Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives can be synonymous only in the predicative function. These forms differ stylistically: short ones are bookish in nature, full ones are colloquial or neutral. In addition, the short form is characterized by a tinge of categoricalness, while the full form is characterized by softness: he is brave (fair, stupid, etc.) - he is brave (fair, stupid). Therefore, in cases where generalizations are given in a categorical form (in proverbs, scientific positions, descriptions, definitions), they are usually used short adjectives: Young in years, but old in mind; The Russian people are talented; Ivanov is principled, persistent, initiative. Semantic and grammatical differences are also characteristic of full and short adjectives. The semantic differences lie in the fact that the full forms express the sign of a constant, irrelevant, passive, and the short forms express a temporary, relative, active sign: the river is calm - the river is calm, the mother is sick - the mother is sick, the load is heavy - the load is heavy (it can be light for an adult , but heavy, for example, for a child). However, in my speech, short adjectives are used to designate a permanent, irrelevant sign, property or quality, since here definitions, descriptions are given in a categorical form: fluorine is poisonous; oxygen is colorless. In some cases, full and short adjectives differ sharply in their semantics: The child is deaf from birth - He is deaf to the mother's pleas; Father is still alive - The boy is very alive.

The grammatical difference between full and short adjectives in the predicative function is expressed in the fact that the short form has the ability to syntactic control: You are strong in soul, you are rich in bold patience (N. Nekrasov); Everyone has their own side. Full adjectives, as a rule, do not have such an ability, however, a dependent component can adjoin them: The sky is red from a fire; The face is blue from the cold; People are strong in spirit. In addition, from the adjectives red, blue, blue and some others, the short form is limited in use or not formed at all.

Due to stylistic, semantic and grammatical differences, full and short adjectives cannot be used as homogeneous predicates; either only full or only short forms are used as homogeneous ones: October is extremely cold, rainy (K. Paustovsky); The strength of sailors is unstoppable, persistent, purposeful (L. Sobolev).

T.P. Pleshchenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Chechet. Stylistics and culture of speech - Mn., 2001.

From most qualitative adjectives it is possible to form simple and complex forms of comparative and superlative degrees: dangerous- dangerous her - more (less ) dangerous; dangerous eysh ii - most dangerous - more dangerous all - most dangerous, nai dangerous her neck.

complex shape comparative degree(e.g. more dangerous, more complex, higher, more beautiful) characterized as a book; simple form (more dangerous, harder, higher, prettier) stylistically neutral. However, with the attachment on-

202 Part II. Functioning of language units in a lawyer's speech

it takes on a colloquial coloring, cf.: taller, prettier, stronger etc.

Forms with suffix -her also characteristic of colloquial speech: fast her- faster, smarter her- smarter, dangerous her- more dangerous. Forms prettier, sweeter, worse, livelier, louder and others like it are colloquial.

Combination of simple and complex shapes (more stronger, faster, less dangerous etc.) is a violation of the stylistic norm.

The comparative degree of adjectives is used in speech to compare the same quality in different subjects: There is no treasure more valuable than life. A drunk driver driving a car is no less dangerous than an armed bandit. As part of legal terms, it is used without comparison with another subject: less grievous bodily harm, more lenient punishment.

Forms of the superlative degree are characterized by a greater variety in education and use than the forms of the comparative degree. The simple form has a bookish character (especially with the prefix most- ), the complex form is used in all styles of speech. Wed: the most important- most important, brightest- the brightest, the strictest- the most strict. Note that simple superlatives are more expressive than complex ones. Compound forms made up of a simple comparative degree and a word all (most important, stricter than all, smarter than all etc.), have a colloquial connotation.

The combination of simple and complex forms contradicts language norm: the most dangerous, the most difficult. Necessary: most dangerous or most dangerous, heaviest or the heaviest . Unfortunately, in recent years, in radio and television programs, one can increasingly hear in the nearest, the shortest possible time; the most dangerous disease, the most important task, which violates the literary norm. Interestingly, in legal terms lower penalty simple forms of comparative and superlative degrees are combined.

Synonymous forms of short adjectives

V in some cases it is difficult to use parallel forms of short adjectives. How, for example, is correct: responsible or responsible? Sharp or sharp?

Variants in the formation of a short form of masculine adjectives with suffixes -en and -enen usually seen in

Section 3. Accuracy in the use of morphological units 203

adjectives with multiple consonants before the suffix -enn-, eg: lawsuit ssv hen, of course stv ed, answered tstv enny, beznra vstv enny etc. The development of these forms is interesting. More ancient was the form with the suffix -en, she came from Slavic language. Then there was a tendency to use forms with the suffix -enen, in recent decades, researchers have noted the predominance of forms with the suffix -en: yav en, nonsense en, properties en, ignorance en etc. It should be remembered that short forms with a suffix -en are the norm of literary speech, forms with the suffix -enen perceived as outdated. But you need to distinguish between short forms responsible (short participle: responsibility en for the investigation i.e. answers) and responsible (short adjective: om responsible i.e. conscientious).

Questions for self-examination

1. In what function can full and short adjectives be synonymous? 2. What semantic differences exist between full and short adjectives? 3. What is the stylistic coloring of full and short adjectives? 4. What are the grammatical differences between full and short adjectives? 5. What forms does the comparative degree of adjectives have? What are their formation and stylistic coloring? 6. What mistakes should be avoided when using the comparative degree of adjectives? 7. What is the use of superlative adjectives in speech? 8. What do you know about the synonymic forms of short adjectives?

Sample lesson plan

Theoretical part

1. General concept about the stylistic properties of adjectives.

2. Synonymy of full and short adjectives.

3. Features of the formation and use of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives.

Practical part

Task 1. In examples taken from the accusatory speeches of V. I. Tsarev, use the form you need, from your point of view, apply

204 Part P. The functioning of language units in the speech of a lawyer

gatel. Justify your choice. Check if it matches the choice made by the speaker. Consider which of you is right.

a) The content of the letter (such, such), b) Agree that this way of storing money is quite (strange, strange), c) It is not a coincidence (accidental, accidental), d) The poison with which recidivists poison the psychology of the surrounding youth, (dangerous, dangerous), e) By a lucky chance, the victim then remained (alive, alive, alive), f) His behavior was far from (perfect, impeccable, impeccable), charges on the issue of determining the defendant's measure of criminal punishment for the murder of two women under aggravating circumstances and on the basis of the totality of the crimes committed (clear, clear) and (clear, understandable), i) Such reasoning is fundamentally (erroneous, erroneous), k) Is it too ( great, great) marriage in the work of the teaching staff? Is it not too (great, great) pedagogical losses? These questions are not idle, l) The mission of our school is highly (humane, humane), m) A widely (known, well-known) particular, but truly characteristic case, n) The task of technical supervision is extremely (modest, modest): to ensure that the contractor does not deviate from project, o) Pretext (original, original): he does not want alimony for two children to be withheld from “earnings”, o) Vasiliev is still (young, young), he is 35 years old. p) Isaeva explained the reason: he (drunk, drunk), c) Conclusion (clear, clear): the public must resolutely suppress alcohol abuse, r) The role of the administration and public organizations of the workshop was clearly (passive, passive, passive), y) Suspicions in his involvement in the murder is very (serious, serious).

Task 2. Explain the correctness of the speakers' choice of short forms of adjectives. Is it possible to replace them with full forms?

There are moments when you are truly good with special inner beauty, which, shining from within, transforms the face (V. I. Ts.). The inner impulses that pushed Vasilchenko to stab him are clear and understandable: to remove the victim from the road (V. I. Ts.). An audit of the financial and economic activities of the plant is coming. Troubles are inevitable (V. I. Ts.). This fact is indicative in another respect: these are the business trips that Petrov took money for! (V. I. Ts.). And the truth says: Tsygarova is innocent (A. S. E.). In our society, a person is not alone (G. M. Sh.). The son needed the mother, but the mother did not need the son (G. M. Sh.). Both the prosecution and the defense, and the public are united in their requests before the court (G. M. PKh).

Exercise 3. Answer what are the functions of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in the speeches of judicial speakers. Note the cases in which errors were made in the use of degrees of comparison.

It would seem that what could be simpler and clearer than the case of Eva Mikhailovna Lesina? Meanwhile, this case once again confirms the most necessary, most important for justice idea that there are no and cannot be simple cases in court (Ya.S.K.). As the Russian proverb says, the truth is brighter than the sun (A. S. E.). A healthy beginning was stronger in Kalinov than the harmful influence of "native" and "close" people (G. M. Sh.). These results (the work of the school. - Ya. AND.) have the most direct, most immediate relation to the criminal case being examined in the court session (V. I. Ts.). The population shows the most lively interest in

Section 3. Accuracy in the use of morphological units 205

resolution of the fate of young men and adolescents sitting today in the dock. Vinogradov trampled on the best aspirations of his still fragile youth. Small advances are taken against the salary. Then these advances become larger and more important. He immediately remembered the most detailed nuances of issuing a hundred rubles. For you and me, the interests ... of the state, the interests ... of the people are above all (V. I. Ts.).

Task 4. Express your opinion on the importance of this topic in the professional activities of a lawyer. Justify your point of view.

Exercise 5. Tell your friends who make mistakes in the use of degrees of comparison of adjectives about the norms for their use. Think about what to do if you notice such errors in the speech of teachers.

Exercise 6. Imagine that you have to identify a suspect in a crime from a photograph. Create an orientation portrait.

Answers to task 1: a) this, b) strange, c) not accidental, d) dangerous, e) alive, f) not perfect, g) sane, h) clear and understandable, i) erroneous, j) great, great , k) humane, m) famous, n) modest, o) original, o) young, p) drunk, c) clear, r) passive, y) serious.

Stylistic Resources for Adjectives

Synonymy of long and short forms

Short and full forms of adjectives can act as synonyms only in the predicative function (in the role of predicates): the book is interesting - the book is interesting, the girl is beautiful - the girl is beautiful. There can be stylistic, semantic and grammatical differences between full and short adjectives.

1. Semantic difference: some short forms have a different meaning than the full ones: The child is very alive - Grandfather is still alive. The room was bad. - The patient is very bad. The boy is deaf from birth. He is deaf to our requests.

Full Forms usually denote a permanent, timeless, absolute sign, not associated with a specific situation, and short ones - a short-lived state, a temporary sign, relative, characteristic of a particular situation: the burden is heavy (always) - the burden is heavy (for someone), the passage is narrow - the passage is narrow (for something). He is sick(health is weak, torn), he is sick (now). His movements are calm (always, in general). But: she is attractive (always). Deviations from this rule can be in a colloquial style. : To short forms are less characteristic of colloquial speech.

Many adjectives expressing a constant property of objects are not used in short form: Flowers in a vase are alive. The opposite wall is blank. At the same time, a number of predicative adjectives have only a short form: should, intend, glad, obliged etc. The names of some colors are not used at all in short form: blue, brown, coffee, cream, pink, olive, lilac, pistachio, chocolate etc. Basically, these are adjectives denoting color not directly, but through relation to the subject. The short form is usually not used as a nominal predicate when denoting weather: the weather is beautiful, the evening was cold, the days are warm etc.

Only in a short form are some adjectives used in phraseological combinations: everyone is alive and well, things are bad, bribes are smooth, hands are short, dear to the heart, short for reprisals, conscience is unclean, fear has big eyes and etc. In other revolutions, on the contrary, only full forms are used: hopeless situation, hot time, light hand etc.

2. Grammatical (syntactic) difference: the short form, like the verb, has the ability of syntactic control, i.e. may have dependent words: sick with angina, ready to go etc.

3. Stylistic difference:

1) short forms have a tinge of categoricalness, and full ones have a tinge of softening: Compare: he is cunning (categorical statement) - he is cunning (softened); he is smart he is smart

2) full forms are bookish in nature, short ones are interstyle, more often colloquial (with semantic parallelism of forms).

Either only full or only short forms of adjectives act as homogeneous predicates: Air clean and fresh, like the kiss of a child... It was morning quiet, warm, gray…

When politely addressed to you, it is possible as a short form (You are attentive, you are interesting), and complete, consistent in gender with the real gender of the face (You are so attentive, you are so interesting today).

Within short forms, stylistic heterogeneity can also be noted. Fluctuations are observed in the formation of a short form from adjectives na - enny with preceding 2 or more consonants: immoral - immoral and immoral. From an older form –en ascending to sts, this form gradually took on the ending –enen. In LA of our days, in connection with the action of the tendency to save language resources, there is a return to the form on –en: groundless, slow, belligerent. These forms are considered more common in neutral styles. Adjectives that have lost their connection with the verb and the participle form a short form in -enen: frank - frank, secret - secret.

Synonymy of degrees of comparison

The degrees of comparison of adjectives are expressive in nature, because express different degrees of manifestation of the trait: Am I sweeter than everyone in the world, all blush and whiter? Molchalin used to be so stupid! Wretched creature!

Table 1. Stylistic coloring of forms of the degree of comparison of adjectives

comparative:

The analytical (composite) form of the comparative degree is used mainly in book speech: more (less) difficult, the simple form is globally neutral: stronger, colder. The book-neutral character is distinguished by the forms louder, louder, bolder, more fun compared to spoken smarter, louder, bolder, more fun. The colloquial shade is also worn by forms with the prefix in-: more, dare. In the presence of a preposition, only a complex form of a comparative degree is possible: This temperature is typical for the lower layers of the atmosphere.. With the figurative meaning of the adjective, a complex form is also used: lower deeds.

When combined with quantitative adverbs, the forms of the comparative degree can acquire a bookish or colloquial connotation: much more (book) - much more (colloquial), a little better - a little better. Conversational expressions are lives better than before, tired more than yesterday, etc., as well as constructions with words everything and everything: worst of all, dearest of all.

Superlatives :

The superlative degree has a simple form, including with a prefix nai-, has a bookish character, and the complex one is commonly used: the deepest thoughts are the deepest wells, the strictest diet is the most strict teacher, and so on.

Emphasized expressive character has the so-called. elative- a kind of superlative in a simple form, indicating a greater degree of a feature without comparison: the sweetest person, the most unpleasant case. The elative form is typical for book styles: the latest achievements, the best result, the shortest path. Many of them were phraseologized or fixed as terms: recent history, higher mathematics.

Avoid pleonastic expressions like the brightest student. Similar constructions in art. speeches are rated as obsolete

Synonymy of adjectives and nouns in oblique cases

Many adjectives in the Russian language are easily replaced by constructions with a noun in the oblique case, which acts as a definition: Moscow theaters - theaters of Moscow, mountain village - village in the mountains etc. They generally coincide in meaning, although they have stylistic and semantic differences. Constructions with nouns in oblique cases are usually more expressive and give more accurate description subject: with the dexterity of a monkey - with the dexterity of a monkey; thin fingers of a musician - thin musical fingers, fox habits - the habits of a cunning fox, a table made of Karelian birch ( but n e birch table).

Combinations of 2 entities evoke a clear idea of ​​two objects, which makes them more expressive. If adjectives, which always give a qualitative assessment of an object, indicate a stable feature, then the indirect case of a noun only indicates the relationship between two objects, which can also be temporary.

In book styles, combinations are common in which nouns in the form of the genitive case with a definitive meaning are used with adjectives: essential goods, high-class specialist, high-demand product. Replacing many of them with synonymous constructions is impractical, and often impossible.

Thus, when referring to a particular construction, it is important to take into account its semantic nuances, as well as the stylistic coloring that fixes it in a certain area of ​​use.

adjectives

189. Replace the full forms of adjectives with short ones. Determine the semantic-stylistic differences between them. Specify cases of synonymous use of both forms.

The river is calm, the child is cheerful, the woman is sick, the load is heavy, the street is narrow, the dress is long, the tea is sweet, the man is fair, the soldier is brave, the light bulb is bright, the hare is cowardly, the bear is clumsy, the fox is cunning.

190. Establish whether in all cases it is possible to replace the full forms of adjectives with short ones without changing the meaning; Explain what prevents this change.

Voiced voice, voiced consonant; white snow, white light; red flag, red dress; round table, round orphan; deep river, deep thought; straight road, straight line, straight man; Express train; poor man; living organism; deaf boy.

191. Explain why short forms of adjectives are used in these sentences. Is it possible to replace them with complete ones? Motivate your answer.

1. Fox ¾ predator, not very picky in food. 2. Table salt is not poisonous at all. 3. In business, he [the Russian people] is a savvy person. 4. The spool is small, but expensive. 5. Everyone has their own side. 6. The father is proud of his son's success. 7. Our land is rich in folk talents. 8. Matter is primary, and consciousness is secondary. 9. Young in years, but old in mind. 10. Theory without practice is dead, practice without theory is blind. 11. The sky is red from the fire. 12. The face is blue from the cold. 13. Asteroids, or minor planets, are too small in size and far from the Earth to be able to see them in detail with an optical telescope.

192. Explain the use of the highlighted forms of adjectives in the following sentences:

1. Every word without action empty and empty(Demosthenes). 2. There are two means of not feeling material need: one is to moderate one's wants, the other is to increase one's income. The first itself is always morally, the second itself immorally(L. Tolstoy). 3. rich we, barely from the cradle, By the mistakes of the fathers and their late mind (M. Lermontov). 4. Early June noon Was in the forest, and every leaf, Full, joyful and young, Was hot but fresh and clean(A. Tvardovsky). 5. Everything ¾ elusive His is given in fate, And there is our beloved, Where true we ourselves (P. Lavrov). 6. And now you strong and united Big and like a bird free, My Ukraine, Ukraine, Golden my side! (V. Lebedev-Kumach). 7. It is ashamed to tell a fool that he stupid! What is it for a long time (R. Rozhdestvensky). 8. I learned that immortal an eagle turned dead bronze (R. Rozhdestvensky). 9. My friends, beautiful our union! (A. Pushkin). 10. It’s uncomfortable to walk ¾ of the street cool(R. Rozhdestvensky). 11. Citizenship ¾ talent difficult(R. Rozhdestvensky). 12. And there were childish pranks to her alien(A. Pushkin). 13. Resentment of defeat in the soul More fresh, still sharp(A. Surkov). 14. You are evil, yours is deadly the sting(I. Krylov). 15. Go, go! You strong soul, you bold patience rich(N. Nekrasov). l6 . As long as we burn with freedom, As long as hearts are for honor alive My friend, let's dedicate souls to the homeland beautiful impulses (A. Pushkin).

193. Open the brackets, select the desired form of the adjective. Motivate your choice. Specify the options. (For words used by the authors, see p. 106.)

1. How soon misfortunes, sufferings are erased, and moments of delight, bliss forever (alive ¾ alive, fresh ¾ fresh) in the soul (A. Herzen). 2. All these things can be (useful ¾ useful ¾ useful) to people, but they can also be, as they are for the most part, completely (useless ¾ useless ¾ useless) or even (harmful ¾ harmful ¾ harmful) (L. Tolstoy). 3. Block's terrible departure was (fresh ¾ fresh ¾ fresh) in memory (K. Fedin). 4. I'm not bad man, but only (weak ¾ weak, spineless ¾ spineless) (A. Ostrovsky). 5. Golden people my Siberians! (Silent ¾ silent, rude ¾ rude) in appearance, but (savvy ¾ savvy) and very (initiative ¾ initiative) (V. Stepanov). 6. Oh my garden! After a dark rainy and cold winter, again you (young ¾ young, full ¾ full) of happiness (A. Chekhov).

In what case are full and short forms of adjectives synonymous? How do these forms differ? Can the full and short forms of adjectives be used in the function of homogeneous members of a sentence? Motivate your answer.

When choosing one of the two named forms in the function of the predicate, the differences between them should be taken into account.

1. The semantic difference is expressed in the fact that some short forms of adjectives sharply diverge in their meaning from the corresponding full ones. Wed: deaf from birth - deaf to requests; the child is very alive - the old man is still alive; the method is very good - the guy is good-looking. Wed also the disuse in short form of individual adjectives expressing a permanent property of objects or serving as a terminological designation of features: The opposite wall is blank; live flowers in a vase etc.

   Some short forms are used to a limited extent. So, usually they are not used when designating the weather, for example: the days were warm, the wind will be cold, the weather is beautiful.

   The names of some colors or are not used at all in short form ( blue, brown, pink, purple etc.), or are used with known restrictions. So, there are almost no masculine forms at all. drill, blue, black(with the use of feminine and neuter and plural forms).

   In phraseological units, in some cases, only full forms were fixed, in others - only short ones. Wed:

   a) the situation is hopeless, the time is hot, the hand is light and etc.;

   b) everyone is alive and well, bribes are smooth, things are bad, dear to the heart, hands are short, conscience is unclean and etc.

2. Full forms usually denote a constant feature, a timeless quality, and short ones -
   temporary sign, short-lived condition; compare: sick mother - sick mother; his movements are calm - his face is calm etc.

   This position is not categorical. Wed:

   1) At that moment he was very worried, his face was red(the full form, although a temporary sign is indicated, is affected by the limited use of the short form of the adjective denoting color, see above);

   2) Our land is rich, there is only no order in it(short form, although indicated constant feature; such constructions are used in scientific provisions, definitions, descriptions, for example: space is infinite; our youth is very talented, the girl is young and beautiful; these requirements are unacceptable etc.).

   The third option is the full form in the instrumental case, indicating, like the short form, a temporary sign, but between the last two forms in the context, shades of semantic differences are revealed. Wed:

   He was old(permanent feature).

   He was old when I met him(a sign in relation to the present moment).

   He was old when I knew him(a sign limited to a certain period).

3. In other cases, the full form denotes an absolute feature that is not associated with a specific situation, and the short form denotes a relative feature, in relation to a specific situation. Usually this difference appears in adjectives denoting size, weight, etc., with the short form indicating insufficiency or excess. Wed: room low(sign in general) - the room is low(for high furniture); heavy note(regardless of who will carry it) - the note is heavy(for weak man, for a child). Wed also: shoes are small, gloves are large, corridor is narrow, coat is short etc.
4. The grammatical (syntactic) difference between both forms is that the short form has the ability of syntactic control, while the full form used in the nominative case does not have such an ability, for example: he is capable of music, we are ready to leave, the child is prone to colds, she was sick with the flu(the use of the full form in these examples is not possible). Found in fiction constructions with the presence of controlled words in the full form are associated with a stylistic task (introducing colloquial coloring into the statement), for example: I am no longer capable of such a burden; The old man ... the language is light and entertaining.
5. The stylistic difference between both forms is expressed in the fact that the short form is characterized by a tinge of categoricalness, while the full form has a tinge of softened expression. Wed: he is cunning - he is cunning, she is brave - she is brave etc. The short form is often inherent in the bookish language, the full one - in the spoken language. Wed: The conclusions and conclusions of the author of the study are clear and accurate. – Student responses are clear and precise. Wed the use of a short form in book and written speech: Each field of activity is infinitely diverse ...(Belinsky); True wisdom is laconic(L. Tolstoy); Our speech is mostly aphoristic ...(Bitter).

   It is possible to choose between the short form and the long form in the instrumental case, for example: became rich - became rich, became famous - became famous.

   Wed with some linking verbs:

   I would like to be of service to you. – I can't be of any use to your son..

   His babble became unintelligible. – He quickly got tipsy, became talkative.

   Grandfather became visibly greedy. – The silence became painful.

   The corporal turned out to be extremely naive in his admiration for the activities of the captain. – The stock of raw materials in the laboratory turned out to be quite significant.

   In modern language, the second option prevails. But with a linking verb be the construction with a short form is more common. Wed: he was young - he was young, she was beautiful - she was beautiful.

6. As homogeneous predicates, as a rule, either only full or only short forms of adjectives act, for example:

   a) October was unusually cold, rainy(Paustovsky); I was young, hot, sincere, not stupid ...(Chekhov);

   b) The open neck is thin and delicate(A. N. Tolstoy); The strength of sailors is unstoppable, persistent, purposeful(L. Sobolev).

   Violation of the norm are constructions: “He is kind, but weak-willed”; “The views are original, although fundamentally primitive” (in both cases, the forms of adjectives should be unified).

   Only under special conditions of context or with a stylistic task is it possible to combine both forms as syntactically homogeneous, for example: How cute she is, how smart(Turgenev) - in the presence of words how and So only the short form is used, in the presence of words which and such- full form only.

7. When politely addressed to "you", either a short form is possible (you are kind, you are persistent), or complete, agreed in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed (you are kind, you are so persistent).

§ 160. Variant Forms of Short Adjectives

1. From doublet forms of short adjectives (on -en and on -enen ) formed from full forms with unstressed -enny , in neutral styles of speech, the form is increasingly fixed on -en . These are, for example:
2. There are short adjectives -enen and short participles -en . Wed:

   the case is well defined(clear) - departure date already set(established, planned);

   the old man is very respectable(worthy of respect) - the hero of the day is honored by our attention(he was honored with attention).

3. Some adjectives in short form have a fluent vowel between the final consonant of the root and the suffix, while others do not have a fluent vowel in these cases. Wed:

   a) sour - sour, light - light, warm - warm;

   b) round - round, wet - wet, swarthy - swarthy, rotten - rotten.

   Possible doublet forms: sharp - sharp and sharp(colloquial); full - full and full(bookish, obsolete).

§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

1. The simple form of the comparative degree is used in all speech styles, in particular in colloquial speech, and the complex form is mainly characteristic of book (scientific and business) speech. Wed household: brother is taller than sister, this house is taller than the next one; and bookstores: growth indicators foreign trade higher this year than last. Wed also: Olya was more serious than Nina. – Further experiments were more difficult than previous ones..

   Book and colloquial versions of a simple form of a comparative degree are possible, for example: smarter - smarter, louder - louder, dexterous - dexterous, sweeter - sweeter, biting - lashing. From the word young form is formed younger (younger has the meaning "lower in position, in rank, in rank"). Clearly colloquial is the form prettier.

   Conversational character is inherent in expressions living better than ever(meaning "better than before"), tired more than yesterday(“more than yesterday”), etc.

   Comparative degree form on -her (hurry, dare etc.) is used in colloquial language and in poetic speech.

   The combination in one construction of a simple and complex form of a comparative degree of the type “more interesting” does not correspond to the norms of the literary language; cf. fairly common expressions better position, worse habits etc. There is no objection to the combination older.

   Forms with prefix on- contributing added value a small degree of increase or decrease in quality, characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: do better, get taller, wake up early etc. (cf. in business speech: a little better, a little higher, a little earlier). Unjustified combinations of the type: tell a little more(in the form "in more detail" the meaning "several, a little" is already included). The forms of the comparative degree with the prefix on- and in other meanings: 1) in the meaning of "to a greater extent than usual", for example: My business, if you figure it out, is more important than this piano(Paustovsky); 2) in the meaning of "as far as possible", for example: Having chosen a more spacious porch, they settled down on it(Soloukhin).

   In adverbial pairs more - more, less - less, further - further, earlier - earlier first options (for -her ) are characteristic of book speech, the latter (in -she ) are used in neutral styles. Wed: the more it needs to be emphasized, to speak more than seriously - to wait more than two hours. The same distinction is made in pairs later - later.

2. The simple form of the superlative degree (unlike the same form of the comparative degree) has a book character, and the complex form is used in all styles of speech; compare: the highest peaks of knowledge are the highest houses in the city; the strictest penalties - the strictest teachers in the boarding school.

   An outdated connotation is inherent in structures formed by the combination of the word most with the superlative degree of the adjective (in the form of -most – -most the expression of the limiting sign is already concluded); such constructions were found among writers of the 19th century, for example: at the best price(Gogol); one of the most honest people (Aksakov); the most compelling evidence(Belinsky); most honored guest(Dostoevsky). They were used less frequently in the later era: most precious energy(Bitter); in the most brazen way(Novikov-Priboy); citizens of the most remote places(Mayakovsky); the oldest of our circle(Surkov). Singular expressions of this type persist today: the closest way, the shortest way, the closest way and a few others.

   It is necessary to distinguish between the complex form of the superlative degree, which has in its composition the pronoun most(in cases where a high degree of quality is expressed beyond comparison, the so-called absolute superlative degree), and a form with adverbs most, least(relative superlative; the latter form is characteristic mainly of scientific and journalistic speech), For example: the most suitable conditions– the most suitable conditions. Unfortunately, therefore, the option in the proposal was chosen: “All this requires the meeting participants to take the most serious approach to business” (instead of: ... the most serious approach, since a high degree is expressed without comparing the carriers of the attribute).

§ 162. Use of Possessive Adjectives

To express possessiveness (the meaning of belonging), there are several forms that differ in semantic and stylistic shades.

1. -ov(-ev), -in(-yn) are not used in scientific and journalistic language and are found only in colloquial speech and in fiction, for example: Morgunok himself, like everyone else, at first did not believe in grandfather's words(Twardowski); Twenty minutes later these neighbors were summoned to the old woman's hut.(Kazakevich).

   Wed vernacular expressions with a double expression of ownership: a genitive case of a noun and a possessive adjective ( to Uncle Petin's house, in Aunt Masha's jacket) or two possessive adjectives ( Aunt Lizin's husband).

   Possible endings in the genitive and dative cases of masculine and neuter adjectives in -in ; compare: near the grandfather's house - near the grandfather's house; to the neighbor's son - to the neighbor's son. Short forms (with endings -a, -y ) are obsolete and have long been in literary language are superseded by forms with a full ending ( ooh, ooh ).

   Outdated forms on -ov(s) , formed from surnames: instead of Marx's "Capital", Hegel's "Logic", Dalev's "Dictionary" combinations with the genitive case of a noun are used - Marx's "Capital", Hegel's "Logic", Dahl's "Dictionary". The specified forms are saved, as well as the forms on -in in formations from personal names ( Ivan's childhood, Vera's dolls) and in stable phraseological combinations fixed in the language ( Adam's apple, Anton's fire, Pansies, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Judas kiss, Prometheus fire, Sisyphean labor, Solomon's decision and etc.).

2. When choosing options in synonymous constructions father's house - father's house It should be noted that adjectives -sky (-ovsky, -insky) more often express a qualitative value; compare: fatherly care, motherly love.
3. Possessive adjectives in -new, -other denote not individual, but group affiliation - belonging to a whole class or breed of animals, for example: whalebone, ivory, snake venom, bee sting. Such forms easily lose their possessive value and acquire a qualitative or relative meaning (an expression of property, similarity, attitude towards someone, etc.), for example: beaver collar, mink coat, snake cunning, eagle vigilance. Wed phraseological units: night blindness, swan song and etc.
4. Adjectives in -y, -ya, -ye also express group membership or property, attitude, etc., for example: Cossack village, fishing village, camel hair, swan down, bear fat. These forms often acquire a qualitative-relative meaning, for example: wolfish appetite, hare cowardice, fox cunning, hunting dog, shepherd's horn.

§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and oblique cases of nouns

Adjectives and nouns cognate with them in indirect cases without prepositions or with prepositions can act in the same function of definition, for example: fathers house - father's house, mountain peak - mountain top, bookcase - bookcase, spelling exercises - spelling exercises. When choosing one of the two parallel constructions, one should take into account the shades of meaning and stylistic features inherent in them in the conditions of the context (bookish or colloquial version, shade of obsolescence, expressive coloring).

1. In pairs factory workers - factory workers, student work - student work, garden trellis - garden trellis the first combinations have a more specific meaning (meaning the workers of the factory in question, the work of a particular student, the lattice of a certain garden), and the second are more general; in the first version, two objects are named, in the second - the object and its attribute. Wed in the context:

   Factory workers finished their shift. – Factory workers make up a high percentage of manual workers;

   The student's work was rated as good. – The story under review is far from a mature work, it is still a student work;

   The garden trellis is painted green color . – Garden trellis encloses and protects green spaces.

   Help brother was very timely. – They gave me truly brotherly help.

2. Adjectives-definitions have the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate hallmark object, characteristic and stable, and nouns in oblique cases highlight any specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.). Wed:

   father's house father's house(belonging);

   company commander - company commander(relationship between objects);

   water pipe - water pipe(relation of the part to the whole);

   emerald color - emerald color(defining relations);

   morning exercises - exercises in the morning(circumstances);

   Moroccan oranges - oranges from Morocco(origin);

   laboratory equipment - laboratory equipment(appointment);

   bronze chandelier - bronze chandelier(material);

   raspberry jam - raspberry jam(substance);

   watch chain - watch chain(separate relations: one object is called in isolation from another).

   Depending on the context, one of the above options is chosen. In a generalized form, it can be indicated that combinations of an adjective with a noun are used more often than combinations of two nouns.

   So, the usual constructions woolen scarf(and not "muffler made of wool"), leather gloves(and not "leather gloves"), allowing you to indicate feature object, not just the material.

   Combinations are also common. Georgian wines(and not "wine from Georgia"), Pacific herring(and not "herring from the Pacific"), Orenburg shawl(rather than “a handkerchief from Orenburg”), since it is more important to give a qualitative description of the object than to indicate its origin. Wed breaking this last connection in combinations such as Riga bread, Poltava sausage, safety pin etc.

   More common combinations Kids toys(and not "toys for children"), writing paper(and not "writing paper"), Desktop(and not a “table for work”), since they show not only the purpose, but also the distinguishing feature of the object.

   However, it should be pointed out that in some cases each of the two options has its own advantages. Yes, as a couple climb with the dexterity of a monkey - climb with the dexterity of a monkey its broader applicability speaks in favor of the first construction (the concept of "monkey dexterity" is wider than the concept of "monkey dexterity", since both a person and an animal can show this dexterity); the imagery speaks in favor of the second construction: we not only define the word dexterity, but also evoke the idea of ​​the bearer of the feature - a monkey. In addition, the second construction has richer expressive possibilities, since it allows you to more fully and more accurately characterize the dependent noun with the help of the adjective that determines it; compare: howl of wolves - howl of hungry wolves(which cannot be done when combined wolf howl).

   Wed also the validity of each option in the pair: Knocking, I took door handle . – There was a door handle on the table..

3. Parallel revolutions can differ in their meanings, express a different meaning. Wed:

   In the enlarged village there are real city streets(and not "city streets"). - Before the advent of electricity in Moscow, city streets were lit by gas jets.(and not "city streets");

   A new urban center has been created in the region. – After reconstruction, we have created a new city center.

4. Combinations with an adjective-definition can have figurative meaning(cf. the body was covered with goose bumps, his crane-like gait is ridiculous, move with a snail's step), metaphorical usage ( man on thin, bird-like legs).