Define the functional styles of literary language.

21.09.2019

Functional styles of speech - a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

There are 5 functional styles:

scientific - the meaning is to give an accurate and clear representation of scientific concepts (for example, terminological vocabulary)

official business - official correspondence, government acts, speeches; vocabulary is used that reflects official business relations (plenum, session, decision, decree, resolution)

journalistic - abstract words with a socio-political meaning are characteristic (humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving)

colloquial - it is distinguished by a large semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives speech liveliness and expressiveness

fiction - used in fiction

1 Scientific style

2 Formal business style

3 Publicistic style

4 Conversational style

5 Art style

scientific style

Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The scope of this style is science, the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc.

Its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and real nouns.

Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. Its genres are scientific article, educational literature, monograph, school essay etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (uniqueness), abstraction, generalization.

Formal business style

Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative legal relations.

This style exists exclusively in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public. Style features- imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, precise selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.

Journalistic style

Publicistic style serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of articles, essays, reports, feuilletons, interviews, public speaking and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, evaluation, appeal.

This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

Conversational style

The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Art style

Main article: Artistic style

The artistic style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

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language code. Switching and mixing codes

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Speech in a formal setting (speaking at a scientific conference, at a business meeting, at a meeting of parliamentarians, giving a lecture, a lesson at school) differs from that used in an informal setting (talk at the festive table, friendly conversation, dialogue at lunch, dinner at home) . Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, there is a selection of various language means. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles .

In the modern Russian literary language, book functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business, which are predominantly in the written form of speech, and colloquial, which is characterized mainly by the oral form of speech.

Some scholars also distinguish as a functional style artistic (fiction), that is, the language of fiction. However, this point of view raises fair objections. Writers in their works use the whole variety of linguistic means, so that artistic speech is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. On the contrary, artistic speech is devoid of any stylistic isolation, its specificity depends on the characteristics of individual author's styles.

The styles of the literary language are first of all compared on the basis of an analysis of their lexical composition, since it is in the lexicon that the difference between them is most noticeable. If we compare synonymous words ( appearance - appearance, lack - deficiency, misfortune - misfortune, fun - entertainment, alteration - transformation, warrior - warrior, eyeball - ophthalmologist, liar - liar, huge - gigantic, squander - squander, cry - complain), it is easy to see that these synonyms differ from each other not in meaning, but in their stylistic coloring. The first words of each pair are used in colloquial and everyday, and the second - in popular science, journalistic, official business speech.

In addition to the concept and stylistic coloring, the word is able to express feelings, as well as an assessment of various phenomena of reality. There are two groups of emotionally expressive vocabulary: words with a positive and negative assessment. Compare: excellent, wonderful, superb, marvelous, marvelous, splendid, splendid(positive assessment) and vile, vile, disgusting, ugly, insolent, insolent, obnoxious(negative score). Depending on what kind of emotional-expressive assessment is expressed in a word, it is used in various styles of speech. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is most fully represented in colloquial and everyday speech, which is distinguished by liveliness and accuracy of presentation. Expressively colored words are also characteristic for journalistic style. However, in scientific, technical and official business styles of speech, emotionally colored words are usually inappropriate. In everyday everyday dialogue, characteristic of oral speech, mostly colloquial vocabulary is used. It does not violate the generally accepted norms of literary speech, but it is characterized by a certain freedom. For example, if instead of expressions blotting paper, reading room, dryer use words blotter, reader, dryer, then, quite acceptable in colloquial speech, they are inappropriate for official, business communication.

Lexical meaning book words, their grammatical arrangement and pronunciation are subject to the established norms of the literary language, deviation from which is unacceptable.

The sphere of distribution of book words is not the same. Along with words that are common to scientific, technical, newspaper-journalistic and official-business styles, in the book vocabulary there are also those that are assigned only to any one style and constitute their specificity. For example, terminological vocabulary is used mainly in scientific and technical styles. Its purpose is to give an accurate and clear understanding of scientific concepts (for example, technical terms - bimetal, centrifuge, stabilizer; medical terms – X-ray, angina, diabetes; linguistic terms - morpheme, affix, inflection and etc.).

The journalistic style is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning ( humanity, progress, nationality, glasnost, peace-loving).

In a business style - official correspondence, government acts, speeches - vocabulary is used that reflects official business relations ( plenum, session, decision, decree, resolution). A special group in the official business vocabulary is formed by clericalisms: hear (report), read out (decision), forward, incoming (number).

Unlike colloquial vocabulary, which is characterized by concrete meaning, book vocabulary is predominantly abstract. Terms bookstore and colloquial vocabulary are conditional, since they are not necessarily associated with the idea of only one form of speech. Book words typical of written speech can also be used in oral form (scientific reports, public speaking, etc.), and colloquial words in written form (in diaries, everyday correspondence, etc.).

Colloquial vocabulary is adjacent to colloquial, which is outside the styles of the literary language. Colloquial words are usually used for the purpose of a reduced, rough description of phenomena and objects of reality. For example: lads, glutton, junk, nonsense, throat, shabby, buzz and others. In official business communication, these words are unacceptable, and in everyday colloquial speech they should be avoided.

However, not all words are distributed among different styles of speech. The Russian language has a large group of words that are used in all styles without exception and are characteristic of both oral and written speech. Such words form a background against which stylistically colored vocabulary stands out. They are called stylistically neutral .

In order to more clearly present the features of each functional style of the literary language, we will give examples of texts belonging to different styles.

Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style.

1. The system of functional styles of the modern Russian language.

2. The concept of stylistic norms.

3. Scientific functional style, its language features.

4. Speech norms of educational and scientific fields of activity.

functional styles are called special varieties of a single literary language that are used in any field, perform certain tasks (functions) and have some features in the selection and use of language means. In the modern Russian literary language, four functional styles are distinguished: colloquial, journalistic, official business, and scientific. Conversational style It is used in the sphere of everyday communication and is realized mainly in oral form. This style is opposed to other styles that are associated with various areas of social activity and are implemented mainly in writing. The main function of conversational style is the function of communication. The conversational style has such stylistic features as ease and emotionality. Distinctive feature This style is the use of language means with colloquial coloring: special vocabulary and phraseology, as well as incomplete sentences.

Journalistic style implemented in the social and political sphere. Its main function is the function of social impact. Initially, it appeared as a book style and was used in newspapers and magazines, ᴛ.ᴇ. journalism (hence its name), but today the oral version of the journalistic style is also actively developing, incorporating many features of colloquial speech. Style features - passion, appeal. In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, incentive and exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions and appeals are actively used. Genres of journalistic speech: article, essay, interview, information, reportage, commentary, campaign speech, etc.

Formal business style used in the field of administrative and legal activities. The most important role in official business speech is played by the function of communication and social regulation (information-directive function). Stylistic features - insincerity, standardity. Typical language tools: neutral words, official business terminology, standard expressions and turns. The genres of business speech are extremely diverse. Among them are an autobiography, a statement, a report, a protocol, an order, an explanatory note, a law, a charter, an agreement, etc.

scientific style used in science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is communication and logical proof of the truth of what is being reported (information-argumentative function). The scientific style has three sub-styles: proper-scientific, scientific-educational and popular science. The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with a generalized and abstract meaning. (reliability, research, analysis, etc.), special terminology and general scientific vocabulary are actively used (function, element, system, etc.). In morphology, the noun prevails over the verb, impersonal forms over personal ones, the so-called "real timeless" (Volga flows into to the Caspian Sea). The scientific style is dominated by a logically defined, bookish syntax. Among the genres of scientific speech, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, etc.
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Importance in the system of these genres, there are annotations and abstracts, the content and construction of which most clearly and clearly reflects the orientation of scientific speech towards a concise transmission of objective information.

Each functional style involves the purposeful use of linguistic phenomena, taking into account their meaning and expressiveness. The development of a particular style is associated with the choice of expressions, language forms, constructions that are most suitable for the purposes of communication in a particular social environment, for the most effective expression of certain thoughts. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the selection of specific functional styles takes into account the originality of various areas of application of linguistic phenomena and the specifics of expressiveness (expressiveness) inherent in a particular style.

It must be borne in mind that functional styles, representing the largest speech varieties, fix the deepest style features. Each of them is also subject to further intra-style differentiation. This differentiation can be roughly compared to a nesting doll: the main functional styles are subdivided into a number of varieties, each of which includes even more particular varieties, and so on. For example, the scientific style, while retaining its basic style features, is divided into proper scientific and scientific and technical. In turn, both of them can have popular science presentation options.

At the same time, each of the stylistic varieties of the scientific and scientific-technical style must be differentiated in relation to specific types of science (biology, geology, history, ethnography, etc.). At the same time, differences arise both of a lexical nature and manifested in a number of linguistic features. Such stylistic varieties have an even finer differentiation: they take into account the genre and the way of presentation. Given the dependence on the genre, the scientific style can be implemented in dissertations, monographs, abstracts, articles, reports, scientific information, etc. This style acquires additional variability in connection with the method of presentation: description, narration, reasoning. Moreover, certain stylistic varieties differ from each other and, based on the author's individuality, bear its features.

As you can see, stylistic differentiation is associated with the action of a large number of non-linguistic factors. Without taking them into account, it is almost impossible to implement it. These factors influencing the selection of particular stylistic features are unequal in their role in the process of style formation. In addition, not all factors affecting speech are classified as style-forming. Many linguists believe that the development of style is based on the principle of choosing the necessary language means, but some, say, individual factors (gender, age, etc.) exclude the possibility of such a choice from the author of a particular statement.

Each functional style has its own rules. These norms are called stylistic, violation of them is the cause of stylistic errors. (For example: "Girl, what issue are you crying about?")

Functional styles have their own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. Each style includes works of different genres that have their own characteristics.

Most often, styles are compared on the basis of their inherent word usage, since it is in word usage that the difference between them is most clearly manifested. At the same time, grammatical characteristics are also important here, for example, the style of many tabloid press texts should be defined as journalistic, largely on the basis of the syntactic structure; in the field of word usage, we can see both colloquial and non-literary (colloquial, slang) units in general. For this reason, when creating a work related to a certain style, one should observe not only the lexical norms of the style, but also morphological and syntactic norms.

Conversational style associated with the sphere of direct everyday communication. This sphere is characterized by a predominantly oral form of expression (except for private correspondence of a domestic nature), which means that intonation and facial expressions play a large role. In everyday communication, there are no official relations between speakers, contact between them is direct, and speech is unprepared. In colloquial style, as in all others, neutral words are widely used (lay down, blue, house, ground, left), but bookish words are not used. Normative use of words with colloquial stylistic coloring (joking, chattering, locker room, hype, completely, lack of time, sort of). It is possible to use emotionally evaluative words: affectionate, familiar, reduced (cat, brag, headless, intrude), as well as words with specific evaluative suffixes (grandma, daddy, sun, house). Phraseological units are actively used in colloquial style (hit your pocket, play the fool, two inches from the pot). Words are often used that are formed by contracting a phrase into one word or a long compound word into a shortened word. (unsuccessful, cash, communal, ambulance, condensed milk, electric train).

The morphological norm of conversational style, on the one hand, generally corresponds to the general literary norm, on the other hand, it has its own characteristics. For example, in oral form, the nominative case prevails - even where it is impossible in writing. (Pushkinskaya, come out 7 Child, look), truncated forms of function words are often used (at least, so that eh, really). The norm of the use of the verb allows you to form forms that do not exist in normative book speech with the meaning of multiplicity (sitting, talking) or, conversely, one-time (pushed, punched). In a colloquial style, the use of participles and gerunds, which are considered a sign of book speech, is inappropriate. More often a prepositional case is formed with the ending -y (on vacation), plural with ending -a (reprimand). It is important to note that for the syntax of the colloquial style, the norm is the use of such sentences in which some component is omitted, but some component is easily restored. (He is back to Me - incomplete). Such sentences are called elliptical. . Simple sentences predominate, word-sentences are often used (I see. No. You can. Why?), as well as interjections and interjection phrases (Here's more! Moms! Oh! Oh you!).

Formal business style serves the sphere of purely official relations. This is the style of administrative and clerical documentation, legislative acts, diplomatic documents. It is worth saying that it is characterized by the utmost concreteness of the content with abstract, typified, stamped means of expression. Official speech is characterized by specificity, standard presentation and the nature of the prescription, obligation. This is what determines language norm style. Against the background of neutral and general words (worker, commission, control and marriage, dominate) words and phrases are used that can be attributed to professional (legal, accounting, diplomatic, etc.) terminology, such as plaintiff, impute, contractor, taxpayer, declaration, notice, memorandum, tariff scale, rent, federal authorities, budget institutions, as well as clerical stamps, the use of which in an official business style is not a drawback, and even less a mistake, but a special stylistic norm: appropriate, the foregoing, for the purpose of improvement, come into force, past, bring to the attention. An extremely dry and neutral style of presentation should be free not only from colloquial and especially jargon or dialect layers, but also from literary words that have an emotionally expressive coloring. Compound abbreviated words are often used in official business style (CIS, GKO, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, AIC, St. Petersburg State University, JSC, IMF) and nouns formed from verbs (documentation, storage, non-compliance), since this style is characterized by a clear predominance of the name over the verb.

The official business style is characterized by the frequent use of verbs in the form of the imperative mood and in the indefinite form in the meaning of the imperative mood (release from rent, establish a monthly surcharge). If the verbs are used in the present tense, they also have the character of a prescription. iwkoh establishes, the exemption does not apply). The norm is the use of the so-called logical, bookish syntax: the use of narrative, two-part, complete sentences with direct word order; sentences complicated by homogeneous members, participles and participle turns; complex sentences.

The journalistic style is focused, on the one hand, on the communication of information, and on the other hand, on the impact on the reader or listener. For this reason, it is characterized by a combination of expressiveness (for maximum impact) and standard (for speed and accuracy of information transfer). This is the style of newspaper and magazine articles, interviews, reports, as well as political speeches, radio and television programs.

In addition to neutral in a journalistic style, evaluative and emotional words are often used. (ambition, totalitarian, foppishness, narrow-mindedness, bully), words in figurative meaning (dirt in the meaning of ʼʼimmoralityʼʼ, penny's meaning ʼʼpettyʼʼ, emphasize in the meaning of ʼʼ to bring to the foreʼʼ). Typical for journalism can be considered ʼʼpoliticalʼʼ vocabulary: president, parliament, faction, dissident, deputy, patriot, society, speaker, constitution. Used in a journalistic style and high book vocabulary: uplift, raise, mark. This style is characterized by the use of metaphor as a way of assessing the surrounding reality, for example, ʼʼmilitaryʼʼ metaphors (mobilize, landing),ʼʼconstructionʼʼ metaphors (ʼʼbuilding of obsolete politicsʼʼ, ʼʼcellars of cultureʼʼ, ʼʼnational flatsʼʼ),ʼʼroadʼʼ metaphors (political off-road ʼʼ, ʼʼship of reformsʼʼ, ʼʼtrain of the federationʼʼ). Colloquial words and phraseological units are also used in this style. (smear, slouch, hindsight is strong, hang noodles on your ears, with a sin in half).

Morphological norms of journalistic style largely determine the possibility of combining bookish and colloquial. Often adjectives and adverbs are used with evaluative meaning: serious, minor, significant, contemptuously, magnificent). The pronounced personality of style determines the frequency of personal pronouns. The present tense of the verb is often used (the so-called ʼʼpresent reportageʼʼ): ʼʼHalfway make a decision climb the other way, ʼʼLet's start looking around neighborhood ʼʼ Along with the present - frequent past tense: ʼʼEverything and always wrote only about love and warʼʼ, ʼʼOffers acted of the most varied nature.

The syntactic norms of journalism are associated with the extreme importance of combining expressiveness and information richness: exclamatory sentences, interrogative (including rhetorical questions), repetitions, changing the order of words in a sentence to highlight a word are used (This is a short-sighted policy).

In modern journalism, borrowed words associated with new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena are extremely frequent, such as broker, distributor, investment, impeachment, inauguration, dianetics, kidnapping, killer, croupier, sponsor, rating, display. The terms of various fields of knowledge are being rethought, most often economic, political, ʼʼcomputerʼʼ: wild market, consensus, stagnation, data bank. Colloquial and slang vocabulary is intensively used, which becomes a special expressive means: scoop, hangout, disassembly, rubbish, fan, lawlessness. Religious vocabulary is also becoming an expressive means of journalism: faith, orthodoxy, righteous. Book words are used that used to be of little use; it is through journalism that half-forgotten words return to us, such as mercy, charity. At the same time, the journalistic style still remains mainly a bookish style, as evidenced not only by word usage, but also by the syntactic structure - the syntax of journalism is focused on bookishness.

The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is the message and the logical proof of the truth of the reported (information-argued function). Within the framework of the scientific style of speech, the following substyles were formed:

1) actually scientific (academic);

2) scientific and educational;

3) scientific and technical;

4) popular science

The academic style is the core of the scientific functional style. It has such features as accuracy, responsibility, generalization, logic. On the academic basis, scientific monographs, articles, dissertations are written, discussions are held between specialists.

The scientific and technical substyle is used in production area. It is worth saying that abstraction is less characteristic of him, due to the extreme importance of a specific description. production processes. In this regard, the scientific and production sub-style is approaching the language of documents, the official business style.

In the scientific, educational and popular science substyles, the use of expressively colored and figurative language means is allowed. At the same time, the scientific and educational substyle is distinguished by a more systematic presentation, which is associated with its main task - to teach the basics of a particular discipline.

The task of the popular science style is essentially to interest the mass reader, to encourage him to raise his cultural level. Among the genres of the scientific style, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, guidelines, etc.

The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with an abstract and generalized meaning. Almost every word appears in a scientific text as a designation of an abstract concept or an abstract object - ʼʼspeedʼʼ, ʼʼtimeʼʼ, ʼʼlimitʼʼ, ʼʼquantityʼʼ, ʼʼregularityʼʼ, ʼʼdevelopmentʼʼ. Often these words are used in plural, which is not typical for other styles: ʼʼsizeʼʼ, ʼʼprivateʼʼ, ʼʼstrengthʼʼ, ʼʼlengthʼʼ, ʼʼlatitudeʼʼ, ʼʼemptinessʼʼ, ʼʼspeedʼʼ. The scientific style actively uses special terminology and general scientific vocabulary (function, element, system, etc.). The use of grammatical categories and forms is distinguished by its specificity in the scientific style. The noun here prevails over the verb, the impersonal forms over the personal, the so-called ʼʼtrue timelessʼʼ (for example: ʼʼCarbon is the most important part of the plantʼʼ, ʼʼThe sum of the squares of the legs equals the square of the hypotenuseʼʼ.). The forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular of verbs and personal pronouns are uncommon in the scientific style. Adjectives in scientific speech are not used as often as in other styles. As a rule, they are part of the terms, have an exact and highly specialized meaning (hence the predominance of scientific speech relative adjectives over quality).

Scientific speech is distinguished by emphasized logic and bookishness. Logic is extremely important at all language levels: in a phrase, a sentence, between two adjacent sentences, in a paragraph and between paragraphs, in the whole text. Consistency is ensured by using the following tools:

1) linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns ( the one given etc.);

2) the use of adverbs indicating the sequence of the flow of thought ( first, first of all, next, then);

3) use introductory words, expressing the relationship between the parts of the statement ( therefore, secondly, finally, so, thus);

4) the use of unions ( because, because, in order to);

5) the use of constructions and turnovers of communication ( now let's dwell on the properties ...; let's move on to the issue ...; further note... etc.)

The requirements of strict logic of a scientific text determine the predominance of complex sentences with an allied connection, especially complex ones.

An abstract, being a summary of any information, is self-sufficient in certain situations and in business communication, since - unlike annotations, abstracts and abstracts - it is a complete text. At the same time, annotation and summarizing, due to their importance in such relevant areas for modern youth as scientific and business, and certain difficulties in mastering the skills of writing them, require more attention. For this reason, teaching these types of written speech is considered separately as an additional, but very important aspect of speech communications.

Word annotation comes from the Latin annotatio - remark, note. Annotation is currently called brief description a book (or article) containing a list of the main sections, topics or issues considered in the work. The summary of the book may also include an indication of the features in the presentation of the material and the addressee (for whom it is intended). Speaking schematically, an annotation for a book (primarily scientific or educational) answers questions about what / from what parts? as? for whom? These are, as it were, its basic, standard semantic elements. Each of them has its own language means of expression, which are indicated below.

Annotation for a book is placed on the reverse side of its title page and serves (along with its title and table of contents) as a source of information about the content of the work. After reading the abstract, the reader decides how much he needs the book. At the same time, the ability to annotate the literature read helps to master the skills of summarizing.

Word essay comes from the Latin referre, which means ʼʼ to report, informʼʼ. Today, an abstract is called, first of all, a brief, most often written, presentation of a scientific work - an article or a book (or several scientific works). The presentation of one work usually contains an indication of the topic and composition of the work being reviewed, a list of its basic provisions with arguments, less often - a description of the methodology and the conduct of an experiment, the results and conclusions of the study. Such an abstract will be called simple, informational. In Russia, special abstract journals are published, which contain abstracts of this kind and thereby introduce the latest Russian and foreign literature in various fields. scientific knowledge: in physics, philosophy, etc.

Students in Russian universities usually write essays on certain topics, which are offered to them in the departments of general engineering and social disciplines. It is worth saying that for writing such thematic abstracts, it should be extremely important to involve more than one source, at least two scientific papers. In this case, the abstract is not only informational, but also an overview.

A simple informational abstract may contain an assessment of certain provisions, which are called by the author of the work being reviewed. This assessment most often expresses agreement or disagreement with the author's point of view.

The abstract contains quotations from the work being reviewed. Οʜᴎ are always put in quotation marks. Three types of quotation should be distinguished, while punctuation marks are placed, as in sentences with direct speech.

1. The quote is after the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a colon is placed after the words of the compiler of the abstract, and the citation begins with a capital letter. For example: The author of the article claims: ʼʼIn our country, there has really been a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

2. The quotation is before the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a comma and a dash are placed after the quotation, and the words of the compiler of the abstract are written with a small letter. For example: ʼʼIn our country, there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ, the author of the article claims.

3. The words of the compiler of the abstract are in the middle of the quote. In this case, they are preceded and followed by a semicolon. For example: ʼʼIn our country, - says the author of the article, - there is indeed a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

4. The quotation is directly included in the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case (and it is the most common in the abstract), the quote begins with a small letter. For example: The author of the article claims that ʼʼin our country there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style." 2017, 2018.

To avoid confusion with language styles, functional styles are sometimes called language genres, functional varieties of language. Each functional style has its own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. There are five main varieties of functional speech styles that differ in the conditions and goals of communication in some area of social activity: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, artistic.

Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The scope of this style is science and scientific journals, the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc.

The scientific style is a functional style of speech of the literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of language means, gravitation towards normalized speech.

The style of scientific works is determined by their content and goals of scientific communication: to explain the facts as accurately and fully as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, and so on.

The scientific style is subdivided: proper scientific substyle (monograph, scientific article, abstract); educational and scientific substyle (reference books, guidelines); popular science (essay, article)

Scientific style has a number common features, which manifest themselves regardless of the nature of certain sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and the differences between the genres of expression (monograph, article, report, textbook, term paper, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, and mathematics differ noticeably in the nature of presentation from texts on philology or history.

The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of communication between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors for accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity while maintaining the saturation of the content.

1. Consistency is the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of text.

2. Only such a text has consistency, in which the conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments, reflecting the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.

3. Clarity, as the quality of scientific speech, implies clarity, accessibility.

According to the degree of accessibility, scientific, scientific-educational and popular science texts differ in material.

The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into four sub-styles:

Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of the style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Typical for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, theses, scientific reviews, etc.

Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students in order to educate, describe the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts stated in the text and examples are typical. Mandatory is the description "from general to particular", strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms. Typical for textbooks, tutorials, lectures, etc.

Popular science. The audience with this style usually does not have special knowledge in this area. Yu. A. Sorokin points out that a popular science text is written “scientifically, popularly, artistically”, that is, while maintaining the rigor and clarity of presentation characteristic of a scientific text, its feature is the simplified nature of the presentation and the possible use of emotionally expressive means of speech. The purpose of the style is to familiarize with the described phenomena and facts. The use of numbers and special terms is minimal (each of them is explained in detail). The features of the style are: the relative ease of reading, the use of comparison with familiar phenomena and objects, significant simplifications, consideration of particular phenomena without a general overview and classification. The style is typical for popular science magazines and books, children's encyclopedias, messages of a "scientific nature" in the media. This is the most free sub-style, and it can vary from newspaper headings “historical/technical background” or “it's interesting” to popular science books, similar in format and content to textbooks (scientific and educational style).

Scientific and technical. The addressee is specialists of a technical and technical profile. The goal is to apply the achievements of fundamental science in practice.

Scientific texts are designed as separate finished works, the structure of which is subject to the laws of the genre.

The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, journal article, review, textbook ( tutorial), lecture, report, informational message (about the conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at the conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres are classified as primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.

Secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, author's abstract, synopsis, theses, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsing in order to reduce the volume of the text.

The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: lecture, seminar report, term paper, abstract message. Each genre has its own individual style features, but they do not violate the unity of the scientific and technical style, inheriting its common features and features.

Official business style - a functional style of speech, the environment of speech communication in the field of official relations: in the field of legal relations and management. This area covers international relations, jurisprudence, economics, the military industry, advertising, communication in official institutions, and government activities. Substyles: legislative (used in the field of government, the volatility of the function is manifested); administrative and clerical (maintenance of personal business papers, documents of the institution, emphasizes the nature of administrative relations - loans, advances); diplomatic substyle (at the international level, relations between the government and diplomats).

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, naturally, it undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles templated turns often act as a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this, of course, facilitates and simplifies their use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice are used ready-made forms that need only be filled in. Even envelopes are usually inscribed in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its advantages for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it.

Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc.

The heterogeneity of the subject matter and the variety of genres make it possible to single out two varieties in the style under consideration: the official documentary style and the everyday business style.

In turn, in the first one, one can single out the language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies, and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations.

In everyday business style, official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content, genres and the nature of the language means used.

The language of legislative documents includes the vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, labor code, marriage and family code, etc. It is adjacent to vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies, official activities of citizens etc.

Journalistic style -- a functional style of speech that is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

Publicistic style serves to influence people through the media (newspapers, magazines, television, posters, booklets). It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, appraisal, appeal. In addition to neutral, it widely uses high, solemn vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally colored words, the use of short sentences, chopped prose, verbless phrases, rhetorical questions, exclamations, repetitions, etc. The linguistic features of this style are affected by the breadth of topics: there is a need to include special vocabulary that needs clarification. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and the vocabulary related to these topics acquires a journalistic coloring. Among such topics, politics, economics, education, healthcare, criminalistics, and military topics should be singled out.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary, which has a strong emotional connotation (an energetic start, a firm position, a severe crisis).

This style is used in the sphere of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

Functions of journalistic style:

Informational - the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible

Influencing - the desire to influence people's opinions

Speech task:

influence the public consciousness

call to action

communicate information

Vocabulary has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and slang elements. Vocabulary, characteristic of the journalistic style, can be used in other styles: in official business, scientific. But in a journalistic style, it acquires a special function - to create a picture of events and convey to the addressee the journalist's impressions of these events.

Artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. In this style, it affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

AT work of art the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

Facilities artistic expressiveness varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Genres of artistic speech: epic (ancient literature); narrative (novels, novellas, short stories); lyrical (poems, poems); dramatic (comedy, tragedy)

Fiction and fiction style has an aesthetic impact function. It most clearly reflects the literary and, more broadly, the national language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery. In this style, all the structural aspects of the language are most widely represented: the vocabulary with all the direct and figurative meanings of words, the grammatical structure with a complex and branched system of forms and syntactic types.

Conversational style - a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it.

In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery, the phrase: “Please, with bran, one” does not seem strange.

A relaxed atmosphere of communication leads to greater freedom in choice emotional words and expressions: colloquial words (stupid, rotozey, talking shop, giggle, cackle), colloquial (neigh, deadhead, awful, disheveled), slang (parents - ancestors, iron, worldly) are used more widely.

In the colloquial style of speech, especially at its fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Word-building features: subjective evaluation suffixes are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Limited: abstract vocabulary, foreign words, book words.

An example is the statement of one of the characters in A.P. Chekhov's story "Revenge":

Open it, damn it! How much longer will I have to freeze in this through wind? If you had known that it was twenty degrees below zero in your hallway, you would not have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This small passage reflects the following features of the conversational style: - interrogative and exclamatory sentences, - conversational interjection "hell," - personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, verbs in the same form.

Lexical means

Colloquial words and phraseological units: vymahal (grew up), electric train (electric train), vocabulary with emotionally expressive coloring (class), diminutive suffixes (gray). suffixes of subjective assessment: hard worker, hard worker, hostel, secretary, director, handy. Substantivation, the use of words of contraction - deletion, record-book; truncations - comp.

Style is a kind of literary language, which is traditionally fixed in society for one of the spheres of life. Each variety has certain linguistic features (primarily vocabulary and grammar) and is opposed to other similar varieties of the literary language, which correlate with other areas of life and have their own linguistic features.

Stylistic means are used by speakers or writers consciously. The style of a speech work is associated with its content, purpose, the relationship between the speaker (writer) and the listener (reader).

Consequently, style is a variety of literary language that has historically developed at a certain time in a particular society, which is a relatively closed system of linguistic means that are constantly and consciously used in various fields life.

Each functional style has its own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. Each style includes works of different genres that have their own characteristics.

Most often, styles are compared on the basis of their inherent word usage, since it is in word usage that the difference between them is most clearly manifested. However, grammatical characteristics are also important here.

Words and constructions should be selected in accordance with the chosen style, especially in writing. The use of different stylistic language means within the same text leads to the appearance of stylistic errors. Often there are errors associated with the inappropriate use of clericalism, as well as the abuse of special terms in a non-scientific text and the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary in book texts.

scientific style

The goal is to communicate objective information, to prove the truth of scientific knowledge.

Function - informative

The sphere of functioning is science, communication between specialists of a particular field of scientific knowledge.

Genres in which it is implemented: articles; monographs; reports; term papers, abstract, diploma; protective word.

Style features:

1. Emphasized logic (M. N. Kozhina).

2. There are no figurative means. There are sciences where imagery is used, for example, astronomy ( Sick bear, Bucket).

3. Hidden emotionality or unemotionality.

4. Semantic accuracy, unambiguity, which is expressed in the use of linguistic means that do not allow ambiguity.

5. Abstractness and generalization.

6. Objectivity of presentation, dryness.

7. Conciseness of the statement, genres are limited by the number of pages.

Language features:

1. Scientific terminology. A term is a word or phrase used to designate scientific concepts ( Integral, factorial in mathematics).

1. General scientific vocabulary - terms that are found in different fields of science ( Function, genus, species).

3. Abstract nouns ( property, relation).

5. In syntax: participial and adverbial phrases.

6. Compound conjunctions, introductory words, prepositions of a logical nature ( During, due to the fact that, firstly).

Formal business style

The goal is informative.

The sphere in which it is used serves the sphere of business relations, the style of institutions.

Function - the message of pragmatically significant information.

Genres in which it is implemented: state acts; contracts; instructions; statements; official announcements, etc.

Style features:

1. Conciseness, compactness of presentation.

2. Emphasized standardization - documents are drawn up according to a certain scheme, from which it is impossible to deviate, constant changes occur in their design.

Documents printed in advance: forms in the mail; statement; references.

Language features:

1. Neutral vocabulary.

2. Official terminology ( Protocol, lawsuit).

3. Cliche - stable combinations are used ( In accordance with the established procedure, the certificate is given at the place of residence).

4. Nominal parts of speech predominate: adjectives and nouns na - nie, few verbs ( Not to carry out, but to carry out, carry out, deliver).

5. Simple complicated sentences predominate, long, large in volume.

6. Many repetitions so that there is no ambiguity, there is clarity and accuracy.

Conversational style

The goal is communication.

The area in which it is implemented is Everyday life, used in casual conversations with familiar people (with strangers - a mixture of styles).

Function - information exchange, communicative.

Genres in which it is implemented: conversation (interpersonal - contact, by phone - distant); conversation (business, personal); story.

Style features:

1. Ease and informality of communication.

2. Freedom in the choice of words and sentences (we don’t think about what words to pronounce).

1. The law of economy of speech efforts is in effect (Sash, Mash, San Sanych).

Language features:

1. Widespread use of everyday vocabulary ( vocabulary) and phraseology (stable phrases). Well, you also waved (grew up). Everydayisms: electric train (electric train), potatoes (potatoes), window (window).

2. Emotionally evaluative words, more often with diminutive or petty suffixes: Red, salty, hands, little hand. a pen, a hand, a big one. Well, what are you hacking. Someone is chirping behind the wall.

3. The inclusion of particles, introductory words, interjections and appeals in speech. Oh, my God, who came!

4. Predominance simple sentences all types: interrogative. exclamatory, direct speech. In oral speech - no more than 5 ± 2 words in a sentence.

5. Participle and participial phrases are not used.

6. The use of non-lexical means (intonation, pauses, facial expressions, gestures, postures).

7. Abbreviation of words ( Ma, pa, student, student, university, canteen).

Literary and artistic style

It occupies a special position in relation to other styles, because the language means of all other styles can be used there, but in a modified function - aesthetic, and literary in general, since it combines dialogue, monologue, oral, written speech, non-literary varieties of the language can be included: vernacular, slang, slang, dialects. Therefore, Graudina and Shiryaev do not single it out as a special style, since functional styles are distinguished within the limits of the literary language, while artistic speech, something broader and freer, absorbs the entire national language. M. N. Kozhina believes that this is a special style. Arguments for highlighting as a special style: there are style-forming factors, therefore, the phenomenon is of the same order with other styles.

The goal is to paint a living picture, convey feelings.

The sphere is art.

Genres: prose (novel, story, etc.), poetry (poem, poem, etc.).

Style features:

1. Specificity.

2. Imagery ( The bells argued, the mountain ash lit up).

3. Emotionality.

Language features:

1. Specific vocabulary.

2. Emotional-evaluative vocabulary ( key, star).

3. Interrogative, incentive, exclamatory sentences.

4. The use of vocabulary in a figurative sense, figurative means (tropes and rhetorical figures) ( Sea of lights).

5. The use of the vocabulary of all functional styles (V. M. Shukshin used the vocabulary of the colloquial style).

Thus, bookish styles are opposed to colloquial styles, in which the means of all styles can be used. Functional styles do not form a closed system, there is interaction, there are no clear boundaries.

Journalistic style

The goal is impact.

Functions: 1. informational; 2. influencing, (information-influencing).

Field: media, public speaking on socially significant topics (speech at a rally).

Genres: articles (newspaper and magazine); reportage; review; public speaking.

Style features:

1. Conciseness of presentation with information richness

2. Emotionality.

3. The use of figurative means (tropes and rhetorical figures).

Language features:

1. Emotionally colored vocabulary ( Genocide, frenzied, new Russian, mafia).

2. Socio-political phraseology ( Standard of living, food basket, gang attack, put an end to).