Food and light industry - Knowledge Hypermarket. food industry

10.10.2019

In the small town where my grandmother lives, most of the population works at the local creamery. Around the village, where the milk comes from, there is a lot of labor force in the town, so it is clear why the factory was built here. But are there any other reasons that determine the place of organization of enterprises in this industry?

food industry

To begin with, I propose to understand which industries and sub-sectors are united by the industry in question. There are only about 20 of them, and here are the main ones:

bakery;
meat;
flour mill;
dairy;
fish;
sugar;
oil-fatty;
wine-making;
canning;
confectionery.

The sectoral structure of industry is relatively complex. The enterprises included in it are not limited to the production of food products, they also produce perfumery and cosmetic products and soap.

Placement factors for food industry enterprises

The peculiarity of the location is reflected in the connection of production Food Industry with agriculture. Rational placement should provide a minimum of common transport costs on the delivery of raw materials to the manufacturer and products to the consumer.

The location of food processing plants is influenced, in most cases, by two factors. This is an attraction to the raw material base (material-intensive production, in which the consumption of raw materials by weight is more significant than finished products: fish, canning). As well as consumer orientation (production of perishable products: confectionery, bakery, dairy).

There is a group of industries in which both factors affect equally - these are productions, the initial stages of which are occupied by the processing of agricultural raw materials at the source area, but the final ones (bottling, packaging, etc.) are localized in places of consumption of finished products. Examples of such industries are:

The food industry is found virtually everywhere where people live. This is due to the wide distribution of the raw materials that are used, and the general consumption food products.

TEST

in the discipline "Economic potential of the customs territory of Russia"

On topic number 11

"Territorial organization and prospects for the development of the food industry in Russian Federation»

Completed by: 1st year student

Groups TMD-111

Podgornova Alexandra

Checked:

Assoc. cafe "APiTD", Ph.D.

Salnikova A.V.

Vladimir, 2012

Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ...... .3

Chapter 1. General characteristics of the food industry in Russia ........ ... 4

1.1Characteristics of the food industry.................................................................... 4

1.2.Problems of development of the food industry and ways to solve them……..5

Chapter 2. Prospects for the development of the food industry .................................... 9

Conclusion................................................. ................................................. . 15

List of sources used

INTRODUCTION

In Russia, the food industry is the most important branch of the economy, creating food products based on the processing of agricultural raw materials (grain, potatoes, sugar beet, oilseeds, meat, milk, fish, etc.). It includes a large group (more than 30) of industries and sub-sectors, the main ones (by share in the production of the industry's products) of which are: meat, dairy, bakery, fish, oil and fat, flour milling, winemaking, sugar, canning, confectionery.) In Russia, the food industry has a huge potential. This is due to the presence of large resource bases and the abundance of agricultural products. It should be noted that at present the food industry in our country is one of the leading and most important industries, since the life and health of consumers-citizens of our country depend on its success.

Analyzing this information, we can conclude that this topic is relevant.

The purpose of this work is to explore the territorial organization and prospects for the development of the food industry in the Russian Federation.

object research is the Russian food industry, subject of study– territorial organization and prospects for the development of the food industry.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Consider the characteristics of the food industry;

Consider the problems of development of the food industry;

Analyze the prospects for the development of the food industry.

The following methods were used in writing this work: analysis and generalization.

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA.

1.1.Characteristics of the food industry

The food industry is a part of the entire industry that unites a set of homogeneous food and processing enterprises, characterized by the unity of the consumer purpose of the final food product produced, processing, as a rule, raw materials of agricultural origin and having a specific material and technical base in the form of a system of machines and apparatus and the corresponding composition food workers.

At present, the country's food industry is one of the strategic sectors of the economy, which is designed to provide the population of Russia with the necessary food in terms of quantity and quality.

All branches of the food industry are united by the unity of the consumer purpose of their product - a food product, which, in turn, determines the specific requirements for the feedstock, the technology used, the system of machines, the entire material and technical base and personnel. It includes 30 industries with more than 60 sub-sectors and types of production, and unites more than 25 thousand enterprises of various forms of ownership with a total number of employees of about 1.5 million people. In the sectoral structure industrial production about 13% of Russia's total industrial production falls on the food industry.

Due to taxes and excises coming from the enterprises of the industry, 10% of the revenue part of the Russian budget is formed. The predominant forms of ownership are mixed and private, these industries produce 85% of products. During privatization, 82% of large and medium-sized enterprises were transformed into open joint-stock companies, about 12% - in closed joint-stock companies and limited liability partnerships. The food industry is closely connected with all sectors of the economy. A significant part of the transported goods falls on its share. Especially close relations developed between the food industry and agriculture, forming an agro-industrial complex.

Branches of the food industry produce both means of production - objects of labor (group "A"), and consumer goods (group "B"). V marketable products of these industries, Group A accounts for approximately one-third, and Group B accounts for two-thirds. Ultimately, the products of the food industry in the aggregate are consumer products, a food product, i.e. Group B products. Of course, the products of group "A" in the processing industry of the agro-industrial complex are much higher and account for more than 70%, but they are completely or almost completely consumed in the food industry itself for the production of the final food product.

1.2. Problems of development of the food industry and ways to solve them

The effective development of the food industry is of strategic importance for any state and is one of the indicators of its economic security. Possessing significant growth potential, the food industry in the Russian Federation, at the same time, lags behind the economically developed countries in terms of the main indicators in terms of efficiency. Thus, the level of profitability of products of domestic enterprises engaged in the production of food products, including drinks, and tobacco, as of July 1, 2011 amounted to 7.87%. .
On the territory of the Russian Federation, there is also a significant regional asymmetry in the level of development of the food industry, resulting from the peculiarities food production, the diversity of natural and climatic conditions, as well as the close linkage of food production to the population of the region, the presence of its own raw material base, and the participation of the region in the trade in agricultural raw materials and food.
The reasons for this situation are that the Russian food industry is not sufficiently diversified, characterized by a low level of innovation and efficiency in the use of production and financial resources. The activities of enterprises are mainly focused on the domestic market, and the priorities of their strategic development are only a reaction to changes in external factors.
The stable functioning and further development of food industry enterprises requires a significant strengthening of the competitive potential of the industry, which in turn implies a radical technical re-equipment, expanding the range of products due to products of deeper processing, and improving its quality characteristics.
However, there are a number of obstacles to the further development of food production:
-strong competitive pressure of suppliers of agricultural raw materials on food producers (lack of resources is a deterrent to the development of many types of activities for the production of food products);
– tougher competition in most industry markets, increasing intensity.of.consolidation.processes;
– low level the profitability of most food products (rigid dependence of the profitability of production and added value.on.the.degree.of.processing.of.raw materials);
- growth in food imports due to the strengthening of the ruble, the growth of real incomes of the population and the lack of competitiveness of domestic goods;
– low resource endowment and, as a result, deep import dependence on raw materials;
– moral and physical aging of fixed production assets, especially.their.active.part;
–unfavorable.conditions.for.investment.
The solution of these problems in the food industry can be facilitated by the construction of an effective strategy for managing financial resources, in particular, the attraction of investment resources aimed at the innovative transformation of enterprises in this sector of the economy.
The transition to an innovative model for the development of food industry enterprises is very relevant in view of the need to overcome the negative consequences of the financial and economic crisis, such as a decrease in their potential and production capacity, a reduction and termination of investment in product and process innovations. depreciation. of fixed. capital.
It should be noted that there are specific innovation process in the food industry, due to the fact that innovations here are not revolutionary or radical, but are gradual, they are in the nature of imitation of existing products, technologies and services, and, as a rule, are not accompanied by.the use.of.high.technologies.
These features are associated, first of all, with a number of factors, the most important of which.are.the following:
- low share of investment in R&D in the total investment in the food industry;
- lagging behind the technological, production and business processes of Russian food enterprises from foreign competitors, especially the processes of primary (processing.food.raw materials);
- low level of qualification of the labor force in the food industry.
Thus, the further development of the food industry should be based on the introduction of modern innovative technologies. Consequently, one of the most important tasks of the modern development of the Russian economy is the formation and development of a system and mechanisms for financial support for the innovative activity of food industry enterprises. The solution of this problem will help increase the competitiveness and profitability of such enterprises, increase the level and quality of life of the population, and strengthen the food security of the Russian Federation.

Questions and tasks

1. Prove the special importance of the light and food industries, and hence the agro-industrial complex in the life of each of us.

The food and light industries provide people with food, clothing, and footwear. Both the food and light industries are closely related to agriculture, as they process agricultural raw materials. Therefore, both of these industries are part of the agro-industrial complex (AIC). The main purpose of the food industry is food production. Almost all food consumed by people undergoes industrial processing. Therefore, the role of the food industry is constantly increasing. Its development makes it possible to sustainably provide people with food throughout the year. Products light industry also directly affects the standard of living of people.

2. What are the factors for the placement of light and food industries.

Branches of the first group of the food industry gravitate toward areas where agricultural raw materials are produced. When receiving many types of products, the weight of the feedstock is greatly reduced. This is due either to its dehydration (drying fruits, tea), or to the occurrence of significant waste during processing. Branches of the second group of the food industry tend to consumers of finished products. The raw materials they use have already been recycled. It is more profitable to transport it than finished products (for example, only 40 tons of pasta fit in a sixty-ton car, but it can be fully loaded with flour used for their manufacture). Enterprises of this group are created directly in cities and large rural settlements. Some branches of the food industry are equally focused on raw materials and consumers.

The correct location of light industry enterprises makes it possible to solve a number of important tasks: 1) satisfy the material needs of people, taking into account the characteristics of demand in individual parts of the country; 2) to expand the scope of women's labor, which is especially important in areas of heavy industry; 3) build industrial enterprises in areas that do not have large energy, water and other resources.

3. Name the leading regions in the production of: 1) food; 2) light industry products. Explain the leadership of each of these districts.

Although foodstuffs are produced in all regions of the country, there are clear leaders among them: Central Russia (40%), the European North-West (15%) and the European South (over 10%). A significant part of light industry products is produced in Central Russia (55%). The Urals and the European South are significantly inferior to it (approximately 10% each). The leadership of these regions is explained by the highest density of their population in comparison with other regions of the country.

4. What are the environmental impacts of the light and food industries that people living near their factories are experiencing or are likely to experience?

According to the degree of intensity of the negative impact of light and food industry enterprises on environmental objects, the first place is occupied by water resources. In terms of water consumption per unit of output, the food industry occupies one of the first places among the branches of the national economy. High level consumption causes a large volume of wastewater generation at enterprises, while they have a high degree of pollution and pose a danger to the environment.

Most harmful substances, entering the atmosphere from food industry enterprises - organic dust, carbon dioxide, gasoline and other hydrocarbons, emissions from fuel combustion. The problem of atmospheric air protection for processing enterprises is also relevant. For example, in textile enterprises, the main pollutant is cotton dust, which causes respiratory diseases (bronchitis), pneumoconiosis (bisinosis).

Final tasks on the topic

1. What industries form the secondary sector of the economy?

The secondary sector unites enterprises of industries related to the production of finished products. The secondary sector includes manufacturing and construction enterprises. This sector takes the products of the main sector and manufactures finished products or where they are suitable for use by other firms, for export, or sale to domestic consumers. This sector is often divided into light industry and heavy industry. Many of these industries consume large amounts of energy and require factories and machinery to convert raw materials into goods and products. They also produce waste materials and waste heat, which can pose environmental problems or cause pollution.

2. Based on the materials of the textbook and the atlas, make a comprehensive description of the fuel and energy complex of Western Siberia.

The West Siberian fuel and energy complex is located in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions, which include the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The complex was formed due to the presence in this territory of various minerals (primarily fuel - oil and gas) and other natural resources(forest and water).

In terms of reserves and production of oil and natural gas, this region is the leader in Russia. The largest oil fields include: Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Surgut, Megion and others; as well as gas: Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye, etc. Oil and gas in this region are distinguished by high quality indicators. Hydrocarbon resources are unique in scale and high economic efficiency.

However, most of the territory of the complex is located in the Tundra and Taiga zones and is characterized by harsh natural and climatic conditions. This results in higher spending on housing and high costs for capital construction. The infrastructure is poorly developed, especially the transport network.

3. Suggest options for creating ferrous metallurgy enterprises in the Far East, taking into account the specifics of its nature, population distribution and transport networks.

The construction of a metallurgical plant on the Amur-Zeya Plain on the Trans-Siberian Railway (southeastern part of the Amur Region) is the most rational option, based on the location of explored deposits of iron ore and auxiliary raw materials, the existing transport network and the greatest preference for attracting the population. With a low population density in the Far East region, the highest population density is observed along the Trans-Siberian Railway.

4. Think about how the geography of the food industry will change with the expansion of the production of new generation food products: frozen bread, second and dessert groups, etc.

I think that the geography of the food industry with such components would expand in regions with a small share Agriculture and animal husbandry, because these factors provide:

1) Long-term storage;

2) Maintaining the value and quality of the product;

3) Least cost, etc.

5. Name the problems specific to the secondary sector of the Russian economy.

The need for competent logistics - i.e. transportation at the lowest cost.

Remoteness of the consumer and raw material base.

The risk of environmental problems (for example, when crude oil is transported to a refinery, it may spill).

Some scientists, in relation to the Russian economy, also highlight the corruption component. Basically, this concerns the quality control of primary products, when for their admission to the secondary sector it is necessary to collect a lot of “papers” confirming their safety, suitability, etc. All these documents are issued by specialized state authorities. authorities where there is a temptation to bribe the relevant official to expedite the process.

6. Describe the impact of industries in the secondary sector of the economy on the environment.

high level anthropogenic impact on the natural environment are characterized by enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and oil refining industries, pulp and paper mills, all types of power plants, transport.

Problems of all industrial enterprises - the formation of a large amount of waste:

1) emissions into the atmospheric air;

2) sewage and solid waste production.

Industrial enterprises also pollute the environment. radioactive substances. A special type of pollution is noise and vibration generated by industrial installations and transport.

It is possible to reduce the level of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment if environmental legislation is strictly observed, financial resources are invested in the development of the industry for the processing and disposal of production waste, and the improvement of technologies.

RESEARCH

The impact of an industrial or agricultural enterprise in my locality on the environment.

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MBOU "Grachevskaya secondary school"

Creative work on the Geography of Russia

Topic: Features of the food industry

Completed by a student of 9 "A" class:

Kolousova Elena

Checked by the geography teacher:

Korotkikh Elena Ivanovna

With. Grachevka, 2017

Introduction

The food industry in Russia is a branch of the Russian industry engaged in the production of finished food products or semi-finished products, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. The food and processing industry is considered as a backbone sector of the country's economy, which forms the agro-food market, food and economic security. The food industry in Russia includes about 30 different industries and sub-sectors. The main ones are: food and flavoring, meat and dairy, flour and cereals and fish industries. The structure of the food industry also includes enterprises of the tobacco industry. In 2014, a total of 1.19 million people were employed in the food industry. The largest industry is the food industry, which (together with the flour and cereals industry) employs 63% of workers. The second place is occupied by the production of dairy products and cheese making - 17% of workers. The meat and fish industries employ 13% and 7% of workers, respectively. The development and location of the food industry is determined by the location of the population and agricultural production. The industry has received the greatest development in areas of high population concentration and large-scale agricultural production (for example, Moscow, Krasnodar Territory). Depending on the degree of influence of raw materials and consumer factors, the food industry is divided into three groups of industries: dependent on raw materials - sugar, oil and fat, fish, starch, milk canning; consumer-oriented - bakery, dairy, etc.; dependent on both raw materials and consumer factors - meat, flour-grinding, wine-making, tobacco, etc. Food enterprises account for 14% of the total production of the country's industrial complex. According to the results of 2014, the volume of shipped goods of own production of the food industry of the Russian Federation amounted to 4.7 trillion rubles. The food and processing industry, along with metallurgical production and the fuel industry, is one of the Russian leaders in the production of industrial products. The Russian food industry is mainly focused on the domestic market. Its products in terms of quality characteristics are not inferior, and in some cases surpass imported ones, and are competitive in the domestic market in terms of price characteristics. In 2014, exports of Russian food industry products amounted to 11.47 billion US dollars, imports - 36.25 billion US dollars. The most important Russian food exports are three commodity groups: fish and shellfish, fats and oils, and food waste and animal feed. These three groups account for 55% of all Russian exports.

Branches of the food industry

The food industry in Russia includes about 30 industries and more than 60 types of production. All this unites over 22 thousand enterprises engaged in various activities. They employ about 2 million people. At the present time in Russia there is no shortage of food products. In shops and hypermarkets, there is simply a huge assortment of products to choose from. Here everyone can choose and buy any product according to their taste and financial capabilities. This type of industry has simply enormous potential, due to the presence of large raw material bases with an abundance of food products that agriculture produces. All of them are of high quality, which helped them win the trust and love of not only Russians, but also other world countries. Today, the food industry in Russia is a leader. Thanks to the adopted experience from foreign colleagues, our entrepreneurs are not afraid to experiment in the production of a high-quality product. The most important thing here is to constantly monitor and improve the entire technical and technological component of such production. The state itself strictly monitors that all norms and standards responsible for the quality of food products, as well as their safety, are observed. The food industry in Russia today is represented by thousands of enterprises that have different shape ownership and production volumes.

Food itself has already become quite a specific commodity. This is due to the fact that most of the products cannot be stored for a long period of time. All this forces manufacturers to look for new innovative production technologies that can increase the shelf life of food products. As a result, very high competition in sales is formed. All this only moves the Russian food industry forward, introducing various technical innovations.

The fact that almost all domestic products are present on the shelves of the country's stores indicates that there is a progressive development of this industry. It exists, and has always been closely connected with agriculture - the main supplier of raw materials. It is closely connected with trade.

What industries are included in the food industry in Russia?

Dairy;

bakery;

Macaroni;

Flour-grinding large;

Oily;

fruit and vegetable;

Food.

The main part of the enterprises involved in the food industry, at the present time, belongs to the processing industries. The modern food industry in Russia uses a wide variety of methods for processing food raw materials. All this is done in order to ensure the safe consumption of food products and improve their palatability. This includes special heat treatment, salting, canning, etc. The change technological processing food allows to achieve significant growth in the quality of such goods. According to the State Inspectorate, in recent years the quality of domestic products has increased significantly, and most Russian products have completely surpassed the quality of imported ones. All this contributes to a decrease in demand for imported goods.

In order to develop their own activities of producers of goods, the state granted them the right to develop and approve various specifications for your products. This allows you to significantly increase the range and diversify the design of food products sold. You can learn more about current growth trends and promising areas in the Russian food industry at the Agroprodmash exhibition. To do this, you need to come to the largest exhibition complex of the capital, Expocentre Fairgrounds and visit various seminars, lectures, exhibition halls and much more.

Peculiarities

The food industry in Russia is considered a high-potential field of activity, since there are a huge number of very large companies and enterprises that are engaged in the production of food products on the market. In addition, there is a lot of land in the country, which leads to the fact that agriculture can develop constantly and quite efficiently. As a result, large and significant bases of raw materials are formed, which are constantly used by all food industry enterprises. It should also be noted that modern food industry enterprises in Russia practically do not use any dangerous or harmful additives in the production process of goods, therefore, Russians have confidence in the products being created, therefore they prefer it to a greater extent, rather than foreign-made products. Today, this field of activity belongs to one of the leading industries, and this is explained by the fact that working in this area is convenient and profitable for each enterprise. The great demand for high-quality and diverse food products leads to the fact that enterprises can sell almost all the products they create, and at the same time there are no losses and delays. In addition, even the Russian food industry is beginning to introduce innovative technologies and unique modern equipment into the production process of various goods, as a result of which the procedure for creating goods is simple, fast and automated. The state constantly monitors the development of this area of activity, as a result of which it encourages the introduction of various unique installations and technologies. That is why modern food industry products are considered very high quality and tasty, as well as healthy and safe. In addition, the food industry in Russia is constantly monitored by the state, so that all conditions and requirements, as well as standards and rules, are constantly observed in the process of activity. Only in this case, you can be sure that all products will be of really high quality and reliable, as well as created from natural and safe ingredients. It should be noted that in this area of activity they function as largest companies who specialize in the production various kinds food products, and you can also meet small companies, whose scope of activity is strictly limited, so they are engaged in the production of only a certain product. At the same time, even small companies can produce high-quality and competitive products that can compete even with various products produced by large concerns and firms. Modern organizations whose activities are related to the production of food products are trying their best to ensure that their goods are stored as much as possible, since food is such an item that has a limited lifespan, so companies often have to suffer significant losses. That is why the food industry is constantly developing, as all companies are trying to find various unique and modern ways with which you can significantly increase the shelf life of various products, and at the same time it is extremely important not to use preservatives or other preservatives in the production process. hazardous substances. Due to this, the prospects for the development of the industry are quite good, and there is also confidence that in the near future there will be more and more unique, high-quality and safe products on the market that will appeal to buyers in the domestic market and in other countries, as a result of which it is possible to provide quite large and stable export. It is important to note that the food industry is closely related to other areas of activity. That is why the food and processing industries in Russia are always developing and improving together. The level of agriculture also depends on the level of the food industry, which is the main supplier of raw materials for manufacturing companies that process and prepare food for the population acting as the end consumer. Also, trade is considered to be closely related to the food industry, both domestic and foreign trade, since some Russian consumer goods are in demand in many other countries. Quite a few industries belong to the food industry, since companies can specialize in working with meat, milk, grain, fish or other goods that act as raw materials, and depending on which element you have to deal with, the direction of activity is also determined. specific company.

Advantages and disadvantages

food industry russia

Strengths

High expansion rates and large market sizes. The growth rate of low-saturated, compared to consumption standards in developed countries, markets has been 10-15% per year or more over the past five years. Another positive factor is the possibility of import substitution, including through the transfer of production facilities of foreign companies to Russia. Rapid and sustainable growth of markets and their large scale are essential factors in the investment attractiveness of the industry.

Availability of modern production facilities (for a significant part of production). On average, over the past seven years, more than half of the production capacities have been updated in the industry, which is a record level among all major industries. In individual sub-sectors (fruit and vegetable, brewing, production of soft drinks, tobacco and shag), almost all operating capacities are new.

The presence of large strong companies, including foreign ones.

Developed auxiliary industries (competitiveness clusters). In recent years, auxiliary and service industries (tare and packaging, logistics and marketing services) have rapidly developed, which ensures additional stability of the competitive positions of companies operating in Russia.

Weaknesses

Imperfection of the mechanism of state regulation of the agro-industrial complex (customs duties, quotas, interventions). This issue is most relevant for the markets of grain, meat, sugar. State regulation does not yet ensure the proper stability of markets and the formation of effective incentives for producers and processors of raw materials, although there is progress in this matter.

Shortage of certain types of raw materials (especially relevant for the meat and dairy industry).

Powerful protectionism in the markets of developed countries, which makes it difficult to realize the export potential. Markets for agricultural products in developed countries are among the most closed, a set of tools is actively used - subsidies, price regulation, trade barriers, tax incentives. According to the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), the cost of production of mass agricultural products in developed countries is 25-40% higher than world prices (in Europe - up to 50%). The abolition of subsidies and trade barriers would ensure the growth of agricultural production in developing countries by 30%.

In a number of markets, there are low incentives for modernization. Individual large markets practically do not grow due to natural reasons, and producers do not compete with imports (non-tradable goods). The result is low incentives for modernization (especially with a high concentration of production). This applies to the baking and flour-grinding industries, a number of raw food industries: starch, yeast, salt, etc.).

Conclusion

The food industry is one of the most important industries agro-industrial complex of the country, including food. Its share (together with the primary processing of agricultural raw materials for light industry) accounts for about 2/5 of the total output of the agro-industrial complex.

The food industry includes more than two dozen branches. With such a variety, the unifying features are: agricultural raw materials, processing technologies, food preparation equipment and the purpose of products.

The placement of the food industry is carried out on the basis of taking into account the specific features of its industries. For example, such industries as flour-grinding, baking, butter-and-cheese-making and meat industries gravitate toward areas where finished products are consumed, especially large industrial centers.

Russia, as a great power with a favorable geographical location in Eurasia, has always had powerful international economic ties. A revived Russia will not only restore, but also significantly increase them. Integration processes with neighboring countries will also be restored and multiplied. All this will also become a powerful economic stimulus and a prerequisite for the further development of the food industry. Food production is the basis of human life. The food industry will always be a priority in the field of material production.

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The main factors influencing the location of food industry enterprises. Features of the placement of individual branches of the food industry

When placing food industry enterprises across the country, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors, the most important of which are:

The nature of the processed raw materials and finished products;

Possible periods of storage of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products;

Natural and natural-historical conditions;

Population and its concentration by regions of the country;

Standard of living;

Local traditions, customs, tastes and habits of the population;

Social forms of organization of production (concentration, specialization, combination and cooperation);

Transport network development;

Vehicles;

Methods of transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products, requiring special conditions and changing with the development of technical progress;

Other factors.

All food industry enterprises, based on the principles of their placement, are divided into three groups.

To the first group include enterprises that process transportable raw materials and produce non-transportable or perishable products. These are mainly enterprises engaged in the secondary processing of raw materials (bakery factories, confectionery factories, secondary winemaking plants, beer and non-alcoholic, pasta enterprises, tea-packing, tobacco factories, etc.). For example, transportation costs for the transportation of confectionery products are 1.5 - 3 times higher than for the transportation of raw materials (sugar, molasses, flour). Products of the brewing industry, including bottles, are 10 times more by weight, and non-alcoholic products are 15-17 times more than raw materials. In the production of wine in bottles, the total weight of containers (bottles and boxes) is 1.5 times the weight of the wine itself. The return transportation of containers also causes a large load on transport and an increase in transport costs. In addition, the terms for the sale of products of enterprises in this group (cakes and pastries, bakery, beer and non-alcoholic products) range from several hours to several days.

It is advisable to place such enterprises in places where products are consumed.

To the second group include enterprises that process non-transportable or perishable raw materials and produce transportable products. These are enterprises engaged in the primary processing of agricultural raw materials (sugar, distilleries, oil extraction plants, primary winemaking plants, enterprises for the fermentation of tobacco and tea leaves, etc.), as well as the salt industry, the production of mineral waters and the extraction of fish.

The raw materials processed at these enterprises are perishable, subject to active biological processes and non-transportable. For example, to produce 1 ton of granulated sugar, 9 tons of sugar beets are required. For 1 ton of finished products (starch or molasses), more than 6 tons of potatoes are consumed; for production 1t vegetable oil- more than 2 tons of sunflower seeds or more than 5 tons of cotton seeds. For 100 decalitres (equivalent to 1 ton), an average of about 1.5 tons of grapes is consumed, and for 100 decalitres of cognac alcohol - 12 tons of grapes. Long-term storage, transportation, overload of raw materials are associated with deterioration in quality and losses. Thus, grapes must be processed within 2-4 hours after harvest, milk - within 2 days, some types of vegetables - 1.5 days. Many of these industries are large consumers of water, fuel and require placement near water bodies or railways.

It is advisable to place such enterprises in places where raw materials are produced.

To the third group include enterprises that process transportable raw materials and produce transportable products (for example, flour mills, cereal enterprises) or enterprises that process non-transportable raw materials and produce non-transportable products (for example, canneries, meat processing plants). Such enterprises can be located both in places where products are consumed, where the population is most concentrated, or, if the population is dispersed, its density is low, in places where raw materials are produced. For example, flour mills operate as major cities and in places where grain is produced.

The construction of meat-packing plants in large cities is expedient because the slaughter of livestock achieves a comprehensive use of raw materials. Meat in raw and processed form is used at the construction site of the enterprise, skins are transferred for processing to enterprises of the leather industry, bones - for the production of gelatin, waste - for the production of animal feed or meat and bone meal, consumer goods workshops are created at enterprises for the production of various products from animal horns etc. At the same time, such enterprises are being built in places where livestock is raised.

From right decision issues of location of enterprises largely depends on the efficiency of their operation.

Taking into account the considered features of the location of food industry enterprises, the choice of the area and site for the construction of new enterprises is made, and the forms of organization of social production determine the possible type and structure of the enterprise.

Calculations of justification of the capacity and choice of the area for the construction of enterprises begin with determining the needs of the population, other sectors of the national economy and animal husbandry (for the feed industry) in the products of this industry.

Then, the possible volume of industry output at existing and already under construction enterprises is established, taking into account the use of available reserves.

There is a shortage of products in some areas and surpluses in others. A checklist of inter-district transportation is compiled, which shows the direction and volume of transportation from areas with a surplus of products to areas with a lack of it. Based on the balance of production and consumption of products, areas with a shortage of products of this industry are identified. The magnitude of the shortage of products, taking into account the capacity utilization factor, makes it possible to determine the need to increase production capacity through expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment of existing enterprises or new construction. All calculations to justify the capacity and selection of construction areas are carried out for a period of 5, 10, or 15 years.

For areas where it is planned to build enterprises for the processing of agricultural raw materials, balances are additionally drawn up for the production and use of raw materials (potatoes, vegetables, fruits, grapes, etc.).

When drawing up balance sheets for the production and processing of raw materials, the following conditions should be taken into account:

Possibility and expediency of production of this type of raw material according to natural and climatic conditions;

Possibility and efficiency of production of other types of crops;

security labor resources;

The need to reduce the transportation of finished products.

For example, the production of sugar beets is possible everywhere, in most regions of the Russian Federation, while the production of grapes, citrus fruits, certain types of vegetables and fruits is possible only in the southern regions. Therefore, it is not advisable to occupy areas in the southern regions for sugar beet crops.

An important role in the choice of the construction area (ceteris paribus) is played by transportation costs. First, according to the principle of the least transport costs, 2 - 4 points are allocated, then these points are based on comparative analysis capital and current costs (at a minimum of reduced costs) for engineering communications and other works, the best sites for construction are selected. Comparing the data obtained in the context of the main indicators of economic efficiency for all options for locating the enterprise, they choose an economically profitable area and site for the construction of the enterprise.

Questions for self-control

1. List the factors affecting the location of food industry enterprises.

2. What principles determine the classification of food industry enterprises when placing?

3. Lead concrete examples confirming the validity of these principles.

4. Show the sequence of calculations for the selection of areas for the construction of food enterprises.

5. What conditions should be taken into account when choosing areas for the construction of enterprises processing agricultural raw materials?

Related tests

1. Enterprises gravitating towards places of production include

a) sugar mills

b) confectionery factories

c) primary wineries

d) tea-packing factories