Man-made emergencies, their causes and possible consequences. The dangers of the technosphere

10.10.2019

Introduction

All living organisms that inhabit our planet do not exist on their own, they depend on the environment and experience its effects. This is a precisely coordinated complex of many environmental factors, and the adaptation of living organisms to them determines the possibility of the existence of various forms of organisms and the most diverse formation of their life.

Living nature is the environment, which includes, in addition to the surface of the Earth and its interior, part of the solar system that falls into the sphere of human activity, as well as the material world created by man.

Due to the interconnection of everything that exists, the cosmos has an active influence on the most diverse processes of life on Earth.

IN AND. Vernadsky, speaking about the factors influencing the development of the biosphere, pointed out, among others, the cosmic influence. So, he emphasized that without cosmic bodies, in particular without the Sun, life on Earth could not exist. Living organisms transform cosmic radiation into terrestrial energy (thermal, electrical, chemical, mechanical) on a scale that determines the existence of the biosphere.

The future of mankind is directly related to the state of the environment and completely depends on the attitude of the inhabitants of the planet towards this problem.

Environment and its components

Environment and geographic environment

The geographical environment arose as a result of a long evolution of the geographic shell under the influence of anthropogenic influence, the creation of the so-called "secondary nature", i.e. cities, factories, fields, canals, etc.

The geographical environment is that part of the earth's nature with which human society directly interacts in its life and production activities at a given stage of historical development.

Geographic environment - necessary condition life and activities of society. It serves as its habitat, the most important source of resources, has a great influence on the spiritual world of people, on their health and mood.

Recently, along with the concept of the geographical environment, the concept of the environment has also entered scientific use.

The environment is the habitat and activity of mankind, the natural world surrounding man and the material world created by him.

The concept does not include man-made objects (buildings, cars, etc.), since they surround individuals, and not society as a whole. However, areas of nature modified by human activity (cities, agricultural lands, reservoirs) are included in the environment, as they create a social environment.

The environment includes the natural environment and the artificial (technogenic) environment. The natural or natural environment includes the inanimate and living parts of nature - the geosphere and the biosphere. It exists and develops without human intervention, in a natural way. However, in the course of evolution, a person gradually masters the natural environment more and more.

An artificial or technogenic environment is understood as a set of elements of the environment created from natural substances, by labor and the conscious will of a person and which have no analogues in virgin nature (buildings, structures, etc.). Social production changes the environment, influencing directly or indirectly on all its elements. This impact and its negative consequences were especially intensified in the era of modern scientific and technological revolution, when the scale of human activity, covering almost the entire geographical envelope of the Earth, became comparable to the effect of global natural processes.

In a broad sense, the concept of "environment" can include material and spiritual conditions for the existence and development of society.

The influence of man on nature. Technosphere.

Since the appearance of man, the biosphere has become increasingly subject to the negative influence of his economic activity. In order to survive, man was forced to follow the path of technogenic development. Nature has been subjected to a particularly severe impact from human activity over the past hundred years. The consequences of anthropogenic (man-made) activities are manifested in the depletion of natural resources, pollution of the biosphere with industrial waste, destruction of natural ecosystems, changes in the structure of the Earth's surface, and climate change.

The term technosphere is the field of manifestation of human technical activity. A feature of the technosphere is that the area of life in it is constantly subjected to various and sometimes extremely powerful salvo impacts. At the beginning of the evolution of the technosphere, these impacts were directed almost entirely to living matter in order to provide humans with food resources to the maximum extent possible. From the moment of transition to the artificial reproduction of food resources, man began to involve other natural resources - minerals, water. Every year the intensity of economic activity is accelerating. As a result, the biosphere has changed, turning into an area of active technical activity, or into the technosphere.

However, due to the violation of the evolutionarily developed balance, the loss of some of the links, the acceleration of all processes, the technosphere is very vulnerable and unstable. An example of this is the global catastrophes that have hit the planet in recent decades.

In addition, there is a fundamental difference between solar and man-made energy. Solar radiation comes to us from an almost inexhaustible source, technogenic - appears when the irreplaceable forms of energy accumulated by the ecosystem throughout the entire existence of the planet are destroyed. The destructive function of techno-substance far exceeds all its creative qualities.

The technosphere, created by man in order to satisfy his needs as much as possible, has made the life of human civilization much more comfortable, but it has become the main threat to man as a living species. It is increasingly transforming nature, changing the old and creating new landscapes, exerting an active influence on the spheres and shells of the Earth, and above all on the biosphere.

Speaking of essential technology in human life, it is impossible not to note the growing problem of the humanization of the technosphere today. So far, science and technology are aimed mainly at the maximum exploitation of natural resources, the satisfaction of the needs of man and society at any cost. The consequences of an ill-conceived, non-complex and, as a result, inhuman impact on nature are depressing. Technical landscapes from production waste, the destruction of signs of life in entire regions, nature driven into reservations - these are the real fruits of the negative impact of a man armed with equipment on the environment. All this is also a consequence of the insufficient interaction of natural and social sciences in understanding this problem.

A sharp increase in anthropogenic pressure on nature has led to a violation of the ecological balance and caused the degradation of not only the habitat, but also human health. The biosphere gradually lost its dominant importance and in the populated regions began to turn into the technosphere.

The biosphere is the area of distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere 12-15 km high, the entire aquatic environment of the planet (hydrosphere) and the upper part of the earth's crust (lithosphere 2-3 km deep). The upper boundary of the biosphere is located at an altitude of 15-20 km from the Earth's surface in the stratosphere. Active technogenic human activity has led to the destruction of the biosphere in many regions of the planet and the creation of a new type of habitat - the technosphere.

The technosphere is an object of planetary ecology, consisting of elements of the biosphere, hydrosphere, etc. (ecosphere), which have undergone anthropogenic changes or have been created as a result of conscious human activity.

Figure 1.1 - Interaction between man, technosphere and biosphere

The technosphere has replaced the biosphere, and as a result, there are few territories left on the planet with undisturbed ecosystems. Ecosystems have been destroyed to the greatest extent in developed countries - Europe, North America, and Japan. natural ecosystems preserved here in small areas, which are surrounded on all sides by territories disturbed by human activity. Therefore, the remaining relatively small spots of the biosphere are subject to strong technospheric pressure. The development of the technosphere in the twentieth century. had exceptionally high rates compared with previous centuries. This led to two diametrically opposite consequences. On the one hand, outstanding results were achieved in science and various industries, which had a positive impact on all spheres of life. On the other hand, previously unprecedented potential and real threats to man, the objects he created and the environment were created. Creating the technosphere, man sought to improve the comfort of the environment, to provide protection from natural negative impacts. All this favorably affected the living conditions and, together with other factors, affected the quality and length of life. However, the technosphere created by human hands did not justify the hopes of people in many ways. The new, technospheric ones include the conditions of human habitation in cities and industrial centers, production and living conditions of life. Almost the entire urbanized population lives in the technosphere, where living conditions differ significantly from the biosphere, primarily by the increased impact of technogenic negative factors on humans. Correspondingly, the ratio between natural and technogenic hazards changes, and the share of technogenic hazards increases. One of the sources of environmental disasters are man-made accidents and catastrophes, since they usually cause the most significant emissions and spills of pollutants. The zones of the highest risk of environmental pollution due to man-made accidents and disasters are industrial areas, as well as large cities and metropolitan areas. The largest accidents and catastrophes, along with the death of people, huge material damage, as a rule, caused irreparable damage to the natural environment, ecological systems a number of regions and territories. The environmental consequences of technogenic accidents can manifest themselves for years, tens and even hundreds of years. They can be varied and multifaceted. Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities are especially dangerous. The appearance in the biosphere of new components caused by human economic activity is characterized by the term “anthropogenic pollution”, which is understood as by-product waste generated as a result of human (society) economic activity, which, when released into the natural environment, change or destroy its biotic and abiotic properties. The environment is polluted with a huge amount of industrial wastes that are toxic, as well as the ability to accumulate in the human body or food chains. When creating objects of the technosphere, the natural processes occurring in the objects of ecology are forced. An example is the impact on the environment of the city profile and the relief of the lithosphere, shown in Figure 1.2.

here

Figure 1.2 - Impact of the technosphere on the environment

Here r t T - the coefficient of influence on the environment of the technosphere object corresponds to r t L - the coefficient of influence on the environment of the lithosphere object:

This correspondence is confirmed by the law of commutativity. In other words, a person affects the environment in a short period of time to the extent that nature creates over many centuries and even millennia (Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.3 - Engineering ecology and technosphere management

Scientific and technological progress (creation of new objects of the technosphere, new technologies, etc.) requires constant improvement of the principles, forms and methods of management.

The problem of violation of the ecological balance due to the increasing amount of production waste is becoming extremely acute. The self-purifying function of the biosphere is disrupted. However, anhydrous, low-water and closed cycles, waste-free technologies with recycling of raw materials and materials, technical processes that collect waste and carry out their utilization, neutralization, conservation, etc., create new opportunities for the conservation and restoration of the natural environment.

Theme 3. Negative factors of the technosphere, their impact on humans and the natural environment.

Question 1. Classification of negative factors.

Question 2.

Question 3. Types, sources and levels of negative factors in the working environment.
Introduction.

The soil layer of the earth is polluted pesticides ( chemicals protection of plants and animals from pests and diseases).

Pesticides are classified on the:

- herbicides (destruction of weeds);

- insecticides (destruction of harmful insects);

- zoocides (rodent control);

- fungicides (fight against fungal diseases);

- bactericides (against bacteria);

- limacides (against shellfish);

- defoliants (removal of leaves);

- retardants (plant growth regulators);

- repellents (insect repellent);

- attractants (lure insects for subsequent destruction).

Radioactive contamination of the environment occurs as a result of nuclear explosions, the development of the nuclear industry, the use of isotopes in medicine. Radioactive contamination spreads in air and water environments, migrates in the soil.

negative impact on the biosphere and thermal pollution- release of heat into the atmosphere (combustion of fuel, oil, gas). Noise and electromagnetic fields are harmful.

2. TO anthropogenic sources of pollution environmental – human-caused industrial dusts emitted in significant quantities by many industrial processes. Industrial dust also has a harmful effect on the human body.

industrial dust - these are finely dispersed (crushed) particles of solids formed during various production processes (crushing, grinding, transportation) and capable of being suspended in the air. Industrial dust is of organic origin (wood, peat, coal) and inorganic composition (metal, mineral). According to the impact on the body, dust is divided into toxic and non-toxic. Poisonous dusts cause poisoning (lead, etc.), non-toxic dusts irritate the skin, eyes, ears, gums and, penetrating into the lungs, cause occupational diseases - pneumoconiosis, which lead to a limitation of the respiratory capacity of the lungs (silicosis, anthracosis, etc.).

The harmfulness of dust depends on its quantity, dispersion and composition. The more dust is in the air, the finer the dust, the more dangerous it is. Dust particles ranging in size from 0.1 to 10 microns in the air settle slowly and penetrate deep into the lungs. Larger dust particles quickly settle in the air, and when inhaled, they linger in the nasopharynx and are removed by the ciliated epithelium (integumentary cells with oscillating flagella) to the esophagus.

The most harmful industrial poisons are compounds of lead, mercury, arsenic, aniline, benzene, chlorine, etc. Poisons that cause malignant tumors on the skin are of great danger. These are furnace black, some aniline dyes, coal tar.

Wastewater from industrial enterprises contains various impurities: mechanical - of organic and mineral origin, oil products, emulsions, various toxic compounds. Thus, electroplating shops use water for preparing electrolyte solutions, for washing parts, boards before coating, after etching; machine shops use water to cool tools, wash parts, etc., almost most technological processes use water, which is contaminated with acids, cyanides, alkalis, mechanical impurities, scale, etc.

Industrial enterprises pollute the soil with various waste: shavings, sawdust, slag, sludge, ash, dust. Waste from enterprises must be collected for recycling, waste for which no processing technology has been developed is stored in dumps.
Question 2. The impact of negative factors on humans and the environment.

All processes in the biosphere are interconnected. Mankind is only an insignificant part of the biosphere, and man is only one of the types of organic life - Homo sapiens (reasonable man). Reason singled out man from the animal world and gave him great power. For centuries, man has sought not to adapt to the natural environment, but to make it convenient for his existence. Now we have realized that any human activity has an impact on the environment, and the deterioration of the biosphere is dangerous for all living beings, including humans. A comprehensive study of a person, his relationship with the outside world led to the understanding that health is not only the absence of disease, but also the physical, mental and social well-being of a person.

Health is a capital given to us not only by nature from birth, but also by the conditions in which we live.

Chemical pollution of the environment and human health.

Currently, human economic activity is increasingly becoming the main source of pollution of the biosphere. Gaseous, liquid and solid industrial wastes enter the natural environment in increasing quantities. Various chemicals in the waste, getting into the soil, air or water, pass through the ecological links from one chain to another, eventually getting into the human body.

It is almost impossible to find a place on the globe where pollutants would not be present in one or another concentration. Even in the ice of Antarctica, where there are no industrial facilities, and people live only at small scientific stations, scientists have discovered various toxic (poisonous) substances of modern industries. They are brought here by atmospheric flows from other continents. Substances polluting the natural environment are very diverse. Depending on their nature, concentration, time of action on the human body, they can cause various adverse effects. Short-term exposure to small concentrations of such substances can cause dizziness, nausea, sore throat, cough.

The ingestion of large concentrations of toxic substances into the human body can lead to loss of consciousness, acute poisoning and even death.

An example of such an action can be smog formed in large cities in calm weather, or accidental releases of toxic substances into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises.

The body's response to pollution depends on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.

With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances into the body, chronic poisoning occurs.

Signs of chronic poisoning are a violation of normal behavior, habits, as well as neuropsychic deviations: rapid fatigue or a feeling of constant fatigue, drowsiness or, conversely, insomnia, apathy, weakening of attention, absent-mindedness, forgetfulness, severe mood swings.

In chronic poisoning, the same substances in different people can cause various damage to the kidneys, blood-forming organs, nervous system, and liver.

Similar signs are observed in radioactive contamination of the environment.

Thus, in areas affected by radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, the incidence among the population, especially children, has increased many times over.

Doctors have established a direct link between the increase in the number of people suffering from allergies, bronchial asthma, cancer, and the deterioration of the environmental situation in the region. It has been reliably established that such production wastes as chromium, nickel, beryllium, asbestos, and many pesticides are carcinogens, that is, they cause cancer. Even in the last century, cancer in children was almost unknown, but now it is becoming more and more common. As a result of pollution, new, previously unknown diseases appear. Their reasons can be very difficult to establish.

Huge harm to human health smoking. A smoker not only inhales harmful substances himself, but also pollutes the atmosphere and endangers other people. It has been established that people who are in the same room with a smoker inhale even more harmful substances than he himself.

Biological pollution and human diseases

In addition to chemical pollutants, biological pollutants are also found in the natural environment, causing human various diseases. These are pathogens, viruses, helminths, protozoa. They can be in the atmosphere, water, soil, in the body of other living organisms, including in the person himself.

The most dangerous pathogens of infectious diseases. They have different stability in the environment. Some are able to live outside the human body for only a few hours; being in the air, in water, on various objects, they quickly die. Others may live in the environment from a few days to several years. For still others, the environment is a natural habitat. For the fourth - other organisms, such as wild animals, are a place of conservation and reproduction.

Often the source of infection is the soil, which is constantly inhabited by pathogens of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, and some fungal diseases. They can enter the human body if the skin is damaged, with unwashed food, if the rules of hygiene are violated.

Pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate the groundwater and cause human infectious diseases. Therefore, water from artesian wells, wells, springs must be boiled before drinking.

Open water sources are especially polluted: rivers, lakes, ponds. Numerous cases are known when contaminated water sources caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

With an airborne infection, infection occurs through the respiratory tract when air containing pathogens is inhaled.

Such diseases include influenza, whooping cough, mumps, diphtheria, measles and others. The causative agents of these diseases get into the air when coughing, sneezing, and even when sick people talk.

A special group is made up of infectious diseases transmitted by close contact with the patient or by using his things, for example, a towel, a handkerchief, personal hygiene items and others that were used by the patient. These include venereal diseases (AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea), trachoma, anthrax, scab. A person, invading nature, often violates the natural conditions for the existence of pathogenic organisms and becomes himself a victim of natural focal diseases.

People and domestic animals can become infected with natural focal diseases, getting into the territory of a natural focus. Such diseases include plague, tularemia, typhus, tick-borne encephalitis, malaria, and sleeping sickness.

Other routes of infection are also possible. So, in some hot countries, as well as in a number of regions of our country, an infectious disease leptospirosis, or water fever, occurs. In our country, the causative agent of this disease lives in the organisms of common voles, widely distributed in meadows near rivers. The disease of leptospirosis is seasonal, more common during heavy rains and during the hot months (July - August).

The effect of sounds on a person

Man has always lived in a world of sounds and noise. Sound is called mechanical vibrations the external environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Vibrations of a higher frequency are called ultrasound, a smaller one is called infrasound. Noise - loud sounds that have merged into a discordant sound.

For all living organisms, including humans, sound is one of the environmental influences.

In nature, loud sounds are rare, the noise is relatively weak and short. The combination of sound stimuli gives animals and humans time to assess their nature and form a response. Sounds and noises of high power affect the hearing aid, nerve centers, can cause pain and shock. This is how noise pollution works.

The quiet rustle of leaves, the murmur of a stream, bird voices, a light splash of water and the sound of the surf are always pleasant to a person. They calm him, relieve stress.

Prolonged noise adversely affects the organ of hearing, reducing the sensitivity to sound.

The noise level is measured in units expressing the degree of sound pressure - decibels. This pressure is not perceived indefinitely. The noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans, this is a natural background noise. As for loud sounds, here the permissible limit is approximately 80 decibels. A sound of 130 decibels already causes a person pain sensation, and 150 becomes unbearable for him. Not without reason in the Middle Ages there was an execution “under the bell”. The hum of the bell ringing tormented and slowly killed the convict.

The level of industrial noise is also very high. In many jobs and noisy industries, it reaches 90-110 decibels or more. Not much quieter in our house, where new sources of noise appear - the so-called household appliances.

Currently, scientists in many countries of the world are conducting various studies to determine the impact of noise on human health. Their studies have shown that noise causes significant harm to human health, but absolute silence frightens and depresses him. So, employees of one design bureau, which had excellent sound insulation, already a week later began to complain about the impossibility of working in conditions of oppressive silence. They were nervous, lost their working capacity. Conversely, scientists have found that sounds of a certain intensity stimulate the process of thinking, especially the process of counting.

Each person perceives noise differently. Much depends on age, temperament, state of health, environmental conditions.

Constant exposure to loud noise can not only adversely affect hearing, but also cause other harmful effects - ringing in the ears, dizziness, headache, increased fatigue. Very noisy modern music also dulls the hearing, causes nervous diseases.

Noise is insidious, its harmful effect on the body is invisibly, imperceptibly. Violations in the human body against noise is practically defenseless.

Currently, doctors are talking about noise disease, which develops as a result of exposure to noise with a primary lesion of hearing and the nervous system.

Introduction

The main goal of the science of life safety is to protect a person from the negative consequences of anthropogenic and natural origin and provide him with comfortable living conditions.

The main reason for most of the negative processes in nature and society is anthropogenic activity, which failed to create the technosphere of the required quality, neither in relation to man, nor in relation to nature, to the environment.

The evolution of the habitat, the transition from the biosphere to the technosphere. In the life cycle, a person and the environment surrounding him form a constantly operating system "man - environment". For a person to exist in this system, it is necessary to constantly solve such basic tasks as providing his needs for food, water, air and creating protection from the negative effects of the environment and other people.

Climate change, thunderstorms, earthquakes, tsunamis and other natural phenomena in the biosphere are sources of natural negative impacts that have always existed.

The human environment has slowly changed its appearance over the millennia. From the middle of the XIX century. an active growth of human impact on the environment begins. In the XX century. there are zones of increased pollution of the biosphere. This leads to partial or complete regional degradation, the causes of which are:

population explosion, urbanization of the Earth's population;
concentration of energy resources;
development of industry and agriculture;
growth in the number of vehicles;
increased spending on military purposes;
a number of other processes.

The problems of population and food are still a cause for concern about the future of the planet. At present, it has become obvious that population growth inevitably entails an increase in the consumption of all types of resources, an increase in production volumes and the amount of waste, and an increased impact on the environment.

Today there is an acute problem of land resources, which are rapidly declining. Thus, the area of land subjected to anthropogenic desertification has reached 1 billion hectares, and with destroyed soil cover - more than 2 billion hectares.

has a strong impact on the environment urbanization - a sharp increase in the urban population. If in 1800 2.4% of the total population lived in cities, now in many developed countries - over 90%

In some countries (for example, England, the Netherlands), the area of cities exceeds 15% of the total area of the country. A large city changes almost all components of the natural environment: vegetation, natural relief, composition of the atmosphere, soil, groundwater and groundwater. In cities, the gravitational, electromagnetic and other fields of the Earth are changed, there is elevated level environmental pollution.

Currently, the problems of energy, raw materials and transport are serious. The problem of preserving mineral resources around the world is still relevant, due to the unprecedented growth in mining. Over the past 40 years, about 100% of gas, 70% of oil and 37% of coal have been extracted from the bowels of the earth from that produced in the entire history of mankind.

An important task of humanity today is to protect the environment from chemicals. The development of the chemical industry, namely the intensive use of chemicals in agriculture, has led to an increase in their uncontrolled release into the environment. There are currently about 60,000 various substances, which are not destructed in ecosystems. Many chemicals, including pesticides (herbicides, etc.), that have entered the soil are absorbed by plants, enter the body of animals or are washed away by water and pollute rivers, lakes and other water bodies, and therefore accumulate in fish.

One of the main causes of habitat degradation was the introduction of unsustainable technologies into production, which led to a sharp increase in the amount of pollutants per unit of production and contained in industrial waste. All these are the topics of negative factors that a person has to face in the course of his life and which must either be eliminated or reduced as much as possible in order to survive in the difficult conditions of the modern world.

3.1 Classification of negative factors

In the process of development of the biosphere, pollution of its components is possible - the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere (soil). The main substances polluting the atmosphere are gases (90%) and dust (10%).

Table 3.1: Annual amount of impurities entering the earth's atmosphere

The main sources of pollution are natural and industrial processes.

natural springs- dust storms, volcanic eruptions, space dust.

Sources of industrial air pollution- thermal power plants (they emit sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide), metallurgical enterprises (nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, mercury, arsenic, etc.), chemical, cement plants, etc. 3.1

Taxonomy of Hazards- an alphabetical listing of all hazards.

Dangers:

by origin:

natural,
technogenic,
environmental,
mixed;

by time of manifestation:

impulse (manifested instantly, for example, the danger of electric shock),
cumulative (accumulating, for example, living in areas of increased radioactive exposure);

by localization:

lithospheric (earthquake, volcanic eruption);
hydrospheric;
atmospheric (ozone holes);
space (solar cycles).

Types, sources and levels of negative production and household environment.

A hazardous factor is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker under certain conditions leads to injury or a sharp deterioration in health (electric current, ionizing radiation, etc.).

A harmful factor is a factor whose impact on a worker under certain conditions leads to a disease or a decrease in working capacity.

depending on the nature of the impact:

active (energy carriers themselves);
active-passive (an energy reason also takes place, for example, the corner of a table - a person can hit it);
passive (act indirectly, for example, corrosion of metals, aging of materials).

depending on the energy possessed by the factors:

1. Natural, those. natural: atmospheric pollutants; pollution of the hydrosphere; thermal pollution.

Atmospheric pollutants are separated into primary, entering directly into the atmosphere, and secondary - the result of their transformations. So, sulfur dioxide entering the atmosphere is oxidized to sulfuric anhydride, which interacts with water vapor and forms drops of sulfuric acid (acid rain).

Hydrosphere pollution expressed primarily in the pollution of water bodies. Allocate chemical, physical and biological pollution of water bodies.

chemical pollution- increase in water of inorganic and organic harmful impurities (mineral salts, alkalis, clay particles, oil, etc.).

physical pollution- change in water parameters, determined by thermal, mechanical, radioactive impurities.

biological pollution- change in the properties of water as a result of an increase in it of microorganisms, plants, other living organisms (bacteria, fungi, worms) brought from outside.

Inorganic (mineral) pollution waters are toxic chemical compounds of arsenic, copper, lead, chromium, fluorine and other oxide pollution from industrial effluents.

The seas and oceans are polluted by the waters of rivers, which annually bring into them over 320 million tons of iron, 6.5 million tons of phosphorus and other substances. 200 thousand tons of lead, 5 thousand tons of mercury, 1 million tons of hydrocarbons fall out of the atmosphere onto the surface of the ocean.

Wastewater is a supplier of organic pollution, especially industrial effluents, livestock farms, domestic effluents; oil pollution comes from sea and river vessels, tanker accidents. All this leads to a decrease in oxygen in the water.

The soil layer of the earth is polluted with pesticides (chemical means of protecting plants and animals from pests and diseases).

Pesticides are divided into:

herbicides (destruction of weeds);
insecticides (destruction of harmful insects);
zoocides (rodent control);
fungicides (fight against fungal diseases);
bactericides (against bacteria);
limacides (against shellfish);
defoliants (removal of leaves);
retardants (plant growth regulators);
repellents (insect repellent);
attractants (lure insects for subsequent destruction).

Radioactive contamination of the environment occurs as a result of nuclear explosions, the development of the nuclear industry, the use of isotopes in medicine. Radioactive contamination spreads in air and water environments, migrates in the soil.

negative impact on the biosphere and thermal pollution- release of heat into the atmosphere (combustion of fuel, oil, gas). Noise and electromagnetic fields are harmful.

Industrial dust is finely dispersed (crushed) solid particles formed during various production processes (crushing, grinding, transportation) and capable of being suspended in the air. Industrial dust is of organic origin (wood, peat, coal) and inorganic composition (metal, mineral). According to the impact on the body, dust is divided into toxic and non-toxic. Poisonous dusts cause poisoning (lead, etc.), non-toxic dusts irritate the skin, eyes, ears, gums and, penetrating into the lungs, cause occupational diseases - pneumoconiosis, which lead to a limitation of the respiratory capacity of the lungs (silicosis, anthracosis, etc.).

The most harmful industrial poisons include compounds of lead, mercury, arsenic, aniline, benzene, chlorine, etc. Poisons that cause malignant tumors on the skin are of great danger. These are furnace black, some aniline dyes, coal tar.

3.2 The impact of negative factors on humans and the environment

Health is a capital given to us not only by nature from birth, but also by the conditions in which we live.

Chemical pollution of the environment and human health.

The ingestion of large concentrations of toxic substances into the human body can lead to loss of consciousness, acute poisoning and even death.

An example of such an action can be smog formed in large cities in calm weather, or accidental releases of toxic substances into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises.

The body's reactions to pollution depend on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.

With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances into the body, chronic poisoning occurs.

In chronic poisoning, the same substances in different people can cause various damage to the kidneys, blood-forming organs, nervous system, and liver.

Similar signs are observed in radioactive contamination of the environment.

Thus, in areas exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, the incidence among the population, especially children, has increased many times over.

Biological pollution and human diseases

In addition to chemical pollutants, biological pollutants are also found in the natural environment, causing various diseases in humans. These are pathogens, viruses, helminths, protozoa. They can be in the atmosphere, water, soil, in the body of other living organisms, including in the person himself.

Pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate the groundwater and cause human infectious diseases. Therefore, water from artesian wells, wells, springs must be boiled before drinking.

Open water sources are especially polluted: rivers, lakes, ponds. Numerous cases are known when contaminated water sources caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

With an airborne infection, infection occurs through the respiratory tract when air containing pathogens is inhaled.

Other routes of infection are also possible. So, in some hot countries, as well as in a number of regions of our country, an infectious disease leptospirosis, or water fever, occurs. In our country, the causative agent of this disease lives in the organisms of common voles, widely distributed in meadows near rivers. The disease of leptospirosis is seasonal, more common during the period heavy rains and during the hot months (July - August).

The influence of sounds on a person.

Man has always lived in a world of sounds and noise. Sound is called such mechanical vibrations of the external environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Vibrations of a higher frequency are called ultrasound, a smaller one is called infrasound. Noise - loud sounds that have merged into a discordant sound.

For all living organisms, including humans, sound is one of the environmental influences.

The quiet rustle of leaves, the murmur of a stream, bird voices, a light splash of water and the sound of the surf are always pleasant to a person. They calm him, relieve stress.

Prolonged noise adversely affects the organ of hearing, reducing the sensitivity to sound.

The noise level is measured in units expressing the degree of sound pressure - decibels. This pressure is not perceived indefinitely. The noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans, this is a natural background noise. As for loud sounds, here the permissible limit is approximately 80 decibels. A sound of 130 decibels already causes a painful sensation in a person, and 150 becomes unbearable for him. Not without reason in the Middle Ages there was an execution “under the bell”. The hum of the bell ringing tormented and slowly killed the convict.

Each person perceives noise differently. Much depends on age, temperament, state of health, environmental conditions.

Noise is insidious, its harmful effect on the body is invisibly, imperceptibly. Violations in the human body against noise is practically defenseless.

Currently, doctors are talking about noise disease, which develops as a result of exposure to noise with a primary lesion of hearing and the nervous system.

Weather and human well-being

A few decades ago, it never occurred to anyone to connect their performance, their emotional state and well-being with the activity of the Sun, with the phases of the Moon, with magnetic storms and other cosmic phenomena.

In any natural phenomenon that surrounds us, there is a strict repetition of processes: day and night, high and low tide, winter and summer.

Rhythm is observed not only in the motion of the Earth, Sun, Moon and stars, but is also an integral and universal property of living matter, a property penetrating into all life phenomena - from the molecular level to the level of the whole organism.

In the course of historical development, a person has adapted to a certain rhythm of life, due to rhythmic changes in the natural environment and the energy dynamics of metabolic processes.

Currently, there are many rhythmic processes in the body, called biorhythms. These include the rhythms of the heart, breathing, bioelectrical activity of the brain. Our whole life is a constant change of rest and activity, sleep and wakefulness, fatigue from hard work and rest. In the body of every person, like the tides of the sea, a great rhythm eternally reigns, arising from the connection of life phenomena with the rhythm of the Universe and symbolizing the unity of the world.

The central place among all rhythmic processes is occupied by circadian rhythms, which are of the greatest importance for the organism. The reaction of the body to any impact depends on the phase of the circadian rhythm (that is, on the time of day). This knowledge caused the development of new directions in medicine - chronodiagnostics, chronotherapy, chronopharmacology. They are based on the position that the same remedy at different hours of the day has a different, sometimes directly opposite, effect on the body. Therefore, in order to obtain a greater effect, it is important to indicate not only the dose, but also the exact time of taking the medication.

The climate also has a serious impact on the well-being of a person, affecting him through weather factors. Weather conditions include a complex of physical conditions: atmospheric pressure, humidity, air movement, oxygen concentration, the degree of disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field, the level of atmospheric pollution.

With a sharp change in the weather, physical and mental performance decreases, diseases become aggravated, the number of errors, accidents and even deaths increases.

Most of the physical factors of the environment, in interaction with which the human body has evolved, are of an electromagnetic nature.

It is well known that near fast-flowing water, the air is refreshing and invigorating. It contains many negative ions. For the same reason, it seems to us clean and refreshing air after a thunderstorm.

On the contrary, the air in cramped rooms with an abundance of various kinds of electromagnetic devices is saturated with positive ions. Even a relatively short stay in such a room leads to lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness and headaches. A similar picture is observed in windy weather, on dusty and humid days. Experts in the field of environmental medicine believe that negative ions have a positive effect on health, while positive ions have a negative effect.

Weather changes do not equally affect the well-being of different people. In a healthy person, when the weather changes, the physiological processes in the body are timely adjusted to the changed environmental conditions. As a result, the protective reaction is enhanced and healthy people practically do not feel the negative effects of the weather.

Nutrition and human health

Each of us knows that food is necessary for the normal functioning of the body. Doctors say that a full-fledged balanced diet is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children it is also a necessary condition for growth and development. For normal growth, development and maintenance of life, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the right amount. Irrational nutrition is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive system, diseases associated with metabolic disorders.

Regular overeating, consumption of excessive amounts of carbohydrates and fats are the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. They cause damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and other systems, sharply reduce the ability to work and resistance to diseases, reducing life expectancy by an average of 8-10 years. Rational nutrition is the most important indispensable condition for the prevention of not only metabolic diseases, but also many others.

Landscape as a health factor

A person always strives to the forest, to the mountains, to the seashore, river or lake. Here he feels a surge of strength, vivacity. No wonder they say that it is best to relax in the bosom of nature. Sanatoriums and rest houses are built in the most beautiful corners. This is not an accident. It turns out that the surrounding landscape can have different effects on the psycho-emotional state.

Contemplation of the beauties of nature stimulates vitality and calms the nervous system. Plant biocenoses, especially forests, have a strong healing effect.

The craving for natural landscapes is especially strong among the inhabitants of the city. Even in the Middle Ages, it was noticed that the life expectancy of city dwellers is less than that of rural dwellers. The lack of greenery, narrow streets, small courtyards-wells, where sunlight practically did not penetrate, created unfavorable conditions for human life. With development industrial production a huge amount of waste polluting the environment has appeared in the city and its environs.

A variety of factors associated with the growth of cities, in one way or another, affect the formation of a person, his health.

It turns out that the conditions in which a person lives, what the height of the ceilings in his apartment and how sound-permeable its walls are, how a person gets to his place of work, whom he treats every day, how people around him treat each other, depends on the mood of a person, his ability to work , activity - his whole life.

In cities, a person comes up with thousands of tricks for the convenience of his life - hot water, telephone, various modes of transport, roads, services and entertainment. However, in big cities the shortcomings of life are especially pronounced:

housing and transport problems;
an increase in the incidence rate.

So, for example, saturation of the environment and production with high-speed and high-speed machines increases stress, requires additional efforts from a person, which leads to overwork.

Polluted air in the city, poisoning the blood with carbon monoxide, causes the same harm to a non-smoker as a smoker smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. A serious negative factor in modern cities is the so-called noise pollution.

The modern city should be considered as an ecosystem in which the most favorable conditions for human life are created. Consequently, these are not only comfortable dwellings, transport, and a diverse service sector. This is a habitat favorable for life and health; clean air and green urban landscape.

It is no coincidence that ecologists believe that in a modern city a person should not be divorced from nature, but, as it were, dissolved in it. Therefore, the total area of green spaces in cities should occupy more than half of its territory.

In the history of our planet (from the day of its formation to the present), grandiose processes on a planetary scale have continuously occurred and are continuing to transform the face of the Earth. With the advent of a powerful factor - the human mind - a qualitatively new stage in the evolution of the organic world began. Due to the global nature of human interaction with the environment, it becomes the largest geological force.

Man's production activity has an impact not only on the direction of the evolution of the biosphere, but also determines its own biological evolution.

Man, like other types of living organisms, is able to adapt, that is, adapt to environmental conditions. Human adaptation to new natural and industrial conditions can be characterized as a set of socio-biological properties and characteristics necessary for the sustainable existence of an organism in a particular ecological environment.

The life of each person can be seen as a constant adaptation, but our ability to do this has certain limits. Also the ability to restore their physical and mental strength for a person is not infinite.

Adapting to adverse environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension, fatigue. Tension - the mobilization of all mechanisms that provide certain activities of the human body

When a healthy person is tired, a redistribution of possible reserve functions of the body can occur, and after rest, strength will appear again.

Humans are able to endure the harshest environmental conditions for a relatively long time. However, a person who is not accustomed to these conditions, entering them for the first time, turns out to be much less adapted to life in an unfamiliar environment than its permanent inhabitants.

The ability to adapt to new conditions is not the same for different people. So, many people during long-haul flights with a quick crossing of several time zones, as well as during shift work, experience such adverse symptoms as sleep disturbance, and performance decreases. Others adapt quickly.

Among people, two extreme adaptive types of a person can be distinguished:

The first of them is the sprinter, which is characterized by high resistance to short-term extreme factors and poor tolerance to long-term loads.

Reverse type - stayer. It is interesting that in the northern regions of the country people of the “stayer” type predominate among the population, which was apparently the result of long-term processes of the formation of a population adapted to local conditions.

The growth of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment is not always limited to the growth of direct hazards listed above. Under certain conditions, secondary negative impacts may occur that occur at the regional or global levels and have a negative impact on regions of the biosphere and significant groups of people. These include the formation of acid rain, smog, the greenhouse effect”, destruction of the ozone layer of the Earth, accumulation of toxic and carcinogenic substances in the body of animals and fish, in food products, etc.

Despite the efforts and huge expenses aimed at preventing the aggressive consequences of anthropogenic impact on nature, the general trend of adverse changes persists. Along with local pollution, anthropogenic impact on the atmosphere can have major regional and even global consequences:

acid precipitation;
the greenhouse effect;
violation of the ozone layer.

acid rain- this is any atmospheric precipitation - rains, fogs, snow - the acidity of which is higher than normal. In some regions, precipitation falls, the acidity of which is 10-1000 times higher than the norm.

In freshwater lakes and streams and ponds, the water pH is usually 6-7, and organisms are adapted to this level. In an acidic environment, eggs, sperm and juveniles of aquatic life die.

Many food chains, covering almost all aquatic animals, begin in bodies of water. Therefore, there is a reduction in the populations of birds that feed on fish or insects, the larvae of which develop in the water.

acid rain cause forest degradation by destroying the protective cover, making plants more vulnerable to insects, fungi, and other pathological organisms.

In the soil, acid precipitation leaches nutrients and the soil loses its fertility.

Under figurative expression "the greenhouse effect" the following geophysical phenomenon is implied: solar radiation falling on the earth is transformed 30% of it is reflected into space, the remaining 70% is absorbed by the surface of the land and ocean.

The absorbed energy of solar radiation is converted into heat and reflected back into space in the form of infrared rays.

A pure atmosphere is transparent to infrared rays, while an atmosphere containing water vapor, carbon dioxide, and some other gases absorbs infrared rays, thereby heating the air.

The natural greenhouse effect creates an increase in the average temperature by 30°C. It is this process that is considered as a trend that can lead to global warming.

It is expected that at the beginning of the 21st century the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will double and the temperature will increase by 2-3 degrees in temperate latitudes, and by more than 10 degrees at the poles.

This will cause the polar ice caps to melt. The ocean will receive such an additional amount of water that the sea level will rise by 100 meters, and this will cause extensive land flooding. The circulation of air and the transfer of heat and humidity will change. Precipitation will increase in most hot, dry climates and dryer in the temperate zone.

Observations from artificial Earth satellites showed that the amount of atmospheric ozone over Antarctica decreases by more than 60% annually during a month over Antarctica. The resulting "Hole" covers an area approximately equal to the area of the United States, it appears in October and disappears in November.

The discoverer of the ozone hole, British Arctic Survey researcher D. Charles Farman.

An increase in eye diseases and oncological diseases in humans, the occurrence of mutations in many plants, and a decrease in the productivity of phytoplankton, the main food for fish and marine organisms, are associated with an increase in ultraviolet radiation.

MORE THAN 99% of hard ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer.

It is believed that the ozone layer is destroyed by fluorochlorohydrocarbons, which are used for refrigerators, aerosols and for other industrial purposes by humans, but recent studies have shown that rocket launches that are not now regulated far exceed the harm to the ozone layer than fluorochlorohydrocarbons.

IN Russian Federation over the past five years, ozone concentrations have decreased by 4-6% in winter and 3% in summer. The reason for the destruction of the ozone layer is not fully understood.

In the spring of 1987, the ozone hole over Antarctica, according to the results of satellite images, reached 7 million square kilometers. In March 1995, the ozone layer became even thinner by 50% and mini-holes appeared over Northern Canada and the Scandinavian Peninsula.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a decrease in the content of ozone in the atmosphere by 1% (which corresponds to an increase in UV radiation by 2%) leads to oncological diseases and a decrease in immunity. In 2005, 20 years have passed since the adoption of the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer from Anthropogenic Air Freon Emissions.

3.3 Types, sources and levels of negative factors in the working environment

Types, sources and levels of negative factors in the working environment

A person is exposed to dangers in his work activity. This activity is carried out in a space called the work environment. Under production conditions, man is affected by technogenic, i.e. technology-related hazards, which are commonly referred to as hazardous and harmful production factors.

Dangerous and harmful factors By nature, actions are divided into physical, chemical, biological and psychophysical.

TO physical include: moving machines and mechanisms; sharp and falling objects; increase or decrease in air temperature and surrounding surfaces; increased dust and gas pollution; increased level of noise, vibration; increase or decrease in barometric pressure; increased level of ionizing radiation; increased voltage in the circuit; increased level of electromagnetic radiation, ultraviolet and infrared radiation; insufficient lighting; increased brightness, pulsation of the light flux.

TO chemical include: harmful substances used in technological processes; industrial poisons, pesticides; emergency chemically hazardous substances (AHOV), combat toxic chemicals (BTCS).

Biologically dangerous and harmful factors are: pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae) and their metabolic products; microorganisms of plant and animal origin.

Psychophysical production factors are divided into physical (static and dynamic) and neuropsychiatric overload (overstrain, monotony of work, emotionality of overload).

Threshold values of negative factors are set to ensure safe living conditions. Depending on the normalized factor, there are: MPC (maximum permissible concentrations), MPCs (maximum permissible levels), oriented safe exposure levels (OBUV), maximum permissible emissions (MPE), etc.

Maximum Permissible Concentration (MAC) called such a concentration, which, during daily work for 8 hours throughout the entire working experience, cannot cause diseases or deviations in the state of health in workers.

MPC is set in mg/m 3 based on studies and approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (GOST 12.1.005).

For example, MPC and hazard class of certain substances:

In accordance with the requirements of GOST 17.2.3.02, for each source of air pollution, a maximum allowable emission of harmful substances (MAE)- this is the amount of pollution in emissions in mg/m 3, which throughout the life of a person does not have a harmful effect on him and harmful effects on the environment. SNiP 2.04.05 regulates the content of dust in the emissions of ventilation air from industrial enterprises. Rationing of the CO content in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines is carried out in accordance with GOST 17.2.2.03.

Human exposure to harmful chemicals

To ensure human life, the nature of the organism determines the qualitative and quantitative content of chemical elements in the body, which are in dynamic equilibrium with the environment.

Due to the natural uneven distribution of chemical elements in the biosphere: atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere. Excess or deficiency of chemical elements in the environment causes geochemical diseases. For example, a lack of iodine in the body leads to a disease - endemic goiter. When the fluorine content in water is 0.4 mg/l or less, there is an increased incidence of dental caries.

The level of environmental pollution is increasing:

in the atmosphere - due to industrial emissions, gases;
in the air working area- with insufficient sealing and automation of production processes;
in residential premises - due to polymers, varnishes, paints, etc.;
in drinking water - as a result of wastewater discharge;
in food - with the irrational use of pesticides, the use of new types of packaging and containers.

According to the degree of potential danger of impact on the human body, harmful substances are divided into 4 classes in accordance with GOST 12.1.007-76 with change No. 1 of 01.01.82.

Vibration.

All types of equipment that have moving parts, transport - create mechanical vibrations, leading to vibration. When a person is exposed to vibration in the area of resonant frequencies, the amplitude of oscillations of both the whole body and its individual organs increases.

Vibration- mechanical vibrations of material points or bodies.

Vibration sources: various production equipment.

The reason for the appearance of vibration: an unbalanced force effect.

Harmful effects: damage to various organs and tissues; influence on the central nervous system; impact on the organs of hearing and vision; increased fatigue.

More harmful vibration, close to the natural frequency of the human body (6-8 Hz) and hands (30-80 Hz).

Noise

Mechanical vibrations in elastic media cause the propagation of elastic waves in these media, called acoustic vibrations. Elastic waves with frequencies from 16 to 20,000 Hz in gases, liquids and solids are called sound waves. Pitch determined by the frequency of oscillation: the higher the frequency of oscillation, the higher the sound. The loudness of a sound is determined by its intensity, expressed in W/m2. usually the loudness level L is expressed on a logarithmic scale L = 10 lg (I / I 0), where I 0 is the intensity level equal to 10 -12 W / m 2, and estimated as the hearing threshold of the human ear at a sound frequency of 1000 Hz (human ear most sensitive to frequencies from 1000 to 4000 Hz). The unit of measure for loudness on a logarithmic scale is called the decibel (dB). It corresponds to the minimum increase in the strength of the sound, distinguishable by the ear.

Noise- a set of sounds of varying frequency and intensity, randomly changing over time. The normal noise level is 10-20 dB. According to the frequency range, noise is divided into low-frequency - up to 350 Hz, mid-frequency 350-800 Hz and high-frequency - above 800 Hz.

For practical purposes, such a characteristic as the sound pressure level N is used.

P is the value of the given sound pressure,

P 0 - threshold pressure equal to 2·10 -5 Pa, at a frequency of 1000 Hz.

To characterize constant noise, a characteristic is set - the sound level measured on the A scale of the sound level meter in dBA.

The sources of noise are manifold. These are the noise of aircraft, the roar of diesel engines, the blows of pneumatic tools, loud music, etc.

infrasound

infrasound- sound wave oscillation > 20 Hz.

The nature of the occurrence of infrasonic vibrations is the same as that of an audible sound. Subject to the same rules. The same mathematical apparatus is used, except for the concept associated with the sound level.

Features: low energy absorption, which means it spreads over considerable distances.

Infrasound Sources: Equipment that operates at less than 20 cycles per second.

Harmful effects: acts on the central nervous system (fear, anxiety, swaying, etc.)

Human danger

The range of infrasonic vibrations coincides with the internal frequency of individual human organs (6-8 Hz), therefore, serious consequences can occur due to resonance.

An increase in sound pressure up to 150 dBA leads to a change in digestive functions and heart rate. Hearing and vision loss is possible.

Ultrasound

Ultrasound- sound wave oscillation< кГц.

Used in optics (for degreasing,...)

Low-frequency ultrasonic vibrations propagate by air and contact.
High-frequency - by contact.

Harmful effects - on the cardiovascular system; nervous system; endocrine system; violation of thermoregulation and metabolism. Local exposure can lead to numbness.

Electromagnetic radiation

Rice. 3.2. Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation

Ultraviolet radiation

1 - 400 nm.

Peculiarities:

According to the method of generation, they are referred to as heat. radiant, and by the nature of the impact on the islands to ionizing radiation.

The range is divided into 3 areas:

UV - A (400 - 315 nm)
UV - B (315 - 280 nm)
UV - C (280 - 200 nm)

UV - A leads to fluorescence.

UV - B causes changes in the composition of the blood, skin, affects the nervous system.

UV - C acts on cells. Call. protein coagulation.

Acting on the mucous membrane of the eyes, leads to electrophthymia. May cause cloudy lens.

Sources of UV radiation: laser systems; gas-discharge lamps, mercury; mercury rectifiers.

laser radiation

Laser radiation: = 0.2 - 1000 µm.

Main source - optical quantum generator (laser).

Features of laser radiation - monochromaticity; sharp focus of the beam; cogency.

The biological effect of laser radiation depends on the wavelength and intensity of the radiation.

Harmful effects of laser radiation.

thermal effects
energy effects (+ power)
photochemical effects
mechanical action (oscillations of the ultrasonic type in the irradiated organism)
electrostretch (deformation of molecules in the field of laser radiation)
formation within the cells of a microwave electromagnetic field

It has harmful effects on the organs of vision, and there are also biological effects when the skin is irradiated.

Infrared radiation.

760 nm - 540 µm.

Subranges:

A - short-wave region of IF radiation 760 - 1500 n/m.
V - 1500 n/m - 3000 n/m long-wave IF
C - over 3000 n / m

True IF radiation are heated surfaces (> 0 ° C).

IF radiation plays an important role in the heat exchange of a person with the environment of the thermoregulation of the human body.

In the region of BUT IF radiation has the following harmful effects:

electromagnetic fields.

The vital activity of a person in any environment is associated with the impact on him and the environment of electromagnetic fields. In everyday life, we are exposed to electrostatic fields. The potential difference between the surface of the Earth and upper layers atmosphere is 400,000 volts. The electrostatic field at the level of a person's height is about 200 volts, but a person does not feel this, because. conducts electricity well and all points of his body are at the same potential. Natural electric fields can cause lightning strikes.

Along with natural static electric fields in the technosphere and in everyday life, a person is exposed to artificial static electric fields.

Artificial static electric fields are due to the use for the manufacture of toys, shoes, clothing, building parts, equipment, machine parts of various polymer materials, which are dielectrics. When dielectrics are rubbed, positive or negative charges can appear on their surface. Especially strongly, for example, polyethylene is electrified.

In production conditions, they can affect permanent magnetic fields , which are characterized by tension, magnetic flux, etc. Installed remote control of permanent magnetic fields at workplaces - SP 1792-77.

Harmful effects of electromagnetic fields:

Electromagnetic field big intensity leads to overheating of tissues, affects the organs of vision and organs of the genital area.
Moderate intensity:
1. disruption of the central nervous system;
2. cardiovascular;
3. biological processes in tissues and cells are disturbed.
Malaya intensity:
1. increased fatigue, headaches;
2. hair loss.

Electricity.

Electric current is the ordered movement of electric charges. By touching a live conductor, a person runs the risk of damage to his organs.

The effect of electric current on the human body

The number of electrical injuries in the total number is small, up to 1.5%. For electrical installations with voltage up to 1000V, the number of electrical injuries reaches 80%.

Causes of electrical injuries

A person cannot remotely determine whether the installation is energized or not.

The current that flows through the human body affects the body not only at the points of contact and along the current flow path, but also on such systems as the circulatory, respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

The possibility of electrical injury occurs not only when touched, but also through step voltage and through an electric arc.

Electric current passing through the human body thermal exposure that leads to edema (from redness to charring), electrolytic ( chemical), mechanical, which can lead to rupture of tissues and muscles; therefore, all electrical injuries are divided into:

local;
general (electric shocks).

Local electrical injuries

electrical burns (due to electric current)
electric signs (spots of pale yellow color);
metallization of the skin surface (getting molten metal particles of an electric arc on the skin);
electrophthalmia (burn of the mucous membrane of the eyes).

Common electrical injuries (electric shocks):

Grade 1: no loss of consciousness
Grade 2: with loss
Grade 3: without damage to the work of the heart
Grade 4: with damage to the work of the heart and respiratory organs

An extreme case of a state of clinical death (cardiac arrest and a violation of the supply of oxygen to brain cells. In a state of clinical death are up to 6-8 minutes.)

Causes of electric shock (touch voltage and step voltage):

Touching live parts under voltage;
Touching disconnected parts where voltage may be present:
- in case of residual charge;
- in case of erroneous switching on of the electrical installation or uncoordinated actions of the maintenance personnel;
- in the event of a lightning strike into or near an electrical installation;
- touching metal non-current-carrying parts or connected with them electrical equipment(housings, casings, fences) after the voltage transfer to them from current-carrying parts (the occurrence of an emergency - a breakdown on the body).
Damage by step voltage or a person being in the field of spreading electric current, in the event of a ground fault.
Defeat through an electric arc at a voltage of an electrical installation above 1 kV, when approaching an unacceptably small distance.
The action of atmospheric electricity in gas discharges.
Releasing a person under tension

Factors affecting the outcome of electric shock:

Type of current (direct or alternating, frequency 50 Hz is the most dangerous)
The magnitude of the current and voltage.
Time of passage of current through the human body.
Path or loop of current flow.
The state of the human body.
Conditions of the external environment.

Quantitative estimates

In the voltage range of 450-500 V, regardless of the type of current, the action is the same
- less than 450 V - more dangerous alternating current,
- less than 500 V - direct current is more dangerous.
Cardiac diseases, diseases of the nervous system and the presence of alcohol in the blood, reduce the resistance of the human body.
The most dangerous is the path of current through the heart muscle and the respiratory system.

Table 3.2. The nature of the impact of direct and alternating currents on the human body:

	Variable (50 Hz)	Constant
	Tangible. Slight trembling of the fingers.	There are no feelings.
	Violent trembling of the fingers.	There are no feelings.
	Cramps in the hands.
	Cramps in the hands.	perceptible current. Slight trembling of the fingers.
	Does not release current. Hands hardly come off the surface, with severe pain.	Strengthening the heating of the hands.
	Paralysis of the muscular system (impossible to tear off the arms).	Slight contraction of the muscles of the hands.
	Respiratory paralysis.	At 50mA non-release current.
	Heart failure.	Respiratory paralysis.
	Fibrillation (simultaneous, chaotic contraction of the heart muscle)	300 mA fibrillation.

Ionizing radiation.

A person may be exposed to radioactive radiation (alpha, beta particles, neutrons, gamma radiation). In addition, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, radiation from household appliances (microwave ovens, televisions, etc.) is possible.

Measures to protect against harmful substances.

Measures to protect against harmful substances include: local exhaust ventilation, often interlocked with equipment; general supply and exhaust ventilation; fulfillment of special requirements for rooms in which work is carried out with harmful and dusty substances: floors, walls, ceilings must be smooth, easy to clean, etc.

In addition to general measures, individual protective equipment is used: overalls - overalls, gowns, aprons, rubber shoes, gloves; to protect the skin, face, neck, hands - protective pastes (anti-toxic, oil-resistant, waterproof); goggles, protective shields (GOST 12.4.023); helmets for respiratory protection: filtering and isolating gas masks and respirators (GOST 12.4.004; 12.4.034).

For example, respiratory protective equipment is produced with a forced supply of purified air and self-powered NIVA-2m (Orel). Productivity 200 l/min. They are equipped with various face masks: a transparent screen, a hood with a screen, a welder's shield, a rubber half mask.

Insulating respirators and gas masks (hose, oxygen) are used at high concentrations of harmful substances. Of great importance in protection against poisons and dust is personal hygiene.

conclusions

In the life cycle, a person and the environment surrounding him form a constantly operating system "man - environment".

The negative impacts inherent in the environment have existed for as long as the universe has existed, the main ones being natural and anthropogenic.

Sources of natural negative impacts are natural phenomena in the biosphere (climate changes, thunderstorms, earthquakes, etc.).

The growth of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment is not always limited to the growth of direct hazards only, for example, the growth of concentrations of toxic impurities in the atmosphere. Under certain conditions, secondary negative impacts may occur that occur at the regional or global levels and have a negative impact on regions of the biosphere and significant groups of people. These include the formation of acid rain, smog, the "greenhouse effect", the destruction of the Earth's ozone layer, the accumulation of toxic and carcinogenic substances in the body of animals and fish, in food products, etc.

The implementation of the goals and objectives of life safety includes the following stages of activity:

identification and description of the impact zones of the hazards of the technosphere and its individual elements (enterprises, machines, devices);
development and implementation of the most effective systems and methods of protection against hazards;
formation of systems for monitoring hazards and managing the state of safety of the technosphere;
development and implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of the manifestation of hazards;
organization of education of the population in the basics of safety and training of specialists in life safety.

test questions

Sources of pollution of the biosphere
Identification and classification of hazardous and harmful production factors.
Types, sources and levels of negative factors in the industrial and domestic environment.
Consequences of local pollution, anthropogenic impact to the atmosphere.
Chemical pollution of the environment.
biological pollution.
Disharmonization of the landscape.
The influence of weather on human well-being.
Human nutrition disorders.
Problems of human adaptation to the environment.
Types, sources and levels of negative factors in the working environment.
Human exposure to harmful chemicals.
The effect of vibration on the human body.
Human exposure to noise.
Effects of ultra-infrasound on the human body.
Human exposure to ultraviolet, infrared and laser radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation and its impact on humans.
electromagnetic fields and their impact on humans.
The effect of electric current on the human body.
The impact of ionizing radiation on the human body.
Measures to protect people from harmful substances.

Bibliography

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Feoktistova O.G. Life safety (medical and biological foundations): Textbook / O.G . Feoktistova, T.G. Feoktistova, E.V. Ekzertsev. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2006. - p. 40-140.

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An analysis of real situations and events, as well as the accumulated experience, allow us to formulate a number of axioms of the science of security in the technosphere:

1. Any activity is potentially dangerous, and in any kind of activity it is impossible to achieve absolute safety, so the main task is to minimize the risks.

2. Technogenic hazards exist if the flows of matter, energy

And information in the technosphere exceed the threshold values. Compliance with the limits of these flows saves safe conditions human activity and reduces the negative impact of the technosphere on the natural environment.

3. All elements of the technosphere are sources of man-made hazards. Dangers arise in the presence of defects and other malfunctions in technical systems ah, with the misuse of technical systems, as well as due to errors of maintenance personnel, the presence of waste that accompanies the operation of technical systems.

4. Technogenic hazards operate in space and time. They exist everywhere and always when using any technical systems, including the simplest (knife, matches, hammer, door, etc.).

5. Technogenic hazards simultaneously have a negative impact on humans, society, the natural environment and elements of the technosphere. Man and the nature surrounding him, society and the technosphere, being in continuous material, energy and information exchange, form a permanent spatial system "man - society - technosphere - natural environment".

6. Technogenic hazards worsen people's health, lead to injuries, material losses, degradation of the natural environment, and social problems. Exposure to harmful factors is usually long-term; it negatively affects the health of people, leads to occupational or regional diseases. Influencing the natural environment, harmful factors lead to the change and destruction of representatives of flora and fauna. Traumatic effects occur during accidents

And disasters, explosions, destruction of buildings and structures. Zones of such

negative impacts are usually limited, although they may spread over large areas (for example, the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant).

7. Protection from technogenic hazards is achieved by improving technical objects that are sources of danger; increasing the distance between the sources of danger and the object of protection, reducing the time of exposure to harmful factors, the application of protective measures.

8. The competence of people, knowledge of the dangers and ways to protect against them is a necessary condition for achieving life safety. The growth of technogenic hazards, the absence of natural mechanisms of protection against them require that a person acquire the skills to detect and neutralize hazards, and use protective equipment. This is achievable only as a result of training and gaining experience at all stages of education and practical activity of a person. The initial stage of education should coincide with the period of pre-school education, and the final stage - with the period of advanced training and retraining of personnel in all sectors of the economy.

Noxology provides for the following methods of ensuring safety: 1) separation of the homosphere and noxosphere: the use of protection by distance and time, the removal of a person from the zone of action of a dangerous factor or the reduction of the time a person stays in the zone in the presence of harmful factors of influence, the use of eco-bioprotective equipment and carrying out an orga-

organization activities; 2) normalization of the noxosphere: protection of vital activity zones from natural

venous negative impacts; reduction of the negative impact of sources of hazards and harmful factors to regulatory requirements and permissible levels of exposure; implementation of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the design of technosphere facilities;

3) bringing the characteristics of a person in line with the characteristics of the noxosphere: training, instruction, supplying a person with effective protective equipment, adaptation of a person, professional selection of workers, training, preparing the population for actions in dangerous and extremely dangerous situations;

4) a combination of the first three methods.

9.2. Environmental pollution

And prerequisites for the global environmental crisis

Pollution leads to a deterioration in the quality of the environment. The quality of the environment is a measure of the compliance of natural conditions with needs

living organisms.

Pollution of the environment (natural) environment - the introduction into the environment or the emergence in it of new physical, chemical or biological agents that are not characteristic of it, or the excess of the natural long-term average concentration level of the same agents in the period under consideration.

Distinguish ingredient contamination- pollution by substances that, due to their nature, physical condition or high content in natural environments, have a negative impact on the environment and humans, and energy pollution, including acoustic, light, thermal, electromagnetic and radiation pollution.

Environmental quality indicators may include natural (temperature, illumination, etc.) and anthropogenic (ingredient pollution, thermal pollution, radiation level, etc.) factors.

Global and regional biogeochemical cycles of substances and the associated geographical picture of the climate, the composition of groundwater, flora, and fauna have developed on the planet, which create a normal biogeochemical background of the area.

With the advent of the technosphere, new type biogeochemical anomalies - the so-called neoanomalies. Emissions of various pollutants and energy pollution of the environment (noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, thermal pollution, etc.) due to technogenic reasons create neoanomalies of the human environment (natural, urban, industrial, domestic) with an increased incidence of diseases and mortality, degradation over several years. the natural environment. The radius of action of such neoanomalies can be 5...8 km, sometimes the influence of this area extends to 40...50 km or more.

Establishing technogenic changes in the environment against the background of its natural variability is the main task of background environmental monitoring.

To ensure human safety and the preservation of the natural environment, threshold or maximum permissible values of impact flows are established.

MAC. c - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generations throughout life, does not reduce a person's working capacity, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions.

Rationing of the quality of the hydrosphere is carried out by establishing the maximum permissible concentration of the pollutant - MPCv, chemical soil pollution - MPCp.

The safety criteria of the technosphere are the restrictions imposed on the concentration of substances and the levels of energy flows in the living space.

The concentrations of harmful substances are regulated based on the MPC of these substances in the living space:

С i ≤ MACi

С i / MACi ≤ 1,

where C i is the concentration of the i-th substance in the living space; MPCi - MPC of the i-th substance.

For energy flows, the maximum allowable exposure levels (MPLs) are set by the relations

I i ≤ PDUi

I i / PDUi ≤ 1,

where I i - the intensity of the i -th energy flow; PDUi - the maximum permissible level of intensity of the energy flow.

On geochemical maps of the distribution of elements are applied isoconcentrates (isoconcentrations)- lines of equal contents of elements in rocks, loose sediments, waters, plants, etc. In order to estimate the content of pollutants in various media, similar lines of equal concentrations of pollutants are plotted on environmental control maps. Based on this, ecological monitoring of the area is carried out.

The main prerequisites for the global environmental crisis include: the transition of partially renewable natural resources (fresh water, flora and fauna) to non-renewable ones and the weakening of natural biogeochemistry.

mic cycles of substances; catastrophic state of the soil cover of our planet and its

ability to replenish clean water supplies; depletion of the reproductive potential of the biota, as well as its capabilities

to regulate the oxygen content in the atmosphere and hydrosphere of the Earth; psycho-informational shock and technological readiness of mankind for self-destruction by the accumulated stocks of weapons and industrial

harmful substances; endoecological poisoning of the intercellular environment of living organisms and

avalanche mutation of their genomes.

It is generally recognized that nuclear power plants (NPPs) during their normal operation are much (at least 5–10 times) “cleaner” in terms of ecology than coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs). However, in case of accidents, NPPs can have a significant radiation impact on people, ecosystems

(Fig. 10).

The safety problems of nuclear power plants that are replacing thermal power plants running on fossil fuels are of great public importance in the complex difficult questions for environmental protection.