Any science has a certain range of problems, the most complex theoretical and practical questions to which it must seek answers. The main ethical issues are:

• - the problem of criteria of good and evil;
• - the problem of the meaning of life and the purpose of man;
• - the problem of justice;
• - the problem of due.

Basic moral categories

Can be distinguished whole line moral categories that most fully reflect the essence and content of ethics. Among them: moral principles, moral norms, moral behavior, moral consciousness of a person, moral ideal, good and evil.

Moral principles

Moral principles are the basic moral laws, which are a system of values ​​that consolidates, through moral experience, the moral duties of a person. They are also called virtues. Moral principles are formed in the process of education and together become the basis for the development of a number of moral qualities of a person (humanity, a sense of justice, reasonableness, etc.).

The ways and means of implementing each moral principle are varied and depend on individual features the person himself, the moral traditions that have developed in society, and from a specific life situation. The most comprehensive and widespread principles include the principles of humanity, respect, reasonableness, courage and honor.

Humanity - it is a complex of positive qualities that represent a conscious, kind and disinterested attitude towards people around, all living beings and nature in general. A man differs from an animal in that he has such qualities as reason, conscience, spirituality. Being an intellectual and spiritual being, in any, even the most difficult, situations, he must remain a man in accordance with the high moral stage of his development.

Humanity is made up of everyday actions that reflect a person's good attitude towards other people and are manifested in such positive acts as mutual assistance, revenue, service, concession, favor. Humanity is a volitional action of a person based on a deep understanding and acceptance of his inherent moral qualities.

Reverence - this is a respectful attitude not only to relatives and friends, but also to the whole world around us, the ability to treat familiar and unfamiliar people, things and natural objects and phenomena. Reverence is associated with such qualities as politeness, tact, courtesy, goodwill, sympathy.

Intelligence - it is an action based on moral experience. It includes such concepts as wisdom and logic. On the one hand, rationality is a quality of a person’s personality, depending on the mind given to him from birth, and on the other hand, ego actions that are consistent with experience and a system of moral values.

Courage and honor - categories, meaning a person's ability to overcome difficult life circumstances and a state of fear without losing self-esteem and respect for other people. They are closely interrelated and based on personality traits such as a sense of duty, responsibility, and resilience.

Moral principles must be constantly implemented in human behavior in order to consolidate moral experience.

Moral standards

The joint residence of individuals in society requires a certain restriction of their freedom, since some human actions can be harmful and even dangerous for society. Moral norms reflect the principles and rules of relationships between people established by society that arise in the process of living together. Relationships of joint activity and mutual assistance between people are built on the basis of moral norms.

Moral norms are a social phenomenon, since they affect the problem of the individual's behavior in society, representing the requirements that society imposes on each individual person. It is society that determines how relationships between its members should be built. Society also evaluates human behavior. Quite often, these assessments do not coincide with individual ones: what seems positive for an individual can cause a negative assessment of society, and vice versa, society often forces a person to do something that contradicts his aspirations and desires.

What moral standards wear social character, has developed historically. After all, the moral consciousness of a person is formed under the influence of his environment, on the basis of moral ideals and moral authorities developed by society. The moral norms of an individual are a symbiosis of social attitudes and personal consciousness.

Moral norms are the basis for assessing human behavior by society. There are no single criteria for such an assessment, they depend on the era, the type of society, on the traditional moral attitudes that have developed in any territory, in a particular country, etc. The same actions of people at different times, in different societies can be considered moral and immoral. For example, the barbaric traditions of scalping among the North Indians or eating the heart of a defeated enemy among the natives of Oceania did not seem immoral in their time, but were considered a manifestation of special valor deserving public respect.

The norms of morality in society exist in the form of prohibitions and unspoken instructions. Prohibitions are those norms of individual behavior that are undesirable for society as a whole. Unspoken, informal prescriptions give a person the freedom to choose the type of behavior within the framework of generally accepted norms. Historically, prohibitions have always preceded prescriptions.

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Moral principles- the main element in the system of morality is the basic fundamental ideas about the proper behavior of a person, through which the essence of morality is revealed and on which other elements of the system are based. The most important of them: humanism, collectivism, individualism, altruism, selfishness, tolerance . Unlike norms, they are selective in nature and are determined by a person independently. They characterize the moral orientation of the individual as a whole.

moral standards - specific rules of conduct that determine how a person should behave in relation to society, other people, himself. The imperative-evaluative nature of morality is clearly traced in them. Moral norms are the simplest forms of moral statements ("do not kill", "do not lie", "do not steal", etc.) that determine a person's behavior in typical, repetitive situations. Often they take the form of moral habits in a person and are observed by him without much thought.

moral values- social attitudes and imperatives, expressed in the form of normative ideas about good and evil, fair and unfair, about the meaning of life and the purpose of a person in terms of their moral significance. They serve as a normative form of moral orientation of a person in the world, offering him specific regulators of actions.

moral ideal- this is a holistic model of moral behavior that people strive for, considering it the most reasonable, useful, beautiful. The moral ideal allows you to evaluate people's behavior and is a guideline for self-improvement.

1. structure of morality.

Moral norms, principles, ideals are manifested in the moral activity of people, which is the result of the interaction of moral consciousness, moral relations and moral behavior. . In their unity and interdependence, they are a way of being morality, embodied in its structure.

Understanding the essence of morality involves an analysis of its structure. In terms of content, traditionally (since ancient era) has three main elements:

♦ moral consciousness;

♦ moral behavior;

♦ moral relations.

moral consciousness- this is a person's knowledge of the essence of the main categories of ethics, understanding of moral values ​​and the inclusion of some of them in the system of personal beliefs, as well as moral feelings and experiences.

moral relations as one of the types public relations consist in the realization of moral values ​​by a person when communicating with others. They are determined by the level of moral consciousness of the individual.

moral behavior- these are concrete actions of a person, which are an indicator of his moral culture.

Moral consciousness includes two levels: emotional and rational. . Schematically, the structure of moral consciousness can be represented as follows.

Emotional level- mental reaction of a person to an event, attitude, phenomenon. It includes emotions, feelings, mood.

Emotions - special mental states that reflect the immediate evaluative reactions of the individual to situations that are morally significant for a person. A kind of emotion is an affect - a particularly strong short-term experience that is not controlled by consciousness.

The senses - it is the joy and sadness experienced by a person, love and hatred, suffering and compassion, arising from emotions. Passion is a kind of moral feeling. – a strongly expressed feeling leading to the achievement of the goal by any, including immoral, means.

Moods - an emotional state that is characterized by duration, stability and is the background against which feelings are manifested and human activity proceeds. As a kind of mood, depression can be considered - an oppressed, depressed state and stress - a state of special mental tension.

Rational level - the ability of the individual to logical analysis and introspection is the result of the purposeful formation of moral consciousness in the process of training, education and self-education. The result is the moral competence of the individual, which includes three main components.

Knowledge principles, norms and categories , included in the system of morality. ethical knowledge - primary, necessary, but insufficient component of moral consciousness.

Understanding the essence of moral norms and principles and the need for their application. To establish moral relations, both the correctness and the similarity of this understanding by different subjects are important.

Adoption moral norms and principles, including them in one's own system of views and beliefs, using them as a "guide to action".

Moral Relations- the central element of the structure of morality, which fixes the properties of any human activity in terms of its moral assessment. The most significant in the moral sense are such types of relations as the attitude of a person to society as a whole, to other people, to himself.

The relation of man to society regulated by a number of principles, in particular, the principles of collectivism or individualism. Moreover, various combinations of these principles are possible:

v the merging of collectivism and egoism gives rise to the so-called group egoism, when a person, identifying himself with a certain group (party, class, nation), shares its interests and claims, thoughtlessly justifies all its actions.

v the merging of individualism and egoism, when, satisfying one's own interest, a person guided by the principle of individualism can harm other people, selfishly realizing himself "at their expense."

Relationship to another a person can be subject-subject or subject-object character.

The subjective type of relations is characteristic of humanistic ethics and manifests itself in the dialogue . This approach is based on the principles of altruism and tolerance.

"There is no person that would be like an island"
(John Donne)

Society consists of many individuals who are similar in many ways, but also extremely different in their aspirations and views on the world, experience and perception of reality. Morality is what unites us, these are the special rules adopted in the human community and defining a certain general view of the categories of such a plan as good and evil, right and wrong, good and bad.

Morality is defined as the norms of behavior in society, which have been formed over many centuries and serve for the correct development of a person in it. The term itself comes from the Latin word mores, which means the rules accepted in society.

Moral traits

Morality, which in many respects is decisive for the regulation of life in society, has several main features. So, its fundamental requirements for all members of society are the same, regardless of position. They operate even in those situations that are outside the area of ​​responsibility of legal principles and apply to such areas of life as creativity, science, and production.

The norms of public morality, in other words, traditions, are significant in communication between specific individuals and groups of people, allow "to speak the same language." Legal principles are imposed on society, and their failure to comply carries consequences of varying severity. Traditions and moral norms are voluntary, each member of society agrees to them without coercion.

Types of moral standards

For centuries it has been accepted different kinds. So, in primitive society, such a principle as taboo was indisputable. People who were proclaimed as transmitting the will of the gods were strictly regulated as prohibited actions that could threaten the entire society. For their violation, the most severe punishment inevitably followed: death or exile, which in most cases was one and the same. The taboo is still preserved in many Here, as a norm of morality, the examples are as follows: one cannot be on the territory of the temple if a person does not belong to the clergy caste; You can't have children from your relatives.

Custom

The norm of morality is not only generally accepted, as a result of its conclusion by some top, it can also be a custom. It is a repetitive course of action, which is especially important in order to maintain a certain position in society. In Muslim countries, for example, it is traditions that are most honored than other moral norms. Customs based on religious beliefs in Central Asia can cost lives. For us, who are more accustomed to European culture, legislation is an analogue. It has the same effect on us as traditional morality has on Muslims. Examples in this case: a ban on drinking alcohol, closed clothing for women. For our Slavic-European society, customs are: to bake pancakes for Maslenitsa, to celebrate New Year with a Christmas tree.

Among the moral norms, tradition is also distinguished - the order of actions and the way of behavior that persists for a long time, passed down from generation to generation. A kind of traditional moral standards, examples. In this case, these include: celebrating the New Year with a Christmas tree and gifts, maybe in a certain place, or going to the bathhouse on New Year's Eve.

moral rules

There are also moral rules - those norms of society that a person consciously determines for himself and adheres to this choice, deciding what is acceptable for him. For such a norm of morality, examples in this case are: to give way to pregnant and elderly people, to give a hand to a woman when leaving a transport, to open a door in front of a woman.

Functions of morality

One of the functions is evaluating. Morality considers the events and actions that take place in society in terms of their usefulness or danger to further development and then delivers its verdict. different kind reality is assessed in terms of good and evil, forming an environment in which each of its manifestations can be assessed both positively and negatively. With the help of this function, a person can understand his place in the world and form his position.

Equally important is the regulatory function. Morality actively influences the minds of people, often acting better than legal restrictions. From childhood, with the help of education, each member of society forms certain views on what can and cannot be done, and this helps him adjust his behavior in such a way that it is useful for himself and for development in general. Moral norms regulate both the internal views of a person, and hence his behavior, and the interaction between groups of people, allowing you to maintain a routine, stability and culture.

The educational function of morality is expressed in the fact that under its influence a person begins to focus not only on his own needs, but also on the needs of the people around him, society as a whole. The individual develops a consciousness of the value of needs and other members of society, which, in turn, leads to mutual respect. A person enjoys his freedom as long as it does not violate the freedom of other people. similar in different individuals, help them better understand each other and act harmoniously together, positively influencing the development of each of them.

Morality as a result of evolution

The basic moral principles of any time of the existence of society include the need to do good deeds and not cause harm to people, regardless of what position they occupy, what nationality they belong to, followers of what religion they are.

The principles of norm and morality become necessary as soon as individuals enter into interaction. It was the emergence of society that created them. Biologists who focus on the study of evolution say that in nature there is also the principle of mutual utility, which in human society is realized through morality. All animals that live in society are forced to moderate their selfish needs in order to be more adapted to later life.

Many scientists consider morality as the result of the social evolution of human society, being the same natural manifestation. They say that many of the principles of norms and morality, which are fundamental, were formed with the help of natural selection, when only those individuals survived who could interact correctly with others. Thus, examples are given of parental love, which expresses the need to protect offspring from all external dangers in order to ensure the survival of the species, and the prohibition of incest, which protects the population from degeneration through the mixing of too similar genes, which leads to the appearance of weak children.

Humanism as the basic principle of morality

Humanism is the fundamental principle of the norm of public morality. It is understood as the belief that every person has the right to happiness and countless opportunities in order to realize this right, and that every society should be based on the idea that each of its participants has value and is worthy of protection and freedom. .

The main one can be expressed in the well-known rule: "treat others the way you want to be treated." The other person in this principle is seen as deserving the same benefits as any particular person.

Humanism assumes that society must guarantee basic human rights, such as the inviolability of home and correspondence, freedom of religion and choice of residence, and the prohibition of forced labor. Society must make efforts to support people who, for one reason or another, are limited in their abilities. The ability to accept such people distinguishes human society, which does not live according to the laws of nature with natural selection, dooming the insufficiently strong to death. Humanism also creates opportunities for human happiness, the peak of which is the realization of one's knowledge and skills.

Humanism as a source of universal norms of morality

Humanism in our time draws the attention of society to such universal problems as the proliferation of nuclear weapons, environmental threats, the need for development and a decrease in the level of production. He says that the containment of needs and the involvement of everyone in solving the problems that face the entire society can only happen through an increase in the level of consciousness, the development of spirituality. It forms the universal norms of morality.

Mercy as a basic principle of morality

Mercy is understood as a person's readiness to help people in need, to sympathize with them, perceiving their suffering as their own and wanting to alleviate their suffering. Many religions pay close attention to this moral principle, especially Buddhism and Christianity. In order for a person to be merciful, it is necessary that he does not divide people into "us" and "them", so that he sees "his" in everyone.

Currently, great emphasis is placed on the fact that a person should actively help those who need mercy, and it is important that he not only provides practical assistance, but also be ready to support morally.

Equality as a basic principle of morality

From a moral point of view, equality calls for a person's actions to be evaluated regardless of his social position and prosperity, but from a general point of view, so that the approach to human actions is universal. This kind of state of affairs can only exist in a well-developed society that has reached a certain level in economic and cultural development.

Altruism as the basic principle of morality

This principle of morality can be expressed in the phrase "Love your neighbor as yourself." Altruism assumes that a person is able to do something good for another person for free, that this will not be a favor that must be returned, but a selfless impulse. This moral principle is very important in modern society When life in big cities alienates people from each other, it creates the feeling that caring for your neighbor without intent is impossible.

morality and law

Law and morality are in close contact, since together they form the rules in society, but they have a number of significant differences. Value and morality reveals their differences.

The rules of law are documented and developed by the state as mandatory rules, for non-compliance with which inevitably follows responsibility. As an assessment, the categories of legal and illegal are used, and this assessment is objective, built on regulatory documents, such as the constitution and various codes.

Moral norms and principles are more flexible and different people may be perceived differently, may also depend on the situation. They exist in society in the form of rules that are passed from one person to another and are not documented anywhere. Moral norms are quite subjective, the assessment is expressed through the concepts of "right" and "wrong", their non-compliance in some cases cannot lead to more serious consequences than public censure or simply disapproval. For a person, violation of moral principles can lead to pangs of conscience.

The correlation between the norms of law and morality can be traced in many cases. Thus, the moral principles "do not kill", "do not steal" correspond to the laws prescribed in the Criminal Code, that an attempt on human life and property leads to criminal liability and imprisonment. A conflict of principles is also possible, when a legal violation - for example, euthanasia, which is prohibited in our country, which is considered as killing a person - can be justified by moral convictions - the person himself does not want to live, there is no hope for recovery, the disease causes him unbearable pain.

Thus, the difference between the norms of law and morality is expressed only in legislation.

Conclusion

Moral norms were born in society in the process of evolution, their appearance is not accidental. They were needed earlier to support society and protect it from internal conflicts, and still perform this and other functions, developing and progressing along with society. Moral norms have been and will remain an integral element of a civilized society.

morality(or morality) is called the system of norms, ideals, principles accepted in society and its expression in real life people.

Morality is studied by a special philosophical science - ethics.

Morality as a whole manifests itself in understanding the opposition of good and evil. Good is understood as the most important personal and social value and correlates with a person's desire to maintain the unity of interpersonal relationships and achieve moral perfection. Good is the desire for harmonious integrity both in relations between people and in the inner world of the individual. If good is constructive, then evil- this is everything that destroys interpersonal ties and decomposes the inner world of a person.

All norms, ideals, prescriptions of morality are aimed at maintaining good and distracting a person from evil. When a person realizes the requirements of maintaining goodness as his personal task, we can say that he is aware of his duty - obligations to society. The fulfillment of duty is controlled externally by public opinion and internally by conscience. In this way, conscience there is a personal awareness of one's duty.

A person is free in moral activity - he is free to choose or not to choose the path of following the requirements of duty. This freedom of man, his ability to choose between good and evil is called moral choice. In practice, moral choice is not an easy task: it is often very difficult to make a choice between debt and personal inclinations (for example, donate money to an orphanage). The choice becomes even more difficult when different types debt contradict each other (for example, the doctor must save the life of the patient and save him from pain; sometimes both are incompatible). For the consequences of a moral choice, a person is responsible to society and to himself (his conscience).

Summarizing these features of morality, we can distinguish the following of its functions:

• appraisal - consideration of actions in the coordinates of good and evil
• (as good, bad, moral or immoral);
• regulatory- establishment of norms, principles, rules of conduct;
• controlling - control over the implementation of norms based on public condemnation and / or the conscience of the person himself;
• integrating - maintaining the unity of humanity and integrity spiritual world person;
• educational- the formation of virtues and abilities of a correct and justified moral choice.

An important difference between ethics and other sciences follows from the definition of morality and its functions. If any science is interested in what there is in reality, ethics is that should be. Most scientific reasoning describes the facts(for example, "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius"), and ethics prescribes norms or evaluates actions(for example, "You must keep a promise" or "Betrayal is evil").

The specificity of moral standards

Moral norms are different from customs and.

Customs - it is a historically formed stereotype of mass behavior in a particular situation. Customs differ from moral norms:

• following the custom implies unquestioning and literal obedience to its requirements, while moral norms imply meaningful and free person's choice;
• customs are different for different peoples, epochs, social groups, while morality is universal - it sets general rules for all mankind;
• the observance of customs is often based on habit and fear of the disapproval of others, and morality is based on a feeling debt and supported by the feeling shame and remorse conscience.

The role of morality in human life and society

Thanks to and subject to moral assessment all aspects of social life - economic, political, spiritual, etc., as well as to give a moral justification for economic, political, religious, scientific, aesthetic and other goals, morality is included in all spheres of public life.

In life, there are norms and rules of conduct that require a person to serve society. Their emergence and existence is dictated by the objective necessity of the joint, collective life of people. Thus, it can be said that the very mode of human existence necessarily gives rise to people's need for each other.

Morality operates in society as a combination of three structural elements: moral activity, moral relations and moral consciousness.

Before revealing the main functions of morality, let us emphasize a number of features of the actions of morality in society. It should be noted that a certain stereotype, pattern, algorithm of human behavior is expressed in the moral consciousness, which is recognized by society as optimal at this historical moment. The existence of morality can be interpreted as the recognition by society of the simple fact that the life and interests of an individual are guaranteed only if the strong unity of society as a whole is ensured. Thus, morality can be considered a manifestation of the collective will of people, which, through a system of requirements, assessments, rules, tries to reconcile the interests of individual individuals with each other and with the interests of society as a whole.

Unlike other manifestations ( , ) morality is not a sphere of organized activity. Simply put, there are no institutions in society that would ensure the functioning and development of morality. And therefore, probably, it is impossible to control the development of morality in the usual sense of the word (as it is to control science, religion, etc.). If we invest certain funds in the development of science, art, then after some time we have the right to expect tangible results; in the case of morality this is impossible. Morality is all-encompassing and at the same time elusive.

Moral requirements and assessments permeate all areas human life and activities.

Most moral requirements do not appeal to external expediency (do this and you will achieve success or happiness), but to moral duty (do this because your duty requires it), i.e., it has the form of an imperative - a direct and unconditional command . People have long been convinced that the strict observance of moral rules does not always lead to success in life, nevertheless, morality continues to insist on strict observance of its requirements. This phenomenon can be explained in only one way: only on the scale of the whole society, in the total result, the fulfillment of one or another moral prescription acquires its full meaning and responds to a social need.

Functions of morality

Consider social role morality, i.e. its main functions:

• regulatory;
• appraisal;
• educational.

Regulatory function

One of the main functions of morality is regulatory. Morality acts primarily as a way of regulating the behavior of people in society and self-regulating the behavior of the individual. As society developed, it invented many other ways of regulating social relations: legal, administrative, technical, and so on. However, the moral mode of regulation continues to be unique. Firstly, because it does not need organizational support in the form of various institutions, punitive bodies, etc. Secondly, because moral regulation is carried out mainly through the assimilation by individuals of the relevant norms and principles of behavior in society. In other words, the effectiveness of moral requirements is determined by the extent to which they have become the inner conviction of an individual, an integral part of his spiritual world, a mechanism for motivating his command.

Evaluation function

Another function of morality is estimated. Morality considers the world, phenomena and processes from the point of view of their humanistic potential- the extent to which they contribute to the unification of people, their development. Accordingly, she classifies everything as positive or negative, good or evil. The moral evaluative attitude to reality is its comprehension in terms of good and evil, as well as other concepts adjacent to them or derived from them (“justice” and “injustice”, “honor” and “disgrace”, “nobility” and “baseness” and etc.). At the same time, the specific form of expressing a moral assessment can be different: praise, consent, censure, criticism, expressed in value judgments; expression of approval or disapproval. A moral assessment of reality puts a person in an active, active attitude towards it. Assessing the world, we are already changing something in it, namely, changing our attitude to the world, our position.

educational function

In the life of society, morality performs the most important task of shaping the personality, it is an effective means. Concentrating the moral experience of mankind, morality makes it the property of each new generation of people. This is her educational function. Morality permeates all types of education insofar as it gives them the correct social orientation through moral ideals and goals, which ensures harmonious combination personal and public interests. Morality considers social ties as ties of people, each of which has a value in itself. It focuses on such actions that, while expressing the will of a given person, do not trample on the will of other people at the same time. Morality teaches to do every thing in such a way that it does not hurt other people.

Modern society cannot be imagined without ethical norms. Every self-respecting state draws up a set of laws that citizens are required to follow. The moral side in any business is a responsible component that cannot be neglected. In our country, there is the concept of moral damage, when the inconvenience caused to a person is measured in material terms in order to at least partially compensate for his experiences.

Morality- the norms of behavior accepted in society and ideas about this behavior. Morality is also understood as moral values, foundations, orders and prescriptions. If in society someone commits acts that are contrary to the designated norms, then they are called immoral.

The concept of morality is very closely related to ethics. Compliance with ethical ideas requires a high spiritual development. Sometimes social attitudes run counter to the needs of the individual himself, and then a conflict arises. In this case, an individual with his own ideology runs the risk of being misunderstood, lonely among society.

How is morality formed?

morality of man largely dependent on himself. Only the individual is responsible for what happens to him. It depends on how ready she is to follow the established orders in society, whether a person will be successful, accepted by others. The development of morality, moral concepts occurs in the parental family. It is those first people with whom the child begins to interact in the early stages of his life that leave a serious imprint on his future fate. So, the formation of morality is significantly influenced by the immediate environment in which a person grows up. If a child grows up in a dysfunctional family, then from an early age he develops a wrong idea about how the world works and a distorted perception of himself in society is formed. As an adult, such a person will begin to experience tremendous difficulties in communicating with other people and will feel discontent on their part. In the case of raising a child in a prosperous average family, he begins to absorb the values ​​of his immediate environment, and this process occurs naturally.

Awareness of the need to follow social prescriptions occurs due to the presence in a person of such a concept as conscience. Conscience is formed from early childhood under the influence of society, as well as individual inner feelings.

Functions of morality

Few people really have a question, why do we need morality? This concept consists of many important components and protects the conscience of a person from unwanted actions. For the consequences of his moral choice, the individual is responsible not only to society, but also to himself. There are functions of morality that help it to fulfill its task.

• Evaluation function related to how other people or the person himself determines the actions committed by him. In the case when self-assessment occurs, a person is usually inclined to justify his own actions by some circumstances. It is much more difficult to bring actions to the public court, because society is sometimes inexorable when evaluating others.
• Regulatory function helps to establish norms in society that will become laws designed for universal observance. The rules of behavior in society are assimilated by the individual at a subconscious level. That is why, getting to the place where it is located a large number of people, most of us, after some time, begin to unmistakably follow the unspoken laws adopted in this particular society.
• Controlling function is directly related to testing the extent to which an individual is able to follow the rules established in society. Such control helps to achieve a state of "clear conscience" and social approval. If an individual does not behave appropriately, then he will necessarily receive condemnation from other people as a feedback.
• Integrating function helps to maintain a state of harmony within the person himself. Performing certain actions, a person, one way or another, analyzes his actions, “checks” them for honesty and decency.
• educational function is to enable a person to learn to understand and accept the needs of other people, to take into account their needs, characteristics and desires. If an individual reaches the state of such an inner breadth of consciousness, then it can be said that he is able to take care of others, and not just about himself. Morality is often associated with a sense of duty. A person who has duties to society is disciplined, responsible and decent. Norms, rules and orders educate a person, form her social ideals and aspirations.

moral standards

Are consistent with Christian ideas about good and evil and what a real person should be.

• Prudence is an essential component of any strong person. It implies that an individual has the ability to adequately perceive the surrounding reality, build harmonious connections and relationships, make reasonable decisions, and act constructively in difficult situations.
• Abstinence involves a ban on staring at persons of the opposite sex who are married. The ability to cope with one's desires, impulses is approved by society, unwillingness to follow spiritual canons is condemned.
• Justice always implies that for all the deeds committed on this earth, sooner or later retribution or some kind of response will come. fair treatment to other people is, first of all, to recognize their value as significant units of human society. Respect, attention to their needs also apply to this item.
• Fortitude is formed due to the ability to endure the blows of fate, to endure the necessary experience for oneself and constructively get out of a crisis state. Perseverance as a moral norm implies the desire to fulfill one's destiny and move forward, despite difficulties. By overcoming obstacles, a person becomes stronger and can later help other people to go through their individual trials.
• industriousness valued in every society. This concept is understood as a person's passion for some business, the realization of his talent or abilities for the benefit of other people. If a person is not ready to share the results of his work, then he cannot be called hardworking. That is, the need for activity should not be connected with personal enrichment, but with serving the consequences of one's work to as many people as possible.
• Humility achieved through long suffering and repentance. The ability to stop in time, not to resort to revenge in a situation where you have been greatly offended, is akin to a real art. But for real the strong man has tremendous freedom of choice: he is able to overcome destructive feelings.
• Politeness necessary in the process of human interaction with each other. Thanks to it, it becomes possible to conclude deals and agreements that are beneficial for both parties. Politeness characterizes a person with better side and helps her constructively move towards a given goal.

moral principles

These principles exist, making significant additions to generally accepted social norms. Their significance and necessity is to contribute to the formation of general formulas and patterns adopted in a given society.

• Talion principle clearly demonstrates the concept of uncivilized countries - "an eye for an eye." That is, if someone has suffered any loss through the fault of another person, this other person is obliged to compensate the first through his own loss. Modern psychological science says that it is necessary to be able to forgive, reconfigure yourself for the positive and look for constructive methods to get out of a conflict situation.
• The principle of morality involves following Christian commandments and observing divine law. An individual does not have the right to harm his neighbor, to deliberately try to cause him any damage based on deceit or theft. The principle of morality most strongly appeals to the conscience of a person, makes him remember his spiritual component. The phrase “Treat your neighbor as you would like him to treat you” is the most vivid manifestation of this principle.
• The principle of the "golden mean" expressed in the ability to see the measure in all matters. This term was first introduced by Aristotle. The desire to avoid extremes and move systematically towards a given goal will certainly lead to success. You cannot use another person as a way to solve your individual problems. In everything you need to feel the measure, to be able to compromise in time.
• Principle of well-being and happiness It is presented in the form of the following postulate: "Act towards your neighbor in such a way as to bring him the greatest good." It doesn’t matter what deed will be done, the main thing is that the benefit from it can serve as many people as possible. This principle of morality presupposes the ability to predict a situation several steps ahead, to foresee possible consequences their actions.
• The principle of justice based on equal treatment among all citizens. It says that each of us must abide by the unspoken rules of dealing with other people and remember that a neighbor who lives with us in the same house has the same rights and freedoms as we do. The principle of justice implies punishment in case of unlawful acts.
• The principle of humanism is the leading among all the above indicated. It assumes that each person has an idea of ​​a condescending attitude towards other people. Humanity is expressed in compassion, in the ability to understand one's neighbor, to be of maximum use to him.

Thus, the importance of morality in human life is of decisive importance. Morality affects all spheres of human interaction: religion, art, law, traditions and customs. Sooner or later, questions arise in the existence of each individual individual: how to live, what principle to follow, what choice to make, and he turns to his own conscience for an answer.