Intrapersonal conflict is one of the most complex psychological conflicts that is played out in the inner world of a person. It is difficult to imagine a person who would not be subjected to intrapersonal conflicts. Moreover, a person faces such conflicts all the time. Intrapersonal conflicts of a constructive nature are necessary moments in the development of personality. But destructive intrapersonal conflicts pose a serious danger to the individual, from difficult experiences that cause stress to the extreme form of their resolution - suicide. Therefore, it is important for each person to know the essence of intra-personal conflicts, their causes and ways of resolving. These and other aspects intrapersonal conflicts are reflected in this theme of the workshop.
Material for self-study
The concept of intrapersonal conflict
An intrapersonal conflict is a conflict within the mental world of a person, which is a clash of its oppositely directed motives (needs, interests, values, goals, ideals).
Intrapersonal conflict has some features that are important to consider when identifying it. These features are:
Unusual in terms of the structure of the conflict. There are no subjects of conflict interaction in the person of individuals or groups of people.
The specificity of the forms of flow and manifestation. Such conflict takes the form of severe experiences. It is accompanied by specific conditions: fear, depression, stress. Often intrapersonal conflict results in neurosis.
latency. Intrapersonal conflict is not always easy to detect. Often a person himself does not realize that he is in a state of conflict. Moreover, sometimes he can hide his state of conflict under a euphoric mood or behind vigorous activity.
Basic psychological concepts of intrapersonal conflicts
The problem of intrapersonal conflict in the views of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
According to 3. Freud, a person is conflicted by nature. From birth, two opposing instincts struggle in him, which determine his behavior. These instincts are: eros (sexual instinct, instinct of life and self-preservation) and thanatos (the instinct of death, aggression, destruction and destruction). Intrapersonal conflict is the result of the eternal struggle between eros and thanatos. This struggle, according to 3. Freud, is manifested in the ambivalence of human feelings, in their inconsistency. The ambivalence of feelings is intensified by the inconsistency of social existence and reaches a state of conflict, which manifests itself in neurosis.
The conflict nature of a person is most fully and specifically represented by 3. Freud in his views on the structure of personality. According to Freud, the inner world of a person includes three instances: It (Id), "I" (Ego) and Super-I (Super-Ego).
It is the primary, innate instance, originally irrational and subject to the principle of pleasure. It manifests itself in unconscious desires and drives, which manifest themselves in unconscious impulses and reactions.
"I" is a rational instance based on the principle of reality. The irrational, unconscious impulses of the id "I" bring into conformity with the requirements of reality, that is, the requirements of the principle of reality.
Superego is a "censorship" instance based on the principle of reality and represented by social norms and values, the requirements that society imposes on the individual.
The main internal contradictions of the personality are formed between the It and the Super-I, which are regulated and resolved by the "I". If the "I" could not resolve the contradiction between the It and the Super-I, then deep experiences arise in the conscious instance that characterize the intrapersonal conflict.
Freud in his theory not only reveals the causes of intra-personal conflicts, but also reveals the mechanisms of protection against them. He considers sublimation to be the main mechanism of such protection, that is, the transformation of a person's sexual energy into other types of his activity, including his creativity. In addition, Freud identifies such defense mechanisms as: projection, rationalization, repression, regression, etc.
The Inferiority Complex Theory of Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
According to the views of A. Adler, the formation of a person's character occurs in the first five years of a person's life. During this period, he experiences the influence of adverse factors, which give rise to an inferiority complex in him. Subsequently, this complex has a significant impact on the behavior of the individual, his activity, way of thinking, etc. This determines the intrapersonal conflict.
Adler explains not only the mechanisms for the formation of intrapersonal conflicts, but also reveals ways to resolve such conflicts (compensate for an inferiority complex). He identifies two such paths. First, it is the development of "social feeling", social interest. A developed “social feeling” ultimately manifests itself in interesting work, normal interpersonal relationships, etc. But a person can also form the so-called “undeveloped social feeling”, which has various negative forms of manifestation: crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc. n. Secondly, the stimulation of one's own abilities, the achievement of superiority over others. Compensation for an inferiority complex by stimulating one's own abilities can have three forms of manifestation: a) adequate compensation, when superiority coincides with the content of social interests (sports, music, creativity, etc.); b) overcompensation, when there is a hypertrophied development of one of the abilities, which has a pronounced egoistic character (hoarding, dexterity, etc.); c) imaginary compensation, when the inferiority complex is compensated by the disease, circumstances or other factors beyond the control of the subject.
The doctrine of extraversion and introversion by Carl Jung (1875-1961)
K. Jung, in explaining intrapersonal conflicts, proceeds from the recognition of the conflict nature of the personal attitude itself. In his book "Psychological Types" published in 1921, he gave a typology of personality, which is still considered one of the most convincing and is widely used in both theoretical and practical psychology. K. Jung carries out the personality typology on four grounds (functions of the personality): thinking, sensations, feelings and intuition. Each of the functions of the psyche, according to C. Jung, can manifest itself in two directions - extraversion and introversion. Based on all this, he identifies eight types of personality, the so-called psycho-sociotypes: an extrovert thinker; introvert thinker; sentient-extrovert; feeling-introvert; emotional extrovert; emotional introvert; intuitive-extra-vert; intuitive-introvert.
The main thing in Jung's typology is the orientation - extraversion or introversion. It is she who determines the personal attitude, which ultimately manifests itself in an intrapersonal conflict.
So, an extrovert is initially oriented to the outside world. He builds his inner world in accordance with the outer. An introvert is initially immersed in himself. For him, the most important thing is the world of inner experiences, and not the outer world with its rules and laws. Obviously, an extrovert is more prone to intrapersonal conflicts than an introvert. (
The concept of "existential dichotomy" Erich Fromm (1900-1980)
In explaining intrapersonal conflicts, E. Fromm tried to overcome the biological interpretations of personality and put forward the concept of "existential dichotomy". In accordance with this concept, the causes of intrapersonal conflicts lie in the dichotomous nature of the person himself, which manifests itself in his existential problems: the problem of life and death; the limitations of human life; the enormous potential of a person and the limited conditions for their implementation, etc.
More specifically, E. Fromm implements philosophical approaches in explaining intrapersonal conflicts in the theory of biophilia (love of life) and necrophilia (love of death).
The Theory of Psychosocial Development by Erik Erickson (1902-1994)
The essence of Erickson's theory is that he put forward and substantiated the idea of the stages of psychosocial development of the personality, at each of which each person experiences his own crisis. But at each age stage, either a favorable overcoming of a crisis situation occurs, or an unfavorable one. In the first case, there is a positive development of the personality, its confident transition to the next stage of life with good prerequisites for successfully overcoming it. In the second case, the person enters a new stage of his life with problems (complexes) of the previous stage. All this creates unfavorable prerequisites for the development of the personality and causes her inner feelings. The stages of the psychosocial development of the personality according to E. Erickson are given in Table. 8.1.
Motivational conflicts by Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)
Of great practical value for identifying intrapersonal conflicts and determining ways to resolve them is the classification of internal conflicts presented in Table. 8.2.
In addition to the psychological concepts of intrapersonal conflicts outlined above, there are others developed within the framework of cognitive and humanistic psychology.
Forms of manifestation and ways of resolving intrapersonal conflicts
To resolve intrapersonal conflicts, it is important, firstly, to establish the fact of such a conflict, and secondly, to determine the type of conflict and its cause; and thirdly, apply the appropriate resolution method. At the same time, it should be remembered that often, in order to resolve intrapersonal conflicts, their carriers need psychological, and sometimes psychotherapeutic help.
Intrapersonal conflicts 187
Table 8.1 Stages of psychosocial development according to E. Erickson
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positive resolution |
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0-1 year old newborn |
Trust - distrust | ||
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1-3 years early childhood |
Autonomy - shame, doubt |
Autonomy |
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3-6 years "age of play" |
Initiative - Guilt |
Initiative |
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6-12 years old primary school age |
Industriousness - a feeling of inferiority |
industriousness |
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12-19 years old middle and high school age |
I-identity - role confusion |
Identity |
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20-25 years early maturity |
Proximity - isolation |
Proximity |
|
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26-64 years old average maturity |
Generation, creativity-stagnation |
Creation |
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65 years - death late adulthood |
Integration is despair |
Integration, wisdom |
Table 8.2
Classification of intrapersonal conflicts according to K. Levin
|
Type of conflict |
Permission Model |
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|
Equivalent (approximation-approximation) |
Selection of two or more equally attractive and mutually exclusive properties |
Compromise |
|
Vital (avoidance-avoidance) |
Choosing Between Two Equally Unattractive Objects |
Compromise |
|
Ambivalent (approach-avoidance) |
The choice of an object in which both attractive and unattractive sides are present |
Reconciliation |
Below in table. 8.3 we give the forms of manifestation of internal conflicts, which are designed to help them discover in themselves or other people, and in table. 8.4 - ways to resolve them.
Table 8.3 Forms of manifestation of internal conflicts
Table 8.4 Ways to resolve intrapersonal conflicts
|
Resolution Method | ||
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Compromise |
Make a choice in favor of some option and proceed with its implementation |
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Avoiding problem solving |
||
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Reorientation |
Change of claims in relation to the object that caused the internal problem |
|
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Sublimation |
Transfer of psychic energy to other areas of activity - engaging in creativity, sports, music, etc. |
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Idealization |
Indulgence in dreams, fantasies, escape from reality |
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crowding out |
Suppression of feelings, aspirations, desires |
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|
Correction |
Changing the self-concept in the direction of achieving an adequate self-image |
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|
Form of manifestation |
Symptoms |
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Neurasthenia |
Intolerance to strong irritants; depressed mood; decrease in working capacity; bad dream; headaches |
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ostentatious fun; expression of joy is inadequate to the situation; "Laughter through tears" |
||
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Regression |
Appeal to primitive forms of behavior; disclaimer |
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Projection |
Attributing negative qualities to another; criticism of others, often unfounded |
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Nomadism |
Frequent change of place of residence, place of work, marital status |
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Rationalism |
Self-justification of one's actions |
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Sources for in-depth study of the topic
1. Antsupov A. Ya., Shipilov A. I. Conflictology. - M.: UNITI, 1999. - Sec. v.
2. Grishina N.V. Psychology of conflict. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000.
3. Conflictology / Ed. A. S. Karmina - St. Petersburg: Lan, 1999. - Ch.4.
4. Kozyrev G. I. Introduction to conflictology. - M.: Vlados, 1999. - S.144-146.
5. Psychology. Textbook / Ed. A. A. Krylova. - M.: Prospekt, 1998. - Ch. eighteen; 19; 22.
6. Horney K. Your internal conflicts. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 1997.
test questions
1. Give the definition of intrapersonal conflict.
2. List the features of intrapersonal conflicts.
3. List the main psychological concepts of intra-personal conflicts.
4. What is the main essence of 3. Freud's views on the nature of intrapersonal conflicts?
5. What is the main essence of A. Adler's inferiority complex?
6. What is the main essence of the teachings of K. Jung about the nature of intrapersonal conflicts?
7. What is the main essence of E. Fromm's "existential dichotomy"?
8. List the main types of intrapersonal conflicts according to K. Levin.
9. List the forms of manifestation of intrapersonal conflicts.
10. List the main ways to resolve intrapersonal conflicts.
Lesson 8.1. Practical lesson on the topic: "Personal self-assessment by testing"
The purpose of the lesson. Consolidation of students' knowledge on the main problems of the theory of intrapersonal conflicts, the development of personality self-assessment skills and the formation of skills for analyzing the results of testing and developing a program of self-improvement and self-correction of behavior.
The order of the lesson
Preparatory stage. In one or two weeks, students receive an instruction to conduct a lesson in the form of testing for the purpose of self-assessment of the individual. They are informed about the topic and objectives of the lesson. Instructions are given for independent study of literature and understanding of the basic concepts: "Intrapersonal conflict", "Types of intrapersonal conflicts", "Forms of manifestation of intrapersonal conflicts", "Methods for resolving intrapersonal conflicts".
During the lesson. Students are encouraged to take the tests below. The teacher organizes a discussion of the test results and provides methodological assistance in developing a program of self-improvement and self-correction of behavior.
Test 8.1. Self-assessment of character according to the method of R. Cattell
Test assignment. Identify individual personality traits.
This test is a modified simplified version of the 16-factor questionnaire developed by the American psychologist Raymond Bernard Cattell and designed to identify generalized initial personality traits - factors that are part of its structure and are the causes of human reactions that appear on the surface.
It is easier to process and interpret, although it does not give such an idea of \u200b\u200bthe personality as the classic version (16 RE).
Instruction. You are invited to choose one of the answer options for each question ("a", "b", "c").
When reading questions, do not think about them for a long time, try to imagine the whole situation as a whole and assess how typical it is for you.
In all questions, the answer "b" corresponds to cases in which you cannot clearly answer, or when both opposite options are equally acceptable to you. Try not to overuse such answers, however.
Remember that there are no "wrong" or "right" answers - everyone is entitled to their own opinion.
1. I could well live alone, away from people: a) yes; b) sometimes; c) no.
Intrapersonal conflicts 191
2. Sometimes I don't feel well for no particular reason: a) yes; b) don't know c) no.
3. When reading about an incident, I am interested in all the details:
a) yes; b) sometimes; c) rarely.
4. When friends make fun of me, I usually laugh with them and do not get offended at all:
5. Something that distracts my attention to some extent:
a) annoys me;
b) something in between;
c) doesn't bother me at all.
6. I like a friend:
a) whose interests are of a business and practical nature; b) don't know
c) who has a deeply thought-out outlook on life.
7. At the enterprise, it was more interesting for me:
a) work with machines and mechanisms and participate in the main production;
b) hard to say;
c) talk with people, engage in social work.
8. I always have enough energy when I need it: a) yes; b) hard to say; c) no.
9. I would rather reveal my innermost thoughts to: a) my good friends;
b) don't know
c) in his diary.
10. I can calmly listen to other people express ideas that are opposite to those in which I firmly believe:
b) find it difficult to answer;
c) incorrect.
11. I am so careful and practical that fewer surprises happen to me than to other people:
12. I think I lie less often than most people: a) true; b) find it difficult to answer; c) incorrect.
13. I would rather work:
a) in an institution where I would have to lead people and be among them;
b) find it difficult to answer;
c) an architect.
14. What I do, I do not succeed:
a) rarely; b) something in between; c) often.
15. Even if they tell me that my ideas are not feasible, this does not stop me:
a) true; b) don't know c) incorrect.
16. I try not to laugh at jokes as loudly as most people do:
a) true; b) don't know c) incorrect.
17. Efforts expended on drawing up plans:
a) never superfluous;
b) hard to say;
c) not worth it.
18. I like to work with refined, refined people more than with frank and straightforward people:
a) yes; b) don't know c) no.
19. I am pleased to do a person a favor by agreeing to make an appointment with him at a time convenient for him, even if it is a little inconvenient for me:
a) yes; b) sometimes; c) no.
20. When I go to bed, I:
a) fall asleep quickly
b) something in between;
c) I have difficulty falling asleep.
21. Working in a store, I would like to:
a) window dressing
b) don't know
c) be a cashier.
22. I prefer:
a) questions concerning me, to decide myself;
b) find it difficult to answer;
c) I consult with my friends.
23. Neat, demanding people do not get along with me: a) true; b) sometimes; c) incorrect.
24. If people think badly of me, then I don’t try to convince them, but I continue to act in my own way:
a) yes; b) hard to say; c) no.
25. It happens that all morning I do not want to talk to anyone: a) often; b) sometimes; c) never.
26. I get bored:
a) often b) sometimes; c) never.
27. I think that even the most dramatic events in a year will no longer leave any traces in my soul:
a) yes; b) hard to say; c) incorrect.
28. I think it's more interesting to be:
a) a botanist and work with plants;
b) don't know
c) an insurance agent.
29. When the issue to be solved is very difficult and requires a lot of effort from me, I try:
a) take up another issue;
b) find it difficult to answer;
c) I will try again to solve this problem.
30. At night I have fantastic or ridiculous dreams: a) yes; b) sometimes; c) no.
This test cannot fully give an idea of your character and does not claim to be absolutely reliable.
However, it allows you to recognize some traits: sociability, emotional stability, conscientiousness, discipline.
Data processing
The answer "b" is always estimated at 1 point.
From 1st to 7th and from 23rd to 30th questions:
"a" - brings 0 points;
"c" - 2 points.
Questions 8 to 22:
"a" - 2 points;
"c" - 0 points.
Key to the test and evaluation of results
1. The sum of the points received when answering questions 1, 7, 9, 13, 19, 25 indicates your sociability or isolation.
If the total score does not exceed 8, then you most likely do not really need the company of others and, as they say, are not sociable by nature. It is possible that you are skeptical of acquaintances and judge others rather harshly. And this, as you know, limits the circle of close friends with whom it is easy to be frank.
If the total score is above 8, then you are sociable and good-natured, open and cordial. You are characterized by naturalness and ease in behavior, attentiveness and kindness towards people. You are not very afraid of criticism. When choosing a specialty, you should pay attention to this, you can be recommended a profession of the “person-to-person” type, which requires constant communication with people, collective actions.
2. Sum of points obtained by answering questions 2,5,8,14,20,
26, speaks of your emotional stability or instability.
If the sum is less than 7, you are most likely emotionally prone to mood swings. High grades are characteristic of people who are calm, calm, whose view of things is more realistic.
3. If the amount received when answering questions 3, 6.15, 18, 21,
27, less than 7, you are a practical and conscientious person, easily follow generally accepted norms, rules of conduct. Although, perhaps, you are characterized by some limitation, "grounding", excessive attention to detail.
With high marks, you have a rich imagination and, as a result, high creative potential. Try not to "hover in the clouds" though. This often leads to life failures.
4 If your total score for questions 4, 10, 16, 22, 24, and 28 is greater than 5, you are likely to be prudent and prudent. You are quite insightful, you know how to reasonably and "without sentimentality" evaluate events and people around you.
With low scores, it is quite possible that you are characterized by straightforwardness, naturalness and immediacy in behavior.
5. If the sum of the answers to questions 11, 12, 17, 23, 29 and 30 is less than 6, you seem to be not always good at self-control and discipline. Typically, such people, as psychologists say, are characterized by internal conflict.
With a score above b points, you are probably a purposeful person, you control your emotions and behavior well, it is not difficult for you to adhere to generally accepted rules.
Test 8.2. Personal self-assessment (1st option)
Instruction. Each person has certain ideas about the ideal and the most valuable personality traits. People are guided by these qualities in the process of self-education. What qualities do you value most in people? Different people have different ideas, and therefore the results of self-education do not match. What ideas do you have about the ideal? The following task, which is performed in two stages, will help you understand this.
1. Divide a sheet of paper into four equal parts, mark each part with Roman numerals I, II, III, IV.
2. Four sets of words are given that characterize the positive qualities of people. You must highlight in each set of qualities those that are most significant and valuable to you personally, which you prefer over others. What are these qualities and how much - everyone decides for himself.
3 Read the words of the first set of qualities carefully. Write down in a column the qualities that are most valuable to you along with their numbers on the left. Now proceed to the second set of qualities - and so on until the very end. As a result, you should get four sets of ideal qualities.
In order to create conditions for the same understanding of the qualities by all participants in the psychological examination, we give an interpretation of these qualities.
A set of personality traits
I. Interpersonal relationships, communication.
1. Politeness - observance of the rules of decency, courtesy.
2. Caring - thoughts or actions directed towards the well-being of people; care, care.
3. Sincerity - an expression of true feelings, truthfulness, frankness.
4. Collectivism - the ability to support common work, common interests, collective beginning.
5. Responsiveness - willingness to respond to other people's needs.
6. Hospitality - a cordial, affectionate attitude, combined with hospitality, with a willingness to serve something.
7. Sympathy - a responsive, sympathetic attitude to the experiences, misfortune of people.
8. Tact - a sense of proportion, creating the ability to behave in society, not to offend the dignity of people.
9. Tolerance - the ability to treat other people's opinions, character, habits without enmity.
10. Sensitivity - responsiveness, sympathy, the ability to easily understand people.
11. Benevolence - the desire for good to people, the willingness to contribute to their well-being.
12. Friendliness - the ability to express a sense of personal affection.
13. Charm - the ability to charm, attract.
14. Sociability - the ability to easily enter into communication.
15. Obligation - fidelity to the word, duty, promise.
16. Responsibility - a necessity, a duty to be responsible for one's actions and actions.
17. Frankness - openness, accessibility for people.
18. Justice - an objective assessment of people in accordance with the truth.
19. Compatibility - the ability to combine one's efforts with the activity of others in solving common problems.
20. Demanding - severity, expectation from people to fulfill their duties, duty.
II. Behavior.
1. Activity - a manifestation of an interested attitude to the world around and to oneself, to the affairs of the team, energetic deeds and actions.
2. Pride - self-esteem.
3. Good nature - gentleness of character, disposition towards people.
4. Decency - honesty, inability to commit vile and antisocial acts.
5. Courage - the ability to make and implement your decisions without fear.
6. Firmness - the ability to insist on one's own, not to succumb to pressure, steadfastness, stability.
7. Confidence - faith in the correctness of actions, the absence of hesitation, doubt.
8. Honesty - directness, sincerity in relationships and actions.
9. Vigor - decisiveness, activity of actions and actions.
Intrapersonal conflicts 197
10. Enthusiasm - strong inspiration, spiritual uplift.
11. Conscientiousness - honest performance of one's duties.
12. Initiative - the desire for new forms of activity.
13. Intelligence - high culture, education, erudition.
14. Perseverance - perseverance in achieving goals.
15. Decisiveness - inflexibility, firmness in actions, the ability to make decisions quickly, overcoming internal fluctuations.
16. Integrity - the ability to adhere to firm principles, beliefs, views on things and events.
17. Self-criticism - the desire to evaluate one's behavior, the ability to reveal one's mistakes and shortcomings.
18. Independence - the ability to carry out actions without the help of others, on their own.
19. Balance - even, calm character, behavior.
20. Purposefulness - the presence of a clear goal, the desire to achieve it.
III. Activity.
1. Thoughtfulness - deep insight into the essence of the matter.
2. Efficiency - knowledge of the matter, enterprise, sensibility.
3. Mastery - high art in any area.
4. Understanding - the ability to understand the meaning, ingenuity.
5. Speed - swiftness of actions and actions, speed.
6. Composure - concentration, smartness.
7. Accuracy - the ability to act as given, in accordance with the model.
8. Diligence - love for work, socially useful activities that require tension.
9. Enthusiasm - the ability to devote oneself entirely to any business.
10. Perseverance - diligence in what requires a long time and patience.
11. Accuracy - observance of order in everything, thoroughness of work, diligence.
12. Mindfulness - focus on the activities performed.
13. Foresight - foresight, the ability to foresee the consequences, predict the future.
14. Discipline - the habit of discipline, consciousness of duty to society.
15. Diligence - diligence, good performance of tasks.
16. Curiosity - an inquisitive mind, a tendency to acquire new knowledge.
17. Resourcefulness - the ability to quickly find a way out of difficult situations.
18. Consistency - the ability to perform tasks, actions in a strict order, logically, harmoniously.
19. Efficiency - the ability to work hard and productively.
20. Scrupulousness - accuracy to the smallest detail, special care.
IV. Experiences, feelings.
1. Cheerfulness - a feeling of fullness of strength, activity, energy.
2. Fearlessness - lack of fear, courage.
3. Gaiety - a carefree-joyful state.
4. Sincerity - sincere friendliness, disposition towards people.
5. Mercy - willingness to help, forgive out of compassion, philanthropy.
6. Tenderness - a manifestation of love, affection.
7. Love of freedom - love and desire for freedom, independence.
8. Warmth - sincerity, sincerity in relationships.
9. Passion - the ability to completely surrender to passion.
10. Shame - the ability to experience a sense of shame.
11. Excitement - a measure of experience, mental anxiety.
12. Enthusiasm - a great upsurge of feelings, delight, admiration.
13. Compassion - a tendency to feel pity, compassion.
14. Cheerfulness - the constancy of a feeling of joy, the absence of despondency.
15. Lovingness - the ability to love many and strongly.
16. Optimism - a cheerful attitude, faith in success.
17. Restraint - the ability to keep oneself from showing feelings.
18. Satisfaction - a feeling of pleasure from the fulfillment of desires.
19. Cold-bloodedness - the ability to remain calm and self-possessed.
20. Sensitivity - the ease of the emergence of experiences, feelings, increased susceptibility to external influences.
Carefully consider the personality traits that you wrote out from the first set, and find among them those that you really possess. Circle the numbers next to them. Now move on to the second set of qualities, then to the third and fourth.
Treatment
1. Count how many real qualities you found in yourself (P).
2. Count the number of ideal qualities you wrote down (I), and then calculate their percentage.
Compare the results with the rating scale (see Table 8.5).
Test 8.2. Personal self-assessment (2nd option)
Instruction
1. Carefully read a set of 20 personality traits: accuracy, cheerfulness, kindness, perseverance, intelligence, truthfulness, integrity, independence, modesty, sociability, pride, conscientiousness, indifference, laziness, arrogance, cowardice, greed, suspicion, selfishness, impudence.
2. In the 1st column "ideal" under number (rank) 1, write down the quality of the above that you value most in people, under number 2 - the quality that you value a little less, etc., in descending order significance. Under number 13, indicate that quality - a disadvantage - from the above, which you could most easily forgive people (after all, as you know, there are no ideal people, everyone has flaws, but you can forgive some, but not some ), at number 14 - the flaw that is more difficult to forgive, etc., at number 20 - the most disgusting, from your point of view, quality of people.
3. In the 2nd column "I" under the number (rank) 1, write down the quality of the above that you personally have the most developed (regardless of whether it is an advantage or a disadvantage), under number 2 - the quality that is developed in you are a little less, etc., in descending order, under the last numbers - those qualities that you have less developed or absent.
Data processing
1. We calculate according to the formula
where is the rank (number) of quality in the 1st column; is the rank of the 1st quality in the 2nd column; is the difference between the ranks of the 1st quality in the columns.
Let's count everything, there should be 20 of them. Suppose that the first word in the 1st column is mind in the 2nd column, this word is in the 5th place, that is. = 5, then we calculate (1 - 5) 2 using the formula = 16 and so on for all words in order (n - the number of analyzed qualities, n = 20).
2. Then we add up the results, multiply by 6, divide the product by == 7980 and, finally, subtract the quotient from 1, that is, we find the rank correlation coefficient:
Evaluation and interpretation of results
1. We calculate by the formula:
where: - rank (number) of the i-th quality in the 1st column;
Rank (number) of the r "th quality in the 2nd column; Vi is the difference in ranks of the r"th quantity in the columns. Count them all - there should be 20 of them.
2. The resulting rank correlation coefficient is compared with the scale (Table 8.5).
Personal self-esteem can be adequate, overestimated or underestimated.
Adequate self-esteem corresponds to two positions (levels) of the psychodiagnostic scale: “average”, “above average”.
Table 8.5 Psychodiagnostic scale for test 8.2
|
Female Level Gender |
Inappropriately low |
Below the average |
Above the average |
High |
Inappropriately high |
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1st option (P) |
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2nd option (P) |
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With adequate self-assessment, the subject of social interaction correctly (really) correlates his capabilities and abilities, is quite critical of himself, sets realistic goals for himself, and knows how to predict an adequate attitude of others to the results of his activities. The behavior of such a subject is basically non-conflict, in conflict he behaves constructively. Intra-personal conflicts are weakly subject to.
In self-assessment high level”, “Above average”: a person deservedly appreciates and respects himself, is pleased with himself, he has developed self-esteem.
With self-assessment "average level": a person respects himself, but knows his weaknesses and strives for self-improvement, self-development.
Inflated self-esteem corresponds to the level of "inadequately high" in the psychodiagnostic scale.
With an overestimated self-esteem, a person develops a misconception about himself, an idealized image of his personality. He overestimates his abilities, is always focused on success, ignores failures.
His perception of reality is often emotional, he regards failure or failure as a consequence of someone's mistakes or unfavorable circumstances.
He perceives fair criticism in his address as nit-picking.
Such a person is conflict-prone, tends to overestimate the image of a conflict situation, behaves actively in a conflict, betting on victory.
Low self-esteem corresponds to three positions (levels) in the psychodiagnostic scale: "inadequately low", "low" and "below average".
With low self-esteem, a person has an inferiority complex. He is unsure of himself, timid, passive. Such people are distinguished by excessive demands on themselves and even greater demands on others. They are boring, whining, they see only flaws in themselves and others.
Such people are conflicted. The causes of conflicts often arise because of their intolerance towards other people.
Test 8.3. "Self-assessment of the level of claims according to the Schwarzlander method"
Instruction
1. Think how many “pluses” you can draw in 10 seconds, and indicate this number of supposed “pluses” in form 1; put a number next to UE (claim level). Then, at the experimenter's signal "Start", start drawing "pluses" in each square of form 1, and at the signal "Stop", stop drawing. Count the number of “pluses” you actually drew and indicate on the form 1 next to UD (achievement level).
2. Taking into account your previous experience and the range of your capabilities (can you draw “pluses” more, faster), indicate your level of claims in form 2 and then, following the experimenter’s signals “Start” and “Stop”, repeat the experiment, count and write it down in the form 2 is your achievement level.
3. Repeat this experiment procedure for the third and then for the fourth form. (See experimenter's notes below.)
Data processing
1. Calculate your level of claims using the formula:
where UE (2) - the level of claims from form 2; LE (1) - the level of achievement from form 1, etc. in accordance with the numbers of forms indicated in brackets.
2. Compare the obtained values of the level of claims with the psychodiagnostic scale.
Level of claims (method developed by Schwarzlander)
Psychodiagnostic scale for test 8.3
The level of claims (U P) is equal to 5 and above - unrealistically high; UP \u003d 3 ■ * - 4.99 - high; UP \u003d 1 * - 2.99 - moderate; BP = -1.49 *■ 0.99 is low, BP = -1.50 and below is unrealistically low.
The level of claims characterizes the degree of difficulty of those goals that a person aspires to and the achievement of which seems attractive and possible to him. The level of claims is influenced by the dynamics of successes and failures on the path of life, the dynamics of success in a particular activity. There are adequate levels of aspirations (a person sets himself goals that he can actually achieve, which correspond to his abilities and capabilities) and inadequate: overestimated (claims what he cannot achieve) or underestimated (chooses easy and simplified goals, although he is capable of more). The more adequate the self-assessment of the individual, the more adequate the level of claims.
Persons with an unrealistically high level of claims, overestimating their abilities and capabilities, take on tasks beyond their strength and often fail. People with a high but realistic level of aspirations strive constantly to improve their achievements, to improve themselves, to solve more and more complex problems, to achieve difficult goals. Persons with a moderate level of aspirations consistently and successfully solve a range of tasks of medium complexity, without striving to improve their achievements and abilities and move on to more difficult goals. Persons with a low or unrealistically low level of aspirations choose goals that are too easy and simple, which can be explained by: a) low self-esteem, lack of confidence in their abilities, an “inferiority complex”, or b) “social cunning”, when, along with high self-esteem and self-esteem , a person avoids social activity and difficult, responsible affairs and goals.
Note for the experimenter: 1) the dimensions of the tables are 10x3 cm, the dimensions of the small squares in the tables are 1 x 1 cm; 2) the duration of the 1st, 2nd, 4th experiments is 10 seconds, and in the 3rd experiment - 8 seconds to artificially create a situation of failure.
Test 8.4. Self-esteem of inferiority complex
Inferiority complexes were first described and defined by the "founding fathers" of psychoanalysis. By this name they denoted emotionally colored beliefs and life principles, manifested in impulsive, inexplicable actions that complicate a normal life, limit the possibilities of personal development and prevent one from experiencing a sense of joy. An inferiority complex makes a person feel inferior to others, for example, it can become a reason for refusing any competitive struggle: exams, professional competitions, business, etc. This complex is generated by uncertainty about one's own merits or abilities. “I won’t even try, I’ll still lose!” - the victims of this complex convince themselves.
Complexes develop, as a rule, in people who, by nature or by upbringing, tend to be harsh judges. They judge themselves harshly (“for short stature”, “fat legs”, etc.), but also constantly condemn others. From the point of view of psychology, this or that self-esteem is most directly related to your attitude to the world around you. He who loves this world loves himself. So, if we always criticize others, then we will be ruthless to ourselves. Ruthlessness will become a habit and then a complex. Such a person is almost never satisfied with himself. Something gnaws at everyone, everyone has their own complexes. We compare ourselves to others all the time to make sure we are worth something.
And how is it with you? To do this, answer the test questions.
Instruction. Read each statement, choose the answer option that is most true for you, write down the number of the statement and the number of points for the selected answer option (the number of points is indicated next to the answer option).
1. People don't understand me
a) often (0)
b) rarely (3)
c) this does not happen (5)
2. I feel “out of my element”
a) rarely (5)
c) very often (0)
3. I am an optimist
b) only in exceptional cases (3)
4. To be happy about anything is a) stupidity (0)
b) helps to survive difficult moments (3)
c) things to learn (5)
5. I would like to have the same abilities as others
b) sometimes (3)
c) no, I have higher abilities (5)
6. I have too many flaws
a) it's true (0)
b) it's not my opinion (3)
c) not true! (five)
7. Life is beautiful!
a) it is true (5),
b) this is too general statement (3)
c) not at all (0)
8. I feel unwanted a) often (0)
b) sometimes (3) c) rarely (5)
9. My actions are incomprehensible to others
a) often (0)
b) sometimes (3)
c) rarely (5)
10. They tell me that I do not live up to expectations.
a) often (0)
b) sometimes (3)
c) very rarely (5)
11. I have a lot of virtues
b) it all depends on the situation (3)
12. I am a pessimist a) yes (0)
b) in exceptional cases (3)
13. Like any thinking person, I analyze my behavior.
a) often (0)
b) sometimes (3)
c) rarely (5)
14. Life is a sad thing
a) in general, yes (0)
c) it's not (5)
15. "Laughter is health"
a) banal statement (0)
b) it is worth remembering in difficult situations (3)
c) not at all (5)
16. People underestimate me
a) alas, it is so (0)
b) I do not attach much importance to it (3)
c) not at all (5)
17. I judge others too harshly.
a) often (0)
b) sometimes (3)
c) rarely (5)
18. After a streak of failures, success always comes.
a) I believe in it, although I know that it is a belief in miracles (5)
b) maybe so, but there is no scientific confirmation of this (3)
c) I do not believe in it, because it is a belief in miracles (0)
19. I act aggressively.
a) often (0)
b) sometimes (3)
c) rarely (5)
20. I am lonely
a) very rarely (5)
b) sometimes (3)
c) too often (0)
21. People are unfriendly
a) majority (0)
b) some (3)
c) not at all (5)
22. I do not believe that you can achieve what you really want
a) because I don’t know who succeeded (0)
b) sometimes it works (3)
c) it's not, I believe! (five)
23. The requirements that life set before me exceeded my capabilities.
a) often (0)
b) sometimes (3)
c) rarely (5)
24. Probably every person is dissatisfied with their appearance a) I think yes (0)
b) maybe sometimes (3) c) I don't think so (5)
25. When I do or say something, it happens that they do not understand me.
a) often (0)
b) sometimes (3)
c) very rarely (5)
26. I love people
b) the statement is too general (3)
27. Sometimes I doubt my abilities.
a) often (0)
b) sometimes (3)
c) rarely (5)
28. I am pleased with myself
a) often (5)
b) sometimes (3)
c) rarely (0)
29. I think that you should be more critical of yourself than of other people.
b) don't know (3)
30. I believe that I have enough strength to realize my life plans
b) it happens differently (3)
Evaluation of results
Attention: if you did not score the same number of points (for example, 0 and 0.3 and 3, 5 and 5) in the following pairs: 3 and 18, 9 and 25.12 and 22, then the overall test result can be considered random, unreliable.
0-40 points - unfortunately, you are notorious. You evaluate yourself negatively, “fixated” on your weaknesses, shortcomings, and mistakes. You constantly fight with yourself, and this only aggravates both your complexes and the situation itself, further complicating your relationships with people. Try to think differently about yourself: focus on what is strong, warm, good and joyful in you. You will see that your attitude towards yourself and the world around you will change very soon.
41-80 points. You have every opportunity to perfectly cope with your complexes. In general, they do not really interfere with your life. At times you are afraid to analyze yourself, your actions. Remember: hiding your head in the sand is a completely hopeless business, it will not lead to good and can only defuse the situation for a while. You can't run away from yourself, be brave!
81-130 points - you are not without complexes, like any normal person, but you are doing an excellent job with your problems. Objectively assess your behavior and the actions of people. Hold your destiny in your hands. In companies you feel light and free, and people feel just as easy in your society. Tip: keep it up!
131-150 points - you think that you have no complexes at all. Don't be fooled, this just doesn't happen. The world you invented and your own image are far from reality. Self-deception and inflated self-esteem are not safe. Try to look at yourself from the outside. Complexes, after all, in order to cope with them or ... to love them. You have enough for both. Otherwise, your narcissism complex will develop into arrogance, arrogance, will cause hostility to the people around you, and will significantly ruin your life.
Test 8.5. Determination of temperament according to the method of G. Eysenck
Instruction. You are offered 57 questions. Answer only "yes" or "no" to each question. Don't waste time discussing the questions, there can be no good or bad answers here, as this is not a test of intelligence.
1. Do you often feel cravings for new experiences, for being distracted, for experiencing strong sensations?
2. Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand, encourage, sympathize with you?
3. Do you consider yourself a carefree person?
4. Is it very difficult for you to give up your intentions?
5. Do you think things over slowly and prefer to wait before acting?
6. Do you always keep your promises, even if it is not profitable for you?
7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
8. Do you usually act and speak quickly?
9. Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?
10. Is it true that “on a bet” you are able to decide on everything?
11. Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet someone of the opposite sex that you like?
12. Do you ever lose your temper when you get angry?
13. Does it often happen that you act thoughtlessly, under the influence of the moment?
14. Do you often worry about the thought that you should not have done or said something?
15. Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?
16. Are you easily offended?
17. Do you like to be in the company often?
18. Do you have thoughts that you would not like to share with others?
19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything is on fire in your hands, and sometimes you feel tired?
20. Do you try to limit your circle of acquaintances to a small number of your closest friends?
21. Do you dream a lot?
22. When someone yells at you, do you respond in kind?
23. Do you consider all your habits to be good?
24. Do you often feel like you are to blame for something?
25. Are you sometimes able to give vent to your feelings and carefree fun in a fun company?
26. Is it possible to say that your nerves are often stretched to the limit?
27. Do you have a reputation for being a lively and cheerful person?
28. After a job is done, do you often think back to it and think about what you could have done better?
29. Do you feel restless when you are in a big company?
30. Do you ever spread rumors?
31. Does it happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts come into your head?
32. If you want to know something, do you prefer to find it in a book or ask people?
33. Do you have a strong heartbeat?
34. Do you like work that requires concentration?
35. Do you have bouts of trembling?
36. Do you always tell the truth?
37. Do you find it unpleasant to be in a company where they make fun of each other?
38. Are you irritable?
39. Do you like work that requires speed?
40. Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts of various troubles and horrors that could happen, although everything ended well?
41. Is it true that you are slow in your movements and somewhat slow?
42. Have you ever been late for work or for a meeting with someone?
43. Do you often have nightmares?
44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you do not miss any opportunity to talk with a new person?
45. Do you suffer from any pain?
46. Would you be upset if you could not see your friends for a long time?
47. Are you a nervous person?
48. Are there any among your acquaintances that you clearly do not like?
49. Are you a confident person?
50. Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?
51. Do you find it difficult to really enjoy events that involve a lot of people?
52. Are you bothered by the feeling that you are somehow worse than others?
53. Would you be able to spice up a boring company?
54. Do you sometimes talk about things that you do not understand at all?
55. Do you worry about your health?
56. Do you like to play pranks on others?
57. Do you suffer from insomnia?
Emotional stability
Extraversion - is the sum of the answers "yes" in questions: 1, 3, 8, 10, 13,17,22,25,27,39,44,46,49,53,56 and the answers "no" in questions: 5, 15,20,29,32,34,37,41,51.
If the total score is between 0 and 10, then you are an introvert, closed within your own inner world.
If 15-24, then you are an extrovert, sociable, turned to the outside world.
If 11-14, then you are an ambivert, communicate when you need it.
Neuroticism - the number of “yes” answers is found in the questions: 2, 4, 7, 9.11, 14.16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47 , 50, 52, 55, 57.
If the number of answers "yes" is in the range from 0 to 10, then - emotional stability.
If 11-16, then - emotional impressionability. If 17-22, then there are separate signs of looseness of the nervous system.
If 23-24, then - neuroticism, bordering on pathology, a breakdown, neurosis is possible.
False - is the sum of the scores of the answers "yes" in the questions: 6,24,36 and the answers "no" in the questions: 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.
If the score is 0-3 - the norm of human lies, the answers can be trusted.
If 4-5, then it is doubtful.
If 6-9, then the answers are unreliable.
If the answers can be trusted, a graph is plotted based on the data received.
Sanguine extrovert: stable personality, social, directed to the outside world, sociable, sometimes talkative, carefree, cheerful, likes leadership, many friends, cheerful.
Choleric extrovert: unstable personality, inoffensive, excited, unrestrained, aggressive, impulsive, optimistic, active, but performance and mood are unstable, cyclical. In a situation of stress - a tendency to hysterical-psychopathic reactions.
Phlegmatic introvert: stable personality, slow, calm, passive, imperturbable, cautious, thoughtful, peaceful, restrained, reliable, calm in relationships, able to withstand long-term adversity without disruption of health and mood.
Melancholic introvert: unstable personality, anxious, pessimistic, outwardly restrained, but in his soul very emotional, sensitive, upset and worried, prone to anxiety, depression, sadness; in tense situations, a breakdown or deterioration in activity is possible (“rabbit stress”).
Lesson 8.2. Game-training "Intrapersonal conflicts"
The purpose of the lesson. Show students the mechanisms of involving a person in a state of intrapersonal conflict, acquaint them with ways to prevent conflict and get out of it, teach them methods of stress resistance.
Game participants:
1. Official.
2. Head of an official.
3. Representative of the public.
4. The petitioner.
5. Representative of the local mafia.
6. The official's wife.
* See: Kozyrev G.I. Introduction to conflictology. - M: Vlados, 1999. - S. 144-146.
7. The conscience of an official.
8. Panel of experts.
From 7-8 to 30 or more people can take part in the game.
game situation
1. The municipal department for the lease and use of land is headed by a certain official. The department received an order from the relevant city authorities prohibiting the use of children's, sports, playgrounds and other areas for any other purposes (for example, building development, organizing parking lots, etc.). However, the official's immediate superior interprets the received order in his own way and requires the official to give appropriate instructions for the liquidation of a certain playground. The official begins to follow the instructions of the chief.
2. At the same time, visitors come to the official for a reception: a member of the public, who demands compliance with the law and the restoration of the playground; a petitioner offering a bribe in exchange for leasing a cleanable
The scheme of the game-training of the (liberated) territory; a representative of the local mafia, threatening the official with violence if the desired territory is not transferred to his people.
3. Having finished the working day, the official goes home and the following happens to him: a dialogue with his conscience about what happened to him during the day; a conversation with his wife, who is unhappy with his constant delays at work ("children without a father; wife without a husband"). In turn, the official is annoyed by the fact that he is not understood even at home, in the family.
The order of the game
1. Distribute all the listed roles among students (the role of an official is distributed only at the request of the applicant). Assign a group of experts.
2. The game begins with a conversation between the boss and the official. The further order of the game is described in the Game Situation.
3. During the game, the participants change roles, players who are not yet directly involved are involved.
4. Statement of experts and summing up the game-training. Caution (for the head of the game). The game-training "Intrapersonal conflict" implies a high emotional and psychological stress of the players, especially those who play the role of an official. During the game, it is necessary to carefully monitor the psychological state of the “official”, and if necessary, stop the game and change roles. At the end of the game, it is necessary to "rehabilitate" all the "officials": to make a comprehensive analysis of the situation and ways out of them; to familiarize all participants in the game with ways to protect against frustration.
control test
Choose the correct answer for each of the 10 questions. 1. Intrapersonal conflict is:
a) deep emotional experiences by the personality of their failures;
b) a state of anxiety caused by an upcoming difficult situation;
c) clash of oppositely directed motives of the personality;
d) clash of oppositely directed behavioral characteristics of a person;
e) internal fluctuations of a person facing a choice of means to achieve a specific goal.
2. Which of the scientists owns the development of the doctrine of the struggle between eros and thanatos, as the natural basis of intrapersonal conflicts?
a) 3. Freud;
b) A. Adler;
c) K. Jung;
d) E. Fromm; e) K. Levin.
3. Which of the scientists owns the development of the doctrine of extraversion and introversion, as the objective nature of intrapersonal conflicts?
a) 3. Freud;
b) A. Adler;
c) K. Jung;
d) E. Fromm;
e) K. Levin.
4. Which of the scientists owns the development of the "Theory of the inferiority complex"?
a) 3. Freud;
b) A. Adler;
c) K. Jung;
d) E. Fromm;
e) K. Levin.
5. Which of the scientists owns the development of the theory of "existential dichotomy"?
a) 3. Freud;
b) A. Adler;
c) K. Jung;
d) E. Fromm;
e) K. Levin.
6. Which of the scientists owns the development of the theory of "motivational conflicts"?
a) 3. Freud;
b) A. Adler;
c) K. Jung;
d) E. Fromm; e) K. Levin.
7. An equivalent intrapersonal conflict is:
e) a conflict associated with an equal combination in the inner world of the personality of a tendency to extraversion and introversion.
8. Ambivalent intrapersonal conflict is:
a) conflict associated with the choice between two equally unattractive objects;
b) conflict associated with the choice of 2 or more equally attractive and mutually exclusive objects;
c) a conflict associated with the choice of an object, in which both attractive and unattractive sides are present;
d) a conflict associated with a situation where the expected result of solving a problem by a person does not receive approval in society, a team or a family;
9. Vital intrapersonal conflict is:
a) conflict associated with the choice between two equally unattractive objects;
b) conflict associated with the choice of 2 or more equally attractive and mutually exclusive objects;
c) a conflict associated with the choice of an object, in which both attractive and unattractive sides are present;
d) a conflict associated with a situation where the expected result of solving a problem by a person does not receive approval in society, a team or a family;
e) a conflict associated with a combination of equally in the inner world of the personality of a tendency to extraversion and introversion.
10. Forms of manifestation of intrapersonal conflicts are:
a) neurasthenia, euphoria, sublimation, idealization, nomadism, rationalization;
b) neurasthenia, euphoria, regression, projection, nomadism, rationalization;
c) neurasthenia, euphoria, idealization, projection, rationalization, repression;
d) neurasthenia, euphoria, regression, projection, nomadism, reorientation;
e) compromise, withdrawal, reorientation, sublimation, idealization, repression.
Every person, at least once, has been conflict situation, and not only with outside world- with others, but above all with yourself. And internal conflicts can easily develop into external ones. For a mentally healthy person, an internal conflict that does not go beyond the norm is quite natural. Moreover, the situation of intrapersonal inconsistency and tension within certain limits is not only natural, but also needed for the improvement and development of the individual. Any development cannot take place without internal contradictions (crises), and where there are contradictions, there is also the basis of the conflict. And if an intrapersonal conflict proceeds within the reasonable, it is really necessary, because a moderate critical attitude towards one’s own “I”, dissatisfaction with oneself, as a powerful internal engine, makes a person follow the path of self-actualization and self-improvement, thereby filling not only his own life with meaning, but also improving the world.
The scientific study of intrapersonal conflict began at the end of the 19th century and was associated primarily with the name of the founder of psychoanalysis, the Austrian scientist Sigmund Freud(1856 - 1939), who revealed the biosocial and biopsychological nature of intrapersonal conflict. He showed that human existence is connected with constant tension And overcoming the contradiction between socio-cultural norms and biological drives and desires of a person, between consciousness and the unconscious. According to Freud, this contradiction and constant confrontation between the named parties is the essence of intrapersonal conflict. Within the framework of psychoanalysis, the theory of intrapersonal conflict was also developed by K. Jung, K. Horney and others.
A great contribution to the study of the problem of intrapersonal conflict was made by the German psychologist Kurt Lewin(1890-1947), who defined it as a situation in which a person oppositely directed forces of equal magnitude act simultaneously. In this regard, he singled out three type of conflict situation.
1. A person is between two positive forces approximately equal in size. "This is the case of the Buridan donkey, which is between two equal stacks of hay and is dying of hunger."
2. A person is between two approximately equal negative forces. A typical example is the situation of punishment. Example: on the one hand, the child must complete a school assignment that he does not want to do, and on the other hand, he can be punished if he does not do it.
3. A person is simultaneously affected by two multidirectional forces about the same size and in the same place. Example: a child wants to pet a dog, but he is afraid of it, or wants to eat a cake, but he was forbidden.
The theory of intrapersonal conflict was further developed in the works of representatives of humanistic psychology. One of the leaders in this direction is an American psychologist. Carl Rogers(1902-1987). The fundamental component of personality structure, he argues, is the “I -concept" - the idea of the individual about himself, the image of his own “I”, which is formed in the process of interaction of the individual with environment. Self-regulation of human behavior takes place on the basis of the “I-concept”.
But the “I-concept” often does not coincide with the idea of ideal "I". There may be disagreement between them. This dissonance (mismatch) between the “I-concept”, on the one hand, and the ideal “I”, on the other, acts as intrapersonal conflict, which can result in severe mental illness.
The concept of intrapersonal conflict of one of the leading representatives of humanistic psychology, an American psychologist, has gained wide popularity. Abraham Maslow(1908-1968). According to Maslow, the motivational structure of a personality is formed by a series of hierarchically organized needs (see here).
The highest is the need for self-actualization, that is, for the realization of the potentialities, abilities and talents of a person. It is expressed in the fact that a person strives to be what he can become. But he does not always succeed. Self-actualization as an ability can be present in most people, but only in a minority is it accomplished, realized. This gap between the desire for self-actualization and the real result and underlies intrapersonal conflict.
Another very popular theory of intrapersonal conflict today was developed by an Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl(1905-1997), who created a new direction in psychotherapy - logotherapy(from gr. logos - thought, mind and gr. therapeia - treatment). According to him, logotherapy "is concerned with the meaning of human existence and the search for this meaning."
According to Frankl's concept, the main driving force behind the life of every person is the search for the meaning of life and the struggle for it. The absence of the meaning of life gives rise to a state in a person, which he calls an existential vacuum, or a feeling of aimlessness and emptiness. It is the existential vacuum that becomes the cause of the intrapersonal conflict, which subsequently leads to “noogenic neuroses” (from Gr. noos - meaning).
According to the author of the theory, an intrapersonal conflict in the form of a noogenic neurosis arises due to spiritual problems and is caused by a disorder of the “spiritual core of the personality”, which contains the meanings and values of human existence, which form the basis of personality behavior. Thus, noogenic neurosis is a disorder caused by an existential vacuum, a person's lack of meaning in life.
It is the existential vacuum, the feeling of aimlessness and emptiness of existence that gives rise to the existential frustration of the individual at every step, most often manifested in boredom and apathy. Boredom is evidence of the lack of meaning in life, meaning-forming values, and this is already serious. Because the meaning of life is much more difficult and more important than wealth. In addition, need, for example, pushes a person to action and helps to get rid of neuroses, while boredom associated with an existential vacuum, on the contrary, dooms him to inactivity and thereby contributes to the development of a psychological disorder.
Among the domestic scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development of the problem under consideration, one should name A. N. Leontieva(1903-1979), who with his theory about the role of objective activity in the formation of the personality, he did a lot to understand the intrapersonal conflict.
According to his theory, the content and essence of intrapersonal conflict are determined by the nature of the structure of the personality itself. This structure, in turn, is caused by contradictory relationships that a person enters into while carrying out various types of his activities. One of the most important characteristics of the internal structure of the personality is that any person, even having the leading motive of behavior and the main goal in life, does not necessarily live only with one goal or motive. The motivational sphere of a person, according to A. N. Leontiev, even in its highest development never resembles a frozen pyramid. Figuratively speaking, the motivational sphere of a person is always multi-vertex.
The contradictory interaction of these "tops" of the motivational sphere, various motives of the personality and forms an intrapersonal conflict.
Consequently, intrapersonal conflict, naturally inherent in the internal structure of the personality, is a normal phenomenon. Any personality is inherent in internal contradictions and the struggle between different aspirations. Usually this struggle takes place within the normal range and does not violate the harmony of the individual. “After all, a harmonious personality is not at all a personality that does not know any internal struggle.” But sometimes this struggle becomes the main thing that determines a person's behavior and the whole way of life. It is then that an unhappy person and an uncomplicated fate become the consequences.
These are the causes of intrapersonal conflict. Definition of intrapersonal conflict: intrapersonal conflict is a state of the personality structure when there are simultaneously contradictory and mutually exclusive motives, value orientations and goals with which it is currently unable to cope, i.e. develop behavioral priorities based on them.
It can also be said in another way: intrapersonal conflict is a state of the internal structure of the personality, characterized by the confrontation of its elements.
Thus, the following properties of intrapersonal conflict can be distinguished:
1) intrapersonal conflict appears as a result of the interaction of elements of the internal structure of the personality;
2) the parties to the intrapersonal conflict are diverse and conflicting interests, goals, motives and desires that simultaneously exist in the structure of the personality;
3) intrapersonal conflict occurs only when the forces acting on the person are equivalent. Otherwise, a person simply chooses the lesser of two evils, the greater of two blessings, and prefers the reward to punishment;
4) any internal conflict is accompanied by negative emotions;
5) the basis of any intrapersonal conflict is a situation characterized by:
- opposite motives, goals and interests of the parties;
- opposite means of achieving goals in these conditions (example: the goal is to take a profitable vacancy, but at the same time deprive another person of it, who may need it even more);
- the inability to satisfy any need and, at the same time, the impossibility of ignoring this need.
It should also be added that, as shown by 3. Freud, an intrapersonal conflict can be not only conscious, but also unconscious that doesn't make it any less important.
(According to the materials of the book “Conflictology”, author-compiler Burtovaya E.V.)
Internal conflict personalities: causes, types, examples, consequences.
For permission intrapersonal conflicts it is important to establish its very fact, to determine the causes, to choose appropriate methods of resolution.
intrapersonal conflict does not occur spontaneously. Man is a biosocial being. On the one hand, it is carried out in the environment. In addition to the fact that the human psyche itself is a rather contradictory phenomenon. Man is involved in various public relations. In terms of content, the social environment and social relations are rather contradictory and affect the individual in various directions and with different sign. Only in society can satisfy its own, assert itself and fulfill itself. The individual becomes a person in society. He must, is obliged, forced to comply with the norms and rules of conduct that have developed in his social environment, both official (legally fixed) and unofficial. It is impossible to live in society and be free from it. On the other hand, a person strives for freedom, the preservation of his own uniqueness.
Thus, the relationship of a person with the social environment is of a contradictory nature, which also determines the inconsistency of the internal structure of the personality. According to , “the diverse relationships in which a person enters are objectively contradictory; these contradictions give rise to conflicts, which, under certain conditions, are fixed and enter into.
When identifying the causes of intrapersonal conflict, it must be taken into account that the authors of each of the concepts distinguish their own groups. But the main reason that unites different approaches is the presence of contradictions. There are two groups of contradictions leading to the emergence of intrapersonal conflict.
Groups of intrapersonal conflicts:
1st group: the transition of external contradictions, in relation to a person, into his inner world (adaptive, moral, etc.);
2nd group: contradictions of the inner world of the individual, reflecting his attitude to the social environment.
Along with groups of contradictions, their levels are distinguished:
1. Psychological balance of the inner world;
1. Intrapersonal conflict;
3. Life crisis.
The psychological balance of the inner world is characterized by the background level of the internal conflict situation, the ability of the individual to optimally resolve it.
The level of intrapersonal conflict is characterized by a violation of mental balance, complication, difficulty in the main activities, the transfer of mental discomfort to, interaction with the social environment.
The level of life crisis is characterized by the impossibility of implementing life plans and programs, even performing basic life functions until the contradiction is resolved.
The resolution of the contradiction is possible at any of these levels. This is due primarily to the ratio of the level of claims and the possibility of their satisfaction or the ability to reduce their level, or even refuse.
But for the transition from the first level to the next, it is necessary to have both personal and situational conditions.
Personal conditions:
- Complex inner world, actualization;
- The ability of the individual to introspection.
Situational conditions:
- Internal;
- External.
According to V. Merlin, external conditions are associated with the satisfaction of any deep and active motives, needs and relationships of the individual (the struggle with nature, the satisfaction of some needs gives rise to others, more complex, still unsatisfied, social restriction of ways to satisfy motives and needs).
Internal conditions - contradictions between different sides of the personality. But these contradictions should be significant, approximately equal, and the individual should be aware of the high level of difficulty in resolving the situation. Some authors, when considering socio-psychological The causes of intrapersonal conflict are divided into three groups:
- Internal causes rooted in the contradiction of personality;
- External causes due to the position of the individual in the social group;
- External causes due to the position of the individual in society.
At the same time, it should be emphasized that all types of causes of the conflict are interconnected and interdependent, and their differentiation is rather conditional. In fact, we are talking about single, special and common causes, between which there is a corresponding dialectical relationship and interdependence. Concretizing the internal and external causes, it should be noted that they predetermine the type (kind) of intrapersonal conflict.
Internal causes rooted in the inconsistency of the personality psyche:
- Contradiction between need and social norm;
- Contradiction of social statuses and roles;
- Contradiction of social norms and values;
- Contradiction of motives of interests and needs.
A common symptom of the external causes of intrapersonal conflict, due to the position of the individual in the group, is the impossibility of satisfying the fundamental, which in this situation has a deep inner meaning and significance for the individual, needs and.
External causes due to the position of the individual in the social group:
- Physical barriers that prevent the satisfaction of needs;
- Physiological limitations that prevent the satisfaction of needs;
- Lack of an object necessary to meet the need;
- Social conditions that impede the satisfaction of needs.
Among the causes of intrapersonal conflict due to the position of the individual in the group, one should single out a group of causes at the Level social organization(institute). At this level, the external causes of this conflict include:
- Mismatch of responsibility and rights;
- Non-compliance of working conditions with the requirements for its result;
- Inconsistency of personal norms and organizational values;
- Mismatch between social status and role;
- Lack of opportunities for self-realization, creativity;
- Mutually exclusive requirements, tasks.
In a market economy, the contradiction between the desire for profit and moral standards. However, in our opinion, this is more characteristic of the transitional stage of market relations, the stage of initial accumulation of capital.
The external causes of intrapersonal conflict, due to the position of the individual in society, are associated with contradictions that arise at the level of the social macrosystem and are rooted in the nature of the social system, the social structure of society, its political structure and economic life.
A significant contribution to the development of problems related to the causes of intrapersonal conflict in the conditions of market economic relations was made by, etc. In her works, Karen Horney identified a number of contradictions in market culture that underlie typical intrapersonal conflicts, leading even to.
In her opinion, in the conditions of competition inherent in market relations, a person is forced to constantly compete with his own kind, under these conditions, constant hostility to the social environment develops under certain conditions into hostility towards oneself, which ultimately leads to the emergence of an intrapersonal conflict. On the one hand, market relations require an appropriate level of aggressiveness from the individual, and on the other hand, society requires a certain altruism and philanthropy from business, considering them as appropriate social virtues. These circumstances are objective social basis intrapersonal conflict under the dominance of market relations.
Causes of intrapersonal conflict (K. Horney):
- Rivalry and success;
- Stimulation of needs;
- Proclaimed freedom and equality;
- Brotherly love and humanity;
- Obstacles to their achievement;
- Their actual limitation.
Erich Fromm, studying the influence of market relations on intrapersonal conflict, calls modern society"sick society", the main disease of which is general competition and alienation, where there is a struggle for power, prestige and status. Alienation affects the very inner structure of the personality - there is a self-alienation of a person from his essence. There is a conflict between the essence and existence of the individual.
An individual in a marketplace feels that his self-respect depends on market conditions over which he has no control. He feels that his value does not depend on his human qualities, but on success in a competitive market. Both the losers and the wealthy live in fear and anxiety about the future. Therefore, they are forced to constantly fight for success, and any obstacle on this path poses a serious threat to the internal state and gives rise to an intrapersonal conflict.
It should be emphasized that in a market culture, in combination with other factors of reform public life, significantly increases the likelihood of transition of any kind of intrapersonal conflict into a form. The risk group includes not only those who live at the subsistence level and below, but also representatives of the wealthy segments of the population, for whom business is a matter of life. In the event of a collapse of plans, bankruptcy, a person experiences severe stress. At the same time, it must be taken into account that the very way of life of such people is the existence in stressful situation: a constant state of anxiety, worries, overwork.
Thus, the personality is constantly under the influence of external and internal factors that cause confrontation and disagreement within it, and it depends only on the personality itself what consequences they will lead to.
intrapersonal conflict according to its consequences, it can be both constructive (functional, productive) and destructive.
The most severe destructive consequences of a timely unresolved intrapersonal conflict is that it can develop into a state of stress, frustration, neurosis, and lead to suicide.
It should be borne in mind that stress is very common in an intrapersonal conflict if it has gone far enough and the personality has not resolved it in time and constructively. At the same time, stress itself often provokes further development conflict or creates a new one.
Frustration is also one of the forms of intrapersonal conflict. It is usually accompanied by pronounced negative emotions: anger, irritation, guilt, etc. The depth of frustration is the greater the stronger the intrapersonal conflict. The level of frustration tolerance is individual, on the basis of this, everyone has certain strengths to overcome the frustration reaction to an intrapersonal conflict.
At the heart of neuroses lies an unproductively resolved contradiction between the personality and the actual factors that are significant for it. The main reason for their occurrence is a deep intrapersonal conflict, which a person is not able to resolve positively and rationally. The impossibility of resolving the conflict is accompanied by the emergence of painful and painful experiences of failures, unsatisfied needs of the unattainability of life goals, loss of the meaning of life, etc. The appearance of neuroses indicates the transition of an intrapersonal conflict to new level- neurotic conflict.
Neurotic conflict as the highest stage in the development of intrapersonal conflict can occur at any age. There are three forms of neurosis: neurasthenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Neurasthenia is usually characterized increased irritability, fatigue, loss of ability to prolonged mental and physical stress.
Hysteria most often occurs in individuals with great suggestibility and autosuggestibility. It is characterized by a disorder of the musculoskeletal system, paralysis, impaired coordination, speech disorders, etc.
Painful thoughts, ideas, memories, fears and urges to action that suddenly arise in a person against his will, irresistibly chaining all his “I”.
A prolonged stay in a neurotic state leads to the formation of a neurotic type of personality, a personality characterized by internally contradictory tendencies that it is unable to resolve or reconcile.
A characteristic feature of the neurotic personality in relations with the social environment is the constant desire for rivalry in all situations. K. Horney identified a number of features of neurotic rivalry that distinguish it from the usual.
Features of neurotic rivalry:
- Hidden hostility;
- The desire to be unique and exceptional in everything;
- Constantly comparing yourself to others.
The negative consequences of an intrapersonal conflict concern not only the state of the personality itself, its internal structure, but also its interaction with the social environment.
An intrapersonal conflict can carry not only a negative charge, but also a positive one, i.e. perform a positive (constructive) function, positively influence the structure, dynamics and final result, states and properties of the individual. It acts as one of the most important sources of self-improvement and self-affirmation of the individual. In this case, the conflict situation is resolved without the predominance of negative consequences, the general result of their resolution is the development of the personality.
Based on this, most theorists and researchers of intrapersonal conflict consider positive intrapersonal conflict as one of the main ways of personality development. It is through the struggle, resolution and overcoming of intrapersonal contradictions that the formation, knowledge of the surrounding reality, the formation of character take place, all the main structural components of the personality psyche are actually formed and developed.
Constructive functions of intrapersonal conflict:
- Mobilization of internal resources of the individual;
- Development of the structural components of the personality psyche;
- Way of convergence of "I" ideal and "I" real;
- Activation of the processes of self-knowledge and;
- A way of self-actualization, self-realization of the personality.
So the positive intrapersonal conflict on the one hand, it complicates the mental life of a person, but on the other hand, it contributes to the transition to a new level of functioning allows you to realize yourself as a full-fledged, strong personality, to get satisfaction from defeating your weaknesses.
Along with the causes and functions of intrapersonal conflict, it is necessary to determine its main forms. One of them, the most destructive and dangerous, we have considered, describing the negative functions of the conflict. But, along with it, there are other forms.
Rationalism - self-justification, inventing artificial justifying reasons for one's actions, actions to ensure a state of mental comfort. A protective mechanism for the subject to hide from his consciousness the reasons for his actions, actions in order to maintain self-esteem, the integrity of his Self, to prevent unwanted mental states (feelings of guilt, decline, etc.). Rationalism is aimed at hiding socially, personally unacceptable motives and needs.
Euphoria is a mental state characterized by an unreasonable, joyful, blissful mood, carelessness, serenity, which does not correspond to the objective position of a person.
Regression - a return to more primitive, often childish, types of behavior, form psychological protection, a return to that stage of personality development in which a feeling of pleasure was experienced.
Projection is the process and result of comprehending and generating meanings, which consists in the conscious or unconscious transfer by the subject of his own properties, states, experiences to external objects, other people (an unconscious attempt to find a “scapegoat” in a critical situation; interpretation of situations, events with giving them own feelings, own experience; unconscious attribution to other people of their own morally disapproved, unwanted thoughts, feelings, actions, first expressed). In addition to comprehending and generating new meanings, the projection also performs the function of removing excessive internal moral conflicts from the personality by blaming others.
Nomadism - frequent change of place of residence, place of work, marital status.
Having determined the main causes, functions and forms of intrapersonal conflict, one should determine such categories as their prevention (prevention) and resolution (overcoming). It should be borne in mind that it is always easier to prevent a conflict than to resolve it.
Prevention of destructive intrapersonal conflict - the creation of appropriate prerequisites and conditions that prevent the emergence of acute forms of intrapersonal contradictions.
Resolution of intrapersonal conflict, according to A.Ya. Antsupova, is the restoration of the coherence of the inner world of the individual, the establishment of the unity of consciousness, the reduction of the sharpness of the contradictions of life relations, the achievement of a new quality of life.
Ways and conditions for overcoming intrapersonal conflict:
- General (general social);
- Personal.
General, or general social, conditions and methods for preventing intrapersonal conflict are associated with the establishment of a progressive social structure of society, civil society, the rule of law and relate to changes taking place at the macro level of the social system.
General social conditions, to a lesser extent, depend on a particular individual. Therefore, we will take a closer look personal ways and conditions for overcoming intrapersonal conflict.
Allocate whole line main ways to resolve intrapersonal conflict:
- Compromise - make a choice in favor of a particular option and proceed to its implementation.;
- Care - refusal to solve the problem caused by intrapersonal contradictions;
- Reorientation - change of claims in relation to the object that caused the internal problem;
- Idealization - dreams, fantasies, escape from reality, from intrapersonal contradictions .;
- Repression - the process, as a result of which thoughts and experiences that are not acceptable to the individual are transferred from the conscious sphere to the unconscious;
- Correction - a change in the direction of achieving an adequate self-image.
It should be emphasized that all of the listed methods of resolving a conflict of this type are quite effective and lead to a constructive resolution of the conflict.
A number of factors influence the effectiveness of an individual's activity in the constructive resolution of an intrapersonal conflict.
Along with the methods of resolution, there are also mechanisms for resolving intrapersonal conflicts (mechanisms of mental protection).
Psychic defense is an unconscious, spontaneous regulatory mechanism for eliminating unpleasant, psycho-traumatic experiences, any mental discomfort associated with the awareness of the conflict.
The function of psychic protection is the "protection" of the sphere of consciousness from negative experiences that traumatize the personality. As a rule, it leads to a specific change in the content of consciousness as a result of the functioning of a number of defense mechanisms.
Personality is a special regulatory system for stabilizing the psyche of the individual, aimed at eliminating or minimizing the feeling of anxiety or fear that accompanies intrapersonal conflict.
Attention should be paid to the fact that a number of psychic defense mechanisms are simultaneously its form.
Denial is the substitution of making a decision for ignoring it.
- Substitution - a protective mechanism against the threat of destruction, the integrity of the "I" of the individual, from mental overstrain, which consists in a spontaneous change in the object of the actualized need. For example, aggression, irritability towards the boss can be vented on family members. Or in modification, transformation of the need itself. For example, the motives for entering a technical university may be replaced after failure by the motives for entering a liberal arts university or for refusing to receive higher education at all. Substitution as a mechanism of psychic defense can manifest itself in the change of feelings, motives, attitudes of the individual to the opposite (unrequited love can turn into hatred; unsatisfied sexual need into aggression, etc.). During the operation of the substitution mechanism, transformation occurs, the transfer of activity, energy from one type of activity to another, accompanied by catharsis. Catharsis is the liberation of a person from traumatic emotions through a story, recollection.
- Suppression - containment of fear by forgetting its source, as well as the circumstances associated with it.
- Isolation - the perception of a traumatic situation or the memory of it without a sense of anxiety.
- Introjection - the appropriation of values or character traits of other people to prevent a threat from them.
- Intellectualization is a way of analyzing the problems facing a person, which is characterized by the absolutization of the role of the mental component while completely ignoring its sensual elements. When using this protective mechanism, even very important events for the individual are considered neutrally, without the participation of emotions, which is surprising ordinary people. For example, with intellectualization, a person who is hopelessly ill with cancer can calmly count how many days he has left, or enthusiastically engage in some business, not thinking at all about the impending death.
- Cancellation - behavior, thoughts that contribute to the symbolic nullification of the previous act or thought that caused severe anxiety, guilt.
- Sublimation - a mechanism for substitution (switching) from a conflict situation to another
- Reactive formation - the development of the opposite installation.
- Compensation - hiding by a defect, through an exaggerated manifestation and development of other qualities.
- Identification
- Fixture
- Isolation
- Imagination (fantasy).
The formation of a stable inner world is based on taking into account one's positive and negative life experiences.
Orientation to success, as a rule, implies that a person should be guided by a realistic assessment of his chances of achieving a goal and therefore should set feasible, although perhaps moderate, goals and objectives.
Principle in relation to oneself, not only in big things, but also in small things, reliably prevents the emergence of serious internal contradictions.
A morally mature person who asserts high ethical standards by his behavior will never find himself in a situation for which he will have to worry, feel guilty and remorse.
In order to adequately assess and rationally resolve intrapersonal conflict, it is necessary to observe a number of general principles.
In this way, intrapersonal conflict is a rather complex, diverse, multifunctional, both positive and negative phenomenon. Knowledge of its essence and content, main types, causes, principles, methods and techniques of its resolution, the operation of psychological defense mechanisms allows a constructive approach to this unique socio-psychological phenomenon, one of the main ways and self-affirmation of the individual.
It happens in life that a person is not able to understand his own thoughts.
In psychology, internal conflict is an example when a person has deep conflicting feelings.
Surely each of us had to suppress our desires and aspirations because of the fear of being misunderstood or ill-mannered, and our health depends on how often we experience our emotional and mental state. When an internal conflict of personality occurs, it is necessary to bring it to the surface and find the cause of the problem. Until he decides, you can’t do anything, that is, you can’t grow and move on.
How to resolve internal conflict?
- To begin with, try to adequately assess the situation and identify the contradictions that cause anger or fear.
- Analyze how important this conflict is to you.
- Understand for yourself why you have this conflict?
- It is necessary to be bold and ruthlessly consider the cause of your anxiety.
- Give vent to your emotions. Get some exercise, read your favorite book, go to the movies or theater.
- Try to relax and calm down, the problem will be solved in any case if you do not constantly keep it in yourself, but carefully and confidently solve it.
- Change the conditions if they do not suit you.
- Learn to forgive, not only others but also yourself. All people make mistakes and no one is an exception.
- To relieve stress, you can just cry. American biochemist W. Frey found that negative emotions, tears contain a substance similar to morphine and have a calming effect.
It is necessary to distinguish between external and internal conflict. An external conflict arises between people or a group of people, and an internal conflict occurs due to the difficulty of choosing a solution, motives for self-affirmation, and inadequate self-image.
Examples of conflicts
Examples of internal conflicts can be different. Let's describe some of them. The simplest example is . A person may have conflicting desires, so it is difficult for him to single out something as a priority. Also, intrapersonal conflict can be called dissatisfaction with oneself, constant feeling guilt, lack of self-discipline, self-doubt, difficulty in making various decisions.
The problem of internal conflict is familiar to every person. We all, one way or another, constantly analyze situations, think them over endlessly and often cannot make a choice. This has happened to everyone. It's just important to remember that you need to be honest with yourself and not put off the decision indefinitely. It is worth noting that overcoming an internal conflict contributes to the development of a person, he gains greater self-confidence, therefore, in the future he can easily cope with similar situations.
If a conflict has arisen within you, do not despair, remember that you can find a way out of any situation!
Internal conflicts have been studied by a huge number of psychologists, including Sigmund Freud, who was the first to point out the essence of this state. It lies in the constant tension associated with a huge number of contradictions around a person: social, cultural, inclinations, desires.
Types of intrapersonal conflicts
There are six main groups of internal conflicts that overtake each of us from time to time.
- Motivational - the collision of different motives.
- Moral - the clash of our desires and responsibilities. Very often it arises as a result of a discrepancy between our desires and the requirements of parents or the environment.
- Lack of fulfillment or inferiority complex. An internal conflict of this kind arises if your desires do not turn into reality. He often refers to dissatisfaction with his appearance, or abilities.
- Inter-role conflict occurs when a person takes on two roles and cannot determine which one is more suitable for him. For example, a woman is a careerist or a mother.
- An adaptive conflict arises if the requirements for the surrounding world do not correspond to the possibilities. Often found in the professional field.
- Inadequate self-esteem arises as a result of discrepancies between one's personal claims and an assessment of opportunities.
Causes of intrapersonal conflict
As we have said, internal conflict is a normal human process that develops. In fact, this is the result constant search themselves, the struggle for a certain place in life. But if they are not resolved in time, they can lead a person into a complete existential vacuum, which is akin to a feeling of emptiness and abandonment. Such a state can end in a serious disorder, which is characterized by the belief in the absolute absence of the meaning of life.
Among the most common causes are conflict, different aspirations, multiple wishes, and difficulty in prioritizing. These are contradictions in the sphere of interests, goals, motives. The lack of opportunities to realize something, and at the same time the inability to ignore your desire. This is a special manifestation of a completely normal interaction of various components of a person's personality.
It is interesting that an internal conflict arises only when two equal forces press on a person. If one of them is not equally important as the second, we choose the most optimal option and avoid conflict.
How to resolve internal conflict?
Despite the fact that internal conflicts are a normal state of a developing person, they must be resolved or try to prevent. There are specific techniques for this. We will give you some tips that will help you understand the problem and begin to resolve it.
Start by knowing yourself. It is very important to specifically understand all your pros and cons. Thus, in your eyes, you will become a well-defined, whole person.
Analyze your mistakes and shortcomings in terms of obstacles to unlocking your potential. Often a huge number of factors that hinder its development are concentrated in a person:
- The habit of shifting responsibility
- Faith in others but not in yourself
- Habitual hypocrisy
- Unwillingness to pursue and defend your happiness
- Independent blunting of one's own strength, which stimulates the development
- Obsession with the unimportant and unimportant
Try to be clear about your values.
Develop self-confidence: constantly try new things, don’t fuss, don’t be jealous or humiliated, don’t lie to yourself and don’t try to impress others, don’t adapt to the environment.
Start by changing yourself and your internal conflicts will recede by themselves, and you will feel a real increase in your abilities.
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