this case really have a conflict, because the incoming information has a negative impact, replacing the personality of the individual, and forcing him to commit actions that were not characteristic of him earlier. A person is saved from such an impact just by switching on the mechanisms of mental protection, which we briefly considered above.

In some cases, anxiety is replaced by guilt. The feeling of guilt in this case acts as one of the defenses of the psyche. In itself, the feeling of guilt is a sure sign of neurosis, is characterized by a long state of stable anxiety, and actually replaces the true "I" - a false image with which the personality of this person is forced to reckon. Such a neurotic simply has no choice but to actually adjust his life to the feeling of guilt that exists in his psyche. And the situation in most cases has quite serious consequences, because. forces the neurotic individual to perform actions, if controlled by consciousness, then at best partially; because unconscious desires rise up, contributing to the “silencing” of guilt, causing the strongest provocations of neurosis in the psyche of a person who is forced to perform actions aimed at fulfilling someone else’s will and thereby eliminating anxiety. Guilt is a person's conscience. And in this case, there is a very significant conflict, rooted in the understanding of the issue, because the constant satisfaction of the urges of conscience in a neurotic ultimately leads to negative consequences, the consequence of which is difficult adaptation in society, i.e. such a neurotic individual has broken contacts with the outside world, because his inner world is forced all the time to come into conflict between what needs to be done in order to survive in this world, and the dictates of the inner state of the soul. At the same time, the negative aspects of the existence of a sense of guilt for the personality of a neurotic can manifest itself in internal destructive urges of a sadistic-masochistic nature, consisting in intentional (unconscious, for the most part) infliction of implicit harm to one's health (smoking, drinking alcohol, dangerous driving, skydiving and other extreme sports).

Experiencing internal suffering from feelings of guilt, neurotics sometimes use some specific options for protecting themselves from feelings of guilt, which manifest themselves in the following: guilt can be repressed, projected (when someone else is accused of committing an undesirable act), or, for example, there is a censure , reproach to others for what they themselves could do; quite typical example with excessive obsession, sociability, sudden talkativeness. In this case, one should speak of a certain neurotic reaction, manifested in the neurotic's desire to drown out his own guilt by obtaining approval for what is internally experienced as forbidden. Isolation of feelings of guilt occurs when, for example, a neurotic commits some misdeed with a fairly noticeable emotional indifference, while for a completely harmless act he is quite sincerely remorseful.

It should be remembered that the protective mechanisms of the psyche for the psyche itself are a way to avoid neurosis. To establish contact and further influence on a person, it becomes possible to initially identify the protective mechanisms of his psyche (i.e., correctly interpret certain reactions of the body), so that later it becomes possible to establish rapport with a similar individual, and therefore after introducing him into a trance or a semi-trance state (depending on the individual characteristics of a particular psyche) to control such a person. It is also necessary to remember that rarely is anyone able to honestly and sincerely express their own feelings, thoughts, emotions, fantasies, desires, etc. Modern man, who is a child of society, has learned to hide feelings in the process of education necessary for adaptation in the world around him. Therefore, the task of influencing a person, on his psyche, is to reveal such mechanisms of concealment, and treat people as patients. And this is true, you just have to pay attention and observe the specifics of people's behavior. The nature of man already in itself forces him to be secretive. Moreover, this happens at an unconscious level and does not depend on the person himself. True, those individuals who, due to the geography of their residence (villages that are far from places of civilization, etc.) and their own moral preferences, have limited contact with the media and mass media, can still be as honest as possible, although civilization and culture put pressure on them. , and over time, in order to survive, they must make a choice: either to be like everyone else, i.e. lie, deceive, dodge, and in this case survive, become a full member of society, or remain honest and open to the end, which means becoming an outcast of society, and a follower of marginal positions, and as a result of this - to be deprived of the benefits of civilization. The choice is truly difficult, despite the fact that the majority is simply unconscious, since from the very birth their psyche is programmed by the mass media and information, which means that such people immediately begin to “play by the rules” and the laws of society.

Considering the human psyche, the depths of his consciousness, we must definitely dwell on the symptoms of neurotic addiction, because, in our opinion, this is an essential factor in the ability to control a person by a person. Indeed, manipulative influence is often carried out using all sorts of techniques aimed at provoking neurotic addiction in the object of manipulation. Moreover, the very form of existence of any kind of neurotic dependence (anxiety, fear, guilt, etc.) causes a certain discomfort in the human psyche, expressed in the need to adjust one’s own life to the symptoms of the disease existing in one’s psyche, and therefore is characterized by the inability of a person to live that the life he might want to live. At the same time, we must say that it is possible to cause neurotic dependence in each person to one degree or another. Depending on the state of the nervous system and the professional skills of such an individual, the duration of the neurosis, in which his psyche will be immersed, will simply differ. Therefore, one of the forms of manipulation of mental consciousness is the provocation of neurotic addiction in an individual or the masses.

Let's consider this issue in more detail. All people are divided into those whose neurosis is represented to a large extent (in this case, it is noticeable to others), those who live with symptoms of neurosis, but at the same time, neurosis does not prevent him from fulfilling his professional or social duties, only making it difficult in other ways. cases, their implementation, on those who think that he does not have a neurosis, but if you analyze the life of such a person, you can trace the presence of not clearly expressed forms of neurotic dependence in him, and those who are not able to understand themselves, but when analyzing them behavior becomes clear. It is known that the human psyche is represented by at least three components of a certain structural unity (consciousness, the unconscious, and censorship, or the Super-I). In the normal state, i.e. a state not dejected by any hardships, difficulties, unrest, intoxication, excessive fatigue, etc., the person is conscious. In such a state (a state of consciousness, or an ordinary state of consciousness, hereinafter referred to as OSS), an important role is played by the censorship of the psyche, which stands in the way between information coming from both the outside world (into the brain or psyche) and on the way of information from the inner world ( unconscious, subconscious). Censorship of the psyche is a kind of barrier of criticality, with the main role - to redistribute incoming information between the conscious and the subconscious (unconscious). It is also known that under a certain influence of various factors, the censorship of the psyche can weaken, and at such a time, information that could not previously overcome the barrier of criticality (which means that there was an obstacle on the way to its awareness, and as a result, there was a transfer to the unconscious) still ends up in consciousness, which means it can immediately influence a person's behavior in the context of "here and now". Previously, if the barrier of criticality was not overcome, such information was first deposited in the subconscious, and only when certain conditions were created that activate behavior patterns as a result of the coincidence of the encoding of the old and newly received information, it began to influence the consciousness, and hence the thoughts and subsequent actions of a person. When the censorship of the psyche is weakened, we should talk about the presence of a person in altered states of consciousness (hereinafter referred to as ASC). At the same time, it should be understood that the ASCs themselves are the result of any preliminary influences on the psyche, as a result of which the psyche temporarily loses its habitual ability to put up a barrier in the way of any information received from the outside world, information both through interpersonal communication and information received with the help of mass media (hereinafter referred to as QMS). In addition, it should be noted that the psyche of an individual can sink into ASC both independently (as a result, for example, of alcohol intoxication, depression, fear, outburst of emotions, etc.), and intentionally, as a result of purposeful actions on the part of the manipulator. In this case, the manipulator by any of his actions (words, deeds, etc.) provokes the psyche of the object of manipulation (the victim), which causes a clear temporary imbalance in the psyche of the latter (psychological discomfort, the result of which is a weakening of the censorship of the psyche), manifested in immersion in what -the time of such a person in the ASC, as a result, for example, of rage, outbursts of aggression, sadness, and so on. symptoms of manifestations of neurotic addiction or destructive behavior, when a person loses the ability to control himself through consciousness for some time, and for some time he stays in the so-called. state of affect. At the same time, we repeat, experienced manipulators (specialists who have completed a special training school in the special services, psychiatrists, some psychotherapists and psychologists, other persons, including those with innate or intuitively acquired abilities during their lives) can intentionally immerse another person in ASC, provoking, for example, first a neurotic state in him, and then programming such a person by means of psychological attitudes introduced into his subconscious, aimed at further subordinating such a person and fulfilling the will of the manipulator. In other words, a person can first be “pissed off” (disturb the emotional state with a word, gesture, deed, etc.), and then enter a code for him to perform a certain task or life behavior. And a person coded in this way will carry out the secret commands of the manipulator, unconsciously believing that he is doing things of his own free will. Also, when it becomes necessary for someone to fulfill your conditions, but being in the OSS (ordinary state of consciousness) he does not fulfill, the psyche of such a person should first be transferred to the ASS (altered state of consciousness) by means of purposeful influence, and then encoded to fulfill the necessary installations. At the same time, it is necessary to selectively approach work with each specific individual due to a number of features (i.e., take into account his education, life experience, family upbringing, geography of residence, intelligence, etc.) Manipulation in this case is carried out by influencing the subconscious, with activation archetypes of the collective unconscious.

It is known that an almost unlimited amount of information is stored in the unconscious mind (in the subconscious). Such information is formed in the process of human socialization (as a result of the involvement of representative and signal systems, i.e. this is information that enters the unconscious during a person’s life), genetically (through the DNA of parents), and also phylogenetically (experience of previous generations, t .n collective unconscious). At the same time, attention should be paid to the role of each of the listed methods of replenishing the unconscious psyche. It is impossible to predict how at one time or another the activity of the corresponding brain neurons will occur, which subsequently caused this or that reaction of a person. This depends on various factors, and is difficult to solve on the scale of the human psyche, but to some extent, as we have already noted, it is predicted (with a certain degree of conditionality, of course) in relation to any particular individual in particular, and masses in general. One such way is the following. As we have already said, the brain reads information from the outside world with the help of representational (visual, auditory, kinesthetic ...) and two signal systems (feelings, speech). Further, such information is invariably deposited in the subconscious, regardless of whether it was perceived by consciousness, or was immediately supplanted by psychic censorship (censorship is a barrier of criticality between consciousness and the unconscious). Once in the subconscious, such information is deposited in the depths of memory, and in some cases sooner or later passes into consciousness, or is stored in the subconscious, and from there it influences the consciousness. New information, upon entering the brain, can interact with already existing information, if, as the researcher S.A. Zelinsky noted, the signal encodings of new and old information coincide. In this case, patterns of behavior are formed (both new and existing ones can be strengthened); in addition, newly received information in the event of a coincidence of signal encodings not only fixes previously existing information in memory (this is partly the basis of the memorization process), but also, for example, if its perception by the brain takes place against the background of a certain emotional stress or, say, in ASC, or if such information activates any of the archetypes of the collective unconscious, then in any of these cases such information is capable of forming new patterns of behavior arising from psychological attitudes in the subconscious, formed as a result of the initial formation of the dominant (i.e. focal excitation in the cerebral cortex). In addition, it should be said that if information from the outside world turns out to be beneficially perceived by consciousness (i.e., it is passed by the censorship of the psyche, weakening the barrier of criticality), then in our opinion such information is even more firmly fixed in the depths of consciousness, and further reading of the signal for determination “friend or foe” is faster, which means that further, when new information is perceived from the outside world, the processes of selection-division into necessary or not necessary information for consciousness (i.e., the activity of the criticality barrier, censorship of the psyche) will occur much faster; which is quite understandable, since the previous information has already laid links-paths, which means that if some newly received information coincides in a coded signal (alphabetic, for example), then it immediately after determining the similarity with the previously existing one - will be deposited in the corresponding memory cell, supplementing the previously existing pattern of behavior and strengthening the existing psychological attitude.

It is known that the psyche of an individual often has a very favorable attitude towards information that does not contradict information received earlier and found a response "in the soul" as a result of repeated empirical confirmation as a result of both one's own life activity and observation of the life of others. On a similar feature of the human psyche, manipulators play, who initially give the chosen object of manipulation the information that this person wants to hear, thereby lulling his vigilance (i.e. neutralizing the censorship of the psyche), causing a predisposition to himself, and therefore gaining the opportunity to control the psyche of such an individual. How can empathy happen? Initially, it is recommended to collect some information about a particular person, and such information can be obtained in the process of observing a person chosen as an object of manipulation, and therefore for subsequent programming of the psyche of this person and modeling his actions through the emergence of thoughts in him, extending in line with subsequent manipulation by the manipulator. A very effective method of manipulative influence on a person is to bring him out of his psycho-emotional balance. This method extends in the spectrum of influence on consciousness and the laying of stable mechanisms (patterns) at a time when the individual's psyche is in ASC (altered states of consciousness), which in turn is achieved by consciously immersing the individual in some trance states, provocation, for example, neurotic dependence (fear, anxiety, feelings of guilt, etc.), as a result of which the censorship of the psyche of such a person (the object of manipulative influence) weakens for some time due to a decrease in the barrier of criticality, which means it becomes possible to impose attitudes on such a person, which subsequently it will rigorously perform (carry out a kind of coding). We should also note that most people do, in fact, unconsciously desire to obey. This happens because with the help of submission (fulfillment of the will of another), such people temporarily relieve themselves of the psychological burden of responsibility (any person is in a state of mild neurosis from the need to follow the rules of society, and mainly from the fear of violating them). By submitting to another, most individuals are unconsciously freed from neurotic dependence. Moreover, their conscious attempt to justify themselves by the need to help another person contributes to submission. Indeed, in some cases, an order can be interpreted as a request from another person to do something. Especially if such a request looks like a request, i.e. is not presented in a directive form, but is amplified by the corresponding intonations of the voice, and so on. That is, we also have a sincere interest of the object of manipulation in performing any actions to which the manipulator encourages him, and which unconsciously a person could perform himself. The manipulator in this case, as it were, connects to the object of manipulation (with the help of rapport, for example), feels its internal state, and chooses methods of influence that extend in line with the unconscious interests of the person he has chosen as the object of manipulation.

In addition, as a result of fulfilling the will of another, a person subconsciously understands that another person (i.e., a manipulator who imposed his will on him) is also responsible for the need to perform the actions that he is asked to do. This means that not only any responsibility is automatically removed from such an individual-slave, but he begins to experience a feeling of comfort as a result of satisfying the desire of another person, helping him. In our opinion, the need to provide assistance is a rather powerful archetype of the collective unconscious person. Moreover, such an archetype (its saturation) is nourished by upbringing, education, etc., i.e. is enriched all the time as a result of life in the society of any person. And when the manipulator begins to influence the psyche of another person, chosen by him as an object of manipulation, the manipulator in this case, as the research scientist S.A. Zelinsky believes, activates this archetype, and as a result of such an impact on the archetypal component of the collective unconscious, rapport is significantly enhanced between the manipulator and the object of manipulation, the object at the same time falls into a kind of trance state, which greatly enhances the manipulative effect on it from the side of the manipulator, which means that the object of manipulation experiences an irresistible desire to obey the will of another person, i.e. obey the will of the manipulator.

Considering the neurotic component of the psyche, one should pay attention to such a feature of the development of neurosis as its occurrence due to the need to follow the cultural rules of society. Indeed, civilization leaves its mark on human behavior in society. The modern individual is forced to suppress archaic (base, primitive) instincts, which, with the development of civilization, have not completely disappeared from the collective unconscious of the human psyche, but are consciously suppressed in the process of education. Hence the increase in anxiety and so on. symptoms of neurotic addictions. Professor Z. Freud drew attention to the fact that it was culture that stood in the way of the individual, influencing his psyche in line with the development of symptoms of neurosis, caused by the need to restrain one's archaic desires and suppress primary impulses. (S. Freud, 2003). Z. Freud noted that in the psyche of any person there are destructive tendencies, and in some people they are so strong that they determine his social behavior. Culture has a constant psychological impact on a person in order to suppress primitive instincts. And suppression, according to Freud, leads to neurosis. Those. Freud saw the emergence of neurosis in the need to restrain one's unconscious impulses. (S. Freud, 2003). As you know, the unconscious psyche is based in the right hemisphere of the brain (consciousness in the left hemisphere). Education and other factors in the process of socialization of the individual contribute to the suppression (crowding out) of destructive unconscious instincts. When the censorship of the psyche is weakened, such desires pass into consciousness, which means they are realized by a person in his actions. Like football fans. Each individual is able to restrain himself by controlling his mind. But when individual individuals unite in a crowd, their psyche goes into an unconscious mode (trance, semi-hypnotic, altered state of consciousness, i.e. in the predominance of control, the right hemisphere of the brain is noticeably activated), which means that the crowd is capable of various excesses. In addition, it should be recognized that people with primitive thinking are less susceptible to the symptoms of neurosis (depression, anxiety, anxiety, guilt, etc.). Thus, society has its own impact on any person, expressed in the need to adhere to certain rules and principles. Speaking about the instincts of the unconscious, it should be noted that they are really fully preserved in the human psyche. Moreover, the psyche of primitive and modern man has the main difference: the conscious suppression of the instincts of modern man as a result of the influence of the accepted norms of civilization. And then, the realization of any of the three basic instinct-desires of a primitive person (to kill, eat, rape) is possible in modern society only if the psyche of a modern person is immersed in trance (altered) states of consciousness.

Professor Z. Freud proceeded from the fact that every mental process is initially in the unconscious, and only after that it passes into consciousness. At the same time, some mental acts do not pass into consciousness, remaining in the unconscious. This means that it is the unconscious processes that ultimately determine human behavior. In addition, Freud assumed the duality of the unconscious, believing that there is a so-called. the latent unconscious (preconscious) and the repressed unconscious (actually the unconscious in our understanding). At the same time, if the latent unconscious could still become conscious, then the unconscious itself cannot pass into consciousness according to the principle. Freud also recognized that consciousness (I) includes a certain part of the unconscious. Thus, we are talking about the Super-I, and such a definition, as you know, appeared later than the initial topical and dynamic models of understanding the psyche, when it was the I, the Super-I, and the It that began to determine the structural theory of the psyche. (V.M. Leybin, 2001).

In the process of life, most individuals manage to restrain the impulses of their own unconscious to return to the realization of base instincts lurking in the depths of the psyche. To restrain primitive instincts (preserved in the psyche in a latent form) is obtained with the help of the Super-I, which, as you know, stands in the way not only of information coming from the outside world, but also in the way of that content of the unconscious, which makes periodic attempts to break into consciousness , which means, thus, to be legalized. And just like that becomes feasible, including when the censorship of the psyche is weakened and does not fulfill its functions for some time, which in turn becomes possible during the stay of the individual in the so-called. altered states of consciousness (ASC). (S.A. Zelinsky, 2008). When does it become possible to stay in the ISS? For example, when an individual is in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication, in a moment of fatigue, in stressful conditions, during an internal disorder caused, for example, by switching attention to some foreign object, etc. That is, due to all those reasons, the cause of which can be characterized as a weakening of the control of the Super-I, a weakening of the quality of the capacity of the censorship of the psyche. It should be noted that the form of altered or trance states of consciousness allows a person (as an object of manipulation) to be in a state of wakefulness. Those. it does not need to be put to sleep. The object may even consider that it gives a full account of reality (i.e., controls the processes occurring in its psyche with consciousness), but at the same time, while it is in altered states of consciousness, the installation necessary for the manipulator is introduced into its subconscious, i.e. a person (an object of manipulation) is encoded. And after the introduction of the code (the code can be auditory-visual-kinesthetic in nature, depending on the modality of the psyche of a particular person), such a person will fulfill the installation laid down in his psyche. In addition, in this way it becomes possible to encode an object to perform actions after any period of time (from several minutes to several years).

One of the differences between the psyche of a modern and archaic person is the need for the former to hide his inner unconscious urges (desires) under the influence of prohibitions imposed by society. The fear of punishment in this case strongly restrains the desires for the realization of destructive desires. But the need to restrain the base impulses of the unconscious in some cases leads to an increase in the general nervousness of the psyche, i.e. to the development of various symptoms of neurotic diseases. Moreover, sometimes a person may not be completely immersed in the disease, but is, for example, in the borderline stage of the disease, i.e. balance between the symptoms of neurosis and OSS (ordinary states of consciousness) of a relatively mentally healthy person. A person learns to restrain the destructive desires of the unconscious in the process of education, i.e. since childhood. Moreover, as Freud (2003) pointed out, even with the mildest upbringing, a child can develop a severe conscience. Conscience is one of the structures of the "Super-I", and acts as a censor, filtering out the information that enters the consciousness. The feeling of guilt, the "Super-I", is the control over the relationship of the aspirations of the "I" and the demands of the "Super-I". The underlying fear of a critical instance, the need for punishment, is a manifestation of the instinct "I", which has become masochistic under the influence of the sadistic "Super-I". In other words, the "I" uses part of its internal destructive drive to establish a connection with the "Super-I". At the same time, in the OSS, the feeling of guilt is felt (realized) by consciousness. Whereas in obsessive-compulsive disorder the feeling of guilt is already imposed on consciousness, and in the manifestation of other neuroses one can also speak of an unconscious feeling of guilt. Freud also believed that a certain percentage of people will forever remain asocial. Culture is based on compulsion to work and on the rejection of impulses, which causes resistance from the psyche of individuals. (S. Freud, 2003).

“When culture made a requirement not to kill a neighbor whom you hate, who stands in your way and whose property you envy, then this was done clearly in the interests of human society, otherwise impossible,” remarks Freud. would take the revenge of the relatives of the murdered and the deaf envy of the rest, who feel no less strong inner inclination towards such a violent act. Therefore, he would not enjoy his revenge or loot for long, having every chance of being killed himself. Even if his extraordinary strength and caution protected him from single opponents, he would inevitably be defeated by an alliance of the weakest. If such an alliance had not been formed, the murder would have continued without end, and in the end people would mutually exterminate each other ... The same insecurity of life for all unites people into a society that prohibits killing an individual and retains the right to jointly kill anyone who crosses over through the ban. Thus, over time, justice and a system of punishments arise.

Professor K. Horney believed that the causes of the formation of neurosis in different individuals are the same, regardless of the difference in the content of the personal unconscious.

Speaking about culture and neurosis, Horney noted that culture is based on the principle of individual rivalry. An individual has to fight with other members of the same group, has to get the better of them and often "push" them aside. Excellence for one means failure for the other. The psychological result of such a situation is hostile tension between people. Each represents a real or potential rival for the other. This situation is common among members of the same professional group, regardless of attempts to mask the rivalry with polite treatment. Rivalry and the enmity that goes with it permeate all human relationships. Hostile tension between people leads to the emergence of fear - the fear of potential hostility from others, enhanced by the fear of revenge for one's own hostility. Another important source of human fear is the prospect of failure. The fear of failure is very real because the chances of failure are greater than the chances of success; moreover, failure in a society based on competition entails a real frustration of needs. They mean loss of prestige and all kinds of emotional experiences of failure. (K. Horney, 1993).

Consider the contradictions between the main neurotic conflicts: (according to K. Horney, 1993).

1) The contradiction between rivalry and success, on the one hand, and humanity, on the other.

In this case, there is a clear paradox, since in order to achieve something in life it is necessary to be confident and assertive (which means sweeping others out of your way, i.e. to be aggressive), and on the other hand, following Christian positions involves humility. and yielding. To resolve such a contradiction, there are only two options: to seriously follow one of these aspirations and abandon the other, or to take both of these aspirations seriously and, as a result, experience serious internal inhibitions regarding both.

2) The contradiction between the stimulation of the needs of the individual and the actual obstacles to their satisfaction.

Needs in this case are constantly stimulated (for example, by advertising). However, for the vast majority, the actual fulfillment of these needs is severely limited. The psychological consequence for man is a constant gap between desires and their fulfillment.

3) The contradiction between the asserted freedom of a person and all his actual restrictions.

Society tells the individual that he is free, independent, can build his life in accordance with his free will. In reality, for most, all these options are limited. As a result, a person oscillates between a feeling of unlimited power in determining his own destiny and a feeling of utter helplessness. These cultural contradictions are the same conflicts that the neurotic is desperately trying to reconcile: the tendency to be aggressive and the tendency to yield; excessive claims and fear of never getting anything; desire for self-aggrandizement and a sense of personal helplessness. The difference from the norm is purely quantitative. While the normal person is able to overcome difficulties without harming his personality, in the neurotic all conflicts intensify to such an extent that any satisfactory solution is impossible. At the same time, such a person can become a neurotic who has experienced the difficulties caused by culture in an aggravated form, breaking them mainly through the sphere of childhood experiences, and as a result of this was unable to resolve them or resolved them at the cost of great damage to his personality. (K. Horney, 1993).

According to K. Horney, the presence of anxiety in a person’s soul can be explained by the current conflict situation, the roots of which stretch back to the childhood of this person, when he was deprived of genuine warmth due to the neuroticism of one of the parents. In this case, parents mask the real lack of warmth with statements that they are doing everything for the sake of the child, and supposedly take into account only his interests. At the same time, unfair reproaches are observed, fluctuations between excessive condescension and contemptuous rejection, from temporary inattention to constant interference and infringement of the most urgent and legitimate desires. For example, attempts to upset the child's friendship with someone, make fun of the manifestation of independent thinking, ignoring his interests - whether it be artistic, sports or technical hobbies. In general, such an attitude of parents, if not intentionally, still means breaking the will of the child. (K. Horney, 1993).

Horney (1993) drew attention to the mental reactions that a child experiences with neurotic parents. In such a case there are various dangers arising from the repression of criticism, protest or accusation, and one of them is that the child may well take all the blame and feel unworthy of love. The danger that lies in this means that the repressed hostility can give rise to anxiety. There are several reasons why a child growing up in such an environment will repress hostility: helplessness, fear, love, or guilt. The child for many years shows his helplessness, being dependent on the people around him to satisfy all his needs. After the first two or three years of life, there is a transition from biological dependence to a form of dependence that affects the mental, intellectual and spiritual life of the child. This continues until the child is mature enough to begin adulthood and is able to take life into his own hands. However, there are very significant individual differences in the degree to which a child remains dependent on his parents. All this is connected with what parents want to achieve in raising their child: either this is the desire to make the child strong, brave, independent, able to cope with all sorts of situations, or their main desire is to give the child comfort, make obedient, prolong his infantile ignorance of the world around him. , i.e. - to artificially extend the infantilism of the psyche of an adult child to adulthood. At the same time, in children growing up in unfavorable conditions, helplessness is usually artificially fixed due to intimidation, lisping, or due to the fact that the child is brought up and kept in a state of emotional dependence. The more helpless the child becomes, the less he can dare to resist in his feelings or actions. Fear can be caused by threats, prohibitions and punishments, and by emotional outbursts of incontinence observed by the child and scenes of violence; he can also be aroused by such indirect intimidation as suggesting to him the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe great dangers of life associated with germs, traffic, strangers, ill-mannered children, climbing trees, etc. The more the child is filled with fears, the less he will dare to show or even feel hostility. Love can be a reason to repress hostility. When there is no sincere affection, there are often copious verbal assurances of how much the parents love the child and how much they are willing to sacrifice everything for him. The child, especially if he is frightened, may cling to this surrogate of love and be afraid to play it up, so as not to lose this reward for his obedience. In other words, the child represses his hostility towards his parents because he fears that any manifestation of it will worsen his relationship with his parents. He is driven by the fear that they will leave him or be turned against him. In addition, the child is instilled with guilt for any manifestations of hostility or resistance; that is, he is told that he is unworthy or contemptible in his own eyes if he either expresses or feels resentment and resentment towards his parents, or if he breaks the rules they have laid down. These are the two reasons that make you feel guilty. The more a child is made to feel guilty, the less he will dare to feel ill-will or make accusations against his parents. All of these hostility repression factors generate anxiety. It makes a difference whether the anxiety is limited to the circumstances that triggered the reaction in the child, or whether it develops into a hostile attitude and anxiety towards people in general. If a child is lucky enough to have a loving grandmother, an understanding teacher, and a few good friends, his experience with them may prevent him from believing that only bad things can be expected from other people. But the more traumatic his experiences in the family are, the more likely the child will develop a reaction of hatred and distrust towards all people. The more a child is isolated, preventing him from acquiring his own experience, the more likely development will go in this direction. The more the child hides dissatisfaction with his family, for example, by obeying the attitudes of his parents, the more he projects his anxiety onto the outside world and, thus, acquires the conviction that the world as a whole is dangerous and scary. In this case, he will become vulnerable, touchy, and less capable of self-defense, which can lead to loneliness in adulthood, because individual acute reactions to particular provocative situations crystallize into a character warehouse. This means that such an individual may develop a neurosis or deep anxiety. (K. Horney, 1993).

Deep anxiety underlies the relationship with people. While individual states of anxiety may be caused by a currently acting cause, underlying anxiety continues to exist even if there is no specific cause. Deep anxiety manifests itself as a feeling of insignificance, helplessness, abandonment, exposure to the danger of being in a world that is open to insults, deceit, attacks, insults, betrayal, envy. An underlying distrust of each person may be hidden behind a superficial belief that people in general are quite likable; the existing deep contempt for everyone can be masked by a readiness to admire. At the same time, deep anxiety can be completely devoid of a personal character and transformed into a sense of danger emanating from a thunderstorm, political events, accidents, food, or into a feeling that fate pursues such neurotic individuals. Deep anxiety means that, due to inner weakness, a person feels a desire to shift responsibility to others, to receive protection and care from them. At the same time, due to deep hostility, he feels too deep distrust to fulfill this desire. (K. Horney, 1993).

Professor K. Horney offers four main ways to protect against deep anxiety: love, submission, power and the reaction of withdrawal (removal).

The first remedy, love, proceeds according to the formula: if you love me, then do me no harm.

The second remedy, submission. This may be submission to generally accepted views, religious rituals, or the requirements of a person. Following the rules or obedience will serve as the defining motive for all behavior. This attitude may take the form of the need to be "good", although the additional meaning of the concept of "good" is modified along with the requirements or rules that are subject to. In some cases, the attitude of submission takes the generalized form of submission to the potential desires of all people and the avoidance of anything that might cause resentment or resentment. In such cases, a person represses any own demands, criticism of others, allows himself to be mistreated and is ready to serve everyone. Far from always, people are aware of the fact that anxiety is the basis of their actions, and firmly believe that they act in this way, guided by the ideals of selflessness or self-sacrifice, up to the rejection of their own desires.

The attitude of submission can also serve the purpose of finding peace through love, affection, affection. If love is so important to a person that his sense of security depends on it, then he is willing to pay any price for it, and that basically means submitting to the desires of the other person. If a person is unable to believe in love, then his attitude of submission is not directed to winning love, but to seeking protection. There are people who can feel safe only with complete obedience. They have such great anxiety and disbelief in love that it is almost impossible for them to fall in love and believe in a reciprocal feeling.

The third defense against underlying anxiety is related to the use of power - the desire to achieve security by gaining real power or success.

The fourth remedy is care. If the previous three methods considered struggle, opposition, the desire to cope with difficulties, then this method is aimed at salvation by escaping from the world. This can be achieved in various ways, for example, by accumulating a certain amount of wealth in order to achieve independence from others in satisfying one's needs, or by reducing one's needs to a minimum. (K. Horney, 1993).

K. Horney (1993) draws attention to the fact that any of the four ways can be effective in gaining the desired calm. A surprising parallel is noted: due to the fact that it is often impossible to follow only one method due to excessive demands placed on oneself, it happens that a neurotic can simultaneously experience an urgent need to command others and desire to be loved, and at the same time strive for submission, while imposing his will on others, as well as avoid people, without giving up the desire to be loved by them. It is precisely such absolutely insoluble conflicts that are usually the dynamic center of neuroses. The desire for love and the desire for power often collide. At the same time, in order to get rid of deep anxiety, people differ in those for whom the main desire is the desire for love or approval, for the sake of which they are able to do anything, in those whose behavior is characterized by a tendency to submission, to humility and the absence of any attempts at self-affirmation. , those for whom the dominant desire is success or power, and those who are prone to seclusion and thus gaining independence. Considering the thirst for love and power, Horney notes that in neuroses there is often a thirst for love and affection. In this case, the neurotic is unable to judge what impression he makes on others, so he is unable to understand why his attempts to establish friendships, marriage, love, or professional relationships often bring dissatisfaction. Such a neurotic person is inclined to accuse others of inattention, treachery, etc., not noticing the reason in himself.

In considering the nature of love, Professor Karen Horney (1993) notes that it is much easier to define what is not love than what is love. You can love a person very deeply and at the same time sometimes get angry with him, refuse him something or feel a desire to be alone. There is a difference between such reactions of anger and the attitude of the neurotic who thinks that any interest the people he loves show in third parties signifies a disdain for him. The neurotic interprets this as betrayal, and any criticism as humiliation. This is not love. Therefore, one should not think that love is incompatible with business criticism of certain qualities or relationships, which implies help in correcting them. But love cannot be attributed, as the neurotic often does, to an unbearable demand for perfection. It is not love to use another person as a means to some end. This situation occurs when the other person is needed only for sexual satisfaction or for prestige in marriage. A person can deceive himself, believing that he loves someone, but this is not love, but gratitude for the fact that the other person admires him. At the same time, as soon as such a loved one ceases to admire, then a break in relations occurs. Because it was not love, but gratitude for admiration.

The distorted manifestation of love in a neurotic is also manifested in his desire

to any kind of affection for the purpose of calming, i.e. he needs the love and affection of another in order to get rid of his own anxiety. Such a desire in him turns out to be unconscious. The neurotic only feels that in front of him is the person whom he likes, or whom he trusts, or for whom he has a passion. But this may not be love, but only a reaction of gratitude for some kindness shown towards him, a reciprocal feeling of hope or disposition caused by a person or situation. The person who explicitly or implicitly arouses in him expectations of this type will automatically become important, and his feeling will manifest itself in the illusion of love. Such relationships are carried out under the guise of love, that is, with a person's subjective conviction of his devotion, while in reality this love is only a way to cling to other people in order to satisfy one's own needs. That this is not a sincere feeling of true love is revealed in the willingness to destroy the relationship when some expectations are not met. One of the factors important for understanding love - the reliability and fidelity of feeling - is absent in these cases. That is, if one person ignores the personality of another, his characteristics, shortcomings, needs, desires, development, then this is most likely not love, but the result of anxiety. (K. Horney, 1993).

Thus, in the neurotic, love is a means of protection, and in reality he is not aware of his inability to love. Most of these people mistake their own need for other people for a predisposition to love. In addition, even if love can give the neurotic an outward calm or a feeling of happiness, in fact it will not be so, because deep down the neurotic perceives self-love with distrust, suspicion, and fear. He does not believe in the very feeling of love, because he is sure that no one can love him. A neurotic may begin to look for hidden meanings in love (which are not there). Suspicion is a very characteristic feature of people with deep anxiety. Therefore, if an attractive girl begins to show love to a neurotic, or a handsome young man confesses his love to an insecure girl, these neurotics will not believe. Such love causes anxiety and fear of dependence in the neurotic. So he tries his best to avoid it. (K. Horney, 1993).

The main mistake of the neurotic is the desire to be loved by everyone, while it is quite enough (if you really want to) to achieve the love of only a number of specific persons. For example, there are women who feel unhappy and full of anxiety if there is no man near them; they will start a love affair, soon break it off, feel unhappy and anxious again, start another love affair, and so on. That this is not a genuine desire to connect with men is evident from the fact that these connections are conflicting and do not bring satisfaction. Usually these women stop at the first man they come across, for them his very presence is important, and not a love affair. As a rule, they do not even receive physical satisfaction. There is a similar behavior in neurotic men who in every possible way seek to win the favor of many women (the more, the better), without dwelling on anyone in particular and feeling awkward and uneasy in the company of men. At the same time, we must say that the neurotic will pay any price for love, mostly without realizing it. The most common price to pay for love is an attitude of submissiveness and emotional dependence. Submission can be expressed in the fact that the neurotic will not dare to disagree with the views and actions of another person or criticize him, demonstrating only complete devotion, admiration and obedience. When people of this type do allow themselves to make critical or disparaging remarks, they feel anxious, even if their remarks are harmless. Submission can go so far that the neurotic will repress not only aggressive impulses, but also all tendencies to self-affirmation, will allow himself to be mocked and make any sacrifice, no matter how harmful it may be. Karen Horney (1993) finds this akin to the position of submission. In both cases, emotional-neurotic dependence is clearly manifested, which arises as a result of a person’s neurotic need to cling to at least someone. This addiction can cause endless suffering. One person becomes dependent on another, and at the same time he may realize that such a relationship is not correct. But he cannot stop them on his own. He will develop anxiety until he notices a kind word or a smile from the object of love. Those. such a neurotic is completely subordinate to the person he loves. However, it should be understood that in a relationship in which one person becomes dependent on another, there is a strong sense of resentment. A person who has become dependent on another unconsciously resents this fact, but continues to do everything they want from him out of fear of losing love. At the same time, such a person may come to the conclusion that submission was imposed on him by another person, losing the idea that he himself provoked such behavior with his excessive anxiety. In any case, he must make a serious effort to get rid of the addiction. Because any attempt to do this leads to feelings of guilt, anxiety, and in some cases fear. And already as a defense against fear, the unconscious desire of some neurotics to ignore love. They do not pay attention to the manifestation of love from the other person, as they fear that the development of relationships will lead to their dependence on the other person. It is also possible that in the course of a series of love failures, such persons may develop an antidote. For example, a girl who has gone through several love stories, each of which ended in her dependence on another partner, can develop an independent attitude towards all men, striving only to maintain her power over them, and not experiencing any feelings. In this case, she really turns out to be able to control men, but unconsciously feels her own insecurity, skillfully hiding it, so if you choose the right key to such a girl, it becomes possible to provoke a neurotic addiction in her, and therefore force her to do everything you need, in a response, for example, to the unconscious feeling of deliverance from inner suffering and peace of mind when you are around. In this case, the other person will obey you out of fear of losing you. At the same time, such a manipulative technique is used not only in love relationships, but simply in life, when some people subjugate others, first provoking neurosis in their psyche (fear, anxiety, guilt, anxiety, anxiety, etc.), and later by skillful actions releasing the partner from the symptoms of neurotic dependence in response to submission to you.

A feature of the neurotic need for love is its insatiability. Neurotic gluttony can manifest itself in greed as a general character trait, showing up in food, shopping, impatience. Most of the time, greed can be repressed, breaking out suddenly, for example, when a person in a state of unconscious anxiety (a kind of trance state) buys a lot of unnecessary (fashionable) things. Also, neurotic insatiability can manifest itself in the desire to live at the expense of others. Greed can manifest itself in sexual insatiability, or, for example, in the acquisition of clothing, in the pursuit of ambitious or prestigious goals. However, any form of greed is associated with anxiety, and can manifest itself in increased sexual desire or excessive eating. The relationship between sexual satisfaction and food, as pointed out by Prof. Karen Horney (1993), shown by the fact that greed can decrease or disappear as soon as a person finds some confidence and peace: by feeling self-love, by winning success, by doing creative work. For example, feeling loved can suddenly weaken the power of the compulsive shopping urge. On the other hand, greed may arise or increase as soon as hostility or anxiety increases; a person may feel an overwhelming need to make certain purchases before the events, in connection with which he is very worried. Neurotic people who are insatiable in their need for love tend to be greedy for material goods, gifts, information, or sexual gratification, for which they often sacrifice their time or money.

K. Horney, considering the question of the role of love and affection, distinguishes three types of neurotics. To the first group, she includes persons who strive for love, in whatever form it manifests itself and whatever methods are used to achieve it. The second group includes neurotics who also strive for love, but if they fail in any relationship, they move away from people and do not go closer to another person. Instead of trying to establish affection for any person, they experience an obsessive need for things, food, shopping, reading, or, generally speaking, getting something. The third group includes neurotics whose psyche was traumatized at an early age, and they developed a position of deep disbelief in any love and affection. Their anxiety is so deep that they are content with little - so long as they do not cause any harm. Such people develop a cynical attitude towards love; and such neurotics will replace the need for love with the need for material assistance, advice, and sex. (K. Horney, 1993).

Neurotic jealousy is strongly manifested in neurotics. If the jealousy of a healthy person manifests itself as an adequate reaction to the danger of losing the love of another person, then in neurotics the strength of jealousy is disproportionate to the danger. Painful jealousy is dictated by the constant fear of losing possession of this person. The neurotic desire for absolute love is much more demanding than the normal desire. This is a demand of love that does not allow any conditions or reservations. It presupposes, firstly, the desire to be loved, despite any most defiant behavior. Any criticism is perceived as a rejection of love. Secondly, the neurotic demand for absolute love means the desire to be loved without giving anything in return. Thirdly, the neurotic (often a woman) wants to be loved without getting any benefit from it. She herself will willingly use your wealth and influence, extremely reluctantly agreeing to pay something in return, and periodically rolling up scandals. Therefore, it should be remembered that neurotics are extremely susceptible to suggestion, therefore it is necessary to speak with them in a directive tone, leaving them no chance of resistance, and get everything you need from them (including sex, if a woman avoids it under various pretexts) in this case, as an option, you can cause a feeling of guilt in a neurotic woman, which unconsciously starts in her if she suddenly refuses to satisfy your desire; it in this way, as well as to put an “anchor” by programming it for a certain signal, in which such a person or woman will fall into a semi-trance or trance state, during which you can do whatever you need with such a person; but later you need to correctly bring out such a person from a trance, giving him a feeling of joy, as well as amnesia for what happened). At the same time, one can pay attention to a curious feature. The more severely you treat a neurotic person, the more respect you will arouse in his eyes. People unconsciously want to obey another. And in neurotics, this desire is developed to a large extent.

Gaining power can also be a form of anxiety relief. The desire for power in this case means obtaining comfort through weakening dependence on another person and strengthening one's own position. In addition, through the realization of the neurotic desire for power, prestige and possession, hostility is repressed. The desire for power serves as a defense against helplessness, which is one of the main elements of anxiety. The neurotic begins to experience anxiety where an ordinary person would take the situation for granted. The neurotic desire for power is a defense against the danger of looking small. The neurotic develops a rigid and irrational ideal of strength which leads him to believe that he is capable of handling any situation, no matter how difficult, and can handle it immediately. Therefore, a power-oriented neurotic will seek to control others and keep everything under his control. He wants nothing to happen that would not be approved by him, or would not arise on his initiative. At the same time, the neurotic can give himself a reverse attitude, i.e. consciously give others the opportunity to have complete freedom, with a small exception: he must know everything that the person who has received freedom from him for activity does. Tendencies to control everything can be repressed to such an extent that not only the neurotic himself, but those around him can be sure of his generosity. But if a person represses his desire to control everything too much, he may experience psychosomatic symptoms (for example, headache etc.). In addition, such neurotics always consider themselves right, and get very annoyed if someone tries to prove them wrong. Often the neurotic is not aware of the existence of the setting that controls him. This lack of awareness has implications for love relationships. If a partner does not live up to the expectations of a neurotic woman, if he does not call, leaves town, etc., she believes that he does not love her. Instead of acknowledging that her feelings are a simple reaction of anger to disobedience to her desires. (K. Horney, 1993).

A number of neurotics, for whom the desire for power comes first, show a desire to humiliate other people. This is especially evident in those who were humiliated in childhood. For example, the low social status of parents, belonging to a national minority, poverty; or they experienced prejudice from others, their friendship was rejected, they were constantly the object of constant moralizing of their parents, and so on. Often experiences of this kind are forgotten due to their painful nature, but they re-emerge in consciousness if the problems associated with humiliation escalate. Horney (1993) argues that the tendency to humiliate others is usually repressed because the neurotic, knowing from his heightened sensitivity how insulted and vengeful he becomes when he is humiliated, instinctively fears similar reactions from others. However, some of these tendencies can manifest without being aware of them: in a careless disregard for other people, for example, making them wait, unintentionally putting others in awkward situations, making others feel dependent. Even if the neurotic is absolutely unaware of his desire to humiliate others or of having done so, his relationship with these people will be saturated with a vague anxiety that is revealed in the constant expectation of reproach or insult in his address. Inner inhibitions resulting from a heightened sensitivity to humiliation often take the form of a need to avoid anything that might seem offensive to others; thus, for example, a neurotic may be unable to speak critically, to decline an offer, to fire an employee, and as a result he often appears extremely tactful or overly polite. Also, a tendency to humiliate others may be hidden behind a tendency to admire. Since humiliation and the manifestation of admiration are diametrically opposed, the latter makes it possible to hide the tendency to humiliation. Therefore, both of these extremes are often found in the same person. There are various options for the distribution of these two types of relations, and the motives for such a distribution are individual. They may appear separately from each other at different periods of life, when a period of contempt for all people is followed by a period of excessive admiration and worship of heroes and celebrities; there may be admiration for men and contempt for women, and vice versa; or blind admiration for one person and the same blind contempt for all other people.

One form of controlling another person is to provoke feelings of guilt in him. Guilt is a special form of neurotic dependence, which can have serious consequences in a person's adaptation to society. According to Karen Horney (1993), in the picture of manifestations of neuroses, guilt plays a primary role. The specificity of the psyche is such that a person suffering from a neurosis is often inclined to explain his suffering as deserved. At the same time, such a person often feels guilty of everything. If someone wants to see him, his first reaction is the expectation of being rebuked for something he has ever done. If friends do not visit or write for some time, the neurotic wonders if he offended them in some way? The neurotic takes the blame, even if he is not guilty. He justifies the perpetrators of his insults, blaming only himself for everything that happened. He always recognizes the authority and opinion of others, not allowing himself to have his own opinion, or at least express it. The feeling of guilt has a serious influence on the change in the personality of a neurotic. At the same time, the neurotic himself unconsciously does not strive to get rid of the presence of guilt. This manifests its latent form of the so-called. moral masochism. He seems to enjoy his own suffering. Many men who talk about remaining faithful to their wives based on the dictates of conscience, in reality, are simply afraid of their wives, notes K. Horney (1993). The neurotic also has a noticeable manifestation of fear. Such fear can manifest itself in the fear of causing irritation in people. For example, a neurotic may be afraid to refuse an invitation, be afraid to express disagreement with someone's opinion, express his desires, which, in his opinion, may contradict the desires of others, and so on. Such fear can prevent the neurotic from communicating with other people because of the fear that they will learn something about him (at the same time, other people may show exceptionally good intentions and sympathy for this person).

At the same time, it should be said that neurotic dependence introduces a neurotic person into altered (trance) states of the psyche. Being in such states, a person is prone to suggestion. Therefore, if you first plunge the object into a trance state (for example, by provoking anxiety, anxiety, guilt, etc., provoking a neurosis), and then instilling an attitude in the object, you can be sure that such an attitude will be deposited in the subconscious, which means it will soon begin to exert influence on the mind of a neurotic. (S.A. Zelinsky, 2008).

Professor O. Fenichel (2004) distinguished the following symptoms of traumatic neuroses: 1) Blocking or reduction of ego functions. 2) Attacks of uncontrollable emotions, especially anxiety and anger. 3) Insomnia or sleep disturbances with dreams in which the trauma is experienced again and again, full or partial reproduction of the traumatic situation in the daytime in the form of fantasies, thoughts, feelings. 4) Complications in the form of psychoneurotic symptoms.

Let us analyze the symptoms of traumatic neuroses in more detail.

1) Blocking or reducing ego functions.

In this case, the appeal of the human psyche due to regression to childhood periods of development is characteristic. Among the pronounced forms of blocking, attention should be paid to the decrease in sexual interest as a result of the development of neurosis.

2) Attacks of uncontrollable emotions, especially anxiety and anger.

In this case, a person is characterized by outbreaks of unmotivated anger and aggression. It is also characterized by a general state of arousal. For example, being in such a state, it is almost impossible for neurotics to concentrate on performing any monotonous work that requires concentration. Let's say reading, or writing. Anxiety attacks in this case are a repetition of early traumatic conditions. As academician V.M. Kandyba (1999) notes, anxiety is such a state when the feeling of an indefinite threat, a feeling of vague danger, is most clearly manifested. A characteristic sign of anxiety is the inability to determine the nature of the threat and predict the time of its occurrence. The unawareness of the causes that caused anxiety may be due to the lack of information that allows to analyze the situation to the necessary extent, with the inadequacy of its logical processing or unawareness of the factors that cause anxiety as a result of the inclusion of psychological defenses. The unawareness of the causes of anxiety, the lack of its connection with a specific object, the inability to specify the perceived threat make it impossible for any activity aimed at preventing or eliminating the threat. The psychological unacceptability of such a situation causes a shift of anxiety to certain objects. As a result, the vague threat is concretized. The danger is associated with the probability of the occurrence of specific obligations, with the expectation of contact with objects that are regarded as threatening. This particular anxiety is fear. Fear most often occurs when there is an imminent danger, at the sight of some people, before an upcoming important matter, before an important meeting, during conflicts, when failures in study and work, when speaking in front of a large audience, in unexpected frightening situations, when meeting subjects of the opposite sex. (for some), etc. Fear greatly affects the course of mental processes. There is a sharp deterioration or exacerbation of sensitivity, misunderstanding of the essence of what is being explained, poor awareness of perception. Fear affects thought processes: in some people, under the influence of fear, intelligence increases, they concentrate on finding a way out, while in others, on the contrary, there is a deterioration in the productivity of thinking, which manifests itself in confusion, in the absence of any logic in words and actions. Very often, volitional activity decreases, a person is simply not able to do anything, it is difficult for him to force himself to overcome this state. Speech in this state is often confused, the voice trembles. Fear and anxiety have a huge impact on attention. As a rule, attention is scattered, it is very difficult to concentrate, or, conversely, there is a narrowing of consciousness and, accordingly, concentration of attention on one object. Fear is very often accompanied by intense manifestations on the part of indicators of physiological reactivity, such as trembling, rapid breathing, strong heartbeat. Many feel constant feeling hunger or, conversely, a sharp decrease in appetite. Appears "cold sweat". (V.M. Kandyba, 1999).

3) Insomnia or sleep disturbances with dreams in which the trauma is experienced again and again, full or partial reproduction of the traumatic situation in the daytime in the form of fantasies, thoughts, feelings. As you know, sleep is the main way of relaxation. And in this case, it is quite natural that traumatic neurosis disturbs sleep, and as a result, it contributes to the preservation of excitation in the central nervous system.

In cases where sleep nevertheless becomes possible, the trauma in one way or another wins back again in the dreams of neurotics. Moreover, the repetition of trauma is possible in the state of wakefulness.

4) Complications in the form of psychoneurotic symptoms.

Psychoneurotic complications are possible in cases where the I of the individual cannot cope with the attacks of the unconscious that are in a constant desire to “break through”. And in cases where this does happen, we can say that the previous balance between the repressed urges and the repressing forces is disturbed by severe trauma. In this case, the trauma can cause fears or depression. (O. Fenichel, 2004).

Returning from the unconscious to consciousness, we note that consciousness, as academician V.M. Kandyba (1999) pointed out, is a property of the brain; therefore, it, just like the processes of sensations, movements, adaptation, emotions, learning, and others, can be explained on the basis of the typical structure and functions of an ordinary typical human brain. But by changing and significantly developing the structural and functional structure of the ordinary brain, we get new qualities of the brain that were not previously characteristic of it. The number of actively involved neurons amounts to several billion, and this quantity is transformed into a new quality. The ordinary brain becomes the Superbrain, and the ordinary Consciousness becomes the SC-Superconsciousness. Superconsciousness (superhuman mind) is "SC", discovered by academician doctor of psychological sciences V.M. Kandyba and his son, doctor of medical and psychological sciences professor D.V. Kandyba in 1984. There are three levels in the Superconsciousness: 1) SK-1 - Superconsciousness. 2) SK-2-Superconsciousness. 3) SK-3 -SK-9-Superconsciousness.

SC-1-Superconsciousness is a special trance state, which most often occurs independently, without special psychotechnics, in people in states of creative inspiration. Consciousness is enlightened and expanded by the inclusion of deep structures of intuitive perception, by increasing the activity of both the verbal-logical left hemisphere of the brain and the reserves of the sensory-figurative right hemisphere of the brain. At this moment, intellectual abilities, thinking sharply increase, the work of the hemispheres is synchronized, the psyche develops and harmonizes, the volitional control of one's own psyche, energy and physiology increases. The natural background of biological self-regulation increases, the body begins to correct and heal itself. An amazing lightness is felt throughout the body, all feelings are sharpened, reality is perceived brighter and richer, an optimistic, joyful outlook on life arises. Everything seems possible and accessible. The psychophysiology of SC-1 is based on elements of meditation, hypnosis and ideomotor movement. The emphasis is on the psychophysiology of the ideomotor act. Ideomotor movements are the most ancient language of the unconscious psyche, because life is a movement simple forms to complex ones. Having mastered the psychotechnology of ideomotor movements, the student develops the more complex, animal consciousness of the unconscious (the language of feelings and images) more easily, faster and better. "SK-1" is the new kind trance, which as a "working background" allows you to maintain arbitrary control of the consciousness encoded according to a special program. The SC state can be transformed into any other state, it is also possible to deepen it (SC-2, SC-3 ... SC-9) or reach lighter levels, up to full wakefulness. SK-1 always retains the ability to dramatically change the code program during the working background, it is possible to completely cancel or replace the code. SC-1 is a qualitatively new level of self-regulation, which dramatically increases a person's capabilities.

Briefly characterizing SC-1, Academician V.M. Kandyba (1999) noted that:

1) High-quality SC-1 is achieved only with a strong inner desire to achieve the goal.

2) Self-influence skills are acquired in the course of training and are retained for a long time, subject to their systematic practice.

3) The main technical component of the method is the transformation of desire, faith and understanding into a superconscious level with a return output already in the form: "I know that I can certainly do it." As training progresses, the brain builds new connections and levels of self-regulation, and the trainee "knows he can do it."

4) SC-1 as a specific coded superstate is characterized by high selective psychophysiological controllability with elements of automatism.

5) SC-1 is a universal psychophysiological component, which combines the capabilities of all trances, presenting them in a single process and a single psychotechnology, therefore, it allows you to get any of the most complex psychophysiological phenomena known to modern science.

6) SC-1 can arise spontaneously, can be formed according to special psychotechnics independently or with the help of a teacher.

7) In SC-1, intercentral functional connections increase, automatic regulation of the phase relations of the rhythm of all the main brain formations is established. The vegetative tone and activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and excretory systems increase. In its psychophysiology, SC-1 is somewhat similar to the psychophysiology of natural sleep in its active fast phase with an overexcited dominant in the cerebral cortex (rapport zone or self-government zone) and excitation of all the main brain structures spilled around.

8) In SC-1, the right brain is focused mainly on the sensory-imaginative sphere of a person, and the left brain is focused on the motor one. Persons with a significant dominance of left hemispheric functions at the beginning of SC training are more inclined to theory, have a large vocabulary and actively use it; they are characterized by motor activity, purposefulness and the ability to predict events (thinking type). And persons with dominance of right hemispheric functions at the beginning of SC-trainings show a tendency to contemplation and sensual experiences of SC; they have developed intuition and the ability to perceive information without analysis (artistic type).

Thus, SC-1 is a dominantly altered state of the psychophysiology of an organism operating in an active super-mode of coded controllability and sensitivity. CK-1 is a special specific controlled state of the body, characterized by increased susceptibility to any external or internal stimulus signal. SC-1 is a controlled active trance, with the help of which it is possible to qualitatively prepare the human psyche and physiology for any kind of hyperactivity. SC-1 is a reserve superstate not only of psychophysiology, but also of the energy and information-field systems of the body, operating in the dominant mode of coded controllability and sensitivity. Psychotechnically and neurophysiologically, SC-1-Superconsciousness is a state that is identical to the psychophysiology of "ideomotor zero", the state of neurophysiology of a general (non-local) ideomotor act. Therefore, the initial psychotechnique for obtaining SC-1-Superconsciousness is carried out on the psychotechnical basis of the ideomotor process, as Bodhidharma discovered in the 6th century, and then developed by Pavlov, Bekhterev and Hind. Academician I.P. Pavlov explained the ideomotor act as a manifestation of nerve impulses that provide some kind of movement with a figurative representation of this movement. Thus, SC-1 is a special active state of consciousness and the entire psychophysiology of the body, which occurs automatically with a stable concentration of active consciousness on the internal image of any external or internal movement (process). The fundamental difference between SC-1 and meditative trance is the expansion of the activity of the brain "zones of consciousness", accompanied by hyperactivity of the left hemisphere of the brain and active synchronized work of the right hemisphere of the brain. Whereas in a meditative trance, on the contrary, there is a narrowing and decrease (inhibition) of the general mental activity to a “state of thoughtlessness”, i.e. turning off the activity of the left hemisphere and slight activation of the right hemisphere at shallow degrees of meditative trance. The state of meditation in yogis is called "dhyana", and the state of SK-1 is called "Samadhi-1". SC-1 and the Samadhi-1 adequate to it differ from simple meditation not by narrowing, but by “expanding” consciousness and involving the active left hemisphere of the brain and the active right hemisphere of the brain, as well as the main subcortical structures of the entire brain, into the “zero mode of thoughtlessness”. Therefore, of the known psychotechnologies, it is Samadhi-1 that most of all corresponds to what we get from a special controlled ideomotor-meditative psychotechnique as SK-1-Superconsciousness. At the same time, the psychotechnics SK-1 significantly reduced the time for achieving Superconsciousness from dozens of years, like with yogis, to a few seconds, and for anyone who wants it. In the East, Samadhi (Superconsciousness) was obtained by psychotechnology through meditation, as a guided meditation, i.e. at a certain level of mastering the meditative trance, the trainees began to master the technique of turning on consciousness (the psyche of the left brain) and putting the meditative state under the control of the active mind (active “I”. Thus, they received actively controlled meditation or, as they called it, Samadhi. Academician V. M. Kandyba replaced the meditative trance as an uncomfortable and long "Path" with a complex ideomotor hypno-meditative trance, which can be obtained immediately and easily by anyone. , i.e. he created a new psychotechnology that allowed him to instantly turn on the left-brain consciousness on the right-brain psychophysiology of ideomotor movement.As a result, the Superconsciousness was obtained in a form accessible to every person.Thus, we can conclude that the SC-1-Superconsciousness is a controlled ideomotor trance, built on the ability of each person to create mentally imaginary images, which automatically cause the necessary reactions of the body, automatically realizing these images. That is why the development of imagination, the development of abilities for visualization and new visual thinking formed the basis of the accelerated psychotechnology for constructing the Superconsciousness.

SK-2-Superconsciousness. In the SC-2-Superconsciousness of a person, all 100% of his reserve psychophysiology are included in active work. The perception of reality goes through all channels automatically and with a predominance of visual thinking. Most of the thinking consists of pictures of direct merging and identification with reality. Understanding often has the character of "insight", i.e. a person understands everything immediately and completely at the moment of contact with something. If necessary, the brain can display insightfully grasped information on a mental screen in the form of a code color language, pictures, code symbols, sounding or written words, smells, etc. In CK-2-Superconsciousness, verbal-logical thinking changes, and a person understands that he knows and understands in advance (the phenomenon of “omniscience”), can predict, guess, feel and even see a lot, and without specially developing superpowers. Superpowers come to many automatically, and with special training, abilities reach a super-level.

SK-3...SK-9-Superconsciousness is a state of consciousness when a person's thinking is carried out by a play of light and color, and verbal-logical and eidetic thinking arises only when necessary. This is the highest state of consciousness, which is developed by special training and allows a person to demonstrate truly unique abilities and realize the superpowers of the body.

The main secret of the SC method lies in the fact that the key to everything external, to success outside of a person, lies mainly inside a person, inside his psyche. And the only true scientific method of human development and the formation of one's own destiny independently, and not by the will of the circumstances of external and internal nature, is the method of trance purposeful SC-development of one's own psyche.

At the heart of the creation of the method of academician V.M. Kandyba - SK, scientific knowledge about the specifics of the functioning of the cerebral hemispheres. A person has two brains, and not one, as many people think, academician V.M. Kandyba draws attention (1999, 2001). Left brain (left hemisphere) and right brain (right hemisphere). The left brain communicates with the external environment verbally and logically, understands and remembers only words and also thinks in words, which is why it is called "the mind or consciousness of a person." The right brain communicates with the external environment only by sensations (feelings) and images (pictures), understands and remembers only sensations and images, therefore it is called "unconscious human nature" ("unconscious"). The psyche of the left brain is called verbal-logical, and the psyche of the right brain is called sensory-figurative. The psyche of the left brain (consciousness) controls and governs the psyche of the right brain (unconscious). Simultaneous and constant activity of both hemispheres of the brain constitutes a single human psyche. During the day, activity of the left brain (consciousness) dominates, and activity of the right brain (unconscious) dominates at night. The left brain directly obeys the right side of the human body, and the right brain obeys left-hand side body. The activity of the left brain (consciousness) is controlled by upbringing, education, ideals, beliefs, principles, attitudes, social and professional stereotypes of thinking, etc., as well as the content of the memory of the left brain and information coming from outside and from the right brain. The left brain and its rational conscious psyche are called the "spiritual (ideal) nature of man", and unconscious psyche right brain - "the animal (sensual) nature of man", which is controlled by instincts. In a normal waking state, the left brain is more active in many men, especially lawyers, mathematicians, military men, and the right brain is usually more active in women and children, often the right brain is well developed and active in musicians, actors, artists and people in creative professions with a developed sensitivity and imagination. For the development of the left brain, moral education, good education, regular reading and development of speech are necessary. For the development of the right brain, it is necessary to develop the sensual sphere of a person and his imagination, that is, the ability to feel and visualize (the ability to see pictures on the mental screen). With the Kandyba SK method, after 5-10 days of training, the capabilities of the brain increase at least 2-3 times, and in the extreme situations mode, a trainee using the SK-2 method is able to instantly use 100% of the superpowers of his psychophysiology and psychoenergetics, therefore, according to his indicators The SC method surpassed all the best world schools in the field of auto-training and self-regulation by several orders of magnitude. High-quality SC-2 is achieved by restructuring the structure of the left brain and a significant development of sensory-figurative mechanisms of the right brain, followed by training to synchronize the simultaneous active work of both hemispheres of the brain in a new, arbitrarily evoked visual mode of thinking of the new SC-2-Superconsciousness. The next stage in the SC-method training is to develop practical skills for developing high-quality voluntary contact with the Superconscious and effective work in SC-2 in a variety of situations and areas of modern culture. The ability to work with the Superconsciousness in the SC-2 mode is developed by the latest psychotechniques for mastering new superpowers: color thinking, vision with closed eyes, dowsing, foreign languages, instant reading and memorization, martial arts, remote hypnosis, healing of diseases, rejuvenation and longevity. As academician V.M.Kandyba (1999) notes, structurally, the personality of each person in a normal state consists of three main psychophysiological blocks: Unconscious, Consciousness, Superconsciousness. This means that the human psyche can work in the modes of “Unconscious”, “Consciousness” and “Superconsciousness”. Usually, if a person is not sleeping and is not in a trance or a painful state, Consciousness controls his single psyche (in other cases, the Unconscious). In special trance supermobilization states, the Superconsciousness begins to control the unified psyche of a person. In the Superconsciousness mode, any person has the ability to be at any moment of his life until old age. With the help of the Kandyba SC method, one can learn to use one's own Superconsciousness independently at any time and thereby be able, if necessary, to use the hidden reserve superpowers of the psyche. In studies of 1985, it was found (D.V. Kandyba, 1985) that the development of human superpowers by the SC method significantly exceeds the best world methods in the following ratio, for 1 month per 100 subjects:

The highest goal of the SC method is the liberation of human consciousness from its bodily attachment, its disidentification, transformation into the SC-Superconsciousness and gaining immortality, having absorbed the highest qualities of the Cosmic Mind. It has been established that the human brain has superpowers of a different perception than that which is performed by the well-known sense organs. Academician V.M.Kandyba and his son, Doctor of Medical and Psychological Sciences D.V.Kandyba established (1985) that all people can develop the ability to see and know without the help of external senses and become independent of the activity that the sense organs perform; can perceive another, wider world, incommensurably superior to the one that they see and feel with ordinary senses, which are limited by the threshold of perception.

© Sergey Zelinsky, 2009
© Published with the kind permission of the author