1. Normative regulation of behavior and its influence on the behavior of the individual.

2. Psychological aspects legal behaviour.

3. Psychological characteristics of deviant behavior.

A person as a person is formed under the influence of the system of social relations in which he is included. Personality is a carrier of consciousness with an individual-typical structure of psychological properties and qualities, selectively relates to the surrounding reality and fulfills certain social roles. The behavior of an individual in society is determined by a set of social norms.

Social norms are conditioned by social being and historical development society (state), defining the goals, boundaries, conditions and forms of behavior of people in areas significant for the life of society or social groups, as well as in specific situations when a conscious decision is made to act one way or another.

social a norm is defined as “a rule, a requirement of society for an individual, in which the volume, nature, and also the limits of the possible and permissible in his behavior are defined more or less accurately” (E.M. Penkov). These rules and requirements can be fixed in written sources (laws, statutes, documents, etc.) reflected in the political and fiction. However, the existence of a social norm is not limited to fixing in written sources. Most of the norms are objectified, expressed outwardly and brought to the community of people through views and beliefs, patterns of behavior that are repeated from generation to generation (morality, customs, traditions) and are reproduced quite regularly and on a mass scale.

Social norms, a product of knowledge and processing in the minds of people of information about the past and present, about the most rational forms of behavior and activity, have justified themselves in practice and lead the shortest way to a useful result. "Acting as powerful means of social regulation of behavior, social norms are a" bridge "that links together all manifestations of a person's personality, his behavior with the most important institutions of modern society, its structure, its requirements" (M. Bobneva).

Normative regulation of behavior and its influence on the behavior of the individual

The regulation of people's life in society, the so-called normative behavior, is ensured by a number of versatile requirements that are systemic in nature, socially oriented and are called social norms.

Social norms are an integral element of public administration, a means of orienting the behavior of an individual ( social group) in specific social conditions and at the same time a means of control by society over their behavior. With the help of social norms, the normative regulation of the behavior of an individual or a social group (collective) is carried out. The norms reflecting the interests of social groups are set (offered, allowed, prohibited), forms of behavior, the nature of relations, the goal and means of achieving it are defined. It follows from this that social norms are historically changeable and all the contradictions of society appear in them.

Social norms regulate only such behavior that is of a public nature, that is, related to the relationship between individuals, groups, collectives, society as a whole. This social norm (legal, moral, political, etc.) differs from the technical, medical or biological norm, which establish the nature of interaction with natural or man-made objects.

Social norms can be considered as samples, models of people's real behavior, a program of human practical activity in connection with a particular social situation. They reinforce such behavior that expresses typical social ties and relationships characteristic of the majority of representatives of society (a particular social group), is welcomed and carried out by them.

The personal aspect of the social regulation of behavior can be defined as socialization - the process and result of the assimilation and active reproduction of social experience by an individual, carried out in communication and activity. It can occur both spontaneously, when the personality is influenced by various circumstances of life in society, which sometimes have the character of multidirectional factors, and due to the purposeful formation of the personality. In domestic psychology, the problem of socialization is developed within the framework of the dispositional concept of behavior regulation, that is, a system of hierarchies depending on the inclusion of the individual in various social relations(formal and informal).

The main properties of a social norm are its usefulness, obligation and actual implementation in people's behavior.

Of these three properties of the norm, the initial one is its social utility, due to objective social processes in the life of society. Economic and other patterns social life perceived by people, take the form of interests, goals, motives for their actions, expressing the desire of the relevant social groups, turn into rules of conduct and become social norms.

The usefulness of a social norm is, firstly, relative, since a norm that is useful for the interests of one social group may be neutral or even harmful for another; secondly, the usefulness of the norm is variable in space and time, it changes in accordance with changes in the social conditions of people's lives. If the norm, for one reason or another, loses its social utility (for example, socio-economic conditions have changed), although it remains mandatory through the current prescriptions and is actually implemented by citizens, its social consequences of action will be harmful, at least neutral. And at the same time. when the norm is no longer binding (for example, the prohibition of extramarital relations) even objectively useful rules behaviors will not be carried out by everyone they concern. This will lead to a decrease in the degree of effectiveness of the norm and to its gradual displacement by other rules. Finally, the norm completely loses its significance if, in the presence of the first two properties, there is no third - its actual implementation, implementation in people's behavior.

Any social norm is characterized by the specificity of the content and the abstractness (non-personalization) of the addressee, which allows it to be a regulator for various persons and in different situations stabilizing and developing public relations direction, meets the interests of not only a particular social group, but society as a whole.

Despite the presence of a number of common properties, social norms differ from each other, sometimes very significantly. As common among all of them, so 1 differences in their properties, structure and regulatory capabilities should be taken into account if we strive to better understand the causes, nature and mechanism of various social deviations.

The main types of regulatory systems in modern society: law, morality, customs and traditions.

Law is the only (non-alternative) set of norms for a particular society that consolidates already established relations, including universal ones, or recognizes socially acceptable (mandatory) useful options behaviors that were not widespread. Legal norms are characterized by: textual consolidation; publication and cancellation in the official manner established by law by the competent authorities of the state; a clear and unambiguous description of the behavioral option or its boundaries; the presence of sanctions for their violation; enforcement by the power of the state.

The features of legal norms include the following;

Each legal norm contains a description of the main features of behavior (an act or activity of an individual / group);

The model of behavior provided for in the rule of law indicates the attitude of the state to this model (prescribes, permits or prohibits)

Each legal norm fixes not one, but several models of behavior - at least two participants in the interaction. Taking into account the presence of state-defined sanctions, it should be noted that the rule of law establishes a model not so much of an individual act as of the interaction of individuals and social groups. Law is a system of prescriptions external to a person that governs his behavior, and the legal requirements themselves are always associated with an external authority (law, power). When an individual voluntarily and consciously fulfills legal requirements, they become his convictions, that is, they pass into the structure of morality.

Morality is an alternative (heterogeneous) system, represented by the norms generally accepted in society and the norms of certain strata and groups of the population. They also consolidate the already established rules and values ​​of society (group), but mainly in the form of value judgments (decent - dishonorable, honest - dishonest, fair - unfair). Moral norms are characterized by: the insignificance of textual consolidation, enforcement by the authority of the community, a sanction for violation in the form of public censure. At the same time, morality regulates behavior mainly through moral principles(internal imperatives) of a person, although external approval or condemnation of an act is also of great importance.

Some moral norms allow some differences in their literal interpretation, since they differ significantly in territorial and temporal dimensions. The external "similarity" of actions is not essential for morality: it is important that the motives and goals of a person meet moral criteria, are approved by this social group.

Customs and traditions - fix historically established, convenient and habitual patterns of behavior, mainly the rules of the hostel and the interaction of people. The strength of their influence on a person is based on everyday and psychological usefulness (everyday holidays, rituals, etc.). As a rule, customs and traditions are followed quite consistently: there is little reason to deviate from them, because they become a habitual feature of a way of life, convenient within a given social group not only for the majority, but also for "everyone and everyone." This is their important difference from other normative systems.

Each of the listed normative systems is distinguished by its original content and methods of influencing people's behavior. Together, the norms various kinds form an extremely effective regulator of human actions, uses a wide range of means: encouragement and punishment, encouragement and the threat of coercion, appeals to a sense of conscience and duty and public censure, etc. At the same time, it should not be assumed that unofficial norms are violated less often than official (legal) : such violations are not as noticeable and do not cause such social resonance as an offense. It is also important that the legal norm from a psychological point of view is forbidden, that is, it does not contain a positive program, does not indicate how people and behave in a given situation. On the contrary, moral norms, customs and traditions - according to their content direct or prescribe, determine how to act, what behavior is socially approved.

Regulatory systems often overlap and complement each other (for example, moral standard determines the content of the law). Sanctions of norms of various types interact, or a norm of one type can be supported by a sanction of a norm of another type (for example, a crime may also lead to moral condemnation and personnel measures). In general, almost every deviation from the norm of one kind, in one way or another, also concerns the norms of another kind, falls within the scope of their action.

It should be borne in mind that the systems of social norms are heterogeneous and not all of them reflect the interests of society as a whole or the majority of the population. Only the system of legal norms is the only one, but next to it there is a significant number of systems of morality. In addition, it is possible to single out systems of norms that are specific, that is, characteristic of the way of life of various strata and groups of the population: the traditions of the working family, the rules of professional ethics, the customs of the older generation, the features of youth fashion, the habits of adolescents, etc. The ambiguity of norms explains the coexistence of the morality of the majority criminal population and morality, progressive and conservative customs, traditions of representatives of various nationalities living in the same territory.

Social norms do not remain unchanged, but the degree of their dynamic-static nature is different. Since they reflect the interests of the relevant social community, consolidate its external and internal ties and relations, they change along with them - otherwise, due to a change in lifestyle, they will become obsolete and lose their regulatory significance. Thus, the main part of the normative system is made up of the social norms that are currently in force, adequately reflect the existing social needs; it is supplemented by norms that have already lost their significance and objectively interfere with social progress, as well as norms that have not fully developed and are not accepted by everyone, that is, they are ahead of existing regulatory requirements.

If the subject knows the requirements of the norm and agrees with them, he assimilates them as his own principles. "Normative standards of behavior are fixed both in the mass and individual psyche, skills and consciousness of people, and in their mutual relations" (PO. Drobnitsky). The norm is perceived by a person as expedient, beneficial, desirable behavior and is carried out. Deviation from the social norm - non-compliance with its requirements, the choice of another (abnormal) behavior.

means of satisfaction. However, a person has a high degree of flexibility in meeting needs, which is associated with the ability to replace one action with another, as well as to replace an action with an action in the mind, or an unreal action. It should be noted that Freud at one time drew attention to the phenomena of substitution, but Levin investigated them experimentally.

An important provision of Lewin's theory is the concept of the basic determinants of human behavior. According to Lewin, behavior is a function of two variables: personality and environment. Such a formulation of the question is not an empty phrase, but sets a certain approach to the study of the problem of human motivation, in which it is necessary to consider the interaction of the individual and the environment. Levin was in many respects ahead of not only his time, but also our time. Until now, in many studies of motivation, either personality factors or, conversely, situational factors have been neglected, which significantly impoverishes, and sometimes disorients, the study. So, in the first case, subjects that are monotonous in their impersonality, placed in an active, ebullient environment, act, and in the second, various personalities realize themselves against the background of static, “dead” landscapes, as on some canvases of medieval painting.

However, the fact that, in general, behavior is carried out under the influence of two main variables - personality and environment - does not mean that both of these factors in all cases have the same degree of influence on behavior. On the contrary, one can observe that sometimes the actions of a particular person are mainly determined by the situation, the field. Such behavior Levin called field behavior. Otherwise, a person acts under the influence of his own needs, overcoming the forces of the field. This behavior can be called volitional.

Another important construct of Lewin's theory (most of the modern theories of motivation for achievement, decision-making and goal-setting are somehow connected with it) is the concept of the resulting

motivational tendency, which is determined by two main factors: valence (attractiveness of the goal or outcome of the action) and expectation, or psychological remoteness, the degree of attainability of the goal. The higher the valency and the lower the psychological remoteness (attainability) of the goal, the higher the corresponding motivation. Within the framework of Levin's concept, classical methods have been developed for studying the level of claims (Hoppe's experiments), the dynamics of expectations (Yuknat's studies), etc. (see [Heckhausen, 1986]).

Problems of motivation in humanistic psychology. The humanistic tradition in psychology, which took shape mainly in the 50s. of our century, is a kind of antipode of psychoanalytic views. But, like all opposites, psychoanalysis and humanistic doctrine have many features in common.

The philosophical basis of humanistic psychology is considered existentialism (see, for example:), declaring the intrinsic value of the individual as opposed to the standardization of a civilized society that has been rapidly growing since the beginning of the 20th century; calling to accept things as they are; requiring permission for the individual to determine his own path; denying the possibility of analytical, rational knowledge of human essence. The theoretical constructions of psychologists, representatives of the humanistic direction, echo the listed provisions of existentialism.

G. Olport, for example, believed that in order to study the uniqueness of the individual, fundamentally different, different from traditional, methods are needed. According to Allport, a normal adult is functionally autonomous, independent of the needs of the body, basically conscious, highly individual (he is not dominated by eternal, unchanging instincts and the unconscious, as psychoanalysts believed).

According to K. Rogers, a normal personality is open to experience, there is no need to control or manage it. It is necessary to observe the personality and

Psychology. Full course Riterman Tatyana Petrovna

Mental regulation of behavior and activity

Among the ways of mental regulation of activity, one can single out emotional and volitional regulation.

The mental process of impulsive regulation of behavior, which is based on sensual reflection significance of external influences is called emotions.

Emotions prompt conscious, rational regulation of behavior that counters current emotions. Strong emotions oppose volitional actions that are performed contrary to the first.

However, the freedom to manifest emotional-impulsive actions depends on the level of conscious regulation: the lower the level, the freer these actions that do not have conscious motivation. Emotions prevail with a lack of information that allows one to consciously build an activity, with a lack of ideas about conscious ways of behavior. In addition, consciousness does not form the goals of these actions, since they are predetermined by the nature of the impact itself (for example, impulsive removal or protective movement of hands from an object approaching a person). At the same time, mental actions are also based on emotions, that is, emotions are of great importance in conscious action.

Volitional regulation increases the effectiveness of the corresponding activity, and a person's volitional action begins to act as a conscious one in order to overcome external and internal obstacles, which is facilitated by volitional efforts.

Such personality traits as willpower, energy, perseverance, endurance, etc., which are a manifestation of will, are considered as primary, or basic, volitional personality traits. They predefine the behavior described by the properties listed above.

In addition to these, one should name such strong-willed qualities as determination, courage, self-control, self-confidence. They are formed, as a rule, later than the first group of properties, therefore they are defined not only as volitional, but also as characterological. This group of qualities is called secondary.

There is also a third group of volitional qualities associated with the moral and value orientations of a person. These include responsibility, discipline, adherence to principles, commitment. This group tertiary volitional qualities, usually developing by adolescence, also includes a person's attitude to work: efficiency, initiative.

The main psychological function of the will consists in increasing motivation and improving the conscious regulation of actions. That is, a conscious change in the meaning of an action by a person performing it occurs under the influence of an additional impulse to action, the meaning of which correlates with the struggle of motives and is transformed due to deliberate mental efforts.

Volitional regulation allows for a long time to maintain attention focused on the object. All basic mental functions - sensation, perception, imagination, memory, thinking and speech - are associated with the will. In the process of development of these processes (from the lowest to the highest), a person acquires volitional control over them.

Volitional action and awareness of the purpose of the activity, its significance are closely related to each other. Volitional action subordinates the actions performed to this goal. Actual human needs always provoke the energy of volitional actions and become their source. Based on them, a person selects a conscious meaning for his arbitrary actions.

Consciously abandoning the usual way of solving a problem, a person shows the will to replace it with a more hard way and stick to it going forward.

“Will in the proper sense arises when a person is able to reflect on his drives, can somehow relate to them ... rising above them ... to make a choice between them” (S. L. Rubinshtein).

The human will develops over several phases. The first of them gives a person confidence in solving the usual tasks of everyday life in the future.

The second phase, which provides enough material and ideas from the field of morality, in the future makes it possible to realize more subtle moral differences.

The third phase, experienced quite deeply, opens up the possibility of further distinguishing the "shades" of moral questions, without allowing us to consider them schematically.

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1. 1. The main problems of the study of the motivation of behavior and activity

Seminar №2.

1) The concept of the psyche

Even in ancient times

physical form of reflection consciousness.

2) The structure of the psyche.

1. Mental processes

a) cognitive

b) emotional(emotions and feelings);

in) strong-willed(will).

2. Mental states

3. Mental properties

4. Mental formations

Functions of the psyche.

.

Seminar №2.

1) The concept of the psyche

Even in ancient times it was found that along with the material, objective, external, objective world, there are non-material, internal, subjective phenomena - human feelings, desires, memories, etc. Every person is endowed with a psychic life.

The psyche is a property of highly organized matter to reflect objective reality, create mental images and regulate human activity and behavior.

The psyche is a subjective, signal, socially conditioned reflection of reality in a system of ideal images, on the basis of which an active interaction of a person with the environment is carried out.

Reflection expresses the ability of material objects in the process of interaction to reproduce in their changes the features and traits of the objects affecting them. The form of reflection depends on the form of existence of matter.

In nature, three main forms of reflection can be distinguished. lower level organization of life corresponds physical form of reflection characteristic for the interaction of objects of inanimate nature. Corresponding to a higher level physiological form of reflection. The next level takes the form of the most complex and developed mental reflection with the highest level of reflection specific to the human psyche - consciousness.

The human psyche is formed and manifested in its activity. Human activity serves both as the driving force of socio-historical progress and as a means of mental development person. In the process of the formation of the human psyche, his external actions with material objects are transformed into mental actions. Thanks to the ability to act in the mind, a person has learned to model various relationships between objects, to foresee the results of his actions.

The human psyche is a socially conditioned phenomenon, not a natural product of the brain. However, it is implemented by the brain. The psyche cannot be separated from the work of the brain, but it cannot be reduced to neurophysiological processes either.

Work specifics human brain consists in a special way of encoding information coming from outside. The mental reflection of reality by a person is a reflection mediated by a verbal sign, a human concept formed in socio-historical practice.

The psyche is a very complex system consisting of separate subsystems, its elements are hierarchically organized and very changeable.

2) The structure of the psyche.

The whole variety of forms of mental existence is usually combined into the following groups:

1. Mental processes - these are elementary mental phenomena that provide the primary reflection and awareness of the impact of the surrounding reality by a person (last from a fraction of a second to tens of minutes or more). As a rule, they have a clear beginning, a definite course and a pronounced end.

Mental processes are divided into:

a) cognitive(sensation, perception, attention, representation, imagination, memory, thinking, speech);

b) emotional(emotions and feelings);

in) strong-willed(will).

2. Mental states are longer compared to mental processes (they can last for several hours, days or even weeks) and more complex in structure and education.

They are expressed in a certain level, performance and quality of the functioning of the human psyche, characteristic of him at a certain point in time. These include states of activity or passivity, cheerfulness or depression, efficiency or fatigue, irritability, absent-mindedness, good or bad mood.

3. Mental properties - the most stable and constantly manifesting personality traits that provide a certain qualitative and quantitative level of behavior and activity that is typical for a given person. These include orientation (what does a person want?), temperament and character (how does a person manifest?), abilities (what can a person do?).

4. Mental formations - this is what becomes the result of the work of the human psyche, its development and self-development; These are mental phenomena that are formed in the process of acquiring a person's life and professional experience. These include acquired knowledge, skills and abilities, habits, attitudes, attitudes, beliefs, etc.

5. Socio-psychological phenomena - these are psychological phenomena caused by interaction, communication, mutual influence of people on each other and their belonging to certain social communities(classes, ethnic groups, small and large groups, religious denominations, etc.).

Mental regulation of behavior and activity.

Under behavior in psychology, it is customary to understand the external manifestations of human mental activity. Behaviors include:

• individual movements and gestures (for example, bowing, nodding, clasping hands);
• external manifestations of physiological processes associated with the state, activity, communication of people (for example, posture, facial expressions, looks, reddening of the face, trembling, etc.);
• actions that have a certain meaning;
• actions that have social significance and associated with the rules of conduct.

deed- an action, performing which a person realizes its significance for other people, that is, its social meaning.

Activity is a dynamic system of interaction of the subject with the world. In the process of this interaction, the emergence of a mental image and its embodiment in the object, as well as the realization by the subject of his relations with the surrounding reality, takes place.

Main characteristic activity is its objectivity. By subject is meant not only natural object, but an object of culture in which a certain socially developed way of acting with it is fixed. This method is reproduced whenever an objective activity is carried out. Another characteristic of activity is its social, socio-historical nature. A person cannot independently discover forms of activity with objects. This is done with the help of other people who demonstrate patterns of activity and include a person in a joint activity. The transition from activity divided between people and performed in an external (material) form to individual (internal) activity is the main direction in the formation of psychological neoplasms (knowledge, skills, abilities, motives, attitudes, and so on).

Activities are always indirect. Tools, material objects, signs, symbols and communication with other people act as means. Carrying out any act of activity, we realize in it a certain attitude towards other people, even if they are really and not present at the time of the activity.

Human activity is always purposeful, subject to the goal as a consciously presented planned result, the achievement of which it serves. The goal directs the activity and corrects its course.

Activity is always productive, that is, its result is transformations both in outside world, and in the person himself: his knowledge, motives, abilities. Depending on which changes play the main role or have the greatest specific weight, different types activities: labor, cognitive, communicative and others.

Functions of the psyche.

The psyche performs certain functions: reflections of the influences of the surrounding reality; regulation of behavior and activities of people; awareness of their place in the world around them.

1. Reflection of the influences of the surrounding reality . The mental reflection of reality has its own characteristics:

This is not a dead, mirror, one-act reflection, but a process that is constantly developing and improving, creating and overcoming its contradictions;

An external influence is always refracted through the previously established features of the psyche and specific states of a person (therefore, the same external influence can be reflected in different ways). different people and even one person)

This is a correct, true reflection of reality (the emerging images of the material world are snapshots, casts, copies of existing objects, phenomena, events).

2. Regulation of behavior and activity. The psyche, human consciousness, on the one hand, reflect the effects of the external environment, adapt to it, and on the other hand, regulate this process, making up the internal content of activity and behavior.

3. Man's awareness of his place in the world around him. This function of the psyche, on the one hand, ensures the correct adaptation and orientation of a person in the objective world, guaranteeing him an understanding of this world and an adequate attitude towards it. On the other hand, with the help of the psyche, a person realizes himself as a person endowed with certain individual and socio-psychological characteristics, as a representative of a particular society, social group, different from other people and being with them in a kind of interpersonal relationship. Correct awareness of a person's personal characteristics helps to adapt to other people, to build communication and interaction with them correctly, to achieve common goals of joint activities, to maintain harmony in society as a whole.

The psyche arose at a certain stage in the development of matter - the stage of the appearance of animal organisms and is a reflective-regulatory mechanism of their adaptive behavior. As the evolutionary development of animals, their psyche also developed. The human psyche, consciousness is the highest stage in the development of the psyche; its occurrence is due to labor activity person in a group setting.