Occupation "traditions and crafts of the Russian people". Craft types

Since ancient times, dishes and other household items made of ceramics have been widely known in Russia. One of the most famous settlements of Russia, whose inhabitants were engaged in the manufacture of ceramic porcelain dishes, is Gzhel (now the city is located on the territory of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region). Since the 17th century, and even earlier, Gzhel has been the most famous center for the manufacture of porcelain and ceramics. The products of local craftsmen are distributed throughout Russia. It should be noted that in the old days this city was one of the centers of the Old Believers-priests. The heyday of Gzhel came at the time of the activity of the Association for the Production of Porcelain and Faience Products M.S. Kuznetsov" in the late XIX - early XX century.

The formation of the Gzhel color palette familiar to us falls on the beginning of the 19th century. Researchers point out that since the 1820s, an increasing number of Gzhel products were painted white and painted exclusively with blue paint. Today, blue painting is a characteristic feature of Gzhel products. The popularity of such dishes turned out to be so great that similar products began to be created in other areas, but they had a similar blue-and-white ornament. There have also been many fakes.

Experts say that only author's works that formed the Gzhel style familiar to us in the 80s of the XX century can be called authentic Gzhel products. These are the works of such artists as Azarova, Denisov, Neplyuev, Fedorovskaya, Oleinikov, Tsaregorodtsev, Podgornaya, Garanin, Simonov and others. Each of these masters puts on the product a personal signature or a stamp of the company where he works. If the master is an employee of the enterprise, then his products are transferred to the production workshop for the purpose of replication.

Zhostovo painting

In the middle of the XVIII century in the Urals, where the metallurgical plants of the Demidovs were located, a new type of craft was born. Local craftsmen began to paint metal trays. It is interesting that such workshops appeared in cities where a large part of the population were Old Believers, who still have prayer houses and churches there. These are Nizhny Tagil, Nevyansk and Vyisk, founded in 1722. So the so-called Tagil trays appeared. The industrialists Demidovs, who oversaw this craft, were very concerned about the quality and artistic value of the products. In order to educate and train professional personnel, they founded a school in 1806. The historical style of Tagil trays was created thanks to this school and its most authoritative teacher - a graduate of the Imperial Academy of Arts V.I. Albychev.

Painted Tagil trays were sold all over the country. Similar products began to try to produce in other places. The most successful such attempt was the organization of the production of painted trays in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow province. The trays made there became famous in the first half of the 19th century. Since then, this type of craft has received the name "Zhostovo painting". Until now, the craft of painting a tray has been preserved only in Nizhny Tagil and Zhostovo. The painting is done mainly on a black background (occasionally on red, blue, green).

The main motives of the painting are: flower bouquets, both lush garden and small wild flowers; Ural landscapes or ancient cities. On some old trays you can see people, fabulous birds. Painted trays are used either for their intended purpose (as a samovar, for serving dinner), or for decoration. The shape of the trays are divided into round, octagonal, rectangular, oval.

Palekh miniature

After the October Revolution and the beginning of the persecution of religion, Palekh icon painters had to look for a new way to earn money. Thus, many retrained as masters of lacquer miniatures. This type of miniature is made in tempera on papier-mâché. As a rule, caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, needle cases and more are painted. The painting is done in gold on a black background. The original technology of the last century, which was used by the first Palekh craftsmen in the 1920s and 30s of the 20th century, has been partially preserved.

The characteristic plots of Palekh miniatures are borrowed from everyday life, literary works classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. Many plots are devoted to the events of history, including the revolution and civil war. There is a cycle of miniatures dedicated to space exploration. Since the beginning of the 21st century, among some masters working in the Palekh style, there has been a tendency to return to icon-painting subjects.

Fedoskino miniature is another type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting. Performed oil paints on papier-mache. Unlike the miniatures of Palekh, the techniques of which came from icon painting, the Fedoskino miniature was originally formed as a type applied arts, hence the more “earthly” style of writing.

The Fedoskino miniature originated at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino in the Moscow province. The main motifs of the miniature: "troikas", "tea parties", scenes from the life of peasants. Caskets and caskets, which were decorated with complex multi-figured compositions - copies of paintings by Russian and Western European artists, were most highly valued.

In the 19th century, the Fedoskino miniature served mostly decorative purposes. In the middle of the 20th century, the author's direction began to develop. The plots of miniatures began to become more complicated.

Khokhloma

Nizhny Novgorod decorative Khokhloma painting. The craft originated in the 17th century in the village of Khokhloma. It is located on the territory of the former Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province, known in the old days for large Old Believer monasteries, such as the Sharpansky and Olenevsky sketes. It is no coincidence that in the famous novel by Andrei Melnikov (Pechersky), the Old Believers of the Semenovsky district are engaged in the manufacture of wooden utensils. They also did this in Khokhloma. Khokhloma masters nevertheless became known throughout Russia for their unusual bright paintings. They painted wooden utensils and furniture. Mostly black, red, golden, sometimes green colors were used.

In order to achieve the golden color characteristic of Khokhloma, local craftsmen apply silver tin powder to the surface of the product when painting. After that, they are varnished and baked three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-gold color, which gives the light wooden utensils a massive effect.

Thanks to this technology that creates an unusual color, Khokhloma has become popular all over the world. Plates and spoons made in this style began to be perceived in the 20th century as a symbol of Russian national dishes.

Gorodets painting appeared in the middle of the 19th century in the area of ​​the ancient city of Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod province. Through the efforts of the Old Believers, Gorodets became a center of wooden shipbuilding and bread trade with all-Russian fame. Merchants-Old Believers donated significant sums for the construction of churches, for the maintenance of hospitals, orphanages, public education and improvement of the city.

Gorodets painting is bright and concise. The main themes of the painting are scenes from fairy tales, figurines of horses, birds, flowers, peasant and merchant life. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke. Spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors, chests, arcs, sleighs, and children's toys were decorated with Gorodets painting.

That's what it says V.S. Ravens about Gorodets painting:

The Nizhny Novgorod style presents us with the purest version of genuine pictorial art, which has overcome the limits of graphic captivity and is based solely on the elements of painting.

Mezen painting

Mezen painting on wood (palashchelsky painting) is a special type of painting of household utensils, in particular spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, brothers, which developed by the end of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. Since ancient times, these places, like all the seaside, were inhabited by the Old Believers. And from December 1664 to February 1666 Archpriest Avvakum was in exile in Mezen itself. The oldest surviving spinning wheel with Mezen painting dates back to 1815.

The artistic motifs of the Mezen painting can be found in handwritten books of the 18th century, which were made in Pomorie. The main colors of the Mezen painting are black and red. The main motifs of the geometric ornament are disks, rhombuses, crosses. The painted object was covered with drying oil, which protected the paint from erasing and gave the product a golden color.

At the end of the 19th century, Mezen painting was concentrated in the village of Palashchelye, where entire families of craftsmen worked: the Aksenovs, Novikovs, Fedotovs, Kuzmins, Shishovs. In the mid 1960s. Mezen painting was revived by the descendants of the old palashchel masters: F.M. Fedotov in the village of Palaschelye and S.F. and I.S. Fatyanova in the village of Selishche. The exhibition of Mezen spinning wheels in 2018 was the first event in the newly opened Museum. Gilyarovsky, in Stoleshnikov Lane in Moscow.

Vologda lace is a Russian craft that originated in the Vologda region in the 16th century. Lace is woven on bobbins (wooden sticks). As a separate craft with its own characteristic features, Vologda lace was already known in the 17th-18th centuries. However, until the 19th century, lace-making was a domestic craft, it was done, first of all, by private craftswomen. With the increasing popularity of Vologda lace, the production of products was put on stream. In the 19th century, lace factories appeared in the vicinity of Vologda.

All the main images in the Vologda coupling lace are made with a dense, continuous braid of the same width. For the manufacture of Vologda lace, a cushion-roller, juniper or birch bobbins, pins, and a chip are used. A typical material for Vologda lace is linen.

The plots of Vologda lace are very different - from floral ornaments to figured compositions. In Vologda lace, you can find Christian and ancient folk symbols.

Yelets lace is no less famous. It is woven on bobbins. This type of lace originated at the beginning of the 19th century in the city of Yelets.

Lace is distinguished by a soft contrast of a small pattern (vegetative and geometric) and a thin openwork background.

It is believed that Yelets lace is lighter and more elegant than Vologda lace.

Mtsensk lace is a type of Russian lace, which is woven on bobbins.

Mtsensk lace appeared in the city of Mtsensk, Oryol region, in the 18th century. This became possible thanks to the local landowner Protasova, who gathered craftswomen from different parts of Russia and founded a manufactory - the largest lace production in Russia at that time.

A distinctive feature is the use of geometric motifs. Compared to Vologda lace, the pattern in it is less dense and saturated, as experts say - more "airy".

At the beginning of the 18th century, craftswomen engaged in the manufacture of lace appeared in the Vyatka province. However, the production of lace acquired an industrial scale only in the second half of the 19th century. This trade is carried out by craftswomen from peasants. In 1893, in the Kukarka settlement of the Yaransky district of the Vyatka province, a zemstvo school of lacemakers was organized. The forms of products are diverse and sometimes unusual: these are vests, braids of scarves, collars, napkins with patterns in the form of butterflies, lush flowers, whimsical loops.

The most interesting products from Vyatka lace were created in Soviet time. These achievements are associated with the name of the famous lace artist, laureate of the Repin State Prize of Russia Anfisa Fedorovna Blinova. Her works are in the Tretyakov Gallery, the Russian Museum, the Russian Art Fund, the Moscow Research Institute of Art Industry.

In the conditions of the economic crisis of the 90s of the XX century, the lace factory located in the city of Sovetsk (the former settlement of Kukarka) was closed. Only quite recently, in 2012, a production cooperative artel "Kukarskoe lace" was created in the city, gradually reviving the traditions of the old craft.

Orenburg downy shawl - a knitted shawl made from the unique down of Orenburg goats, applied to a special base (cotton, silk or other material).

This craft originated in the Orenburg province in the 18th century. Products are very thin, like cobwebs, but they usually have a complex pattern and are used as decoration. The thinness of the product is often determined by 2 parameters: whether the product passes through the ring and whether it fits in a goose egg.

In the middle of the 19th century, downy shawls were presented at exhibitions in European countries, where they received international recognition. Repeated attempts were made, including abroad, to open the production of such down for the needs of light industry. However, they were not successful. It turned out that in order to obtain such a thin and warm fluff in goats, quite severe climatic conditions and certain nutrition, the totality of which is possible only on the territory of the Orenburg Territory.

In the middle of the 19th century, in the city of Pavlovsky Posad, they began to produce woolen scarves with the so-called printed pattern, which was applied to the fabric using forms with a relief pattern. Pavloposad shawls are traditionally black or red products with a three-dimensional floral pattern.

In the 70s. In the 19th century, the palette of scarves familiar to us was formed, the range of scarves with naturalistic floral motifs expanded. Craftswomen prefer images of garden flowers, especially roses and dahlias.

Until the 1970s, the drawing was applied to the fabric with wooden carved forms: the outline of the drawing - with boards - "manners", the drawing itself - with "flowers". Creating a scarf required up to 400 overlays. Since the 1970s, dye has been applied to fabric using silk and nylon mesh patterns. This allows you to increase the number of colors, the elegance of the pattern and improves the quality of production.

Krestetskaya stitch (or Krestetskaya embroidery) is a folk craft that has developed since the 1860s in the Krestetsky district of the Novgorod province, since ancient times inhabited by Old Believers.

The Krestetskaya line is the most labor-intensive and complicated line embroidery in the execution technique.

Embroidery was performed on linen fabric, and the threads, warp and weft were cut and pulled out of the fabric, forming gaps, like a net. This fabric was used to create a variety of patterns and embroideries. Krestets embroidery was used to decorate garments, curtains, and towels.

Kasli casting - artistic products (sculpture, lattices, architectural elements, etc.) made of cast iron and bronze, produced at the iron foundry in the city of Kasli.

This plant was founded in 1749 by the Old Believer merchant Yakov Korobkov, who arrived here with his family from Tula. He was guided by the decree of Peter I, which read:

It is allowed to everyone and everyone, the will is given, no matter what rank and dignity, in all places, both on their own and on foreign lands, to search, melt, cook, clean all kinds of metals and minerals.

Sculpture "Russia" N.A. Laveretsky, Kasli casting, 1896

Most of the plant workers were also Old Believers who arrived from different places in the Urals, where the persecution of the old faith was not so noticeable.

The traditions of Kasli casting - the graphic clarity of the silhouette, the combination of carefully finished details and generalized planes with an energetic play of highlights - developed in the 19th century. During this period, the owners of the plant attracted new talented sculptors, artists, chasers and moulders. Kasli casting products received the Grand Prix award at the prestigious Paris World Exhibition of Applied Arts in 1900.

The Shemogoda slotted birch bark, which originates in the Vologda region, has gained particular popularity. Birch bark, despite its apparent fragility, is a fairly strong and durable material. Vologda craftsmen make a variety of baskets, dishes, tuesas, jewelry, and even shoes and clothes.

The peculiarity of these products is that a natural floral ornament, leaves and berries, flowers and stems, animals and people are intertwined with the traditional pattern. The traditional patterns of the Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark are engraved on birch bark sheets with a blunt awl and cut with a sharp knife, removing the background. Colored paper or another layer of birch bark is sometimes placed under the openwork; carving is complemented by embossing. In the 19th century, these products were called " birch bark lace».

In Soviet times, items made from Shemogoda birch bark were considered a symbol of the Russian forest and were in demand among foreigners. At the same time, a birch bark carving workshop was organized at the Shemogodsk furniture factory (Vologda region). And today, not a single Russian fair is complete without birch bark dishes.

This Russian craft originated among professional woodcarvers from Nizhny Novgorod. Masters use the tubular bone of cattle as the main raw material - “ tarsus and horn. Also, for the manufacture of expensive types of products, rarer and more valuable types of mammoth and walrus bones are used.

Varnavinskaya bone carving is used mainly in the manufacture of women's jewelry (hairpins, combs, hairpins, combs, brooches, pendants, beads, necklaces, pendants, bracelets, earrings, rings, rings), caskets, caskets, fountain pens, decorative dishes and other souvenirs.

The peculiarity of such products lies in the absolute originality and individuality. Each item is made by hand, without any templates and stamps.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving is an artistic craft of woodcarving, which was formed at the end of the 19th century in the vicinity of the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow.

Using this technique, they made ladles, dishes, vases and caskets, as well as any items of home decor and household items. The peculiarity of these products is the predominance of various curls, rosettes, twigs, tinting and polishing of wood.

The heyday of this craft falls on the Soviet period of time - 20-40s. Orders for workers of the Kudrin artel "Vozrozhdeniye" came even from the Tretyakov Gallery. Historical and modern products made in the style of Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk carving were presented at the international exhibition in Paris in 1937. After the collapse of the USSR, the Kudrinsk carving factory was closed. Today, the craft is preserved thanks to the work of private craftsmen.

The history of Gusev crystal began in 1756, when the Oryol merchant Akim Maltsov founded the first glass factory on the banks of the Gus River in dense Meshchera forests.

The first mention of the Gus volost dates back to the 17th century. When the construction of glass manufactories in the Moscow region was banned due to excessive deforestation, the first crystal factory was built in the village of Gus on the river of the same name, craftsmen for which were specially brought from Mozhaisk. Thus began the history of not just production, but a whole folk craft that continues to flourish to this day.

Now the plant is primarily famous for its artistic glass. Gusev artists, taking into account the peculiarities of the material, give it a highly artistic expressiveness, skillfully using color, form, and decor.

Filigree

Filigree (or filigree) is a jewelry craft that uses an openwork or soldered pattern of thin gold, silver, etc. on a metal background. wire. The elements of the filigree pattern are very diverse: rope, lace, weaving, herringbone, path, smooth surface. The individual elements of the filigree are connected into a single whole by soldering. Often filigree is combined with grain - small metal balls that are soldered into pre-prepared cells (recesses). The grain creates an effective texture, a play of light and shade, thanks to which the products acquire a particularly elegant, sophisticated look. The materials for filigree products are alloys of gold, silver and platinum, as well as copper, brass, cupronickel, nickel silver. Jewelry made in the filigree technique is oxidized and silvered. Filigree is often combined with enamel (including enamel), engraving, and chasing.

Filigree products were produced in royal or monastic workshops. In the 18th century, large filigree products were made, along with stones, crystal and mother-of-pearl were widely used. At the same time, small silver things became widespread: vases, salt shakers, caskets. Since the 19th century, filigree products have already been produced by factories in large quantities. This is expensive dishes, and church utensils and much more.

Scanning centers today are:

• The village of Kazakovo in the Vachsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region, where the enterprise of art products is located, which produces unique jewelry products using the most ancient technique of artistic metal processing - filigree.
• The village of Krasnoe-on-Volga, Kostroma Region, here is the Krasnoselsky School of Artistic Metalworking, the main task of which is to preserve the traditional Krasnoselsky jewelry craft - filigree, enamel, chasing and more.
• The city of Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod region, where the technical school of folk arts and crafts of Russia is located.

Enamel

Enamel is the production of works of art using vitreous powder, enamel on a metal substrate. The glass coating is durable and does not fade over time; enamel products are distinguished by their special brightness and purity of colors. Enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives for which metal salts are used. For example, gold additives give glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt a blue color, and copper a green color.

Vologda (Usolskaya) enamel - traditional painting on white enamel. The craft originated in the 17th century in Solvychegodsk. Later, they began to engage in similar enamel in Vologda. Initially, the main motive was plant compositions painted on a copper base: floral ornaments, birds, animals, including mythological ones. However, at the beginning of the 18th century, monophonic enamel (white, blue and green) became popular. Only in the 1970s of the XX century did the revival of the “Usolskaya” multi-color enamel by Vologda artists begin. Production continues to this day.

There is also Rostov enamel - a Russian folk art craft that has existed since the 18th century in the city of Rostov Veliky, Yaroslavl Region. Miniature images are made on enamel with transparent refractory paints, which were invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Tutin.

Malachite products

Malachite is a green mineral with rich hues that lends itself well to processing. The stone can be from light green to black-green, and the first craft is more than 10 thousand years old. Dense varieties of malachite of good color and beautiful pattern are highly valued and have been used since the end of the 18th century for facing flat surfaces. Since the beginning of the 19th century, malachite has been used to create volumetric works - vases, bowls, dishes.

Malachite gained wide popularity outside of Russia thanks to the orders of the World Exhibition in London in 1851, prepared by. Thanks to the Demidovs, since the 1830s, malachite began to be used as a material for architectural decoration: the first malachite hall was created by order of P.N. Demidov architect O. Montferrand in a mansion in St. Petersburg on the street. B. Morskaya, 43. Luxurious interior work with malachite was made in St. Isaac's Cathedral. Malachite is also used to make jewelry. The technique of facing with malachite is called " Russian mosaic". It is based on the principle that was used by European craftsmen to reduce the cost of lapis lazuli products back in the 17th century: thinly sawn stone plates cover the surface of an object made of metal or cheap stone. This creates the illusion of carving from a monolith.

Tales of the Russian writer Pavel Petrovich Bazhov, who began his career as a teacher in a school in the remote Ural village of Shaydurikha, inhabited by Old Believers, are dedicated to the malachite craft. From them, the writer adopted many interesting stories and legends related to life in the Urals and the folklore customs of the local population.

Pottery is one of the oldest folk craft Already Trypillian pottery testifies to the delicate aesthetic taste of the ancient potters, their high skill. Pottery carries valuable information about the ethnographic features of the life of the ancient tribes and peoples who inhabited our land in the past. Ancient cities have disappeared, items made of linen and leather have decayed, metal items have become rusty, but the pot dug out by archaeologists speaks to us on behalf of a nameless potter who lived thousands of years ago. Having information about the geomagnetic field of the Earth, scientists determine the age of pottery to 25 years (a pot burned on fire, having become magnetized, remains so for many centuries).

Ceramics (gr.keramos - clay) during the Middle Ages suffered technological innovations: the use of a potter's wheel, underfloor painting, the production of tiles in the t. In the 17th century. in Ukraine, one of the varieties of ceramics spread - majolica, which was widely used in many cities of Ukraine, although the centers of its production were only in Kyiv, Nizhyn. Ichne, and later - in Onishni and Kosovo. Majolica products made of colored clay, covered with glaze and painted in folk style, still adorn the dwellings of modern Ukrainians. Popular today and ceramic plastic: toy and sculpture.

Among ceramic products there are bowls, plates, jugs, cups, bowls, jugs, mugs, jars, kegs. Traditions of pottery production and decoration in different regions have their own diversity. Among the products of ceramic plastics are lambs, lions, horses, deer, birds, children's whistles, plot sets of sculptures.

Ukrainian pottery is characterized by traditionalism, plastic expressiveness, folk decorativeness and simplicity, which gives the original art of national color. Now ceramic crafts exist in Vinnitsa, Kolomyia, Kosovo, Mukachevo, Odessa, Opishni, Uzhgorod, Cherkassy and other cities and villages of Ukraine. About thirty associations, art combines, factories and factories produce ceramics in the style traditional for folk art.

Metal processing. Bronze casting production in Ukraine, as archaeologists have proved, has been known since Trypillia times. Traditions of ore mining have been preserved in Ukraine from Kievan Rus. Old Russian blacksmiths were familiar with the technological methods of forging, welding and heat treatment of metals. They made tools, horse harness, spearheads, axes, chain mail and various household items. In Russia, there were more than 16 blacksmith crafts. The processing of non-ferrous metals has also reached a high development: copper, bronze, silver, gold.

Jewelry by ancient Russian craftsmen was noted for its artistic sophistication and perfection of drawings. Archaeologists, in addition to finished products, find a significant number of molds for making jewelry. Traditional jewelry technologies in Kievan Rus are chasing, embossing, stamping, niello, granulation, filigree. The hard way ornamentation of jewelry, traditional for the Kiev region, - cloisonne enamel. Later, this art of enamellers spread to other lands of Kievan Rus, in particular Galich.

Rich collections of museums in Kyiv Chernigov. Kharkov and Lvov testify to a significantly higher level of jewelry art of Kievan Rus compared to Western European countries. Ancient bracelets, earrings, kolts, tiaras, hryvnias, medallions, lancelets, rings still amaze with their incomparable beauty, delicacy, and perfect sophistication. Jewelry from the time of Kievan Rus is rightfully considered a masterpiece of world art.

"Currently, a variety of metal processing techniques are known, both ancient, traditional, and new, modern: chasing, casting, inlay, engraving, stamping, etching and electroplating. Artistic metal products are widely used in the design of interiors, estates, city streets and exhibited at exhibitions.

For example, casting and cold forging techniques were used to make many items for utilitarian and decorative purposes: sticks, pipes, keys, anklets, lugs, clasps, buckles, stirrups. Dishes, cannons, and bells poured out of copper, bronze, and brass. Dishes, candlesticks, inkwells were poured mainly from silver and tin. Goldsmithing developed mainly in large cities: Kyiv, Lvov and in some small towns of the Dnieper region, especially the Left Bank. Guild craftsmen produced mainly precious dishes, valuable weapons, and horse harness. Folk craftsmen were engaged in the production of applied things for the general population.

The masters of Lvov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi and Uzhgorod continue the traditions of old blacksmith crafts in their decorative lattices, candles and 11 kah-stavn 11kah and the like. And Yarodni masters of Kosovo work in line with the Hutsul traditions, make bartki, luskorikhs, buttons, pipes, rings, decorate with metal products made of wood, leather (belts, purses, bags).

Now the leading enterprises engaged in the manufacture of souvenir and gift items made of metal are factories and plants in Cherkassy. Mukachevo, Odessa, Vinnitsa. Kirovograd, Khmelnitsky and many other cities.

Working with metal has always been considered one of the hardest and most courageous types of craft. With its roots, forging reaches five gigi-syacholiths yoi davin 11 na. Developing as a folk craft in the 15th-19th centuries, Ukrainian forging was influenced by all artistic styles: renaissance, baroque, rococo, modern. Rural forging retained its traditions, blacksmiths made things needed in every household: plows, horseshoes, scythes, hoes, shovels, sickles, axes.

Doors, chests and other furniture, as well as the buildings themselves (weather vanes, lamps, lattices) were decorated with metal decorations. At the Lviv School of Applied Arts. I. Trusha is a workshop-forge, where students are taught blacksmithing craft and traditions artistic forging. There are also blacksmith shops at restoration workshops in Kyiv, Lvov and other cities of Ukraine.

Artistic processing of wood was already well developed during the time of Kievan Rus. Since wood is not always preserved in the ground, archaeologists do not often find examples of ancient woodwork. However, it is known that already in the 1st millennium BC. h. wood was widely used in the construction of cities and villages, princely palaces and fortresses. Among the craft professions, carpenters, spoon-carvers, carvers, and coopers appear.

Woodworking techniques are quite diverse: types of woodworking, cutting, turning, painting, burning out, inlay, intarsia. One of the most ancient techniques - gouging - used the action of making household items: boats, dovbanks, troughs, mortars, scoops, salt shakers and the like. For cutting, in addition to an ax, a plow was used, than, a cleaver, various cutters, with the help of which spoons, decorative dishes, scoops, small wooden products for various purposes were cut. The turning technique is a late invention and involves the use of a lathe, on which a workpiece is made, and then processed with other tools.

Cooperage known in Ukraine already in the X century. as the manufacture of capacious dishes: tubs, kegs, buckets, mugs, tubs, pails. Coopers used, in addition to ordinary carpentry tools, special planers, jointers, compasses, rulers, and curved plows.

Carving is one of the oldest techniques for artistic decoration of wooden products. In the Carpathians and Bukovina, the technique of flat carving is very often combined with inlay - ornamental decoration with pieces of wood, metal, ivory, mother-of-pearl, beads, and the like. One type of inlay is intrasia with colored wood, which is used to make decorative wall plaques, portraits and landscapes. Paintings have long been used for the artistic decoration of wood. different paint(tempera, gouache, oil or aniline), which are then varnished. Now there is another way to decorate wood products - burning with electric shock or special stamps.

Today, technical schools and colleges in Kosovo, Lvov, and those in Uzhgorod and Yavorov train specialists in artistic woodworking. In almost every region of Ukraine there are enterprises that produce decorative wood products, there are about one hundred and fifty of them in total.

Gutnitstvo - the manufacture of glassware - has been known in Ukraine for more than a thousand years. The exact time of its occurrence has not been established, but glass beads interspersed with multi-colored dyes are already found in Scythian burials. The name of the craft comes from the word "Guta", which means a glass furnace. The Tale of Igor's Campaign mentions a piece of glass - glassware.

Glass products could not be ordinary things, they were used as festive artistic decorations. It was not only dishes, but also decorative toys: cockerels, bunnies, lambs, as well as various candlesticks, a necklace. Craftsmen mastered various techniques: blowing, ornamentation, colored glass.

Now the Gutnitsky crafts are a rare phenomenon in Ukraine. Only three of its cells are known: one in the Ivano-Frankivsk region and two in the Lviv region.

Weaving is the oldest craft that Ukrainian women were engaged in (for more details, see the section "Housing, household and life"). Fabrics were first made for their own consumption, but already from the 9th-10th centuries this home craft was separated as a craft, which satisfies the needs of the urban population.For a very long time, folk home weaving and craft guild weaving existed in parallel. industrial production fabrics, home weaving crafts gradually began to decline.

However, artistic fabrics still play a significant role in the design of the interior of the home and the manufacture of folk costumes. The technology of home weaving is labor-intensive - this is spinning threads, dyeing them in different colors, weaving on various looms ( various designs) using a variety of techniques. The material for creating fabrics was linen fiber, hemp, sheep wool, which also required a significant amount of female labor.

In Ukraine there are many specialized enterprises producing artistic fabrics: in Krolevets, Boguslav, Degtiary, Pereyaslav-Khmel-ky. Leading among them is the Krolevets factory, which produces plot-themed decorative towels and panels. Rabbit weavers skillfully continue the traditions of hand art weaving, which have been known in Ukraine since ancient times. Local traditions are carefully preserved by weavers from Lviv, Hutsul, Boykiv, Ivano-Frankivsk regions. In many regions hand weaving involves craftsmen who produce bedspreads, towels, pillowcases, napkins, blazes, carpets, etc. Carpet weaving is an ancient branch of hand weaving. Archaeologists find remains of carpets and weaving tools in ancient cities and Scythian houses. Such centers of Ukrainian carpet weaving are known: Podolia, Volhynia, Poltava region, Kiev region, Chernihiv region. Now 24 factories and art workshops are engaged in traditional carpet weaving in Ukraine.

Painting fabrics, as is commonly believed. - Comparative news forks of decorative and applied arts in Ukraine, although there is evidence of extreme antiquity of this art as well - these are the memories of the 11th risk of Nantes about our land in the time of Attila. Having visited the royal palace, he noted that he saw how women "covered with patterns with the help of various colors linen bedspreads that the barbarians wore over clothes for beauty" ".

To emboss the ornament on fabrics, special stamps and wooden molds were used, found at the Raykovetsky settlement in the Zhytomyr region (XI century). The masters who were engaged in artistic painting of fabrics were called artists, draftsman, dimkaryamp. printers, butcher. Now the techniques of painting fabrics are enriched with new techniques: cold batik, hot bashik, free painting, photo-film drawing. Ukrainian shawls, bedspreads, tablecloths, ribbons are painted using the photofilmdruk technique.

Unique Ukrainian cult art associated with faith, mythology, rituals, Easter eggs. Not so long ago, Easter eggs were made specifically for sale, because not every housewife had the ability to write Easter eggs. Gradually, real homemade Easter eggs replaced souvenir ones - wooden, ceramic. In some regions of Western Ukraine, even now you can make pysanky in the pysanky workshop, which is known to all fellow villagers. The symbolism of pysanka is ancient and simple at the same time. Therefore, it will not be superfluous to delve into the history and mythology of the Ukrainian people before starting to write Easter eggs.

The egg is a symbol of the sun, the spring rebirth of nature, the resurrection of the souls of ancestors. Easter eggs as ritual magical tools were known to the Indo-European peoples long before the adoption of Christianity. The tradition is best preserved in Ukraine, it must be assumed that it was here that the center of development of this cult and artistic phenomenon was located. Archaeologists have found ceramic Easter eggs painted with green, brown and yellow dyes that go back to ancient times. Now about a hundred Easter eggs of the Old Russian time are known. They are made using various techniques: clay covered with glaze, pysanky-rattles, ki scribbling10. It is characteristic that pysanky are found in places of worship where in ancient times there were shrines (for example, Zvenngora in Medobary), in burial places, as well as in dwellings.

From time immemorial, only women were engaged in pisankarstvo, but with the development of crafts, it also spread among men. A lot is known various ways pysanka painting. One of the oldest techniques that has come down to us is the painting of ceramic Easter eggs in Kiev! In the movement of Ia, the yellow-glazed surface of the pysanka is applied with endless horizontal lines of green glaze. While the green watering has not yet dried up, vertical lines are drawn from pole to pole of Easter eggs, up and down.

Symbolic signs in Ukrainian Easter eggs - Trigver, svargi, Tree of Life, bezkinechniks, stars, birds, etc.

down. Thus, the horizontal lines of still wet paint, stretching, turn into curly braces, similar to a tree branch. According to many researchers, this technique was not used anywhere except for Kievan Rus. It is interesting that this pattern exists even now in the Kiev and Chernihiv regions. It is called "pine", but the technology of painting is different, since it is made on a real, and not on a ceramic egg.

Pysanka accessories On a real (raw) egg, a special pysanok (wrote) is needed, which can be used to draw a firebox line. Dip it in the melted wax of a burning candle, apply the first few lines, according to the plan, they should be white. After they harden, the egg is dyed in light colors (mostly yellow). When this layer of paint is dry, another layer of wax is applied, covering the areas that should remain yellow. After that, they are painted red. Next, paint over with wax those places that should be red. The last color is, of course, dark. So, repeating this procedure, you can get several colors. The pysanka painted in this way is cleaned of wax by heating over a fire and wiping with a linen cloth. The song is ready and glows with all the colors that the craftswoman provided her. These pysanky amulets do not need to be blown out before painting, as they do now for the sake of "business". It should be remembered that the ritual meaning of the egg is the Sunday of our Ancestors, the preservation of the Family. And what symbolism carries an empty Easter egg, perhaps, is understandable without words.

Another purpose of the ceremonial egg. Eggs are usually dyed the same color. They are boiled or baked and consumed on Easter as a holy communion, testifying to our belonging to the Ukrainian family. Pysanky, made on a raw egg, can be kept for a year as amulets with a specific magical purpose. Broken Easter eggs, like the shells from consumed eggs, are not thrown away, but buried in the ground in a field or garden for better fertility of the pound.

Wooden Easter eggs are either carved, inlaid, or painted with oil paints. The production of such souvenir pysanka is now carried out by art woodworking factories, as well as folk craftsmen in many regions of Ukraine.

In addition to the above-mentioned crafts and trades, in Ukraine there is processing of stone, horn and bone, leather and fur. Weaving of products from beads (decorations), weaving from straw, different kinds embroidery, lace, artistic weaving (knitting), etc.

These crafts have long existed as auxiliary types of economic activity, which made it possible not only to maintain the material level of the family, but also developed an aesthetic taste, produced an eternal craving for beauty, which is so characteristic of all Ukrainian life and life.

We must preserve the folk traditions developed by Ukrainians over the millennia so that our descendants do not lose the craving for beauty and perfection that inspired our ancestors. Folk art products preserve the energy of the nation, so we should not forget that no matter what new artistic values ​​professional artists create, the folk art tradition remains an inexhaustible source, nourishing the hearts and souls of people forever.

Considered one of the oldest crafts in the world. It originated in the Neolithic era, which is confirmed by numerous finds from archaeological excavations: hand-sculpted clay products, primitive utensils for cooking on fire, vessels for water and grain. Surviving to this day, these durable products tell very vividly how it developed. ancient craft which has evolved into art over time.

Clay was ubiquitous and was that improvised material that can be easily processed and from which everything can be molded. IN skillful hands masters, shapeless, plastic material, as if by magic, turned into dishes, jewelry, sculptures. Of course, at first ancient clay vessels were molded by hand, and their shape was far from ideal. But with the invention of the potter's wheel, and then with the discovery of firing technology, pottery became the most common in everyday life.

History of pottery

Every nation has its own history of pottery. So in China, it originated as early as 2 thousand years BC and was located on high level, as evidenced by the invention of porcelain.

In ancient Greece, it became a real art, which is confirmed by the world-famous wonderful Greek vases, amphoras and other products. These works of clay, on which a drawing was applied, which was then covered with black varnish, were considered a sign of luxury and wealth. And some African tribes at the beginning of the 20th century still made pottery by hand, stuffed it with straw and simply dried it in the sun.

Pottery in Russia originated in the prehistoric era, and during excavations, archaeologists still find various pots, jugs, frying pans, pots and other hand-made utensils. Later, with the advent of the potter's wheel, the craft turned into a trade and pottery began to be used everywhere.

At this time, a lot of pottery workshops appeared, having their own "brand" brand. Products of each workshop differed from each other in shape, size, firing technology. Pottery in those days was the most honorable and important craft, which was constantly developing and improving. However, over time, clay was replaced by metal and earthenware was replaced by pewter, silver, and later plastic. And it could happen that the ancient craft would disappear forever ...

But history, as you know, develops in a spiral, and in our age of nanotechnology, people began to once again be interested in pottery as an art. The products of modern potters still inspire delight and admiration, and the demand for hand-made ceramics is constantly growing. Everything is bought up: piggy banks, figurines, jugs, plates. "Clay" craftsmen give master classes. And one can hope that pottery, which is so popular at the present time, will not be forgotten and will not disappear from the face of the earth.

Pottery training

You can study pottery in Moscow in our workshop "Pottery". We hold one-time master classes for those who want to try themselves in the role of a pottery master. And if you want to continue your education and comprehend all the basics of such an exciting business, you can sign up for longer courses.

Work programs developed by teachers

Materials for extracurricular activities

Primary general education

Line UMK N. F. Vinogradova. ORKSE (4)

ORKSE, ODNK

1. EXPLANATORY NOTE

The work program of the course "Holidays, Traditions and Crafts of the Peoples of Russia" within the framework of the spiritual and moral direction of extracurricular activities is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education on the basis of a collection of extracurricular activities programs: grades 1-4 / ed. N. F. Vinogradova. - M .: Ventana Graf, 2011 and the author's program L.N. Mikheeva "Holidays, traditions and crafts of the peoples of Russia".

The course "Holidays, Traditions and Crafts of the Peoples of Russia" is included in the part of the curriculum formed by the educational institution within the framework of the spiritual and moral direction. The Federal State Educational Standards of the second generation formulate the main pedagogical goal - the education of a moral, responsible, enterprising and competent citizen of Russia. The verbal portrait of an elementary school graduate contains the following lines: “Loving his land and his homeland; respecting and accepting the values ​​of the family and society; ready to act independently and be responsible for their actions to the family and school; benevolent, able to listen and hear a partner, able to express his opinion, follow the rules of a healthy and safe lifestyle for himself and others.

Relevance The program is determined by the fact that one of the most important tasks of education at the present time is the development by children of the spiritual values ​​accumulated by mankind.

Novelty program is that it is aimed at supporting the formation and development of a highly moral, creative, competent citizen of Russia.

Target: creation of the most favorable conditions for the socialization of the child through the study of the traditions and customs of the Russian people.

Tasks:

• familiarization of students with the history of Russia, with its traditions, holidays and crafts;
• training in the skills of scientific - search activities for the collection and processing of local history and ethnic materials;
• formation of an active life and civic position;
• fostering a sense of love and affection for their homeland, its history, traditions, culture.
• formation of the ability to communicate, listen to others, understand the interests of the team;
• development personal qualities: independence, responsibility, activity;
• formation of the need for self-knowledge, self-development.

Value orientations:

In his work, the teacher should focus not only on the child's assimilation of knowledge and ideas, but also on the formation of his motivational sphere to apply the knowledge gained in practice, the development of his emotional sphere.

The methodology of working with children should be built in the direction of personality-oriented interaction with the child, with emphasis on independent experimentation and search activity of children.

The main directions of the program implementation:

• organizing and conducting classes aimed at instilling a sense of patriotism;
• organizing and conducting classes aimed at developing aesthetic taste, developing the creative abilities of children;
• carrying out activities aimed at developing tolerance towards people around;
• conducting virtual tours using the Internet.

2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

In modern conditions, the need to turn to the spiritual heritage of our people, those riches of folk culture, the study of which is a paramount task in the moral and patriotic education of the younger generation, has unusually increased. The richest folk crafts embody the historical memory of generations, capture the soul of the people who created genuine masterpieces of art, which testify to the talent and high artistic taste of craftsmen. The upbringing of a full-fledged personality, the development of moral potential, the aesthetic taste of children and adolescents is impossible if we talk about this in the abstract, without introducing young people into that peculiar, bright, unique world that the imagination of the Russian people has been creating for centuries. Best qualities national character: respect for one's history and traditions, love for the Fatherland in general and for the small motherland in particular, chastity, modesty, an innate sense of beauty, the desire for harmony - all this is shown to us by the creations of craftsmen.

The future of the country, the people depends entirely on what their descendants, sons and daughters are like. And in order for them to grow up as worthy citizens, to love the Fatherland not in words, but in deeds, they must know their history, national culture, cherish and develop folk traditions. Russian history is complex, difficult, heroic. Our culture is the richest, strong in its spirit. Russia has a great past, and its future must also be great. Young generations are called to understand their culture with their hearts and souls, to tenderly love their Motherland, which has a special position, a special, bright soul.

The vicissitudes of history, the difficult trials that fell to her lot, Russia withstood with honor, nowhere and never dropping her dignity. Courageous, hardened, noble and beautiful country. And her heart is generous, responsive to goodness and beauty. Russian people are truly worthy of their Motherland. And our children must be aware of this, carry in their minds and feelings the unquenchable light of Faith, Truth, Goodness, Love and Hope. Our common future depends on their knowledge, their spiritual culture.

How to educate the younger generation in such a way that love for the Motherland is not just a beautiful, sonorous phrase, but determines the inner essence of a young person? What can be done if there are no performances that reveal patriotic themes and ideas in a vivid, figurative form? Here, obviously, we need a comprehensive, systematic approach to solving the problems of moral, aesthetic, patriotic education.

Russia has a great, bright soul. She was reflected in her nature, in art: in songs, dances, music and words.

Time itself dictates the need to turn to the origins of art - creativity created by the genius of the people. Folklore in all its genres reveals the facets of the rich and original soul of the Russian people. Preserving, protecting, multiplying folk art, developing its traditions is the sacred duty of teachers and artists.

Folk dances, song, as well as other genres of folklore, works of folk craftsmen awaken human souls, give vent to such feelings that are involuntarily forgotten in our time, with its swiftness, randomness, pressure, intrusion into life of what is alien to our mentality. And this is something that lives, but is hidden in the depths of the soul: the subtlety of perception of the world, lyricism, modesty, as well as collectivism, mutual assistance, willingness to help others, a sense of compassion and mercy, optimism, openness to the world and people.

Delivered by the "Basic Educational Program of Primary General Education" goal- “providing opportunities for obtaining high-quality primary and general education” is implemented (as one of the ways) by “organizing extracurricular activities, represented by a system of programs taking into account the cognitive interests of younger students and their individual needs”. The organization of this activity is aimed at developing in students "the ability to acquire knowledge" through "meta-subject actions that ensure the search for information, work with it, adequate to the educational task." Achieving the goal also implies "the appropriate use of mental operations (analysis, comparison, generalization, comparison, etc.)", "the development of thinking, speech, imagination, perception and other cognitive processes." The formed universal educational actions are a prerequisite for the development of a sufficient level of general educational skills.

The designated goals are aimed at the spiritual and moral development of students, educating them in moral values, tolerance, correct assessments of events taking place in the world around them.

This side of the activity of an educational institution is realized in the process of studying the subjects "Literary reading", "Fundamentals of the spiritual and moral culture of the peoples of Russia", as well as the program of extracurricular activities of schoolchildren "Holidays, traditions and crafts of the peoples of Russia". Particular attention is paid to the formation of schoolchildren's interest in folk art, the upbringing of spiritual and moral culture and tolerance, patriotism and citizenship, and the development of artistic taste.

The formation of the student's educational activity is achieved by using such teaching aids in the "Primary School of the XXI century" system, which are specifically aimed at the formation of the components of educational activity: the ability to learn, the development of cognitive interests, internal motivation, elementary reflective qualities, the formation of self-control and self-esteem of the student.

3. THE PLACE OF THE COURSE OF EXTRA COURSE ACTIVITIES IN THE CURRICULUM

Total - 138 hours.

Grade 1 - 33 hours (1 hour per week, 33 academic weeks),

Grades 2-4 - 105 hours (1 hour per week, 35 academic weeks).

4. PLANNED RESULTS OF THE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT FOR EXTRA-COURSE ACTIVITIES

As a result of mastering the program of extracurricular activities "Holidays, traditions and crafts of the peoples of Russia" are formed:

Personal Outcomes:

• acceptance and development of traditions, values, forms of cultural, historical, social and spiritual life of their country;
• the formation of civic consciousness and a sense of patriotism;
• formation of a respectful attitude to a different opinion, history and culture of the peoples of Russia;
• the formation of moral values, tolerance, correct assessments of events taking place in the surrounding world.

As a result of training,

• focus on understanding the reasons for success in activities, including self-analysis and self-control of the result, on the analysis of the compliance of results with the requirements of a specific task, on understanding the assessments of teachers, comrades, parents and other people;
• the ability to assess their activities;
• the foundations of civic identity, one's ethical affiliation in the form of awareness of "I" as a family member, a representative of the people, a citizen of Russia,
• feelings of belonging and pride in their homeland, people and history, awareness of a person's responsibility for the general well-being;
• orientation in the moral content and meaning of both one's own actions and the actions of people around;
• knowledge of basic moral norms and orientation to their implementation;
• development of ethical feelings;
• sense of beauty and aesthetic feelings;

Metasubject Results

Regulatory:

• accept and save a task;
• plan their actions in accordance with the task and the conditions for its implementation, including in the internal plan;
• carry out final and step-by-step control on the result;
• evaluate the correctness of the action at the level of an adequate retrospective assessment of the compliance of the results with the requirements of this task;
• adequately perceive the proposals and assessment of teachers, comrades, parents and other people.

Cognitive:

• build messages in oral and written form;
• the basics of semantic perception of literary texts;
• carry out the analysis of objects with the allocation of essential and non-essential features;
• to carry out synthesis as a compilation of a whole from parts;

Communicative:

• adequately use communicative, primarily speech, means to solve various communicative tasks;
• take into account different opinions and strive to coordinate various positions in cooperation;
• to formulate own opinion and position;
• negotiate and come to a common decision in joint activities, including in situations of conflict of interest;

Subject Results:

• the formation of ideas about the traditions, holidays, crafts of the peoples inhabiting Russia;
• mastering the skills to organize one's life according to the rules laid down by the traditions of the Russian people.

Content Features .

• personality-oriented learning (support for the individuality of the child; creation of conditions for the realization of the creative abilities of the student);
• natural conformity (correspondence of the content, forms of organization and means of teaching to the psychological capabilities and characteristics of children of primary school age);
• pedocentrism (selection of the content of education that is adequate to the psychological and age characteristics of children, knowledge, skills, universal actions that are most relevant for younger students; the need for socialization of the child);
• cultural conformity (knowledge of the best objects of culture from the sphere of folk art, which will ensure the integration of educational and extracurricular activities of the student).

Ancient Russian life

Cloth. Traditional costume, shoes of peasants and boyars

The functional nature of clothing in the old days. Convenience, freedom of movement. Shirt, sundress - for women. The role of the ornament-amulet (embroidery).

The sun, tree, water, horse are the sources of life, symbols of goodness and happiness.

The special meaning of the belt (sash).

Headdresses for girls and women, jewelry.

Shirt, ports, trousers, caftans, zipuns, sheepskin coats and coats - from the peasants (men's clothing).

Bast shoes, baretki, onuchi, pistons - peasant shoes.

Caftans embroidered with gold, boots made of morocco, throated hats are worn by the boyars.

Letniki, dushegrey with fur, fur coats covered with brocade, silk at noble women and hawks.

Russian hut (cage, canopy - cold room, warm hut); utility yard, buildings (basement, barn, barn, cellar, bathhouse).

Elements of the hut . The special role of the stove. Chicken hut. Lighting. Peasant utensils, hand-made furniture. Red corner. Icons. Boyar chambers. Terem, decorated with wood carvings. Tree light.

Covered galleries for walks of noble women and young ladies.

Meat and lean dishes. Shi, chowder. Vegetables. Mushrooms. Kashi. Kiseli. Pancakes ("mlins" - from the verb "grind" (grain). Pies. Honey. Beer.

Explosions. Pastilles from berries and apples. Jam. Pickles.

Life of a peasant and city family. The closed life of women in the city. Schedule. Chess games, checkers. Listening to fairy tales (the role of the storyteller, "bahar"). Clay and wooden toys.

Horse-drawn sleigh rides in winter. Girls' get-togethers. Skiing from the ice mountains. Skates. Skiing. Summer fun: swing; fair carousels.

Studies. School

Literacy (boys) and needlework (girls). Writing accessories (pernitsa - a case for goose feathers); ink (from a decoction of blueberries, chestnut peel, walnut shells, oak acorns). Inkwell and sandbox. Birch bark and paper.

Schools at churches and monasteries. Academic subjects (writing, reading, counting, eloquence (diction)). Educational books ("Primer", "Book of Hours", "Psalter"). Master teacher.

Common people and nobles. Customs, habits. Clothes, life

Prohibition by royal decrees to wear old Russian clothes. "Overseas" (European) dress: frock coats, camisoles, pantaloons. Forced shaving of beards.

Petrovsky assemblies. Ladies outfits. Silk, velvet. Crinolines, figs. Corsage. Corset. Decorations. Sophisticated high hairstyles for ladies. Attributes of the courtiers: lorgnettes, fans. Elegant shoes with high red heels. Cosmetics for ladies of the 18th century.

Outfits of girls and ladies of the 19th century. Velvet and fur capes; light, flowing dresses. Hats, gloves. Hairstyles with curls.

Clothes of noble men: a narrow caftan, short trousers, silk stockings, shoes with diamond buckles.

Tailcoats, vests, pantaloons; shirts with jabot, lace cuffs; hats with diamonds; gloves; cylinders; canes; pocket watches, lorgnettes.

Clothing of merchants, bourgeois women, peasant women: wide sundresses, bright skirts, shirts, sweaters, shawls. Kokoshniks, scarves, "women's kits" (special headdresses married women).

Men and boys from peasant and bourgeois families wore old caftans, shirts, ports and boots.

Russian proverbs and sayings about clothes.

Manor. Noble mansions

Palaces of Petersburg. Mansions of nobles. Architecture: columns, dome, pediment.

The lobby of the mansion. Living room, sofa room, children's room, bedroom, office; dining room; dance hall. Interior. Enfilade of rooms. Billiard room. Library. Winter gardens. Buffet. Attributes and accessories of the manor house. Front hall. Stucco, parquet with inlay.

Furnishings of the master bedrooms. Mezzanine; dressing rooms. Rooms for servants.

Fireplaces. Tiled ovens.

Lighting. Bronze lamps. Musical instruments. Picture galleries. Home theater.

Teaching several foreign languages, Russian literature, drawing, singing, music, mathematics, biology. Dancemasters and swordsmen. Governesses and tutors. The special role of Orthodox books in the upbringing of children. Great attention was paid to dancing, horseback riding, fencing, and swimming. Home performances in which children took part.

Everyday life nobleman in the capital and the estate. Fashion for treatment with mineral waters, visits to popular doctors; walks in parks and gardens (Summer Garden in St. Petersburg). Ice slides, skating rinks; sledding in winter. Wooden slides, swings, roundabouts - in summer.

Demonstration of fashionable outfits from the nobles. Visits. Correspondence. Albums with poems and wishes.

Traditional dinner parties. Strict adherence to etiquette.

The special role of literary and musical salons. Hostess and owner of the salon. Discussion of political news, works of art. Acquaintance with figures of culture and art.

Institutes of Noble Maidens. Privileged educational institutions. Cadet corps for boys. Junker schools: training of higher officer cadres. The curriculum included: The Law of God, Russian, French, German, English, literature, mathematics, history, physics, geography, calligraphy, artillery, tactics, military topography, as well as shooting, horseback riding, gymnastics, swimming, fencing, dancing, music, singing, drill. Educational theater for pupils. Strict daily routine. Lesson in the classrooms and in the library of the school. Summer military camps.

Boarding houses and high schools. The study of the basics of science in men's boarding schools, and in women's boarding schools - teaching dance, music, good manners, foreign languages, needlework, singing, communication skills, gymnastics.

Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens. Nine years of study, three stages of three years. Life and education within the walls of the institute. Very strict schedule.

Russian folk holidays

Zimushka-winter. New Year. Christmas. Christmas time. Baptism.

Weekdays and holidays in Russia

Holidays are a time of rest, fun, joy, friendly communication.

Ancient holidays that came to us from Eastern Slavs associated with agriculture, folk calendar. Holidays were aimed at promoting the health and well-being of people.

Combination of pagan and Christian holidays.

General and family holidays. Customs and rituals in the celebration of holidays. The role of tradition.

New Year's Eve. Vasiliev evening. Modern New Year's celebration.

Christmas time - a fun time of the year; songs for the glory of Christ; caroling; divination. Mummers, mummers - an ancient custom of Christmas time. Christmas Eve. Nativity. Christmas carols. The Christmas tree is a symbol of the "paradise tree".

Traditional dishes: kutya, uvar (or broth), jelly, pies.

The Baptism of the Lord (Annunciation). Water lighting. Festive baptismal table.

Spring-stonefly. Pancake week. Great post. Easter.

Maslenitsa is a spring holiday of seeing off winter. In the Slavic folk calendar, Maslenitsa separated two main periods of the year - winter and spring. The tradition is to bake pancakes (in the 15th century the name was “mlyny”, from the verb “grind”, grind grain). Shrovetide is a special folk holiday that has existed among the Slavs since pagan times; it was timed to coincide with the spring equinox. Traditions of hearty, “rich” food for Maslenitsa.

Shrovetide rites: commemoration of dead ancestors; guesting; entertainment (horseback riding, ice slides, swings, construction and “taking” of snowy towns, arrangement of booths); seeing off Maslenitsa (symbolic burning of a scarecrow of "winter"); dressing up, games.

Forgiveness Sunday and Clean Monday.

Lent is a time of strict abstinence, prayer, repentance.

Palm Sunday. Willow consecration in the church (willow is a symbol of health, strength, beauty as the first flowering tree in spring).

Easter is the main Christian holiday, the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. Traditions of celebrating Easter in Russia: dyeing eggs, making cheese Easter, Easter cakes, distributing to believers prosphora and common bread - Ѓrtos.

Easter celebrations. Procession. Christening. Krasnaya Gorka - a call of spring early in the morning from the top of a hill, a hill.

Egoriev's Day - May 6th. A holiday in honor of one of the most revered saints, the patron of Moscow and the Russian state, George the Victorious (a brave warrior, patron of domestic animals and shepherds). “George unlocks the earth”, “brings white dew into the world”, they said among the people. The day of the start of sowing.

Holy Trinity Day ("Green Christmas time"): separation of winter and summer. Spirits day - the name day of the Earth, drinkers and nurses. Decoration Orthodox churches fresh summer greens, birch branches, ribbons. It is celebrated on the 49th day after Easter.

Round dances, walking around a birch. Trinity fortune-telling of girls (throwing wreaths into the river). Curling birch. Cumbling girls.

Ivan Kupala is the main summer holiday of the national calendar. Day of the summer solstice. Collection of medicinal herbs, purification by fire and water. Ivan da Marya is the festive flower of Kupala. Lighting fires on the Kupala night. Celebrated July 7th.

Day of Peter and Paul - July 12. A holiday in honor of the holy apostles, disciples of Christ (it is also called Peter and Paul, Petrovka). The people said: “Peter, Paul reduced the hour”, “Ilya the prophet dragged away two hours.” It is believed that the holy Apostle Peter holds the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven. People worshiped Peter as the patron of sown fields and fisheries. Before Peter's Day, the peasants always observed fasting.

The holiday itself was celebrated joyfully: walking, feasting, swinging. Peter's Day opened the second half of the summer: "When Peter comes, it will be warm." From that day on, it was allowed to pick strawberries and other wild berries. After Peter's Day, the girls' festivities ended.

Ilyin's day is celebrated on August 2. He distinguishes between summer and autumn: “To Ilya before lunch - summer, after lunch - autumn”, “From Ilya’s day on the trees the leaf turns yellow”, “From Ilya’s day the night is long”, “A fly bites until Ilya’s day, and then stocks up” .

Among the ancient Slavs, the god Perun, the thunderer, the main god, controlled thunder, lightning and rain. In the popular mind, Saint Elijah and Perun, Ilya the Thunderer, united. He was very revered in Russia, they hoped for his protection from drought, they considered him powerful, fiery; he was also angry, punished the guilty, but he was just, the patron of the harvest. In the villages, the harvest began, the harvesting of bread. On Ilyin's Day, prosperity again came to peasant families, stocks of bread and grain were replenished. Ilya was called the governor of the heavenly forces. Elijah the prophet is a thunderbolt. To appease Elijah the Prophet, people did not work that day, they were afraid that “thunder would kill” if they worked on a holiday. After Ilyin's day, it was forbidden to swim in rivers and lakes, the water became very cold: "A deer dipped its paw into the water." Often, by Ilyin's day, the first pie made from the flour of the new crop appeared on the peasant tables.

Three Spas: Honey, Apple, Nut (August 14, 19 and 29). Preparing for winter agricultural work, harvesting berries, mushrooms, nuts, apples, honey for future use. Christian legends about the Savior (Savior on the Water; Transfiguration; Day of the Icon Not Made by Hands).

Protection of the Virgin (October 14) - the first snow in Russia. Separation of autumn and winter. Girlish divination. End of employment. The beginning of winter gatherings.

Russian folk crafts

Gzhel ceramics

Gzhel is the name of a picturesque area near Moscow, 60 km from Moscow. Gzhel is the main center of Russian ceramics. Gzhel products are known all over the world. These are works of folk art and art. Each item is hand-painted by craftsmen.

Gzhel style: blue and blue patterns and flowers on a white background. Gzhel products are vases, figurines, jugs, mugs, tea sets, plates, toys, lamps. Everything is decorated with stylized ornaments. Elegance and subtlety of coloring, impeccable taste of master artists.

Khokhloma and Zhostovo

Khokhloma is an artistic folk craft in the city of Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod region. Wooden painted utensils - "golden Khokhloma": a combination of black, gold, green, bright scarlet colors. Floral ornament: leaves, herbs, strawberries, mountain ash; spoons, ladles, vases, sets for honey, kvass. Bright, vibrant color combinations. The works of Khokhloma masters repeatedly received diplomas of the 1st degree at international and all-Russian exhibitions.

The village of Zhostovo is located near Moscow: folk craft - painted metal trays. Black, green lacquer background, bright, lush flowers - garden and field; bouquets, wreaths, garlands, still lifes. The huge popularity of the decorative painting of Zhostovo trays all over the world.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Folk craft in Pavlovsky Posad near Moscow. The production of printed scarves and shawls originated at the beginning of the 19th century, the factory was founded in 1812 by the peasant Semyon Labzin together with his companion merchant Vasily Gryaznov.

Black, white, burgundy, blue, green shawls, on which bright flowers “bloom”, patterns of herbs, leaves are intertwined - bouquets, wreaths, placers of flowers. Pavlovo Posad shawls made of pure wool are known all over the world.

Vyatka and Bogorodsk toys

Vyatka toy is also called Dymkovo (after the name of the village of Dymkovo near the city of Kirov (Vyatka)). Here, craftswomen have long sculpted clay toys - whistles. They were sold at the holidays of seeing off winter. The holiday itself was called Svistunya. Funny animals, fabulous images (bears, horses, deer, birds) are presented in unusual situations, they are funny dressed and brightly colored. Vyatka nesting dolls. Domestic genre: horsemen, ladies, gentlemen, nannies, ladies, children in carriages; toys and sculptures of small forms. White clay background in combination with red, green, yellow, blue, with gold leaf. Toys create a joyful mood.

The Bogorodsk wooden toy as a craft has been known since the 17th century: the vicinity of Sergiev Posad (Zagorsk), the village of Bogorodskoye. Funny figurines of elegant ladies, hussars, soldiers; toys with movements: “Blacksmiths”, “Sawers”, “Peasant playing the flute”, “Troika”, “Cranes”, “Musician Bear”, “Gourmet Bear”. Bogorodsk toys and sculptures are known abroad. Master carvers have repeatedly been awarded gold and silver medals, I degree diplomas at all-Russian and international exhibitions.

Russian folk games

The role of games in children's lives: knowledge of the world, preservation of the echoes of antiquity, reflection of the rituals of adults in children's games.

Games for boys and girls. Team games.

Burners. Hide and Seek. Zhmurki. Swan geese. Kostromushka. Boyars. Loaf. Rings. Salki. Ocean is shaking. Lapta. Easter egg games. Old Russian games known to children even now.

Songs for children (lullabies, nursery rhymes, pestles)

Songs were created specifically for young children: they were sung by mothers, grandmothers, nannies. They are known and loved by children today.

Riddles, proverbs, sayings, counting rhymes developed children, introduced them to folk wisdom.

Folk dances

Round dances. Round dance games. Pair dances. Dances. Quadrille. Russian round dances that came from ancient times: the creative power of folk poetry, the originality of centuries-old creations. Merging in a round dance of dance, games and songs: "They are inseparable, like the wings of a bird," they say among the people. In the round dance, a feeling of unity, friendship is manifested. The themes of labor, beauty of nature, love sound.

Dances are the most common genre of folk dance. Folk proverb "Work for the feet - a holiday for the soul." Types of dance: single, steam room, dance, mass dance. Dances "Zainka", "Metelitsa".

Quadrille. Arriving from secular salons, the square dance spread among the people at the beginning of the 19th century. It is accompanied by playing the accordion, balalaika, button accordion.

6. THEMATIC PLANNING

Ancient Russian life

Cloth. Traditional costume. Shoes of peasants and boyars

Universal learning activities:

• to acquaint with the peculiarities of peasant clothing;
• compare boyar clothes and traditional peasant clothes;
• to acquaint with the elements of the old Russian costume, its functional character.

Dwelling. Russian hut and boyar mansions. Chambers. Terem

Universal learning activities:

• demonstrate the device of a peasant hut (stove; beds; benches; cage; canopy; peasant yard; outbuildings);
• show the features of the boyar choir, compare with a peasant hut.

Traditional Russian cuisine. Food. Food

Universal learning activities:

• appreciate the merits of traditional Russian cuisine;
• be able to cook a few simple dishes (porridge; "vzvar" - compote).

Family holidays. Games and fun for children. Family rituals. name day

Universal learning activities: learn some of the most famous games (burners, hide and seek, hide and seek, rounders).

Studies. School

Universal learning activities:

• compare the education of children in the old days with the modern school;
• primer - "ABC" and modern educational books.

New Russian life (since the time of Peter I)

Clothes, life. Common people and nobles. Customs, habits

Universal educational activities: compare old clothes and new ones introduced by the decrees of Peter I, analyze their differences.

Manor. Noble mansions

Universal educational activities: to show the exquisite beauty of parks and gardens, mansions and palaces (Moscow, St. Petersburg; province).

Life of a noble family. Balls and holidays. Literary and musical salons

Universal learning activities:

• learn several elements of an old dance (minuet, polonaise);
• read a few poems by A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov.

Teaching children. Boarding houses. Lyceums. Cadet corps

Universal learning activities: to analyze the studies of noble children, their daily routine and rest.

Russian folk holidays

Zimushka-winter. New Year. Christmas. Christmas time. Baptism

Universal learning activities:

• learn some carols, Christmas and New Year's poems;
• introduce proverbs and sayings about holidays;
• make masks and costumes for the New Year's carnival.

Spring-stonefly. Pancake week. Great post. Palm Sunday. Easter

Universal learning activities:

• accept the traditions of the Maslenitsa games. Swing. Skiing from the mountains.
• Maslenitsa meeting;
• learn songs and games;
• learn to bake pancakes, paint Easter eggs;
• learn games with rolling Easter eggs.

Summer is red. Yegoriev day. Trinity. Whit Monday. Ivan Kupala. Petrov day. Ilyin's day

Universal learning activities:

• learn songs about curling birches, round dances;
• learn to weave wreaths.

Autumn is golden. Spas. Dormition. Cover

Universal learning activities:

• compare Honey, Apple, Walnut Spas;
• draw a picture on the theme of the autumn fair;
• show a scene with puppets "Parsley at the fair."

Russian folk crafts

Gzhel ceramics

Universal learning activities: draw a few Gzhel ornaments.

Khokhloma and Zhostovo

Universal learning activities: color the patterns of Khokhloma spoons and Zhostovo trays.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Universal learning activities: compare the ornaments of several shawls.

Vyatka and Bogorodsk toys

Universal educational activities: make several types of Vyatka and Bogorodsk toys from clay and plasticine.

Russian folk games

The most popular children's games

Universal educational activities: learn several games (hide and seek, swan geese, kite, boyars, etc.).

Folk songs, riddles, proverbs

Children's songs, nursery rhymes, riddles, proverbs

Universal learning activities:

• learn a few songs, counting rhymes;
• learn to solve riddles.

Folk dances

Pair dances. Dances. Round dances. dance games

Universal learning activities: learn round dances, round dance games.

7. CALENDAR AND THEME PLANNING

1 class

The history of the Balashikha region in drawings and stories

(Based on the materials of the coloring book "History of the Balashikha Territory in Drawings", author's project by N. Bobykina, publishing house: company "Balasha" 2015

No. p / p	Topic of the lesson		date according to the plan	actual date
	Introductory lesson. History of the Balashikha region.	History. Cities-centers of crafts and trade.	1 study week
	Draw a picture of where the Balashikha land came from.	Fairy tale "The Man and the Owl", illustration.	2 academic week
	About the name of Balashikha (flea).	Flea beetle is a medicinal plant. Flat surface is bad.	3 academic week
	About the name of Balashikha (Balashi's mill).	Mill, miller, Pekhorka.	4 academic week
	Royal hunting, reserved places.	Protected areas, hunting, herb gathering place.	5 academic week
	Arrival of Catherine II.	Catherine the Great, Prince Menshchikov.	6 academic week
		Vladimirsky tract. Gorenki.	7 academic week
	Estates of Balashikha. Pekhra-Yakovlevskoe.		8 academic week
	Estates of Balashikha. Gorenki.	Boyar estates, their owners and history.	9 academic week
	Blacksmith craftsmen.	Blacksmith, forge, blacksmith products.	10 academic week
	Fairs and holidays.	Cities-centers of trade.	11 academic week
		Industrial Revolution. Balashikha production center.	12 academic week
	Clock tower.	Features of industrial architecture.	13 academic week
	The oldest temple		14 academic week
	Savior - Transfiguration Church.	Features of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior.	15 academic week
	Aerodynamic laboratory in Kuchino.	Scientific history of Balashikha.	16 academic week
	Railway.	The railway is the artery of industry.	17 academic week
		Dachas, cultural life of the intelligentsia.	18 academic week
	Temple of Alexander Nevsky.	Modern temple.	19 school week
	Festivals, rallies, competitions.	Festivals. Gatherings, competitions, competitions in Balashikha.	20 academic week
	Walk of Fame.	Memory book.	21 academic weeks
		Book of memory of my family.	22 academic week
	"Slavic Encounters".	days Slavic writing and culture.	23 academic week
		Balashikha is a scientific center.	24 academic week
	Communication with Moscow.	The nearest suburbs.	25 academic week
	My ancestry.	Ancestral tree.	26 academic week
	Our pedigrees. Creative project.	My ancestry.	27 academic week
	Map of historical places of the Balashikha region.	Historical places.	28 academic week
	Journey through the historical places of the Balashikha region.	Map of Balashikha.	29 academic week
		Lesson-excursion.	30 academic week
	"We welcomed dear guests" - a tour magazine of interesting places in our region.	Lesson-excursion.	31 academic weeks
	The project "We welcomed dear guests" is an excursion magazine of interesting places in our region.	Lesson-excursion.	32 academic week
	Protection of the project "We welcomed dear guests" - an excursion magazine of interesting places in our region.	Lesson-excursion.	33 academic week

Grade 2

No. p / p	Topic of the lesson	Issues under study (content)	date according to the plan	actual date
	Khokhloma, history of origin, raw material.	Khokhloma is an artistic folk craft. The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Wooden painted utensils.	1 study week
	Khokhloma. Painting elements.		2 academic week
	Khokhloma. Traditional and original products.		3 academic week
	Gzhel. History of occurrence, raw materials.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products.	4 academic week
	Gzhel. Painting elements.	Gzhel styles. Elegance and subtlety of coloring.	5 academic week
	Gzhel. Traditional and original products.	Completing of the work.	6 academic week
	Zhostovo. History of occurrence, raw materials.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Painted metal trays.	7 academic week
	Zhostovo. Painting elements.		8 academic week
	Zhostovo. Traditional and original products.		9 academic week
	Pavlovo Posad shawls, history of origin, raw materials.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Comparison of several types of shawls. Completing of the work.	10 academic week
	Pavlovo Posad shawls. Painting elements.		11 academic week
	Pavlovo Posad shawls. Traditional and original products.		12 academic week
	Vladimir-Suzdal tiles, history of origin, raw materials.		13 academic week
	Vladimir-Suzdal tiles. Elements of painting and decor.		14 academic week
	Vladimir-Suzdal tiles. Traditional and original products. Gift-souvenir with your own hands.		15 academic week
	Birch lace.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Completing of the work.	16 academic week
	Weaving from birch bark.		17 academic week
	Traditional weaving techniques for original products from existing materials.		18 academic week
	Dymkovo toy, history of origin, raw materials.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Completing of the work.	19 school week
	Dymkovo toy. Elements of painting and decor.		20 academic week
	Dymkovo toy. Traditional and original products.		21 academic weeks
	Dymkovo toy. Gift-souvenir with your own hands.		22 academic week
	Bogorodskaya toy. Hussars and soldiers. Souvenir as a gift.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Making several types of Vyatka and Bogorodsk toys from clay and plasticine. Completing of the work.	23 academic week
	Bogorodskaya toy. Hussars and soldiers.		24 academic week
	Bogorodskaya toy. Souvenir as a gift.		25 academic week
	Bogorodsk toy-Russian bilbock.		26 academic week
	Matryoshka is a Russian toy. Types of nesting dolls.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Completing of the work.	27 academic week
	Russian matryoshka is a symbol of motherhood.		28 academic week
	Matryoshka as a gift. Original products from non-traditional materials.		29 academic week
	Amulet - a sacred symbol, types of amulets.	History of origin, sacred meaning and types of amulets. material used. Production of house and family amulets.	30 academic week
	Spring charms. Making colored brushes from threads.		31 academic weeks
	Guardian dolls.		32 academic week
	Symbols of the house and kind.		33 academic week
	Making spring wreaths.	How to make wreaths.	34 academic week
	Making spring wreaths (completion)	How to make wreaths.	35 academic week

3rd grade

Russian folk holidays, Russian folk games, folk songs, riddles, proverbs, folk dances, national cuisine "AST" (2012)

No. p / p	Topic of the lesson	Issues under study (content)	date according to the plan	actual date
	Spas. Harvest festival.	Comparison of Honey, Apple, Nut Spasov. Acquaintance with a variety of wild and cultivated plants, the fruits of which a person can use for food. Consolidation of knowledge about the beneficial substances contained in the edible parts of plants, obtaining sugar, starch and oxygen in the leaves of plants in the light.	1 study week
	Autumn get-togethers. Preparations for the winter, traditional cuisine.	Acquaintance with the calendar, the main autumn holidays of the folk calendar, their rites and customs; encouraging children to study folk culture and folklore, traditions and values ​​of the Russian people, with the history of the culinary craft; show the close connection of cooking with history, and other sciences.	2 academic week
	Osenins. Holiday rituals, divination, feasts.	Acquaintance of students with the main Russian folk holidays, their symbolic meaning and place in the life of our ancestors. Consolidation of children's knowledge about characteristics autumn of the native land.	3 academic week
	Autumn birthdays. Unclean power and amulets. Games.	The role of amulets. Show amulets as the main means of protection, their semantic meaning. To acquaint with the characters of pagan beliefs, with the rituals of the Russian people associated with household spirits: learning several of the most famous games (burner, blind man's buff, hide and seek, bast shoes).	4 academic week
	Summer is red. Signs, superstitions, customs.	Acquaintance with folk signs and superstitions associated with the red summer; acquaintance with folk traditions, fostering love for the native country, its customs, learning a song about curling a birch, round dances.	5 academic week
	Yegoriev day. Trinity. Whit Monday. Games, dances, songs.	Acquaintance with the holidays Trinity, Yegoriev's day, Spirits' day. Illustration of Trinity rites, enumeration folk customs, performance of Russian folk songs.	6 academic week
	Ivan Kupala.	Acquaintance with the traditions and customs of the Russian people in the celebration Ivan Kupala.	7 academic week
	Petrov day.	Acquaintance with the calendar folk holiday Peter's Day, the formation of knowledge about the holiday, the education of respect for folk traditions.	8 academic week
	Ilyin's day	Acquaintance with the calendar folk holiday Ilyin's Day, the formation of knowledge about the holiday, the education of respect for folk traditions; education of moral and aesthetic attitude to the history of culture.	9 academic week
		Acquaintance with the earthly life of the Mother of God, about the miracles manifested through prayers to the Mother of God and Her icons, about the history of icon painting, instilling in the souls of students the confidence in the need to revive the veneration of the Mother of God in our time.	10 academic week
		Acquaintance with Orthodox holidays, with the icon of the Intercession, as one of the icons of the Virgin, familiarization with Orthodox culture.	11 academic week
		Acquaintance and expansion of the idea of ​​winter, natural phenomena and winter fun, instilling love for Russian nature.	12 academic week
	Zimushka-Winter. Santa Claus.	Learning New Year's verses; familiarity with proverbs and sayings about the holidays.	13 academic week
	New Year. Snow Maiden. Russian tales.	Repetition and generalization of knowledge about Russians folk tales; fostering love for the traditions of their people, the desire to do good deeds. Acquaintance with the history and traditions of the New Year in different countries.	14 academic week
	Christmas time. Folk miniatures.	Acquaintance with the rite of caroling in Russia, with traditional Christmas rites, attributes and heroes of the rite of caroling.	15 academic week
	Baptism.	Formation of a holistic view of one of the main Christian holidays - the Baptism of the Lord, the traditions and customs of this holiday, with the icon of the Baptism of the Lord. Awakening the interest of schoolchildren in the study of the history of Orthodox culture, in art.	16 academic week
	Spring is red. Spring tales, legends, flirting.	Acquaintance of students with the concept of "calendar and ritual folklore", education of love and respect for the traditions of the Russian people.	17 academic week
	Candlemas.	Acquaintance with the gospel story about the Baptism of Christ, with the events of the Gospel, the icon of the Baptism of the Lord. Awakening the interest of younger students in the study of the history of Orthodox culture, in art.	18 academic week
	Pancake week.	Acquaintance with the traditions of Maslenitsa games. Swing. Skiing from the mountains. Maslenitsa meeting: - learning songs and games; - learning the game of rolling Easter eggs.	19 school week
	Great post.	Formation of the idea of ​​Great Lent as a “way to Easter”, the concept of “spiritual fasting” and “corporal fasting”: acquaintance with the weeks of Great Lent and special holidays during Great Lent.	20 academic week
	Calls of spring-Larks.	Introduction to the origins of folk culture, acquaintance with the ancient customs of welcoming spring, familiarization with the cultural heritage of the Russian people through invocations, songs and signs, memorization of invocations about spring and the Vesnyanochka round dance.	21 academic weeks
	Palm Sunday.	Acquaintance with Orthodox holiday Palm Sunday, with traditions and rituals taking place on Palm Sunday, strengthening children's knowledge about the life of the Russian people.	22 academic week
	Easter fairs.	Acquaintance with the traditions of the Easter Fair, instilling love for their homeland, its traditions.	23 academic week
		Acquaintance with the traditions of celebrating the Orthodox holiday of Easter, customs, traditions of the holiday of the Russian people associated with the Orthodox holiday of Easter.	24 academic week
	Traditional dishes, gifts and decor.	Acquaintance with the traditions and rituals of the Russian people associated with grain crops, cereals, stimulating interest in Russian cuisine, origins folk traditions.	25 academic week
	Agricultural holidays, signs, customs.	Education of love for one's land, for one's people, familiarization with the origins of the cultural traditions of the Russian people, awakening interest in Russian folklore, in old Russian rituals.	26 academic week
	Traditional agricultural crops.	Raising interest in national culture, in the customs and traditions of the Russian people, developing an understanding of the names of holidays and their meaning.	27 academic week
	Spring games, dances, round dances.	Consolidation and expansion of students' knowledge of folklore, the revival of cultural values ​​and the development of folk traditions, the main figures of the round dance as one of the types of Russian folk dance genre. Raising interest and love for folk dances, dances, round dances.	28 academic week
	Day of Slavic writing and culture.	Acquaintance with the events of the life of Saints Cyril and Methodius, the compilers of the Slavic alphabet, awakening interest in the history of writing and culture of their people.	29 academic week
	Red hill. Spring dances.	Acquaintance with the history of the emergence of the Russian folk calendar and ritual holiday "Red Hill", familiarization with the origins of Russian culture through folk games, round dances.	30 academic week
			31 academic weeks
	Preparation of the final project "Seasonal holiday"	Awakening interest in one of the most beautiful pages of a person's life, cultivating an aesthetic sense.	32 academic week
	Preparation and implementation of the final project "Seasonal holiday"	Formation of ideas about the traditions and life of the Russian people; development of emotional perception and artistic taste.	33 academic week
	The final project "Seasonal holiday"		34 academic week
	Defense of the project "Seasonal holiday"	Consolidation of knowledge about the traditions and life of the Russian people; development of emotional perception and artistic taste.	35 academic week

4th grade

No. p / p	Topic of the lesson	Issues under study (content)	date according to the plan	actual date
	Dwelling. Types of dwellings of different peoples.	Crate, canopy - a cold room, a warm hut.	1 study week
	Russian hut and boyar mansions.	Elements of the hut. The special role of the stove. Chicken hut. Lighting. Peasant utensils, hand-made furniture. Red corner. Icons.	2 academic week
	Chambers. Terem. Decor and furnishings.	Boyar chambers. Terem, decorated with wood carvings. Tree light. Covered galleries for walks of noble women and young ladies.	3 academic week
	Cloth. Traditional costume.	The functional nature of clothing in the old days. Convenience, freedom of movement.	4 academic week
	Traditional costume. Shoes and clothes of peasants and boyars.	Shirt, sundress - for women. Shirt, ports, trousers, caftans, zipuns, sheepskin coats and coats - from the peasants (men's clothing).	5 academic week
	Traditional Russian cuisine. Decoration. Crockery, cutlery, textiles.	Bread is the main food product, "God's gift". Proverbs and sayings about bread.	6 academic week
	Food. Food.	Meat and lean dishes.	7 academic week
	Traditional folk dishes. Autumn gatherings with refreshments.	Shi, chowder. Vegetables. Mushrooms. Kashi. Kiseli. Pancakes ("mliny" - from the verb "grind" (grain). Pies. Honey. Beer. Flasks. Pastels from berries and apples. Jams. Pickles.	8 academic week
	Family holidays. Honoring elders.	Life of a peasant and city family.	9 academic week
	Games and fun for children. Rhymes, jokes, small genres of folklore.	Chess games, checkers. Listening to fairy tales (the role of the storyteller, "bahar"). Clay and wooden toys.	10 academic week
	Family rituals. Domostroy.	Rites and customs of the Russian people.	11 academic week
	Name day. The secret of my name (project).	My name and what do I know about it?	12 academic week
	Studies. Diploma in Russia. Principles of training and education in antiquity. Yaroslav the Great "Order".	Literacy (boys) and needlework (girls). Writing utensils (pernitsa - a case for goose feathers); ink (from a decoction of blueberries, chestnut peel, walnut shells, oak acorns). Inkwell and sandbox. Birch bark and paper.	13 academic week
	School. Types of schools. Textbooks. Teachers and students.	Schools at churches and monasteries. Academic subjects (writing, reading, counting, eloquence (diction).	14 academic week
	Typography in Russia.	Educational books ("Primer", "Book of Hours", "Psalter"). Master teacher.	15 academic week
	Folk wisdom and knowledge in traditional oral culture.	Folklore.	16 academic week
	Project activity: creation of a handwritten book "Where did the Balashikha land come from"	My Balashikha!	17 academic week
	Banya is a Russian miracle of hygiene and health improvement.	About the benefits of the Russian bath.	18 academic week
	Witchcraft and medicine. Crafts, trade, construction, management in Ancient Russia.	Medicine in Ancient Russia. Crafts.	19 school week
		Creation of the layout of the settlement. Craft freedoms. Self-management of civil society. Army. Clergy.	20 academic week
	Quest "Gardarika-country of cities".	Creation of the layout of the settlement. Craft freedoms. Self-management of civil society. Army. Clergy. Interactive game. Test.	21 academic weeks
	Clothes, life. Common people and nobles. Customs, habits.	The atmosphere of a noble house. secular etiquette. Love for the arts and sciences, which was brought up from childhood.	22 academic week
	Manor. Noble mansions.	Palaces of Petersburg. Mansions of nobles. Architecture: columns, dome, pediment	23 academic week
	The project "Noble mansions and estates of Balashikha".	Winter gardens. Buffet. Attributes and accessories of the manor house. Front hall. Stucco, parquet with inlay	24 academic week
	Life of a noble family.	The atmosphere of a noble house. secular etiquette. Love for the arts and sciences, which was brought up from childhood.	25 academic week
	Balls and holidays.	Balls and holidays. Visiting theaters. Festive tables. Dishes. Delicacies. Children's balls. Masquerades. home theatres.	26 academic week
	Literary and musical salons.	The special role of literary and musical salons. Hostess and owner of the salon.	27 academic week
	Literary lounge.	Discussion of political news, works of art. Acquaintance with figures of culture and art.	28 academic week
	Museum of Local Lore: main expositions.	What is a local history museum? Excursion to the Balashikha Museum.	29 academic week
	Picture gallery: permanent and traveling exhibitions.	Art galleries of Moscow. Virtual tour of the galleries of Russia.	30 academic week
	School Museum. Our contribution to the exposition fund.	Excursion to the school museum.	31 academic weeks
	Teaching children. Boarding houses. Lyceums.	Institutes of Noble Maidens. Privileged educational institutions.	32 academic week
	Cadet corps (career guidance).	Cadet corps for boys. Junker schools: training of higher officer cadres.	33 academic week
	Holidays and traditions of the peoples of Russia.		34 academic week
	General lesson. Holidays and traditions of the peoples of Russia.	Holidays are a time of rest, fun, joy, friendly communication. Ancient holidays that came to us from the Eastern Slavs, associated with agriculture, the folk calendar.	35 academic week