Types of folk crafts and artistic crafts. The most famous folk crafts in Russia

Russian folk art post
16 most beautiful types of Russian folk art

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Painted objects, toys and fabric products are taken away by foreign tourists in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

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The Dymkovo toy is a symbol of the Kirov region, emphasizing its rich and ancient history. It is molded from clay, then dried and fired in a kiln. After that, it is painted by hand, each time creating a unique copy. No two toys are the same.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the villages near Moscow in the former Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district), and they painted lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, tea caddies, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style began to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden utensils, which is loved not only by connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also by residents foreign countries.

Intricately intertwined herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background can be admired endlessly. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented on the most insignificant occasion, leave the kindest and longest memory of the donor in the recipient.

Gorodets painting has existed since the middle of the 19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figures of horses, roosters, flowers and ornaments. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke, decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.

Known deposits of malachite are in the Urals, Africa, South Australia and the USA, however, in terms of color and beauty of patterns, malachite from foreign countries cannot be compared with the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable in the world market.

Products made at the crystal factory in the city of Gus-Khrustalny can be found in museums around the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for holiday table, fine jewelry, caskets, handmade figurines reflect the beauty native nature, its customs and native Russian values. Colored crystal products are especially popular.

Matryoshka

A round-faced and plump cheerful girl in a scarf and a Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.
Now matryoshka is not just folk toy, the keeper of Russian culture: this is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which game scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with sights are finely drawn. Matryoshka has become a precious collector's item that can cost more than one hundred dollars.

Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which have quickly “entered” into modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This kind applied arts originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.

Masters depicted floral ornaments, birds, animals on white enamel using a variety of colors. Then the art of multi-colored enamel began to be lost, it began to be replaced by monochromatic enamel: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

In his free time, Fyodor Lisitsyn, an employee of the Tula Arms Plant, liked to make something from copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a samovar establishment, where they sold copper products, which were wildly successful.

Lisitsyn's samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars with dolphin-shaped taps, loop-shaped handles, and painted ones.

Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russian folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.

Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is made on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of caskets of various shapes and sizes.

Gzhel bush, a district of 27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clays, which have been mined here since the middle of the 17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel masters began to produce semi-faience, faience and porcelain. Of particular interest are still objects painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic rendering of details.

Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a handkerchief manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with a printed pattern, very popular at that time.

Now the original drawings are complemented by various elements such as fringe, created in different color schemes and remain the perfect accessory to almost any look.

Vologda lace is woven on wooden sticks, bobbins. All images are made with a dense, continuous, uniform in width, smoothly wriggling linen braid. They clearly stand out against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with elements in the form of stars and rosettes.

Shemogodskaya carving is a traditional Russian folk art craft of birch bark carving. The ornaments of Shemogoda carvers are called "birch lace" and are used in the manufacture of caskets, boxes, tea caddies, pencil cases, tuesov, dishes, plates, cigarette cases.

The symmetrical pattern of Shemogoda carving consists of floral ornaments, circles, rhombuses, and ovals. Images of birds or animals, architectural motifs, and sometimes even scenes of walking in the garden and drinking tea can be inscribed in the drawing.

Tula gingerbread is a Russian delicacy. Without these sweet and fragrant products, not a single event took place in Russia - neither cheerful nor sad. Gingerbread was served both at the royal table and at the peasant table. Traditional form attached to the gingerbread with the help of a board with a carved ornament.

Shawls are knitted from natural goat down and are amazingly delicate, beautiful, warm and practical. Openwork shawls are so thin and elegant that they can be threaded through a wedding ring. They are valued by women all over the world and are considered a wonderful gift.

Folk crafts have come down to us from ancient times - painting, carving, lace, but there are also new folk crafts. Most often they began with peasant household art.

Art painting in Russia

wooden, hardware, children's toys and furniture were painted in Russia from time immemorial. Technology in different regions of the country differed significantly from each other. More details about the most known species painting.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting originated in the Volga region, in the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province. They were located near a large village called Gorodets. Fairs were held there, where they traded in the products of masters. Hence the name - Gorodets painting.

Polkhov-Maidan painting

The birthplace of the Polkhov-Maidan painting is the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region. There, in the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, the village of Voznesenskoye and the village of Krutets, there is the center of this painting. It arose only a hundred years ago on the basis of the turning industry developed in those places. Masters painted nesting dolls, children's toys, mushrooms, Easter eggs, while only four colors were used - green, blue, yellow and red.

Palekh painting

Palekh painting appeared quite recently - already in Soviet times, however, the roots of this painting go back to antiquity. Thanks to the unique craft, the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region, became known throughout Russia. It is known about Palekh painting, Palekh miniature, Palekh icon painting. The peculiarity of the painting is that the artists create not just ornaments, but draw whole plots, compositions with the smallest details.

Painting Zhostovo

Zhostovo painting is a lacquer painting on trays, which appeared in 1825. Such trays are made at a factory in the village of Zhostovo and in the city of Nizhny Tagil. The main difference of this craft is the abundance of colors, incomparable tones, the realism of all elements.

gzhel

Gzhel painting, as the name implies, originated in the city of Gzhel. Her patterns are predominantly floral patterns and simple geometric patterns, done in bright cobalt blue paint on a snow-white background. The city of Gzhel is a center for the production of ceramics. In many ways, this was the reason for the appearance of its unique painting in this city. Gzhel art craft is not young, its roots go back to the fourteenth century. It was then that the Kudinovskoye clay deposit was discovered.

Russian crafts that have become crafts

Sometimes Russian crafts became crafts. They arose when the products folk craft put on stream. It is known about the manufacture of toys from clay, about special woodcarving, about lace craftsmanship, and so on.

Dymkovo toy

Near the city of Vyatka was the settlement of Dymkovo, now it is one of the districts of the city. Painted ceramic toys for children appeared in the Dymkovo settlement in the nineteenth century. Deposits of clay and sand in those places became the reason for the manufacture of clay jugs and lids by craftsmen. For the amusement of children, bright funny toys were made. Modeling and painting of toys were carried out exclusively by women or children. The pattern on the Dymkovo toy is always geometric, consisting of circles, stripes, and cells. In addition to the original painting, the toy is distinguished by the fact that it is trimmed with gold.

Filimonov toy

The production of Filimonovo toys arose on the basis of the production of dishes from clay, which occurs near the village of Filimonovo. These toys are a variety of whistles. A distinctive feature is the elongated shape of the products, which is associated with the characteristics of local clay. To this day, whistles are painted only with a goose feather.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving

Carving, which has become a craft, appeared in the Abramtsevo estate, not far from Moscow, in the nineteenth century. Its name is Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving. The carvers studied and worked in the carpentry and carving workshop, where they were taught painting and drawing. So a small workshop became the basis of the future craft, which is distinguished by a peculiar style of carving.

Vyatka lace

Vyatka lace has been known since the eighteenth century. In the second half of the nineteenth century, a zemstvo school of lacemakers was organized in the Vyatka province. For many years, a lace factory operated in those places, but in the early nineties it was closed. Lace makers have preserved their unique craftsmanship, traditions and technology of craft. They please with new products, having united in artels or small enterprises.

New folk crafts

Not all folk crafts have a rich history. Some have appeared very recently. What kind of crafts, we learn further.

Painting Christmas decorations

Painting Christmas tree products as a craft originated in the nineteenth century in the village of Danilovo. They also made toys there. The peasants were engaged in this at home, using simple burners for blowing. The demand for such toys grew, and the number of single craftsmen also increased. Soon, some homeowners organized small-scale production with hired workers.

Factory "Ariel"

The oldest factory in Russia engaged in the manufacture of New Year's toys is the Ariel factory. It is located in Nizhny Novgorod. Despite the changing fashion over the years, the factory does not change the tradition of making handmade toys. Near the factory there is a museum of Christmas decorations and a shop. Golden Khokhloma is perhaps the most famous Russian folk craft

All items are elegant and colorful. A distinctive feature of the painting is the presence of a golden background, or a golden ornament. Masters come up with their drawings while painting on the go, it is always improvisation when following the rules of Khokhloma painting. A master turns a simple wooden thing into a work of folk art. Housewives still use such utensils. It is exhibited in museums. The site has a site about the largest museums in the world.
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The creativity of the Russian people, thanks to the talents of local masters, glorified them throughout Russia and far beyond its borders. Many products have remained symbols of Russia to this day.

The products of the masters are valuable not only for the materials from which they were made and the unique technologies for their processing by hand, they trace the customs, way of life and traditions of the whole people.

The main crafts of Russian folk craft:

As a craft, lace in Russia was developed at the beginning of the 19th century. At that time, a lace factory was built in the vicinity of Vologda. The growth in demand for Vologda lace, not only in Russia, but also in European countries, gave rise to the popularity of the occupation, and weaving of openwork fabric was practiced throughout Vologda.

Distinctive feature Vologda lace were ornaments. The main motifs were stylized drawings of birds and the tree of life. The lace itself consisted of a background and a pattern. It was textured, its shapes and drawings were emphasized by a wide continuous line.

The history of Pavloposad shawls dates back to the end of the 17th century. They began to produce them at the manufactory, the founders of which were Gryaznov and Labzin. The raw material for the production was woolen threads, the coloring of scarves for a long time was done exclusively by hand.

The main patterns of scarves are flowers. In addition to them, borrowed ornaments were used: Turkish cucumbers, lotus, antique vases and ancient symbols. The traditional layout was represented by ovals and stars. Large drawings were located at the edges, they decreased towards the center.

The popularity of the traditional Orenburg downy shawl is due to its unique qualities. They are the finest shawls made of natural wool, with openwork and beautiful patterns, very warm. For their production, the unique down of Orenburg goats is initially used.

The first official mention of headscarves is found in the works of the late 18th century, by Rychkov, a well-known local historian. It was they who made it possible to learn about the unique shawls in St. Petersburg and Moscow and created a demand for them both in Russia and abroad.

Russian nesting doll

The original Russian matryoshka was first seen in Sergiev Posad at the end of the 19th century. It was made of wood by the turner Vasily Zvezdochkin. The figurines, which were inserted one into the other, were painted by Sergey Malyutin.

The first copy of the future symbol of Russia in the form of a chubby girl with a crimson blush consisted of eight dolls. The smallest was a baby.

A distinctive feature of Gusev crystal is the unique facets of the products. Rays of light, refracting through them, create a game reminiscent of the play of precious stones.

The birthplace of Gusevsky crystal is Gus-Khrustalny. The glass factory on its territory was founded by the merchant Maltsev in 1756. They produced vases and decanters, after which unique crystal dishes appeared, which were supplied to the rich houses of merchants and royal mansions.

Tula samovar

A samovar is a unique product that has no analogues in the world. The birthplace of samovars is Tula. The city gained such fame for a reason, the abundance of metal craftsmen, the iron ore deposit and its proximity to Moscow contributed to this.

Tula samovars were made of brass and copper and sold by weight. Their shape was sometimes very bizarre. Products looked like barrels and vases with handles, there were also samovars with unique taps in the shape of dolphins.

Tula gingerbread. Sour, fresh, lush and rich. They were given as parting gifts, souvenirs, as well as baked and bought for wedding festivities and memorial evenings. For the production of figured pastries, boards-forms carved from natural wood were used.

Gingerbread for the Russian people was a favorite delicacy. They were made in the form of birds, fish, letters and even names. Who was the first to bake the famous Tula gingerbread is unknown. The first mention of baking is in the writings of the late 17th century.

The Urals is famous for its mineral resources and related industries. Kasli art casting of Russian masters glorified them throughout the world in 1900 at an exhibition in Paris. The direction itself originated long before this event, in the 18th century.

Household items and decorative elements of the interior, complemented by miniature sculptures of animals, were cast from cast iron. The list of manufactured goods included plates, grates, benches, flowerpots and much more.

The history of the production of malachite products begins in the 40s of the 18th century. At first it was jewelry, after that snuff boxes and caskets were added to them. With the flourishing of the malachite business, whole rooms were lined with a beautiful patterned mineral.

Russian craftsmen were famous for their unique stone processing technology. They sawed malachite into very thin plates and after sticking them, picked up the pattern and polished, creating the impression of a monolithic product.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving

At the end of the 19th century, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving was considered a special type of craft among Russian craftsmen. Masters worked with natural wood, creating from it not just household items, but works of art. The list of their products included vases, decorative dishes, ladles, salt shakers, caskets, etc.

The combination of geometric and flat-relief carving distinguished the products from other carved decorative and household items.

Skopinsky pottery for a long time was not in great demand, as it was rough and primitive in shape. The turning point occurred in the middle of the 19th century, when the secrets of the production of figured products and the application of glaze on their surface were learned by local potters.

A number of clay products were supplemented with beautiful decorative vases, fantasy figurines of animals and other decorative elements.

Since ancient times, dishes and other household items made of ceramics have been widely known in Russia. One of the most famous settlements of Russia, whose inhabitants were engaged in the manufacture of ceramic porcelain dishes, is Gzhel (now the city is located on the territory of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region). Since the 17th century, and even earlier, Gzhel has been the most famous center for the manufacture of porcelain and ceramics. The products of local craftsmen are distributed throughout Russia. It should be noted that in the old days this city was one of the centers of the Old Believers-priests. The heyday of Gzhel came at the time of the activity of the Association for the Production of Porcelain and Faience Products M.S. Kuznetsov" in the late XIX - early XX century.

The formation of the Gzhel color palette familiar to us falls on the beginning of the 19th century. Researchers point out that since the 1820s, an increasing number of Gzhel products were painted white and painted exclusively with blue paint. Nowadays, painting done in blue is hallmark Gzhel products. The popularity of such dishes turned out to be so great that similar products began to be created in other areas, but they had a similar blue-and-white ornament. There have also been many fakes.

Experts say that only author's works that formed the Gzhel style familiar to us in the 80s of the XX century can be called authentic Gzhel products. These are the works of such artists as Azarova, Denisov, Neplyuev, Fedorovskaya, Oleinikov, Tsaregorodtsev, Podgornaya, Garanin, Simonov and others. Each of these masters puts on the product a personal signature or a stamp of the company where he works. If the master is an employee of the enterprise, then his products are transferred to the production workshop for the purpose of replication.

Zhostovo painting

In the middle of the XVIII century in the Urals, where the metallurgical plants of the Demidovs were located, a new type of craft was born. Local craftsmen began to paint metal trays. It is interesting that such workshops appeared in cities where a large part of the population were Old Believers, who still have prayer houses and churches there. These are Nizhny Tagil, Nevyansk and Vyisk, founded in 1722. So the so-called Tagil trays appeared. The industrialists Demidovs, who oversaw this craft, were very concerned about the quality and artistic value of the products. In order to educate and train professional personnel, they founded a school in 1806. The historical style of Tagil trays was created thanks to this school and its most authoritative teacher - a graduate of the Imperial Academy of Arts V.I. Albychev.

Painted Tagil trays were sold all over the country. Similar products began to try to produce in other places. The most successful such attempt was the organization of the production of painted trays in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow province. The trays made there became famous in the first half of the 19th century. Since then, this type of craft has received the name "Zhostovo painting". Until now, the craft of painting a tray has been preserved only in Nizhny Tagil and Zhostovo. The painting is done mainly on a black background (occasionally on red, blue, green).

The main motives of the painting are: flower bouquets, both lush garden and small wild flowers; Ural landscapes or ancient cities. On some old trays you can see people, fabulous birds. Painted trays are used either for their intended purpose (as a samovar, for serving dinner), or for decoration. The shape of the trays are divided into round, octagonal, rectangular, oval.

Palekh miniature

After the October Revolution and the beginning of the persecution of religion, Palekh icon painters had to look for a new way to earn money. Thus, many retrained as masters of lacquer miniatures. This type of miniature is made in tempera on papier-mâché. As a rule, caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, needle cases and more are painted. The painting is done in gold on a black background. The original technology of the last century, which was used by the first Palekh craftsmen in the 1920s and 30s of the 20th century, has been partially preserved.

The characteristic plots of Palekh miniatures are borrowed from everyday life, literary works classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. Many plots are devoted to the events of history, including the revolution and the civil war. There is a cycle of miniatures dedicated to space exploration. Since the beginning of the 21st century, among some masters working in the Palekh style, there has been a tendency to return to icon-painting subjects.

Fedoskino miniature is another type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting. Performed oil paints on papier-mache. Unlike the miniatures of Palekh, the techniques of which came from icon painting, the Fedoskino miniature was originally formed as a kind of applied art, hence the more “mundane” manner of writing.

The Fedoskino miniature originated at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino in the Moscow province. The main motifs of the miniature: "troikas", "tea parties", scenes from the life of peasants. Caskets and caskets, which were decorated with complex multi-figured compositions - copies of paintings by Russian and Western European artists, were most highly valued.

In the 19th century, the Fedoskino miniature served mostly decorative purposes. In the middle of the 20th century, the author's direction began to develop. The plots of miniatures began to become more complicated.

Khokhloma

Nizhny Novgorod decorative Khokhloma painting. The craft originated in the 17th century in the village of Khokhloma. It is located on the territory of the former Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province, known in the old days for large Old Believer monasteries, such as the Sharpansky and Olenevsky sketes. It is no coincidence that in the famous novel by Andrei Melnikov (Pechersky), the Old Believers of the Semenovsky district are engaged in the manufacture of wooden utensils. They also did this in Khokhloma. Khokhloma masters nevertheless became known throughout Russia for their unusual bright paintings. They painted wooden utensils and furniture. Mostly black, red, golden, sometimes green colors were used.

In order to achieve the golden color characteristic of Khokhloma, local craftsmen apply silver tin powder to the surface of the product when painting. It is then varnished and kilned three or four times to achieve a unique honey-gold color that gives light wooden crockery effect of massiveness.

Thanks to this technology that creates an unusual color, Khokhloma has become popular all over the world. Plates and spoons made in this style began to be perceived in the 20th century as a symbol of Russian national dishes.

Gorodets painting appeared in the middle of the 19th century in the area ancient city Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod province. Through the efforts of the Old Believers, Gorodets became a center of wooden shipbuilding and bread trade with all-Russian fame. Merchants-Old Believers donated significant sums for the construction of churches, for the maintenance of hospitals, orphanages, public education and improvement of the city.

Gorodets painting is bright and concise. The main themes of the painting are scenes from fairy tales, figurines of horses, birds, flowers, peasant and merchant life. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke. Spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors, chests, arcs, sleighs, and children's toys were decorated with Gorodets painting.

That's what it says V.S. Ravens about Gorodets painting:

The Nizhny Novgorod manner presents us with the most clean option genuine pictorial art that has overcome the limits of graphic captivity and is based solely on the elements of painting.

Mezen painting

Mezen painting on wood (palashchelsky painting) is a special type of painting of household utensils, in particular spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, brothers, which developed by the end of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. Since ancient times, these places, like all the seaside, were inhabited by the Old Believers. And from December 1664 to February 1666 Archpriest Avvakum was in exile in Mezen itself. The oldest surviving spinning wheel with Mezen painting dates back to 1815.

The artistic motifs of the Mezen painting can be found in handwritten books of the 18th century, which were made in Pomorie. The main colors of the Mezen painting are black and red. The main motifs of the geometric ornament are disks, rhombuses, crosses. The painted object was covered with drying oil, which protected the paint from erasing and gave the product a golden color.

At the end of the 19th century, Mezen painting was concentrated in the village of Palashchelye, where entire families of craftsmen worked: the Aksenovs, Novikovs, Fedotovs, Kuzmins, Shishovs. In the mid 1960s. Mezen painting was revived by the descendants of the old palashchel masters: F.M. Fedotov in the village of Palaschelye and S.F. and I.S. Fatyanova in the village of Selishche. The exhibition of Mezen spinning wheels in 2018 was the first event in the newly opened Museum. Gilyarovsky, in Stoleshnikov Lane in Moscow.

Vologda lace is a Russian craft that originated in the Vologda region in the 16th century. Lace is woven on bobbins (wooden sticks). As a separate craft with its own characteristic features, Vologda lace was already known in the 17th-18th centuries. However, until the 19th century, lace-making was a domestic craft, it was done, first of all, by private craftswomen. With the increasing popularity of Vologda lace, the production of products was put on stream. In the 19th century, lace factories appeared in the vicinity of Vologda.

All the main images in the Vologda coupling lace are made with a dense, continuous braid of the same width. For the manufacture of Vologda lace, a cushion-roller, juniper or birch bobbins, pins, and a chip are used. A typical material for Vologda lace is linen.

The plots of Vologda lace are very different - from floral ornaments to figured compositions. In Vologda lace, you can find Christian and ancient folk symbols.

Yelets lace is no less famous. It is woven on bobbins. This type of lace originated at the beginning of the 19th century in the city of Yelets.

Lace is distinguished by a soft contrast of a small pattern (vegetative and geometric) and a thin openwork background.

It is believed that Yelets lace is lighter and more elegant than Vologda lace.

Mtsensk lace is a type of Russian lace, which is woven on bobbins.

Mtsensk lace appeared in the city of Mtsensk, Oryol region, in the 18th century. This became possible thanks to the local landowner Protasova, who gathered craftswomen from different corners Russia and founded a manufactory - the largest lace production in Russia at that time.

A distinctive feature is the use of geometric motifs. Compared to Vologda lace, the pattern in it is less dense and saturated, as experts say - more "airy".

At the beginning of the 18th century, craftswomen engaged in the manufacture of lace appeared in the Vyatka province. However, the production of lace acquired an industrial scale only in the second half of the 19th century. This trade is carried out by craftswomen from peasants. In 1893, in the Kukarka settlement of the Yaransky district of the Vyatka province, a zemstvo school of lacemakers was organized. The forms of products are diverse and sometimes unusual: these are vests, braids of scarves, collars, napkins with patterns in the form of butterflies, lush flowers, whimsical loops.

The most interesting products from Vyatka lace were created in the Soviet era. These achievements are associated with the name of the famous lace artist, laureate of the Repin State Prize of Russia Anfisa Fedorovna Blinova. Her works are in the Tretyakov Gallery, the Russian Museum, the Russian Art Fund, the Moscow Research Institute of Art Industry.

In the conditions of the economic crisis of the 90s of the XX century, the lace factory located in the city of Sovetsk (the former settlement of Kukarka) was closed. Only quite recently, in 2012, a production cooperative artel "Kukarskoe lace" was created in the city, gradually reviving the traditions of the old craft.

Orenburg downy shawl - a knitted shawl made from the unique down of Orenburg goats, applied to a special base (cotton, silk or other material).

This craft originated in the Orenburg province in the 18th century. Products are very thin, like cobwebs, but they usually have a complex pattern and are used as decoration. The thinness of the product is often determined by 2 parameters: whether the product passes through the ring and whether it fits in a goose egg.

In the middle of the 19th century, downy shawls were presented at exhibitions in European countries, where they received international recognition. Repeated attempts were made, including abroad, to open the production of such down for the needs light industry. However, they were not successful. It turned out that in order to obtain such a thin and warm down goats require quite severe climatic conditions and certain nutrition, the totality of which is possible only on the territory of the Orenburg Territory.

In the middle of the 19th century, in the city of Pavlovsky Posad, they began to produce woolen scarves with the so-called printed pattern, which was applied to the fabric using forms with a relief pattern. Pavloposad shawls are traditionally black or red products with a three-dimensional floral pattern.

In the 70s. In the 19th century, the palette of scarves familiar to us was formed, the range of scarves with naturalistic floral motifs expanded. Craftswomen prefer images of garden flowers, especially roses and dahlias.

Until the 1970s, the drawing was applied to the fabric with wooden carved forms: the outline of the drawing - with boards - "manners", the drawing itself - with "flowers". Creating a scarf required up to 400 overlays. Since the 1970s, dye has been applied to fabric using silk and nylon mesh patterns. This allows you to increase the number of colors, the elegance of the pattern and improves the quality of production.

Krestetskaya stitch (or Krestetskaya embroidery) is a folk craft that has developed since the 1860s in the Krestetsky district of the Novgorod province, since ancient times inhabited by Old Believers.

The Krestetskaya line is the most labor-intensive and complicated line embroidery in the execution technique.

Embroidery was performed on linen fabric, and the threads, warp and weft were cut and pulled out of the fabric, forming gaps, like a net. This fabric was used to create a variety of patterns and embroideries. Krestets embroidery was used to decorate garments, curtains, and towels.

Kasli casting - artistic products (sculptures, lattices, architectural elements, etc.) made of cast iron and bronze, produced at the iron foundry in the city of Kasli.

This plant was founded in 1749 by the Old Believer merchant Yakov Korobkov, who arrived here with his family from Tula. He was guided by the decree of Peter I, which read:

It is allowed to everyone and everyone, the will is given, no matter what rank and dignity, in all places, both on their own and on foreign lands, to search, melt, cook, clean all kinds of metals and minerals.

Sculpture "Russia" N.A. Laveretsky, Kasli casting, 1896

Most of the plant workers were also Old Believers who arrived from different places in the Urals, where the persecution of the old faith was not so noticeable.

The traditions of Kasli casting - the graphic clarity of the silhouette, the combination of carefully finished details and generalized planes with an energetic play of highlights - developed in the 19th century. During this period, the owners of the plant attracted new talented sculptors, artists, chasers and moulders. Kasli casting products received the Grand Prix award at the prestigious Paris World Exhibition of Applied Arts in 1900.

The Shemogoda slotted birch bark, which originates in the Vologda region, has gained particular popularity. Birch bark, despite its apparent fragility, is quite durable and durable material. Vologda craftsmen make a variety of baskets, dishes, tuesas, jewelry, and even shoes and clothes.

The peculiarity of these products is that a natural floral ornament, leaves and berries, flowers and stems, animals and people are intertwined with the traditional pattern. The traditional patterns of the Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark are engraved on birch bark sheets with a blunt awl and cut with a sharp knife, removing the background. Under the lace is sometimes enclosed colored paper or another layer of birch bark; carving is complemented by embossing. In the 19th century, these products were called " birch bark lace».

In Soviet times, items made from Shemogoda birch bark were considered a symbol of the Russian forest and were in demand among foreigners. At the same time, a birch bark carving workshop was organized at the Shemogodsk furniture factory (Vologda region). And today, not a single Russian fair is complete without birch bark dishes.

This Russian craft originated among professional woodcarvers from Nizhny Novgorod. Masters use the tubular bone of cattle as the main raw material - “ tarsus and horn. Also, for the manufacture of expensive types of products, rarer and more valuable types of mammoth and walrus bones are used.

Varnavinskaya bone carving is used mainly in the manufacture of women's jewelry (hairpins, combs, hairpins, combs, brooches, pendants, beads, necklaces, pendants, bracelets, earrings, rings, rings), caskets, caskets, fountain pens, decorative dishes and other souvenirs.

The peculiarity of such products lies in the absolute originality and individuality. Each item is made by hand, without any templates and stamps.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving is an artistic craft of woodcarving, which was formed at the end of the 19th century in the vicinity of the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow.

Using this technique, they made ladles, dishes, vases and caskets, as well as any items of home decor and household items. The peculiarity of these products is the predominance of various curls, rosettes, twigs, tinting and polishing of wood.

The heyday of this craft falls on the Soviet period of time - 20-40s. Orders for workers of the Kudrin artel "Vozrozhdeniye" came even from the Tretyakov Gallery. Historical and modern products made in the style of Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk carving were presented at the international exhibition in Paris in 1937. After the collapse of the USSR, the Kudrinsk carving factory was closed. Today, the craft is preserved thanks to the work of private craftsmen.

The history of Gusev crystal began in 1756, when the Oryol merchant Akim Maltsov founded the first glass factory on the banks of the Gus River in dense Meshchera forests.

The first mention of the Gus volost dates back to the 17th century. When the construction of glass manufactories in the Moscow region was banned due to excessive deforestation, the first crystal factory was built in the village of Gus on the river of the same name, craftsmen for which were specially brought from Mozhaisk. Thus began the history of not just production, but a whole folk craft that continues to flourish to this day.

Now the plant is primarily famous for its artistic glass. Gusev artists, taking into account the peculiarities of the material, give it a highly artistic expressiveness, skillfully using color, form, and decor.

Filigree

Filigree (or filigree) is a jewelry craft that uses an openwork or soldered pattern of thin gold, silver, etc. on a metal background. wire. The elements of the filigree pattern are very diverse: rope, lace, weaving, herringbone, path, smooth surface. The individual elements of the filigree are connected into a single whole by soldering. Often filigree is combined with grain - small metal balls that are soldered into pre-prepared cells (recesses). The grain creates an effective texture, a play of light and shade, thanks to which the products acquire a particularly elegant, sophisticated look. The materials for filigree products are alloys of gold, silver and platinum, as well as copper, brass, cupronickel, nickel silver. Jewelry made in the filigree technique is oxidized and silvered. Filigree is often combined with enamel (including enamel), engraving, and chasing.

Filigree products were produced in royal or monastic workshops. In the 18th century, large filigree products were made, along with stones, crystal and mother-of-pearl were widely used. At the same time, small silver things became widespread: vases, salt shakers, caskets. Since the 19th century, filigree products have already been produced by factories in large quantities. This is expensive dishes, and church utensils and much more.

Scanning centers today are:

• The village of Kazakovo in the Vachsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region, where the enterprise of art products is located, which produces unique jewelry products using the most ancient technique artistic processing metal - filigree.
• The village of Krasnoe-on-Volga, Kostroma Region, here is the Krasnoselsky School of Artistic Metalworking, the main task of which is to preserve the traditional Krasnoselsky jewelry craft - filigree, enamel, chasing and more.
• The city of Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod region, where the technical school of folk arts and crafts of Russia is located.

Enamel

Enamel - manufacturing works of art using vitreous powder, enamel on a metal substrate. The glass coating is durable and does not fade over time; enamel products are distinguished by their special brightness and purity of colors. Enamel acquires desired color after firing with additives for which metal salts are used. For example, gold additives give the glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt - blue color and copper is green.

Vologda (Usolskaya) enamel - traditional painting on white enamel. The craft originated in the 17th century in Solvychegodsk. Later, they began to engage in similar enamel in Vologda. Initially, the main motive was plant compositions painted on a copper base: floral ornaments, birds, animals, including mythological ones. However, at the beginning of the 18th century, monophonic enamel (white, blue and green) became popular. Only in the 1970s of the XX century did the revival of the “Usolskaya” multi-color enamel by Vologda artists begin. Production continues to this day.

There is also Rostov enamel - a Russian folk art craft that has existed since the 18th century in the city of Rostov Veliky, Yaroslavl Region. Miniature images are made on enamel with transparent refractory paints, which were invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Tutin.

Malachite products

Malachite is a green mineral with rich hues that lends itself well to processing. The stone can be from light green to black-green, and the first craft is more than 10 thousand years old. Dense varieties of malachite good color and with beautiful pattern are highly valued, since the end of the 18th century they have been used for facing flat surfaces. Since the beginning of the 19th century, malachite has been used to create volumetric works - vases, bowls, dishes.

Malachite gained wide popularity outside of Russia thanks to the orders of the World Exhibition in London in 1851, prepared by. Thanks to the Demidovs, since the 1830s, malachite began to be used as a material for architectural decoration: the first malachite hall was created by order of P.N. Demidov architect O. Montferrand in a mansion in St. Petersburg on the street. B. Morskaya, 43. Luxurious interior work with malachite was made in St. Isaac's Cathedral. Malachite is also used to make jewelry. The technique of facing with malachite is called " Russian mosaic". It is based on the principle that was used by European craftsmen to reduce the cost of lapis lazuli products back in the 17th century: thinly sawn stone plates cover the surface of an object made of metal or cheap stone. This creates the illusion of carving from a monolith.

Tales of the Russian writer Pavel Petrovich Bazhov, who began his career as a teacher in a school in the remote Ural village of Shaydurikha, inhabited by Old Believers, are dedicated to the malachite craft. The writer took a lot from them. interesting stories and legends related to life in the Urals and folklore customs of the local population.

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Painted objects, toys and fabric products are taken away by foreign tourists in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

Dymkovo toy


The Dymkovo toy is a symbol of the Kirov region, emphasizing its rich and ancient history. It is molded from clay, then dried and fired in a kiln. After that, it is painted by hand, each time creating a unique copy. No two toys are the same.

Zhostovo painting


At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the villages near Moscow in the former Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district), and they painted lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, tea caddies, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style began to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Khokhloma


Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden utensils, which is loved not only by connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also by residents of foreign countries.

Intricately intertwined herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background can be admired endlessly. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented on the most insignificant occasion, leave the kindest and longest memory of the donor in the recipient.

Gorodets painting


Gorodets painting has existed since the middle of the 19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figures of horses, roosters, floral ornaments. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke, decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.

Filigree


Filigree is one of ancient species artistic processing of metal. Elements of a filigree pattern are very diverse: in the form of a rope, lace, weaving, Christmas trees, paths, smooth surface. Weaves are made of very thin gold or silver wires, so they look light and fragile.

Ural malachite


Known deposits of malachite are in the Urals, Africa, South Australia and the USA, however, in terms of color and beauty of patterns, malachite from foreign countries cannot be compared with the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable in the world market.

Gusevskoy crystal


Products made at the crystal factory in the city of Gus-Khrustalny can be found in museums around the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for the festive table, elegant jewelry, boxes, handmade figurines reflect the beauty of native nature, its customs and native Russian values. Colored crystal products are especially popular.

Matryoshka


A round-faced and plump cheerful girl in a scarf and a Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.

Now the nesting doll is not just a folk toy, the keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which game scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with sights are finely drawn. Matryoshka has become a precious collectible that can cost more than one hundred dollars.

Enamel


Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which have rapidly “entered” into modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This type of applied art originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.

Masters depicted floral ornaments, birds, animals on white enamel using a variety of colors. Then the art of multi-colored enamel began to be lost, it began to be replaced by monochromatic enamel: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

Tula samovar


In his free time, Fyodor Lisitsyn, an employee of the Tula Arms Plant, liked to make something from copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a samovar establishment, where they sold copper products, which were wildly successful.

Lisitsyn's samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars with dolphin-shaped taps, loop-shaped handles, and painted ones.

Palekh miniature


Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russian folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.

Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is made on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of caskets of various shapes and sizes.

gzhel

Gzhel bush, a district of 27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clays, which have been mined here since the middle of the 17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel masters began to produce semi-faience, faience and porcelain. Of particular interest are still products painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic rendering of details.

Pavlovo Posad shawls


Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a handkerchief manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with a printed pattern, very popular at that time.

Now the original drawings are complemented by various elements such as fringe, created in different colors and remain a great accessory to almost any look.

Vologda lace


Vologda lace is woven on wooden sticks, bobbins. All images are made with a dense, continuous, uniform in width, smoothly wriggling linen braid. They clearly stand out against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with elements in the form of stars and rosettes.

Shemogoda carved birch bark


Shemogod carving is a traditional Russian folk art craft of birch bark carving. The ornaments of Shemogoda carvers are called "birch lace" and are used in the manufacture of caskets, boxes, tea caddies, pencil cases, tuesov, dishes, plates, cigarette cases.

The symmetrical pattern of Shemogoda carving consists of floral ornaments, circles, rhombuses, and ovals. Images of birds or animals, architectural motifs, and sometimes even scenes of walking in the garden and drinking tea can be inscribed in the drawing.

Tula gingerbread




Tula gingerbread is a Russian delicacy. Without these sweet and fragrant products, not a single event took place in Russia - neither cheerful nor sad. Gingerbread was served both at the royal table and at the peasant table. The traditional form is given to the gingerbread with the help of a board with a carved ornament.

Orenburg downy shawl

Shawls are knitted from natural goat down and are amazingly delicate, beautiful, warm and practical. Openwork shawls are so thin and elegant that they can be threaded through a wedding ring. They are valued by women all over the world and are considered a wonderful gift.