Functional types of speech of the article. Functional-semantic types of speech

Practice #6

Topic of the lesson: Spelling of alternating vowels in the root. Spelling of prefixes PRE, PRI.

1. In these words, highlight the roots and indicate the alternation of vowels and consonants.

Sample: close - close (s - (), catch - catch (v-vl).

Feed - feeding, face - face, sleep - sleep, buy - bought, marvel - surprise, captivate - captivate, friend - friends - friendship, forgive - forgiveness, freedom - liberation, place - landowner, offer - offer, refute - refutation, inventory - I will describe, isolate - isolation, day - day, I take - take.

2. Indicate the generating stem of each of these words.

Sample: artist - artist, mandatory - obligatory.

Fellow student, intruder, oatmeal, larch, musicality, discern, trunk, fluency, sawyer, engine, demanding, straw, unprincipled.

3. Determine in what way (attachment, suffix, attachment-suffix, non-suffix, addition) words are formed.

Anti-social, wallet, fidelity, pour in, water pump, university student, height, clayey, read up, legislator, scream, Moscow State University, public, steam locomotive, boletus, glass holder, vacuum cleaner, self-criticism, savings bank, darkness, Youth Theater.

4. Fill in the table: distribute the words depending on the method of word formation.

Thanks (for help) - thanks to (help), the above, edge (extreme) - edge (edge), braid (mow) - braid (pigtail), slightly wounded, illiteracy, ice cream, undersigned, unknown, wounded, straw, canteen, immediately , impenetrable, insane, ambition,

5. Build word-building chains and write them down, highlighting morphemes.

1. Pay, pay, pay, salary, deplorable.

2. Expensive, path, high cost, expensive, more expensive.

3. Laugh, mix, mix, funny, furry.

4. Herald, message, lead, notice, notify.

6. Make a morphemic and word-formation analysis of words.

Bus, car, inventor, someone, alms, millimeter, ministry.

7. Work with a textbook on compiling a table.

1. Prefix PRE- written in cases:

when she gives meaning to wordslimiting degree of actionexceeding any measure, orhighest quality: pre uplift, pre embroider, pre increase, pre ascend, pre be on time; pre sunrise, pre pretty, pre Cute, pre nicely;

When she has the meaning of a prefixre-: pre fence (to fence off), pre to turn, pre cut, pre giving (to pass), pre step (step over) pre gate (inverted), pre emnik (adopt).

2. Prefix PRI- gives meaning to words

spatial proximity, adjacencies: at maritime, At amur, at breezier, at station, at manor;

additions, approximations, additions: at tend, at drive, at lead, at to knit, at to freeze at quilt;

incomplete action:at wither, at open, at lie down at lower, at subside;

completing an action, until a certain result:at search, at cum, at jam ( drown out completely), at teach, at think, at cut;

act in one's own interest, enhanced manifestation of action:at to look at pocket, at beckon, at dress up, at hide, at own, at listen;

concomitant action: at sing, at whistle at dance.

Notes:
1. Prefix pre- is Old Church Slavonic in origin. In Russian, it corresponds to a prefix with a full-vowel combination re-; compare: pre hail - pen town, pre give - pen give.

2. It is necessary to distinguish between spellings similar in sound, but different in meaning, words with prefixes pre- and pre-; cf: pre zeer (hate) and at zirat ( give shelter); cf. also: pre vision and at vision; pre bow (head) and at bend ( branch to the ground); pre create ( dream into reality) And at create (door), at going on ( sleeping); pre endure (discomfort) and at endure ( to inconvenience); pre walking (moment, cf. passing) and at walking (postman, participle from come).

3. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words e multiply (strongly multiply), etc. And multiply ( add a small amount), although these meanings are often difficult to distinguish.

4. In the following words, the former prefixes are no longer singled out: limit, object, advantage, contradict, seduce, pass over, (signs of) punctuation, obstacle, obstacle, bicker, notorious, satiate, repel, stumbling (stumbling block), device, fastidious, comely, order, decent, primitive, claim, take communion , reason, affection.

5. In loanwordspossibly written as pre- and pre- (these elements, as a rule, are not prefixes):pre ambulance, pre wallow, pre zident, pre zidium, pre parath; at cotton, at madonna, at privilege, at mitive, at priority.

Questions for self-control:

Name the significant parts of the word. How are they designated (by example)?

What is an ending? How to determine the ending in a word? What is null ending? Give examples. What is the end for?

What is the base word?

What is a word root? What are words with the same root called?

What is a prefix or suffix? What do they serve?

What is word formation, inflection? What parts of the word do they come from?

What three rules teach how to write the root of a word?

What is an attachment? What do you need to know about prefixes in order to write them correctly?

How to distinguish a preposition from a prefix?What are their similarities?

Literature

1.V.N. Spelling and punctuation: a reference book. - M .: "Neolit", 2007
2. Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and style. - St. Petersburg: IK "Komplekt", 2007

3. Rosenthal D.E. What better way to say it?: Book. For students Art. classes. – M.: Enlightenment, 2008.

reference

Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into the following types: description, narration, reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features.

Description - this is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features. For example, when describing a portrait, we will point to such features as height, posture, gait, hair color, eyes, age, smile, etc.; the description of the room will contain such features as size, wall decoration, furniture features, number of windows, etc.; when describing a landscape, these features will be trees, a river, grass, the sky or a lake, etc. Common to all types of description is the simultaneity of the manifestation of features. The purpose of the description is for the reader to see the subject of the description, to present it in his mind.

The description can be used in any style of speech, but in the scientific characterization of the subject should be extremely complete, and in the artistic, the emphasis is only on the brightest details. Therefore, linguistic means in the scientific and art style more diverse than in scientific: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons are very common, various figurative uses of words.

Narration is a story, a message about an event in its temporal sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about actions following one after another. For all narrative texts, the beginning of the event (outset), the development of the event, the end of the event (denouement) are common. The story can be told in a third person. This is the author's story. It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or indicated by the personal pronoun I.

In such texts, verbs in the form of the past tense of the perfect form are often used. But, in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used simultaneously with them: the verb in the form of the past tense of the imperfect form makes it possible to single out one of the actions, denoting its duration; present tense verbs make it possible to present actions as if taking place before the eyes of the reader or listener; forms of the future tense with a particle like (how to jump), as well as forms like clap, jump help to convey the swiftness, surprise of this or that action.

Narration as a type of speech is very common in such genres as memoirs, letters.

Narrative example:

I began to stroke Yashkin's paw and I think: just like a baby's. And tickled his hand. And the baby somehow pulls his paw - and me on the cheek. I did not even have time to blink, but he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. Sat down and grins.

(B. Zhitkov)

Text 1

1. Apple tree - ranet purple - frost-resistant variety. The fruits are rounded, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Fruit weight 17-23 g. Medium juiciness, with a characteristic sweet, slightly astringent taste.

2. Linden apples were large and transparent yellow. If you look through an apple in the sun, it shone through like a glass of fresh linden honey. There were grains in the middle. You used to shake a ripe apple near your ear, you could hear the seeds rattling.

(According to V. Soloukhin)

Tasks for the text:

1. Define the style of each of the texts.

2. Write out the adjectives, determine the gender. Number, case.

3. Determine the category of adjectives.

4. Parse the last sentence.

Test questions:

1. Name the functional and semantic types of speech.

2. Define description as a type of speech.

3. Define storytelling.

Glossary:

1. Description - this is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features.

2. Narration is a story, a message about an event in its temporal sequence.

Reasoning as a type of monologue. Types of reasoning. Linguistic features of speech types.

reference

Reasoning is a verbal presentation, clarification, confirmation of any thought.

The composition of the reasoning is as follows: the first part is a thesis, that is, a thought that must be logically proved, substantiated or refuted; the second part is the rationale for the expressed thought, evidence, arguments, supported by examples; the third part is the conclusion, the conclusion.

The thesis must be clearly provable, clearly articulated, the arguments are convincing and in sufficient quantity to confirm the thesis put forward. Between the thesis and arguments (as well as between individual arguments) there must be a logical and grammatical connection. For a grammatical connection between the thesis and arguments, introductory words are often used: firstly, secondly, finally, so, therefore, in this way. In the reasoning text, sentences with conjunctions are widely used, however, although, despite the fact that, since. Reasoning example:

As a rule, the composition of reasoning is built by model: thesis, proof (a number of arguments, which are facts, inferences, references to authorities, obviously true positions (axioms, laws), descriptions, examples, analogies, etc.) and conclusion.

Reasoning is characteristic primarily for scientific and journalistic texts, the task of which is to compare, summarize, generalize, substantiate, prove, refute this or that information, define or explain a fact, phenomenon, event.

In scientific speech, there are such subtypes of reasoning as reasoning-explanation: There is a distinction between the so-called biographical author, that is, a historical person, a private person (A.S. Pushkin, 1799 - 1837), and the author-creator, whose ideas about the world and man are reflected in the work he creates (A.S. Pushkin, author of the novel "Eugene Onegin")(Dictionary of literary terms), and reasoning-inference: If the author-creator portrays himself in the work, then we can talk about the image of the author as a character in a work of art and consider him among other characters (the image of the author in A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin")(Dictionary of literary terms).

In literary texts, reasoning is used in authorial digressions that explain the psychology and behavior of characters, when expressing the moral position of the author, his assessment of the depicted, etc.: A premonition that Moscow would be taken lay in Russian Moscow society in the 12th year.<…>Those who left with what they could seize, leaving houses and half of their property, acted in this way because of that latent patriotism, which is expressed not by phrases, not by killing children to save the fatherland, etc. by unnatural actions, but which is expressed imperceptibly, simply, organically and therefore always produces the strongest results(L. Tolstoy).

The genres of reasoning include scientific, popular science and journalistic articles, essays ([French essai - attempt, test, essay] - a work usually devoted to literary critical, journalistic and philosophical topics and conveying the author's individual impressions and thoughts about this or that subject or phenomenon.The essay is characterized by free composition: the sequence of presentation in it is subject only to the internal logic of the author's reflections, and motivations, connections between parts of the text are often associative in nature: Picture in an anthology: a barefoot old man. // I turned the page; // my imagination remained // cold. Whether it's a matter - Pushkin: // raincoat, rock, sea foam ...(V. Nabokov).

In reasoning, lexical signals of a causal relationship are often found, peculiar markers of reasoning: introductory words and sentences firstly, secondly, therefore, so, in addition, finally, further, in conclusion and etc.; conditional and concessive complex sentences showing the presence of causal relationships: It should be noted about the schoolboy: if he has become completely green, then he has matured in science and can receive a matriculation certificate. It's different with other fruits.(A. Chekhov); interrogative structures: What good was it to me that almost in my mother's womb I was already a sergeant of the guard? Where did it take me?(A. Pushkin) and others.

Text 2

A strange thing is a book. There is something mysterious, mystical in it.

Yes, this book is strange. It stands on the shelf quietly, calmly, like many other items in your room. But now you take it in your hands, open it, read it, close it, put it on the shelf and ... that's it? Hasn't something changed in you? Let's listen to ourselves: didn't some new string sound in your soul after reading the book, didn't some new thought settle in your head? Didn't you want to reconsider something in your character, in your relationships with people, with nature?

The book… It's a piece of the spiritual experience of humanity. Reading, we voluntarily or involuntarily process this experience, compare our life's gains and losses with it. In general, with the help of the book we improve ourselves.

(N. Morozova)

Tasks for the text:

1. Highlight the compositional parts of the text.

2. Determine the genre of the text.

3. What type of reasoning does the text belong to?

4. Write an essay on the topic "The book in my life."

5. Highlight reasoning markers.

6. Review the table. Draw conclusions for each type of text.

Name of speech types	What question is being answered in the sentence?	What is the statement about?	The most characteristic temporal relations for types of speech	How is the utterance of each type of speech constructed (their main elements)?
Narrative	What does the object or person do or what happens to it?	About events and actions	Subsequence	The development of events, actions according to the scheme: exposition, the beginning of the development of the action, the climax, the denouement.
Description	What is the object or person?	About the signs of an object or phenomenon	Simultaneity	General impression (general feature and individual features,
				withdrawal is possible)
reasoning	Why is the object or person like this? Why does a person think and act this way and not otherwise?	About the causes of signs, events, actions	different time relations	Thesis (thought that is being proved) arguments (evidence) conclusion.

7. Using the table, give complete description semantic type text. Determine the main idea and style of the text.

Mikhailovsky Park is a hermit's shelter. This is a park where it's hard to have fun. He is a little gloomy with his centuries-old fir trees, tall, silent and imperceptibly passes into the same majestic, like himself, century-old and desert forests. Only on the outskirts of the park, through the twilight that is always present under the arches of old trees, will suddenly open a clearing overgrown with brilliant buttercups, and a pond with still water. Dozens of small frogs pour into it.

(K. Paustovsky)

Glossary:

Reasoning is a verbal presentation, clarification, confirmation of any thought.

Thesis - other Greekἡ θέσις (thésis) - position, statement, put forward and then proved in some reasoning.

Test questions:

1. Define reasoning as a type of speech.

2. Name the types of reasoning.

3. What types of reasoning are used in scientific style. What about art style?

4. Name the reasoning markers.

5. What are the genres of reasoning?

Week 3

Topic: Functional styles of speech. general characteristics functional styles of speech. business style and its features. Main genres of documentation. Publicistic style and its features. Scientific style and its features. The main genres of scientific and educational texts are annotation, abstract, review. General concept about the scientific style of speech, its difference from other functional styles. Genres of scientific style. Media.

Target: to form skills and develop skills by types of speech activity: speaking, reading, listening, writing.

reference

Styles- these are varieties of the language, due to differences in the areas of communication and the main functions of the language. In linguistics, such a special section as stylistics deals with the study of styles.

There are five areas of communication (they are also called language situations): everyday life, science, law, politics, art. As for the main functions of the language, there are three of them: communication, message, impact. Depending on speech situations and language functions, the following types of styles are distinguished:
conversational style (household sphere, communication function, less often - messages);
scientific (field of science, message function);
official-business (field of law, message function);
journalistic (the sphere of politics and art, the functions of communication and influence);
artistic (sphere of art, function of emotional impact).

About actions or states developing in time. This is a mobile type of speech, because time plans can constantly change during the narration. It is used in order to confirm the statement or in the analysis of situations. The goal is to show the events in their exact sequence. The speaker may be a participant in the events, narrate in a third person, or not mention the source of information at all.

To recreate the dynamics of events, many verbs are used in the narrative. These verbs most often express specific actions and have different tenses. For the same, words with the meaning of time are used. Dynamic speech has a very effective effect on listeners. A concrete narrative is about the chronologically sequential actions of certain individuals. An example is a court speech.

Generalized - about specific actions inherent in many situations. An example is a scientific presentation. Informational - about actions without concretization and chronology. For example, . Narrative-style passage: “Serry stepped forward. His first blow was too low, and Victarion deflected him. The second hit the helmet of the iron captain, because he did not have time to raise the shield. Victarion responded with a blow from the side, and the white rose on his opponent's shield split in half with a loud crack."

Description and reasoning

Description as a functional-semantic type of speech gives an idea of ​​any properties and qualities of an object. For this, characteristics are also listed in the speech. Thus, there is a statement of facts about an object or phenomenon. Listeners have a clear image of what is being described in their imagination. Descriptions differ in form and content. According to the syntactic structure, the description is most often a list of words. It can be subjective or objective, expanded or compressed. Often it gives an assessment of the described object or phenomenon. The description can be static or dynamic. An excerpt of text in the style of a description: “An old reed lay on the floor instead of a carpet, the furniture was obviously hastily knocked together. A trestle bed with a bumpy straw mattress served as a bed.

Reasoning is a type of speech in which objects and phenomena are examined. At the same time, their features are revealed and some provisions are proved. All the given judgments are interconnected logically, including cause-and-effect relations. The reasoner refutes them or provides evidence. As a result, inferences are deduced in a consistent form, which lead the speaker to a new judgment. Listeners are involved in this process, which can effectively attract attention and arouse interest. To link parts together in reasoning, adverbs, conjunctions are used. As well as phrases expressing causal and other relationships. An excerpt of text in the style of reasoning: “Lack of conscience is a sign of degradation. One cannot be called a person who does evil. Conscience is the inner judge of every person. It is impossible to run away from his punishment, too."

I. Introduction

Primary requirements

1. Establish contact with listeners.

2. Attract attention, emphasize the importance of the topic.

3. Clearly formulate the topic and main idea, outline the speech plan

tricks

. "Hooking Start"

Reception of paradoxical quotation.

quote, proverb,

Sayings, aphorisms

Question to the audience

Examples of speech formulas:

Can you read? This question usually causes bewilderment - how, we are all literate people! But the great Goethe claimed that he learned to read all his life, but even now he cannot be sure that he can do it.

II. Main part

Primary requirements

1. reveal 5-7 main provisions.

2. Divide the selected information into semantic parts.

3. Use the most convincing examples, quotes, figures

tricks

Analogy.

Contrasting.

Comparisons.

Evaluative vocabulary

Examples of speech formulas:

Transitions:

. but;

. not only but;

. on the other hand;

. now consider;

. another characteristic feature(dash);

. no less important reason;

. to other advantages (disadvantages);

. against;

. still to be considered;

. Let's name some others...

III. Conclusion

Primary requirements

"General assault" of the audience:

Allow the audience to remember the main points

Activate the audience.

tricks

Formulation of the main idea and general theses.

Aphorisms.

Round off speech, i.e. be able to connect the beginning of a speech with its end.

Examples of speech formulas:

. summing up all of the above;

. thus;

. Consequently;

. follows from what has been said;

. summarizing what has been said;

. allows to conclude

Functional-semantic types of speech (FSTR) - communicative-conditioned typified varieties of monologue speech, which traditionally include description, narration and reasoning . In the history of the development of rhetoric, poetics and stylistics, they had different names: methods of presentation, types of text, verbal and stylistic unities, compositional and speech forms, etc. The term "functional-semantic type of speech" was introduced into scientific circulation by prof. O.A. Nechaeva (1974).

The development of functional stylistics, the special appeal of scientists to the problem of FSTR, the involvement as an object of study of the entire variety of socially significant functional varieties of speech led to the isolation of subtypes within the FSTR, the allocation of new types of speech (the main ones should include prescription and statement- types of speech, characteristic primarily for official business texts). The specificity of the functional varieties of the language determines the variability in the manifestation of the same FSTR in different texts - up to their functional and semantic transformation.

Consider the main FSTR, characterizing each of them. The main ones include types of speech that make up the dominant of one or more functional styles.

Description - FSTR, the essence of which is to express the fact of the coexistence of objects, their signs at the same time. The description serves for a detailed transfer of the state of reality, images of nature, terrain, interior, appearance.

In the content of descriptive texts, the main thing is objects, properties, qualities, and not actions. Therefore, the main semantic load is borne by nouns and adjectives. Nouns refer to specific vocabulary (river, village, window, etc.). Words with a spatial meaning are widely used - the circumstances of the place (on the river, on both sides, between the pines, in the clearing, behind the house, etc.). The verbal predicates are either weakened in semantic terms, erased (the estate stands on the river; the window overlooks the river; the road went to the right), or they have a qualitative-figurative meaning (the grass was white with strawberry flowers; it bloomed thickly). The verb form of the present tense is often used, expressing the long-term state of the object or the "timeless" state (standing, connecting, propping up). Imperfect past tense verbs indicate the state of the described phenomena at the time of observing them (whitened, bloomed). Even perfective verbs in descriptive contexts convey a property, a characteristic of an object, and not an active action (a barely noticeable path branched off from it, winded between the pines and died in a clearing).

The description is characterized by the uniformity of the forms of the predicate, which is an indicator of the static character of the depicted. The most frequent are descriptions with a single plan of the present tense or with a single plan of the past tense. The degree of staticness in descriptions with a past tense plan is lower than in descriptions with a present tense plan. The structure of sentences in the description is often characterized by syntactic parallelism.

The description may include a sequence of nominative and elliptical constructions, which creates a kind of nominative style, most clearly represented in the remarks of dramatic works, film scripts, and diary entries. In such descriptions, objects seem to be captured by a video camera. Offers are equal relative to each other, they can be grouped differently, it all depends on the "starting point".

A special kind of description is characteristic- type of speech used to depict the qualities of a person or object. In the characteristic, as in any description, there may be elements of reasoning. A literary text is characterized by a contamination of description with narration. Elements of descriptiveness are present in almost any narrative text.

Sometimes the semantic load in the description falls on the action, in this case they talk about "dynamic description"- the type of speech is transitional, bordering on the narrative. The dynamic description conveys the flow of actions at small time intervals in confined space. Dynamic description is often used to show external events, being a means of naturalistic reflection of reality (there is a special term for the naturalistic method of a very detailed description of an action with great accuracy in rendering details - "second style"). Besides, dynamic description can serve as a means of sharp, subtle psychological sketches - when depicting the experience, the dynamics of the internal state of the hero.

Narration - FSTR, designed to depict a sequential series of events or the transition of an object from one state to another.

In the foreground in the content of narrative fragments of the text is the order of the action. Each sentence usually expresses some stage, stage in the development of the action, in the movement of the plot. An important role is played by the temporal correlation of predicates, which can manifest itself both as their temporal uniformity and as temporal heterogeneity. The main semantic load is usually performed by perfective verbs, prefixed and non-prefixed (settled, introduced, talked, went, dined, walked, decided, etc.; came, bloomed, blossomed, turned blue, gilded, etc.), which denote limiting actions changing. The narrative is characterized by specific vocabulary (doctor, patients, horses, city, garden; forest, snowdrops, cat, mustache, paws). The course of events is accentuated by means of the circumstances of the time (just now, somehow in winter, in spring, on a holiday, after receiving the sick, later).

In terms of the use of syntactic constructions and types of connection of sentences, the narrative is opposed to the description, which is manifested, in particular, in the following:

1) in the difference in the aspectual-temporal forms of verbs - the description is based mainly on the use of forms of the imperfect aspect, the narrative is perfect;

2) in the predominance of a chain connection of sentences in the narrative - a parallel connection is more characteristic of the description;

3) in the use of one-component sentences - nominative sentences, impersonal sentences, widely presented in descriptive contexts, are atypical for the narrative.

reasoning - FSTR, corresponding to the form of abstract thinking - inference, performing a special communicative task - to give a reasoned character to speech (come in a logical way to a new judgment or argue what was said earlier) and formalized with the help of lexical and grammatical means of cause-and-effect semantics. The main area of ​​use of reasoning is scientific, actualizing the logical, rational type of thinking.

Reasoning functions in texts in the form of several communicative and compositional options, the typology of which is a field structure.

The central variety is reasoning(reasoning in the narrow sense of the word) - a type of speech that most consistently expresses the causal relationship between judgments: from cause to effect, and not from consequence (thesis) to cause (foundation). The central place of reasoning itself in the system of argumentative subtypes of speech is also due to its role in the communicative-cognitive process. It is this type of speech that formalizes the derivation of new knowledge, demonstrates the course of the author's thought, the way to solve the problem. Structurally, reasoning itself is a chain of sentences connected by relations of logical consequence.

The region adjacent to the center, the region of the near periphery, is occupied by subtypes of reasoning, which serve to give the expressed judgments a more reasoned character: proof(communicative-cognitive function - establishing the truth of the thesis), refutation(a kind of evidence that serves to establish the falsity of the thesis), the confirmation(or empirical evidence, the function is to establish the reliability of the stated position by supporting it with facts), justification(establishing the expediency of an action, motivation; in contrast to the proof, which corresponds to the question "Is it really so?", the justification gives an answer to the question "Is it really necessary, expedient?"). These subtypes of reasoning are united among themselves on the basis of structural similarity: they all include a thesis, which forms a key part of the construction, and arguments - a commentary part, which is designed to remove doubts (in whole or in part) about the position put forward as a thesis.

Proof, as a rule, ends with a variant repetition of the thesis - a conclusion, that is, a judgment already known to the reader, the new moment of which is that its truth has been proven. Between the initial and final sentences, a distant lexical-semantic connection is established, which is a signal of the beginning and end of the statement, performs a special compositional role, organizing the text. The proof is characterized by the use of a typical set of tools. The stereotypical ways of its design include the designation of a sequence of operations using verbs of the 1st person plural: find, multiply, equate, define, etc. etc. To express causal relationships, unions and allied analogues of the corresponding semantics are used: since, so, because, therefore, therefore, thus, so. In the proof, carried out with the help of additional assumptions, the particle let, conditional constructions, is used.

In the region of the far periphery of the field structure of reasoning is explanation. Unlike the named subtypes of reasoning, the explanation serves, first of all, not to confirm the validity of the thesis (or to establish its falsity), but to reveal the causes of real phenomena.

Strictly logical detailed reasoning is not typical for artistic, journalistic, official business texts. In journalistic texts, reasoning itself performs the function of preparing, leading the reader to a certain conclusion, but here, unlike scientific speech, this subtype of reasoning, even with its large volume, as a rule, is not a chain of judgments logically arising from one another, but factual information followed by a conclusion. For journalism focused on the mentality of an educated, intelligent addressee, argumentative types of speech are fundamentally important, since they ensure the implementation of the main communicative function of journalism - persuasive influence. However, the task of persuasion is solved in journalism not through the actual proof, that is, not through strict logical procedures, as in scientific speech. In journalistic texts, in order to convince the reader of the correctness of the author's judgments, confirmation of their facts is used. In this regard, a large activity of the argumentative subtype of speech "confirmation" is found here.

Explanation And justification are common not only in scientific, but also in journalistic texts, where they serve the task of increasing the reader's understanding of the analyzed problems, the importance of the decisions made, the actions taken. Explanation is also present in works of art, however, like other types of reasoning, it is distinguished here by a special "aura", arising as a result of a creative dialogue between the author and the reader in the process of clarifying the artistic meaning of the text. An open explanation of the events described, the states of the characters, which increases the degree of plausibility of the depicted, is combined with hidden forms of explanation, deliberate understatement, which encourages the reader to think, look for answers to the numerous “why?” in the general context and in the subtext of the work, and thereby helps the reader to get closer to understanding the deep ideological and aesthetic content of the work.

The work was supported by the Russian Humanitarian Foundation
(Grant No. 02-04-00414 a/T)

The system of functional-semantic types of speech
in modern Russian
(description - narration - reasoning - prescription - statement)

Functional-semantic types of speech (FSTR) are communicatively conditioned typified varieties of monologue speech, which traditionally include description, narration and reasoning. In the history of the development of rhetoric, poetics, stylistics, they had different names: methods of presentation, types of text, verbal and stylistic unities, compositional and speech forms, etc. The term "functional-semantic type of speech" was introduced into the scientific circulation by prof. O.A. Nechaeva (1974). Publication of the monograph by O.A. Nechaeva, devoted to the study of description, narration and reasoning (mainly on the material of literary texts), marked the beginning of an active study of FSTR, functioning in the stylistic varieties of modern Russian literary language.

The development of functional stylistics, the special appeal of scientists to the problem of FSTR, the involvement of the entire variety of socially significant functional varieties of speech as an object of study led to the isolation of subtypes within the FSTR, the identification of new types of speech (the main ones should include prescription and ascertainment - types of speech that are primarily characteristic for official business texts), to significant refinements of the initial ideas of linguists about the FSTR system and its functioning in the Russian language. As a result of the fact that the goals and objectives of communication in different areas communications are different, the processes of evolution of types of speech in the Russian literary language also turn out to be unequal (Trosheva, 1999), and modern characteristics each FSTR. The specificity of the functional varieties of the language determines the variability in the manifestation of the same FSTR in different texts - up to their functional and semantic transformation. Extralinguistic factors also determine the originality of the language expression of reasoning, its structure, quantitative parameters of use in various functional styles. The current level of development of the science of language, the turn of linguistics from a structural to a functional paradigm does not allow ignoring the functional and stylistic specifics of textual phenomena, including when studying them at school.

The process of communicative development of a personality is impossible without the formation of a theoretically clear idea of ​​the functional and semantic typology of speech, without developing the ability to analyze a text in terms of its belonging to a certain type, the ability to create texts in accordance with communicative-functional, logical-semantic, compositional-structural, lexical -grammatical characteristics of one or another FSTR. In practice, mastering such a type of speech as reasoning turns out to be the most difficult, while information about this FSTR and its subtypes in textbooks for secondary school is incomplete, and often inaccurate and contradictory. As a result, a distorted idea of ​​the actual functioning of reasoning in texts of various styles is formed. For example, insufficient consideration of the specifics of a literary text, which causes the leveling of the argumentative function and the semantics of reasoning, the activation of its pictorial, aesthetic function, leads to an incorrect qualification of the FSTR, to an erroneous definition of the functional and semantic dominant of style.

Consider the main FSTR, characterizing each of them in detail. We classified the main types of speech that make up the dominant of one or more functional styles (as a result of the analysis of texts, we made sure that reasoning and description prevail in scientific speech, prescription and statement in official business speech, narration and reasoning in journalistic speech, narration in fiction and description, colloquial - narrative).

Description- FSTR, the essence of which is to express the fact of the coexistence of objects, their signs at the same time. The description serves for a detailed transfer of the state of reality, images of nature, terrain, interior, appearance. For example:

“Kochanovskaya estate stands on the river, opposite the village. The manor is not rich - the house is covered with wood chips, on both sides the gate connects it with the outbuildings, in the left outbuilding there is a kitchen, in the right one there is a barn, a cowshed, a barn. One kitchen window overlooks the river, but you can’t see the river, the old hard raspberry tree props up the outbuilding ... "(K. Fedin. Shepherd);

“... The road, as if not wanting to be intrusive, went somewhere to the right. A barely noticeable path branched off from it, meandered between the pines and died in a clearing near the house. Despite the night twilight, the grass in the clearing was white with strawberry flowers. She, this berry of my childhood, bloomed especially thickly behind the house: I stood in one place, afraid to step over and trample on her white stars ”(V. Belov. Bobrishny eel).

In the content of descriptive texts, the main thing is objects, properties, qualities, and not actions. Therefore, the main semantic load is borne by nouns and adjectives. Nouns refer to specific vocabulary ( river, village, house, gate, outbuilding, window and etc.). Words with a spatial meaning are widely used - the circumstances of the place ( on the river, against the village, on both sides, between the pines, in the clearing, near the house, behind the house etc.). Verbal predicates in a semantic sense are either weakened, erased ( the estate stands on the river; the window overlooks the river; the road turned to the right), or have a qualitative-pictorial value ( the grass was white with strawberry flowers; she bloomed heavily). The verb form of the present tense is often used, expressing the long-term state of the subject or the "timeless" state ( stands, connects, supports). Imperfect past tense verbs indicate the state of the described phenomena at the time of observing them ( whitened, blossomed). Even perfective verbs in descriptive contexts convey a property, a characteristic of an object, and not an active action ( a barely noticeable path branched off from it, meandered between the pines and died in a clearing).

The description is characterized by the uniformity of the forms of the predicate, which is an indicator of the static character of the depicted. The most frequent are descriptions with a single plan of the present tense or with a single plan of the past tense. The degree of staticness in descriptions with a past tense plan is lower than in descriptions with a present tense plan. The structure of sentences in the description is often characterized by syntactic parallelism.

The description may include a sequence of nominative and elliptical constructions, which creates a kind of nominative style, most clearly represented in the remarks of dramatic works, film scripts, and diary entries. For example:

“Large room, corner of the house; Vassa has lived here for ten years and spends most of the day. A large work table, in front of it is a light armchair with a hard seat, a fireproof wardrobe, on the wall there is an extensive, brightly colored map of the upper and middle reaches of the Volga - from Rybinsk to Kazan; under the map - a wide ottoman covered with a carpet, on it a pile of pillows; in the middle of the room is a small oval table, chairs with high backs; double glass doors to the garden terrace, two windows - also to the garden. A large leather armchair, on the windowsills - geraniums, in the wall between the windows on the floor in a tub - a laurel tree. A small shelf, on it is a silver jug, the same gilded ladles. Near the ottoman there is a door to the bedroom, in front of the table there is a door to other rooms.(M. Gorky. Vassa Zheleznova).

In such descriptions, objects seem to be captured by a video camera. The sentences are equal relative to each other, autosemantic. They can be grouped in other ways, it all depends on the "reference point".

The enumerative meaning of descriptive text is often conveyed by a parallel connection of sentences. This is clearly demonstrated by the texts of the descriptive sciences (biology, geology, etc.), which include logical units in the form of whole paragraphs, which consist of sentences expressing parallel connected judgments with a single subject and different predicates. For example:

“The common one is already well distinguishable by its dark, almost black color ... It is distributed in the European part of the country, in Siberia east to Transbaikalia and in some places in Central Asia. It keeps along the banks of swamps, rivers, ponds. It feeds on frogs, lizards, rodents, less often insects. Rarely eats fish(S.P. Naumov. Zoology of vertebrates).

A special kind of description is a characteristic - a type of speech used to depict the qualities of a person or object. For example, in a scientific text:

Let us give a brief description of the listed classes of particles. 1. Photons... participate in electromagnetic interactions, but do not have strong and weak interactions. 2. Leptons get their name from the Greek word "leptos", which means "light". These include particles that do not have a strong interaction: muons.., electrons.., electron neutrinos... and muon neutrinos... All leptons have a spin equal to 1/2, and therefore are fermions. All leptons have a weak interaction… 3. Mesons are strongly interacting unstable particles that do not carry the so-called baryon charge… These include… pions…, kaons… and this meson…”

In the characteristic, as in any description, there may be elements of reasoning. So, in the above fragment (item 2) there is a sentence (“All leptons have a spin equal to 1/2, and, therefore, are fermions”), which is a deductive reasoning with the missing first premise. However, its functioning in this text is subordinated to the main task - to describe the properties of leptons.

A literary text is characterized by a contamination of description with narration. Elements of descriptiveness are present in almost any narrative text.

Sometimes the semantic load in the description falls on the action, in this case they speak of a "dynamic description" - a type of transitional speech bordering on the narrative. The dynamic description conveys the flow of actions with small time intervals in a limited space. The structural content of the description is reduced to the temporal relation of simple following. Due to the fact that all attention is focused on fixing the dynamics, on a number of moments of action, their “step-by-step” nature, such content determines the selection of sentences that have an independent character, auto-semantic. Dynamic description is often used to show external events, being a means of naturalistic reflection of reality (there is a special term for the naturalistic method of a very detailed description of an action with great accuracy in rendering details - “second style”). In addition, a dynamic description can serve as a means of sharp, subtle psychological sketches - when depicting the experience, the dynamics of the hero's internal state.

The dynamic description is also widely presented in scientific texts (along with the static description and reasoning), where it is used for a detailed, accurate depiction of actions performed during the experiment, experiment. The task of the author in this case is not to tell about the events unfolding at a certain time (which is typical for the narrative), but to describe the process, the stages of this process, usually regardless of the specific time. For example:

“They take a prism of Icelandic spar ... The prism is sawn perpendicular to the plane ... Then both halves are glued together with Canadian balsam ...”(A.G. Stoletov. Introduction to acoustics and optics).

Narration- FSTR, designed to depict a sequential series of events or the transition of an object from one state to another. For example:

“And Dr. Startsev, Dmitry Ionych, when he had just been appointed zemstvo doctor and settled in Dyalizh, nine miles from S., was also told that he, as an intelligent person, needed to get acquainted with the Turkins. One winter in the street he was introduced to Ivan Petrovich; we talked about the weather, about the theater, about cholera, followed by an invitation. In the spring, on a holiday - it was the ascension - after receiving the sick, Startsev went to the city to have a little fun and, by the way, buy himself something. He walked slowly (he didn’t have his own horses yet), and sang all the time ... He dined in the city, took a walk in the garden, then somehow by itself Ivan Petrovich’s invitation came to his mind, and he decided to go to the Turkins to see what kind of people they are…”(A.P. Chekhov. Ionych);

“Spring came, coltsfoot and forget-me-nots bloomed, snowdrops appeared under the brown roots of the forest, and a cat suddenly blossomed in a neighboring house. Snowdrops turned blue cat whiskers, coltsfoot and bird cherry leaves gilded eyes, and white willow earrings appeared on paws and chest. Decorated, blooming, he lay down on the new grass, sat on the old fence, his eyes twinkled on the roof of the shed. I kept waiting for some kind of spring tulip, special, catlike, to appear on his tail, but the tulip did not appear ... "(Yu. Koval. Spring cat).

In the foreground in the content of narrative fragments of the text is the order of the action. Each sentence usually expresses some stage, stage in the development of the action, in the movement of the plot. An important role is played by the temporal correlation of predicates, which can manifest itself both as their temporal uniformity and as temporal heterogeneity. The main semantic load is usually performed by perfective verbs, prefixed and non-prefixed ( settled, introduced, talked, went, dined, walked, decided etc.; came, bloomed, blossomed, turned blue, gilded etc.), which denote actions that are limiting, changing. The narrative is characterized by specific vocabulary ( doctor, sick, horses, city, garden; forest, snowdrops, cat, mustache, paws). The course of events is accentuated by the circumstances of time ( just now, somehow in winter, in spring, on a holiday, after receiving patients, then).

In terms of the use of syntactic constructions and types of connection of sentences, the narrative is opposed to the description, which manifests itself, in particular, in the following: 1) in the difference in the aspectual-temporal forms of verbs - the description is based mainly on the use of forms of the imperfect form, the narrative is perfect; 2) in the predominance of a chain connection of sentences in the narrative - a parallel connection is more characteristic of the description; 3) in the use of one-component sentences - nominative sentences, impersonal sentences that are widely presented in descriptive contexts are atypical for the narrative (more details about language means, characteristic for description and narration, see: Nechaeva, 1999).

Narration is a type of speech that functions primarily in literary texts and forms a story about events, the system of which makes up the plot of a work. In artistic and graphic speech (fiction, texts of some genres of journalism - reportage, essay, informative and expressive notes, texts-stories in a colloquial style), elements of descriptiveness and narrative are organically combined. The description is included in the narrative for a visual-figurative representation of the characters, the scene.

reasoning- FSTR, corresponding to the form of abstract thinking - inference, performing a special communicative task - to give a reasoned character to speech (come in a logical way to a new judgment or argue what was said earlier) and formalized with the help of lexical and grammatical means of cause-and-effect semantics. The main area of ​​use of reasoning is scientific, actualizing the logical, rational type of thinking.

Reasoning functions in texts in the form of several communicative and compositional options, the typology of which is a field structure.

The central variety is proper reasoning(reasoning in the narrow sense of the word) - a type of speech that most consistently expresses the causal relationship between judgments: from cause to effect, and not from consequence (thesis) to cause (foundation). The central place of reasoning itself in the system of argumentative subtypes of speech is also due to its role in the communicative-cognitive process. It is this type of speech that formalizes the derivation of new knowledge, demonstrates the course of the author's thought, the way to solve the problem. Structurally, reasoning itself is a chain of sentences connected by relations of logical consequence. For example:

“Under the action of an electromagnetic wave, an atom with equal probability can go both to a higher and a lower energy state ... In the first case, the wave will be weakened, in the second, it will be amplified. If the paramagnet is in thermal equilibrium, the atoms are distributed over sublevels in accordance with Boltzmann's law ... Therefore, the number of atoms in a state with a lower energy exceeds the number of atoms in a state with more energy. Therefore, transitions occurring with an increase in the energy of atoms will prevail over transitions occurring with a decrease in energy. As a result, the intensity of the wave will decrease - the paramagnet absorbs electromagnetic radiation, as a result of which it heats up. It follows from the foregoing that electron paramagnetic resonance is a selective absorption of radio frequency field energy in paramagnetic substances in a constant magnetic field.(I.V. Savelyev. Course of General Physics).

The region adjacent to the center, the region of the near periphery, is occupied by subtypes of reasoning, which serve to give the expressed judgments a more reasoned character: proof(communicative-cognitive function - establishing the truth of the thesis), refutation(a kind of evidence that serves to establish the falsity of the thesis), the confirmation(or empirical evidence, the function is to establish the reliability of the stated position by supporting it with facts), justification(establishing the expediency of an action, motivation; unlike evidence, which corresponds to the question “Is it really so?”, Justification gives an answer to the question “Is it really necessary, expedient?”). These subtypes of reasoning are united among themselves on the basis of structural similarity: they all include a thesis, which forms a key part of the construction, and arguments - a commentary part, which is designed to remove doubts (in whole or in part) about the position put forward as a thesis.

Here is an example proof: “The thermal motion of radiating atoms leads to the so-called Doppler broadening of the spectral lines. Let at the moment of emission of a photon, the atom has a momentum ... Therefore, the momentum of the atom changes ... Therefore, the energy of the translational motion of the atom also changes ... Let us replace ... Denote ... The value of this frequency is obtained from the condition ... As a result, we obtain that ... From the formulas ... it follows that ... Substituting the expression here .., we come to the formula ... Therefore, the expression ... gives the Doppler width of the spectral line "(I.V. Savelyev. Course of General Physics).

The proof, as a rule, ends with a variant repetition of the thesis - a conclusion, that is, a judgment already known to the reader, the new point of which is that its truth has been proven. Between the initial and final sentences, a distant lexical-semantic connection is established, which is a signal of the beginning and end of the statement, performs a special compositional role, organizing the text. The proof is characterized by the use of a typical set of tools. The stereotypical ways of its design include the designation of a sequence of operations using verbs of the 1st person plural: find, multiply, equate, determine etc. The result of these operations is entered in the words will, we will have, we will receive, where it comes from, it follows from here, then etc. To express causal relationships, unions and union analogues of the corresponding semantics are used: because, therefore, because, therefore, therefore, thus, so. The proof, carried out with the help of additional assumptions, uses the particle let, performatives suppose, suppose, conditional constructions.

In the area of ​​the far periphery of the field structure of reasoning is an explanation. Unlike the named subtypes of reasoning, the explanation serves, first of all, not to confirm the validity of the thesis (or to establish its falsity), but to reveal the causes of real phenomena. For example:

“It is interesting to note that the sharp edges of the shaped profiles of the holes become smoothed in the fiber, and if the size of the details of the profiled hole is not very large, then the fiber turns out to be of a circular cross section, i.e., the same as with a round hole. This happens because surface tension forces act on the liquid jet ... "(S.P. Papkov. Polymeric fibrous materials).

Reasoning as a textual phenomenon was formed in scientific speech. It is thanks to the scientific style that the Russian literary language in the process of its development was enriched by reasoning in its most “pure” form, in all its main varieties. In the texts of other styles, an adaptation of the reasoning to the specifics of the style is found.

Strictly logical detailed reasoning is not typical for artistic, journalistic, official business texts. The subtype "actual reasoning" in literary texts appears in the form of its emotional variant - free thinking, in which the causal connection between judgments as a whole can be traced, but does not unite them with a rigid logical core. The laxity of the form of speech, the ease of reflection help to create an atmosphere of intimate communication between the author and the reader, which is characteristic of the artistic sphere. In journalistic texts, reasoning itself performs the function of preparing, leading the reader to a certain conclusion, but here, unlike scientific speech, this subtype of reasoning, even with its large volume, as a rule, is not a chain of judgments logically arising from one another, but factual information followed by a conclusion.

Literary texts do not use evidence. Logical verification of the truth of the proposed thesis with the help of a complex system of inferential judgments is relevant primarily for the scientific sphere of activity, and in addition - the criminal law sphere. For journalism focused on the mentality of an educated, intelligent addressee, argumentative types of speech are fundamentally important, since they ensure the implementation of the main communicative function of journalism - persuasive influence. However, the task of persuasion is solved in journalism not through the actual proof, that is, not through strict logical procedures, as in scientific speech. In journalistic texts, in order to convince the reader of the correctness of the author's judgments, confirmation of their facts is used. In this regard, a large activity of the argumentative subtype of speech "confirmation" is found here. In works of art, confirmation as an argumentative construction, which includes a hypothetical statement of the author and a statement of facts that support this statement, which have not actually a causal, as in the explanation, but a causal-arguing value, is rarely used. Confirmation of the author's statements by arguments in the field of artistic creativity is not as important as in the field of science or journalism. In addition, confirmation, functioning in literary texts, performs a task different from the task of confirmation in scientific speech. If in the latter it helps to make a scientific guess more reliable, then in a work of art it performs a purely communicative function - it makes the depicted more visual, psychologically more reliable, helps the reader to feel the inner state of the hero. For example: “He stood with his hands on the back of the seat, and, obviously, was very worried: his face was red, and a muscle quivered on his cheek ...”(L.N. Tolstoy. The Kreutzer Sonata).

Explanation and justification are common not only in scientific, but also in journalistic texts, where they serve the task of increasing the reader's understanding of the analyzed problems, the importance of decisions made, actions taken. Explanation is also present in works of art, however, like other types of reasoning, it is distinguished here by a special “aura”, it arises as a result of a creative dialogue between the author and the reader in the process of clarifying the artistic meaning of the text. An open explanation of the events described, the states of the characters, which increases the degree of plausibility of the depicted, is combined with hidden forms of explanation, deliberate understatement, which encourages the reader to think, look for answers to the numerous “why?” in the general context and in the subtext of the work, and thereby helps the reader to get closer to understanding the deep ideological and aesthetic content of the work.

In official business texts, in general, the frequency of the use of reasoning is insignificant. Due to the specifics of this style, its extralinguistic basis - the appointment in society, regulating functions (in connection with which the prescription occupies a dominant position in the texts), reasoning cannot be a systemic constructive feature of official business speech. Some genres present certain types of reasoning (for example, statements and claims are characterized by substantiation, explanation), but there is not a single subtype of reasoning that would be used in business texts of all genres (at least genres within one substyle). In addition, subtypes of reasoning function here specifically, reflecting the peculiarities of the style. For example, the actual reasoning in the texts of the legal sphere is close to the representing type of speech - the statement (see below).

Functional and stylistic variants of reasoning differ in the means of designing compositional parts. In journalistic and especially literary texts, there is a high degree of implicit reasoning, not only at the level of means of communication between structural components, but also in relation to the links of reasoning themselves, which may be in the subtext (see: Trosheva, Kaigorodova, 2002). The syntactic means of reasoning convey its expressiveness in these styles. Exclamations and exclamations are widely used interrogative sentences, parceling. The incompleteness and fragmentation of the argument is emphasized by means of ellipsis. The means of communication of the compositional parts of reasoning in fiction and journalistic works are stylistically more diverse than in scientific and business ones (from bookish, archaic lexical and grammatical units such as union so that, adverbs therefore to colloquial because, once, after all, they say etc.).

prescription- FSTR used to express directives, recommendations. It functions primarily in official business and scientific and technical texts (laws, resolutions, decrees, orders, various kinds of instructions) - texts whose communicative task is to convey instructions that are mandatory for execution or equip the reader with a method of action under certain conditions, knowledge of technological processes .

In official business speech, the main style trait which is imperative, due to the regulatory, regulating function of law, the prescription is the leading FSTR, expressing the typical communicative will of the creators of the legal norm. The prescription is realized in three main subtypes: obligation, permission and prohibition. For example:

“Everyone is obliged to take care of the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, to protect historical and cultural monuments”; “Every person arrested, taken into custody, accused of committing a crime has the right to be assisted by a lawyer…”; "Not allowed economic activity aimed at monopolization and unfair competition”(from the Constitution).

For the design of the structural parts of the prescription in documents, rubrication is typically used. For example:

“It was decided: 1. The dissertation ... to be accepted for defense as the corresponding specialty 10.02.01 - Russian. 2. The degree of reflection of the dissertation materials in published works is considered sufficient ... 3. As official opponents ... appoint ... 4. As the leading organization of the dissertation ... approve ... "(from protocol).

In scientific and technical texts, the prescription also refers to the most frequent FSTR (along with one more representing type - description). Technical sciences are a specific system of knowledge that reflects the process of purposeful transformation of natural material objects into technological processes and artificial material devices. In scientific and technical activity, there is an accumulation of reproductive operations, which the researcher groups, and then develops prescriptions for performing stereotypical procedures. The type of speech "prescription" and serves to express prescription knowledge, is used in instructions designed to present technological recipes that prescribe certain actions to addressees. For example:

“Cutting forces on a sharp cutter when removing large-section chips are usually calculated by the expression [formula] ... The value of tangential forces in relation to the operation of tunneling machines is established by empirical expressions such as [formula] ...”(V.V. Rzhevsky. Physical and technical parameters of rocks);

“When developing a cement slurry, the choice of the optimal formulation must be carried out in strict accordance with specific mountain and hydrogeological conditions. Consideration must be given to the chemical composition groundwater…» (E.Ya. Kipko et al. Integrated grouting method in the construction of mines).

Prescriptions were widely used in the scientific speech of the 17th and the first half of the 18th centuries. (the so-called recipe style) - in manual texts, which is associated with a general didactic nature scientific literature that time. Among the original scientific works, the works that combined the features of educational and scientific-business works prevailed. In our time, prescriptions are also characteristic of educational and didactic literature (see, for example, educational programs, textbooks, guidelines, instructions).

Performing the functions of a regulator of activity, the prescription can act in various modifications - with shades of strict directives, recommendations, guidelines, wishes. In this regard, the degree of expression of imperativeness may be different. For a well-defined expression of imperativeness, the following language means are used:

1) imperative sentences with verb forms of the imperative or infinitive, often a chain of these forms, for example: “Combine the first workouts on the ice with the usual “land” ones. Also, alternate 5-10 minutes of slow-paced ice skating with a short indoor rest. Ride on slightly bent legs ... Tilt your body forward while running. Do not lower your head and shoulders ... "(from the recommendation for beginner skaters);

2) modal words with the meaning of obligation ( must to report, obliged pay, necessary take account of);

There is also a somewhat veiled form of prescription - usually using verbs in the present tense (the so-called present prescription) as part of indefinitely personal sentences (such constructions are typical, for example, for culinary recipes: “The seeds are removed from the pepper, the cottage cheese is wiped, mixed with cheese, semolina and sour cream, then white sauce, beaten eggs, salt are added and everything is mixed ...”), two-part structures (the tenant is responsible for the damage caused to the rented property ... - that is, he must answer), and in this case the whole context is prescriptive.

Statement- FSTR, which implements a typical communicative task of certifying one or another fact of reality up to the establishment of this fact in the status of a law. The statement forms, as a rule, secondary, i.e., already processed primary information and is widely used in official business style texts. The very name "statement" speaks of the nature of its constituent elements - this is a message in the form of sentences containing statements, statements. For example:

“The Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, hereinafter referred to as the High Contracting Parties, relying on the historically established strong ties between the two states, the traditions of good communication, .. reaffirming their commitment to the norms of international law, .. agreed on the following ...”(from the contract);

“When accepting the goods under the invoice dated May 5, 1990, No. 810, a shortage of ... goods was certified, which is certified by the attached act dated May 6, 1990, No. 945, ... as well as an act of opening the container of packing places”(from the claim);

"This Certificate is issued in accordance with the provisions of Part One tax code Russian Federation ... and confirms the registration of an individual on March 20, 1997 with the State Tax Inspectorate ... "(from testimonial).

In the statement, two types of logical connection are synthesized: spatial juxtaposition and temporal sequence. The ascertaining nature of the statement, the lack of dynamics in it, the pronounced completeness of thought weakens the temporal sequence in favor of juxtaposition in the transfer of facts. The fact that events are presented in a productive aspect, as facts, allows us to qualify the type of business speech with external signs of narration as a statement. In the statement, “one feels not so much the sequential-temporal nature of the connection as the sequential-enumerative” (Brandes, 1983, p. 64). With an enumerative connection, the logical coherence of the text often does not find linguistic expression in the form of conjunctions, allied words or pronominal adverbs, as a result of which the communicative load of each sentence increases, the boundaries of sentences are clearly delineated. For example:

“We listened: the report of a graduate student ... about the content of the dissertation work ... After the speech ... 12 questions were asked. All questions were answered convincingly by the graduate student. Performed…”(from protocol).

Ascertaining is typically characterized by the functioning of verb forms of the past tense in the meaning of the so-called past of the underlined statement; for example: "We, the undersigned, examined, measured.., compared drawings and accepted single-family panel house» (from act). Perfective verbs are used in texts of specific content (act, conclusion, minutes of the meeting, etc.). Verbs of the imperfective form, as more abstract in meaning, prevail in the genres of business speech more general(Constitution, code, charter, etc.); for example: “The rights and freedoms of man and citizen are directly applicable. They determine the meaning, content and application of laws, the activities of the legislative and executive authorities, local self-government and are provided with justice.(from the Constitution).

Not only the traditional representing types of speech (narration and description) are transformed, realizing the communicative tasks of business texts, into types specific for this style (stating and prescription), but reasoning usually acquires a stating character here. So, in some genres (charters, instructions, contracts, etc.), conditional constructions are active, but their large number does not indicate the widespread use of reasoning in official business speech. The structure of the reasoning serves to fix the conditions from which the need for certain actions follows, for example: “If the proposal to revise Chapters 1, 2 and 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is supported by three-fifths of the total number of members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma, then in accordance with the federal constitutional law, the Constitutional Assembly is convened”(from the Constitution); “If the condition of the returned property after the end of the contract is worse than that stipulated by the contract, the tenant shall compensate the lessor for the damage caused, based on the valuation of the property at the time of the conclusion of the contract”(from the contract). Reasoning of this kind (close in function to a statement) has been known since the time of Russkaya Pravda, a code of laws of the 11th century, that is, they are a sign of a business text starting from the Old Russian period in the history of the language.

Thus, the functioning of speech types in the stylistic varieties of the modern Russian literary language reflects the originality of communication tasks in the relevant areas and the specifics of functional styles.

Bibliographic list

Brandes M.P. Stylistics German language. M., 1983.
Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1993.
Loseva L.M. How the text is built. M., 1980.
Nechaeva O.A. Essays on syntactic semantics and stylistics of functional-semantic types of speech. Ulan-Ude, 1999.
Nechaeva O.A. Functional-semantic types of speech (description, narration, reasoning). Ulan-Ude, 1974.
Trosheva T.B. Formation of reasoning in the process of development of the scientific style of the Russian literary language of the 18th - 20th centuries. (compared to other functional varieties). Perm, 1999.
Trosheva T.B., Kaigorodova V.E. Reasoning in the system of poetics // Stylistyka. Opole, 2002, No. 11.