Morphemic analysis of words. How to make morphemic and derivational parsing of a word: specific examples

At school and at the philological faculties of universities, morphemic analysis is one of the most difficult types of language analysis. Students should be able to isolate morphemes correctly, know their meanings, be able to accurately divide a word into parts in order to make a morphemic analysis of a word without errors. A morpheme is the smallest meaningful part of a word. In fact, when doing morpheme analysis, you parse the word by composition, designating all its parts with special icons. This analysis is not easy to do. Certainly on initial stage When doing homework, you can use a special dictionary, parse words according to it. However, on control work, exams will still need to demonstrate their knowledge and skills, do morphemic analysis on their own. To do this, you need to practice a lot, remember the basic principles and features of morphemic analysis, and perform it according to the algorithm. It is also desirable to know at least the main groups of morphemes, morphemes characteristic of specific parts of speech. This mainly concerns suffixes, since it is with their selection that difficulties most often arise: it is difficult to correctly draw a line between them, designate a morpheme accurately, and not confuse it with a similar one. It is enough to be well versed in the main groups of morphemes, the nuances of parsing, to do it carefully in order to minimize the possibility of errors.

We perform morphemic analysis of the word: the main nuances and stages
First, do morphemic analysis on a draft. Only after completing it and checking the result, you can rewrite everything to a clean copy. You will need to write out the word itself, analyze it, perhaps in several versions. Pick up words with the same root and write them side by side, preferably in a column. When a word is difficult enough to parse, you need to write down as many check single-root units as possible, highlight morphemes in them. Work carefully, do not get distracted, be equally attentive to any word, even if it seemed to you quite simple to parse. Very often mistakes are made in light, short words, in which there are few parts. In order to make a morphemic analysis of a word without errors, you must always perform it carefully and check yourself. Consider the stages of morphemic parsing.

1. First you need to highlight the ending in the word. In some educational institutions, it is practiced to highlight the stem of a word as the first stage of analysis, but most scientists believe that it is necessary to designate the ending in the first place. There are nuances associated with it that you need to pay attention to. The ending is highlighted by circling it with a rectangular frame.
   
2. After marking the end of the word, you can select its stem. It is underlined, and separated from the sides by short vertical lines. In school textbooks, you could already read the traditional definition of a stem: part of a word without an ending. However, this is not entirely true. The basis of the verb does not include not only the ending, but also formative suffixes in verbs. Remember these suffixes:
   • past tense suffix –l-;
     
   • suffixes of an indefinite form –ty, -ty.
     
   For example, having highlighted the stem in the word smiled, do not forget to break the solid line under the suffix -l- and mark the ending and with a square.

   In order not to confuse the stem and the ending, always highlight it accurately, each time pay special attention to the verbs of the past tense, indefinite form, remember the nuances of their analysis.
   

3. At the third stage, having highlighted the ending and the stem, you will need to correctly find the root of the word. There are different parsing methods: some suggest that you first identify the root, and someone thinks that it is better to highlight all the suffixes and prefixes. Then the root itself will be the last significant part of the word, carrying its main meaning. It all depends on the complexity and length of the word, the number of morphemes in it. In most cases, students analyze words with a moderate number of morphemes. Such words should be parsed traditionally, highlighting the root at the third stage. If the word is really very complex, it combines several suffixes, prefixes at once, it is worth starting to parse them, and lastly designate the root. To correctly find the root, pick up as many words with the same root as possible. Try not to miss the right words, otherwise the root will be too long, you will mistakenly include a prefix or suffix in it. The root is distinguished from above by a curved line resembling a rounded “lid”.
   
4. When you already know the stem, ending and root, in most cases it is advisable to start isolating the prefix. Usually there are no problems with this part of the word. It must be drawn from above with a straight line, draw down a small vertical line that will separate the prefix from the root.
   
5. Often the most crucial stage is the selection of suffixes. Try to remember the main types of suffixes, their groups, in order to designate them not at random, but using specific knowledge, to make a morphemic analysis of the word accurately. The suffix is ​​distinguished by drawing a pointed “lid” above it.
   

A number of features of the allocation of morphemes. Common morphemes

Morphemic parsing must be done carefully. Remember a few basic nuances of parsing and the most common morphemes.

1. Pay attention to highlighting the ending. Many words need to be marked with a zero ending: you will need to put a box, leaving an empty space in it. These are words in which there is no ending, but it can appear if the word is put in a different form. Do not forget that not all words have a zero ending. Learn groups of words that do not have the so-called "unreplaced place" ending:
   • gerunds (having done);
     
   • adverbs (far away);
     
   • verbs in indefinite form (solve);
     
   • invariable nouns (coffee).
     
2. Be careful about highlighting the endings of verbs. They often appear in the middle of a word, but are not included in the stem. For example: smiles, ending -no-.
   
3. Carefully use the “matryoshka” morpheme extraction method, when you gradually “free” the root of the word from suffixes and prefixes, choosing words with the same root. Try to define the parts of the word objectively, do not try to find as many morphemes as possible. The meaning of the word, its meaning in a particular fragment of the text, plays an important role. Whole line words, although they have an etymological relationship, in the modern Russian language have long diverged in meaning and are not of the same root. Look at the examples:
   • to beware - to guard;
     
   • attract - attracted;
     
   • air is spirit;
     
   • explore - trace.
     
   In all pairs, the words are related in meaning, but only one pair is really the same root words. If you think about their meanings, refer to explanatory dictionaries, then you can easily select the right pair: attract - attracted. These words are of the same root, because they mean the same action. Words from other pairs have long diverged in their meanings. When you have any doubts, be sure to check the dictionaries. You can take an explanatory dictionary, as well as Tikhonov's word-building dictionary.
   
4. In some cases, you will need to partially transcribe a word, that is, make its phonetic analysis in order to correctly determine the boundaries of morphemes. This must be done in cases where the letters e, e, u, i find themselves in certain positions and break up into two sounds, one of which is y. Carefully analyze this sound in order to correctly attribute it to the root or suffix.
   
5. First, memorize the most common suffixes characteristic of different parts speeches, their formations:
   • -l- - past tense suffix of the verb (invented, ran away);
     
   • -yash-, -usch-, -ash-, -yusch- suffixes forming participles (thinking, alluring);
     
   • -tel-, -ost-, -k- are very often found in nouns (driver, mouse, severity).
     
6. Also write down an extended list of suffixes. Learn them in groups, according to the part of speech. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly select the suffix. The suffixes are already divided into parts of speech:
   • noun suffixes: -ushk-, -ishk-, -schik-, -chik-, -tel-, -ist-, -enk-, -onk-, -nick-, -k-, -ost-, -its- , -th-, -ek-, -from-, -search-;
     
   • characteristic suffixes of verbs: -yva-, -ova-, -eva-, -irova-, -nicha-, -izirova-, -stvo-;
     
   • adjectives: -sk-, -k-, -yn-, -in-, -onn-, -enn-, -in-, -n-, -yan-, -an-, aln-, -av-, - liv-, -ichn-, -ichesk-, -ev-, -ov-;
     
   • common participle suffixes: -usch-, -asch-, -yashch-, -yushch-, -vsh-, -sh-;
     
   • passive participles: -yonn-, -nn-, -enn-, -om-, -em-, -im-, -t-;
     
   • suffixes of gerunds: -a, -ya, -shi, -lice, -в.
     

Knowing the methods of word formation, the main features of the analysis and its sequence will help you to correctly make a morphemic analysis of a word.

Linguistic analyzes are necessary in order to systematize information on a specific section of linguistics. So, for example, morphemic analysis allows you to remember everything studied in the section "Morfemics and word formation" and apply part of the knowledge in practice.

What is morpheme parsing

Morphemic parsing of a word is parsing by composition. During this analysis, the student must identify all the significant parts of the word.

There are parts of the word (letters, syllables) and significant parts (prefix, root, etc.): the latter have their own meaning and are able to influence the meaning of the whole word: house-ik is a small house.

Guys do such analyzes in the 5th grade, and even earlier in a number of programs. In many cases, the search for parts of a word is not difficult, but requires attention.

How to parse a word by composition

There is a well-established order of morphemic parsing. You should not change it, even if it seems that you can make it easier. It is better to follow the instructions, then you will be able to avoid mistakes.

So, how to do morpheme parsing?

Necessary highlight ending. To do this, you need to change the word (names or participles - by cases, verbs - by persons, genders (past tense, conditional mood) or numbers (imperative))

In complex numerals there are two endings, in the middle and at the end of the word: seven-and-ten-and, seven-th-ten-th.

Designate the basis(the whole word without an ending; -sya is included in the stem).

Necessary find the root. To this end, we select words with the same root, that is, we try to change prefixes and suffixes: you can pick up a word of a different part of speech. At the same time, we remember that

• roots may have alternation (snow - snow-ok; love-and-be - love-th);
• roots can be homonymous (look the same, but denote different meanings (mountain and mountain-a).

Designate affixes: suffixes and prefixes. It must be remembered that a word can have more than one prefix and more than one suffix. To distinguish between them, you need to find the closest predecessor of this word in the word-formation chain (from which word it came).

For example, the word “circle” did not come from the word “circle”, but from the word “circle” (but “circle” - from “circle”, but we need to find the word “daddy”, not “grandfather”).

Examples

Let us give examples of morphemic parsing of words.

Cup.

Ending -a (cup-and, cup-oh ...)

Cup - the basis.

Bowl- - root (bowl-ka, bowl-a, bowl-elistiki)

There are no attachments.

Suffix -k- (cup-a + -k-) and -ech- (alternating k / h and e with zero sound).

Pre-winter

Ending -th (pre-winter-im, pre-winter-him).

The basis is pre-winter.

Root -zim- (zim-a, zim-orodok, zim-ear).

Prefix pre-(winter - pre-winter).

Suffix - -n- (winter - winter-n-th).

What have we learned?

To perform morphemic analysis, it is necessary to act according to a plan. First, we change the form of the word and find the ending. Then we define the base. The next stage is the search for the root (using the selection of cognate words). At the end, look for prefixes and suffixes.

In order to parse a word into morphemes, it is necessary to follow a certain plan. Morpheme analysis - the selection in the word of all morphemes - small compound words: root, suffix, ending, stem, prefix. The presence of all morphemes in a word is optional. First you need to write the word as it is given for parsing.

How to make a morphemic analysis of a word - definition of a part of speech

It is necessary to determine the part of speech of the word for which morphemic analysis is required. What type does it belong to: mutable or immutable.

Change:

• noun;
• numeral;
• adjective;
• verb;
• pronoun.

Do not change:

• union;
• particles;
• adverb;
• interjection;
• pretext.

How to make a morphemic analysis of a word - highlight the ending

If a word can change, then it has an ending.

• We change the desired word (conjugate / decline) and determine the changing part at the end of the word (or before the postfix) - the ending. We denote the morpheme with a square icon.
• The ending indicates a number, gender, case, or person. For example, the word plays has the ending -et, which indicates the 3rd person singular. verb play. Word knife a has the ending -a, which indicates the masculine singular. noun knife.
• The ending can be not only at the end of the word. For example, before -ss and -those. In the word rolled a camping ending -a, in a word id eat those ending - eat.
• A word can have a null ending. For example, in the words house, waiting null ending is also indicated by a box after the word.

How to make a morphemic analysis of a word - we denote the basis of the word

Stem - in modified words, part of the word, with the exception of the ending and the formative suffix.

Formative suffixes include:

• suffixes of degrees of comparison in adj. and people ending in -o-, -e- (powerful - powerful-her, submissively - submissively-eysh-e);
• past tense verb suffix -l- (waited, stole);
• suffixes for indefinite verbs -t, -ti (sleep, carry);
• suffixes forming participles -usch-, -yusch-, -ash-, -yash-, -vsh-, -sh-, -em-, -im-, -om-, -nn-, -enn-, -t - (sounding, studied, improved, led, stubborn, etc.);
• suffixes of gerunds -uchi-, -yuchi, -v-, -a-, -ya-, -lice-, -shi- (playing, playfully, winning, resting).
• these suffixes are not included in the stem of the word!

The stem in invariable words is the whole word (for example, the words low, thinking).

How to make a morphemic analysis of a word - select the root

• The lexical meaning of the word is the root.
• The word may have no root, have one or two roots, may have a zero root (in the word take out zero root).
• To understand what root a word has, you need to find as many words with the same root as possible. An example of single-root words: frosty, rime, frost, freezer. All these words have a root -frost-.
• The root is marked with the sign “arc”.

How to make a morphemic analysis of a word - we denote the remaining morphemes: prefixes and suffixes

• The prefix is ​​always placed at the beginning of a word before the root.
• There are three groups of prefixes: invariable prefixes (in-, before-, behind-, to-, over-, under-, re-, over-, under-, etc.), prefixes that end in -z and -s ( without- (bes-), voz- (vos-), times- (ras-), etc.) and prefixes pre- and pre-.
• The prefix is ​​denoted by ¬.
• The suffix is ​​placed after the root and before the ending.
• Most of the suffixes are derivational (for example, the suffix -in- for the formation of possessive adjectives: sable - sable in oh, mouse - mouse in th)
• The suffix is ​​denoted as - ^.

How to do morphemic parsing of a word - an example

Let's analyze the word into morphemes residents.

• Word residents answers the question who? and is a noun.
• The noun is a variable part of speech, so we find the ending. We are trying to change the word so that only the end of the word changes (we change either the number or the case): resident, inhabitant her. That is, we get that in our word the ending is -i. It points to the plural. I.p.
• The basis of the word (without ending) is -resident-.
• We select single-root words: loy, well be. We select the root -zhi-.
• Only the suffix -tel remains, which is a word-forming noun for such nouns as gender-and-tel, pis-a-tel.

Morphemic parsing of a word is always carried out according to the same scheme. With practice, you can easily determine what morphemes a word consists of.

Parsing a word by composition is also called morphemic parsing.

First, the boundaries of the ending are determined by changing the form of the word (decline or conjugate the word). Then they figure out the part of speech, otherwise the analysis will be wrong. The part that changes is the end. It contains the grammatical meaning of the word.

Domik-om - noun T.p. and singular

Chern-omu - adjective m.r., singular and P.p.

Sailed-i - plural verb.

Endings can be multi-valued, the same ending expresses several different grammatical meanings(compare: glass-o - noun singular and glass-o - verb cf. and singular).

Polk-a - noun I.p. and singular

Knew-a - verb f.r. and singular

Beautiful - adjective f.r. and singular

The ending of a noun consists of one letter (earth-i, country-a, army-i, window-o, sea-e, assembly-e, subject-e) or is zero (table, horse, doctor, sparrow , genius , mouse , autumn ).

Ending an adjective or participle in full form consists of two letters, in short form it is reduced by one letter or becomes zero in the masculine form (blue-th, blue-oh, blue-th, blue-th, blue-her, blue-th; gentle, tender-a , tender-o, tender-s).

The adjectives blue and fox are outwardly similar, but belong to different categories (first qualitative, second possessive) and answer different questions. And besides this, they still differ in their endings: in the word fox, the suffix -y stands out, and the ending is zero.

The ending of verbs is not so easy to distinguish. First you need to determine its shape. If it is an infinitive (initial form), then it does not change, that is, it does not have non-permanent features, which means it has no ending. In most cases, it is easily recognizable by special signs: -t, -ti, -ch (sail, carry, protect).

The past tense form of the verb is determined by the suffix -l- (sang, sang-a, sang-o, sang-and, laughed-sya, laughed-a-s, dared-o-s, laughed-and-s). Here you need to drop the postfix -sya or -sya, because the ending comes before it.

It is easy to remember the forms of the present and future tenses of the verb (the letters E, U, Yu are in the verbs of the I conjugation, and the letters I, A, I are in the verbs of the II conjugation): do, do, do, do; standing, standing, standing, standing.

In the imperative mood of the verb, there may be a suffix AND before the ending, and the ending TE: go-and-te, write-and-te (or cut, cut, take, stop).

We don’t analyze pronouns by composition at school, their root looks too strange (something, something).

Numerals have not one ending, but two at once, and one of them is in the middle of a word: seven hundred, seven-and-hundred, seven-u-st-ami, se-and-st-ah.

In gerunds, adverbs, categories of state, functional words, interjections and onomatopoeias, we will not look for the ending at all, since these are unchangeable parts of speech.

After the end, we highlight the base of the word. It may coincide with the root (coast, mountain-a), and this is a non-derivative basis. It can include a prefix, a suffix (transition, demon-useful-n-th, house-ik) and be a derivative base.

The base is simple if it consists of one root (red), it becomes complex if it has several roots (pair-o-move). The basis contains the lexical meaning of the word. The basis also includes postfixes -sya, -sya. Then it becomes intermittent (laugh - the basis of the mixture). Interfixes (connecting vowels O-E): heat-o-run, bird-e-factory.

Every word has a root. This is the main part of the word, which is general meaning all single-root words (trav-a, grass-k-a, grass-ink-a, grass-yan-oh, grass-yan-ist-th). It often shows alternations of vowels and consonants (grow up - splicing - grew up; friend - friends - friendship).

A prefix is ​​a significant part of a word that is located before the root and serves to form new words and word forms. The prefix consists of one sound or several, both a vowel and a consonant (u-carried, s-sing, turned pink, taste, super-hero). More than one prefix can be found in a word: without-from-even, re-with-read.

Each prefix has its own meaning, it can be multi-valued, it is easy to pick up a prefix-synonym or antonym for it.

The prefix bes- has the meaning of absence (bes-order, infinity).

The prefix you- has a synonym for- (you-wash and wash).

The prefix v- has an antonym you- (to-push - you-push).

There are even prefixes-homonyms: they froze, they ran, they sat, they washed.

New words: not-happiness, is-write, useless.

Forms of the word: best, s-do.

And by their origin, prefixes are primordial and foreign: under-carry, counter-play.

Suffix - a significant part of the word, which is located after the root and serves to form new words and word forms. One word sometimes contains several suffixes: for-bol-e-va-em-ost. Some suffixes appear in different options: buffet-chik, glazier-schik.

Suffixes, like prefixes, also have lexical meaning, there are multi-valued suffixes, there are suffixes-synonyms and homonyms.

Suffixes -ek, -ik have a diminutive meaning: nut - nut-ek, house - house-ik.

Synonymous suffixes: glass-chik and newspaper-chik; teacher and switch.

Homonym suffixes: pig-in-a, straw-in-a, voice-in-a, scratch-in-a, shir-in-a.

New words: blue-ev-a, rain-living-th, captain-sk-th.

Forms of words: hush-e, beautiful-her, n-t, jump-l, run-vsh-th, see-in.

The order of parsing a word by composition

1. Determine the part of speech.
2. Indicate the end of the word (if any).
3. Select base.
4. Through a series of single-root words, find the root of the word, note the alternation of sounds.
5. Install attachment or attachments.
6. Set suffix or suffixes.

Sample word parsing by composition

weave- noun. singular, I.p., no weaving or weaving, ending E.

The basis of the "weave". Root words: weave, weave, weave. Root "weave".

The prefix is ​​re-used to form a new word.

The suffix -eni[j] is used to form a new word.

Re-weave-enei-e.

turned pink- verb, past tense, singular, m.p., zero ending.

The basis is “pink” (-l is a formative suffix). Root words: pink, pink. Rose root.

The prefix indicates the beginning of the action, serves to form a new word.

The suffix -ov- serves to form a new word.

The suffix -e- serves to form a new word.

Rose-ov-e-l Ø

Analyze the composition of the following words:

chat

Messy

Immunity

Chosen One

In Russian, words consist of morphemes - the minimum meaningful parts of a word.

In contact with

The concept of a morpheme

Morphemes include , root, suffix, ending, connecting vowels and . Each morpheme has specific position in a word:

• The prefix is ​​at the beginning. There can be several of them in one lexical unit. The prefix has a word- and formative function. For example, crumble - crumble, think - think about, move - pass.
• At the root lies the main meaning. Words without this part do not exist. For example, bread - bread-ny - bread-etz, wave - wavy-those - un-wave-ovate.
• The position of the suffix is ​​after the root and before the ending. It also has a formative function. One lexical unit can have from one to three suffixes. For example, a river is a speech-to-a, advice is advice-ova-th, a stone is stone-n-th.
• The ending not part of the base and stands out only for inflected parts of speech (except for indefinite pronouns, reflexive verbs, complex numerals). It indicates the gender, number, case, person, and also determines the connection of words in syntactic constructions. In some words, there is a zero ending. For example, horse Ø - horse-I, twist-th - cool-yat, thin - thin.
• Connecting vowels form compound lexemes (have two or more roots). The most common connect. vowels - -o and -e, but you can meet -i, -a, -u. For example, hunting, cook, sixth grader, forty, daredevil, double-barreled gun.
• Postfix stands after the end. It includes the reflexive verbal suffix -s / -sya, the suffix will command. inclinations pl. hours - those; pronominal -something, -either, -something; -ka and -the same. Postfixes refer to the stem and terminate at the end. For example, squint, perform, so-and-so, ever, someone, show me, after all.

Important! All morphemes, with the exception of the ending, form the basis of the word form. Verb suffix past. temp. -l- is also not included.

How to morpheme a word

What is morphemic parsing? This is decomposition of the word form into its component parts. It has a clear structure:

1. Determine the part of speech.
2. Select ending and stem.
3. Select prefix(es) and suffix(s).
4. Select root.

Let's study examples:

Let's make a morphemic analysis of the word confine:

The part of speech is the verb. Graduation -t indicates the infinitive form. The invariable part of the word is -limit + -sya. We select word formation. adj. o-, returnable suf. oh, soof. -and- indicating II conjugation. The root is border from the word "border".

Let's parse the word origin(option 1):

This is a noun cf. R. 2nd fold, as indicated by the end. -e. Basis -origin-. Selected words. adj. -pro- and -is- (a variant spelling of the adjective -from- before a voiceless consonant) and the suffix -eni- indicating an action or state. Cor. -walk-.

Morphemic word parsing origin(option 2):

The main part is the same - -origin-. Selected words. suf. -eni-. This word has 2 roots: -origin- and -hod-.

Morphemic word parsing folder:

This is the noun husband. R., 2nd fold, as indicated by the zero ending. The main part is the binder. We select words. adj. -s-, shock suf. -va-, verbal suf. -tel- indicating the name of mechanisms/professions. This is a complex lexical unit, it has two roots -skor- and -shi-, connected by the vowel -o.

Attention! For morphemic analysis, the word form used in the given text is always taken, regardless of the /person/number it is in.

How to do word-formation analysis

Always goes with the morpheme. Its purpose is to clarify how the word form is formed.

Word-formation analysis is carried out according to a clear algorithm:

1. The word is put in its initial form.
2. The immutable part is determined and derivation is established.
3. For the derivative, single-root words are selected.
4. The stem is indicated in single-root words.
5. Derivational morphemes are indicated.
6. It is called the method of education.

Morphemic parsing of words

Let's parse the word centipede:

The sentence "The body size of centipedes can be up to 30 cm."

• The initial form is a centipede (complex).
• The basis of the noun - centipede - is a derivative.
• It has two roots: -forty- and -knife-. Single-root words: forty and legs-a / knife-ka.
• Connect. vowel -o-; suffix -k-.
• Merging several bases; suffix.

Word-building analysis of the word have traveled:

Let's look at the sentence: "We've traveled half the world."

• The initial form is to go around.
• The basis of the verb -byezdi- is a derivative.
• Cor. -drive-. Single-root words: detour, detour, detour.
• word images. adj. -ob-, dividing bj, verbal suf. -i- and -l-.
• Prefix-suffix.

Word-building analysis of the word earphone.