Warehouse and storage rooms. Main purpose and types of warehouses

But in order to streamline this issue and determine common criteria for evaluating storage facilities for all participants in this market in our country, an international consulting company has developed and proposed its own classification of storage facilities.

According to this classification, all warehouses are divided into 6 classes: A+, A, B+, B, C, D.

The correspondence of a warehouse to a particular class is advisory in nature and depends on many factors:

• location;
• number of storeys;
• height;
• span;
• availability of engineering equipment (ventilation, heating and other equipment that allows you to create certain climatic conditions);
• the presence of security systems and fire extinguishing systems, video surveillance;
• the height of the floors and the presence of an anti-dust coating;
• the presence of a certain number of dock-type gates, loading and unloading platforms, adjustable in height;
• availability of platforms for maneuvering and parking of trucks and cars;
• availability of office, auxiliary premises and buildings;
• the presence of a fenced territory with round-the-clock security and much more.

A+ class warehouse

Warehouses of class "A +"— the highest category of warehouses according to the general classification. Such premises meet the highest requirements of warehousing. Warehouse category "A +" a kind of presidential suite among the premises of this destination.

Characteristics of class A+ warehouses:

• Building type. A+ class warehouses are one-storey buildings of the same volume. They are built from lightweight high-quality metal structures and are designed specifically for warehouse needs. The height of the ceilings should ensure storage in six or seven tiers (at least thirteen meters).
• Internal structures. Buildings are usually rectangular in shape with or without columns. The step of the columns is not less than twelve meters and the distance between the rows is not less than twenty-four meters.
• Floor covering. A flat concrete floor is located at the level of one meter twenty centimeters from the ground. It must provide a load of at least five tons per square meter. There is an anti-dust coating.
• Ventilation and air conditioning systems. Warehouses of class "A+" are obligatorily equipped with air conditioners and ventilation, providing high-quality ventilation of the entire warehouse premises.
• Temperature regime. The temperature regime is regulated depending on the requirements for the storage conditions of a particular cargo and is provided by the air conditioning system.
• Security systems. The warehouse is equipped with security and video surveillance systems. There is a remote control of the duty officer of the security service, which receives signals about the alarm in a particular area and the image from the surveillance cameras. Fire safety is provided by a fire warning system, as well as a powder or sprinkler automatic fire extinguishing system. All signals are duplicated in the relevant emergency services.
• Electricity is provided by its own autonomous electrical substation. Heating comes from its own thermal unit. There are hot and cold water supply and sewerage.
• Class A+ warehouses are equipped with dock-type gates at the rate of one gate per five hundred square meters of the warehouse. Gates are equipped with loading platforms adjustable height.
• Office and utility rooms. On the territory of the warehouse there are office premises, a conference hall, rest rooms, food points and other necessary premises.
• Telecommunications. Communication and data transmission is carried out via fiber optic channels. There is Internet access.
• Systems of control and accounting. These systems delimit the access of employees, provide control over the movement of goods. Passage is accounted for.
• Adjacent territory. The territory of the warehouse is guarded around the clock. Special attention is paid to the improvement and lighting of the territory.
• Parking lots for vehicles. There are parking lots and sludge zones for heavy vehicles. Its unhindered maneuvering is provided. There are separate car parks.
• Railway communication. The presence of a separate railway line, suitable directly to the warehouse. It is desirable to have a railway ramp.
• Location. The warehouse is located directly at major highways, or has a good entrance no more than 4 km long.

Class A warehouse

Warehouses of class "A" meet the high demands of logistics. They differ little from high-end warehouses. The differences are mainly in the area of ​​​​the room itself and the height of the ceilings. The location of the warehouse relative to highways also plays a role. Warehouses of class "A" are specialized structures designed to provide best conditions storage of any type of cargo.

Characteristics of class A warehouses:

• Building type. Warehouses of class "A" are one-story and one-volume buildings made of metal structures or sandwich panels. They were built after 1994 specifically for use as storage facilities. The height of the ceilings is at least ten meters, which allows organizing multi-level storage of goods.
• Internal structures. The column spacing in class A warehouses is at least 9 meters and the distance between spans is at least 24 meters. Building area no more than 55%.
• Warehouse floor covering. The smooth concrete floor has an anti-dust coating. The height from the ground is 1.2 m. The floors provide a load of at least 5 tons per square meter. m.
  Ventilation and air conditioning systems. Warehouses of class "A" are equipped with air conditioners and ventilation, providing high-quality ventilation of the entire warehouse premises.
• Temperature regime. The temperature regime in class A warehouses is provided by the air conditioning system and is regulated depending on the requirements for the storage conditions of a particular cargo.
• Security systems. Class A warehouse is equipped with security and video surveillance systems. There is a remote control of the duty officer of the security service, which receives signals about the alarm in a particular area and the image from the surveillance cameras. Fire safety is provided by a fire warning system, as well as a powder or sprinkler automatic fire extinguishing system.
• Power supply and communications. Warehouses of this class are equipped with their own autonomous electrical substation. Heating is provided by its own thermal unit. Summed up hot and cold water supply and sewerage.
• Unloading and loading structures. Warehouses of class "A" are equipped with dock-type gates at the rate of one gate per seven hundred square meters of area. The gates are equipped with docklevelers - loading and unloading platforms with adjustable lifting height.
• Office and utility rooms in Class A warehouses. On the territory of the warehouse there are office premises, staff rest rooms, toilets, showers, and other office premises.
• Telecommunications. Data transmission is carried out via fiber optic channels. Telephone communication is provided by our own automatic telephone exchange.
• Control and accounting systems in Class A warehouses. On the territory of the warehouse there is an access control, a system of accounting and access for employees. All cargo movements are recorded in the automated cargo accounting system.
• Warehouse area. Landscaped area with a sufficient degree of illumination. The territory of the treasure is guarded around the clock.
• Parking lots for vehicles. There are parking lots and sludge zones for heavy vehicles. Its unhindered maneuvering is provided.
• Railway communication. It is desirable to have a railway line, suitable directly to the warehouse.
• Location. The warehouse is located near major transport arteries and has an entrance that provides the movement of heavy vehicles.

Warehouses of class "B +"— category B+ combines warehouses built or converted to perform storage tasks various types cargo. Category "B +" is a kind of luxury in the classification of warehouses. Structures of this category have a number of advantages, such as an acceptable cost in combination with all the necessary conditions for storage facilities.

Characteristics of class B+ warehouses:

• Building type: Warehouses of this category were built or converted from industrial facilities. They are one-story buildings with a ceiling height of at least 8 meters. This allows you to arrange racks for storing goods in a multi-level principle.
• Internal structures: The spacing of the columns should ensure unhindered transportation of cargo inside the warehouse and convenient storage. The building area is from 45 to 55%.
• Floor covering: The anti-dust coating of the concrete floor reduces dust in the interior. Permissible load per 1 sq. m. not less than 5 tons. The distance to the ground is at least 1 meter.
• Class B+ warehouses are equipped with a ventilation system, an air conditioning system is a desirable condition.
• Temperature regime: Temperature and humidity levels are controlled by heating and ventilation systems. In rooms of this class, a constant microclimate is maintained, providing optimal storage conditions.
• Security systems: The fire safety system is complemented by a hydrant fire extinguishing system, which provides reliable protection from fire. Often a powder fire extinguishing system is used.
• The warehouse has its own heating system, sewerage and water supply. Electricity can be supplied both from common energy sources, and by the forces of its own autonomous electrical substation.
• A ramp for trucks is required. Dock-type gates are located at the rate of at least one per thousand square meters of the warehouse.
• On the territory of the warehouse there are utility rooms, rooms for staff, toilets, showers. Office premises are located either in the warehouse building or in the annex.
• Telecommunications: Telephone communication, telecommunication systems providing work electronic systems and automation tools.
• Control and accounting systems: Access control on the territory, accounting for the arrival and departure of employees.
• Surrounding area:
• Parking lots for vehicles: Sufficient number of parking lots for heavy vehicles directly at the warehouse, possibly the presence of sludge places near the territory.
• Rail connection: Close proximity to the railway freight station or the presence of its own railway line.
• Location:

Warehouses class "B" can be fully considered the optimal solution for companies that can count their money and at the same time enjoy the benefits of civilization without unnecessary frills. Storage of goods in warehouses of this category is profitable and at the same time reliable. Warehouses meet modern requirements.

Characteristics of class B warehouses:

• Building type: Warehouses of this category have been newly built or reconstructed to perform storage tasks. They are, as a rule, multi-storey buildings with a ceiling height of each level from 4 to 8 meters. Transportation to the upper floors is provided by freight elevators.
• Internal structures: There are no special requirements.
• Floor covering: The floors are not covered. Floors can be either concrete or asphalt. The distance to the ground is at least 1 meter.
• Ventilation and air conditioning systems: Warehouses of class "B" can be equipped with a ventilation system, which should provide effective ventilation of up to 90% of the premises.
• Temperature regime: Temperature and humidity levels are controlled by the heating system. In the premises of this class, a constant storage temperature and an acceptable level of humidity are maintained.
• Security systems: Cargo safety is ensured by an alarm system. There is a hydrant fire extinguishing system and a fire alarm.
• Power supply and communications: The warehouse has its own heating system, sewerage and water supply. Electricity supply is provided by the common power grid.
• Unloading and loading structures: To ensure the convenience of loading and unloading, there is a ramp for heavy vehicles. Freight elevators are located at the rate of at least one per 2,000 sq. m. The carrying capacity of each is at least 3 tons.
• Office and utility rooms: There are utility rooms on the territory of the warehouse. Office premises are located in close proximity to the warehouse.
• Telecommunications: Fixed telephone network, local network between workplaces.
• Control and accounting systems: Access control on the territory, automated accounting of cargo movement.
• Surrounding area: Landscaped area equipped with artificial lighting.
• Parking lots for vehicles: Sufficient number of parking spaces for heavy vehicles both directly at the warehouse and near the territory.
• Rail connection: Close proximity to the railway freight station.
• Location: Proximity to major highways, convenient access, good road condition.

Class C warehouse

Warehouses class "C"- this is, most often, an insulated hangar or capital production room with a ceiling height of at least four meters. Buildings can be of any height. The main thing in the case of multi-storey buildings is the availability of freight elevators in the required quantity. Floors - concrete or asphalt, no coating. A prerequisite for warehouses of category "C" is the presence of a gate at the zero level, to ensure the arrival of freight vehicles inside the premises. Climatic and temperature conditions are maintained by the heating and ventilation system. The maintained temperature is from +8 to +14 degrees Celsius. Visits of this category usually have a water supply and sewerage system. Fire safety is ensured by a fire alarm and fire extinguishing system. Perimeter security and access control on the territory of the warehouse are organized. Warehouses of class "C" are located at a small distance from the main highways, high-quality satellite roads lead to them, ensuring the unhindered movement of heavy vehicles. Near the warehouses there are parking lots for trucks and places for their maneuvering. Warehouses of this class are most common in Russia. The cost of rent is low, but the tenant often has to pay for water and electricity on his own.

Class D warehouse

Warehouses class "D"- perhaps the most unpretentious in terms of requirements for their equipment. Under the warehouses of this category, basements, civil defense facilities, hangars, industrial premises and other non-residential and technical areas are used. The requirements here are minimal. In such warehouses, there should be lighting, a constant temperature and humidity level. Warehouses should have a convenient entrance for trucks and gates for loading and unloading. Security is provided by an alarm system. To prevent fires, a fire alarm system, fire extinguishing system and means are installed. These warehouses are mainly used for short-term storage of small consignments of various cargoes. The advantage of category "D" warehouse premises is a small rent. Warehouses of this class can be located both in the city, in industrial areas, and at a sufficient distance from the main highways.

Purpose and functions of warehouses

Main warehouse assignment - concentration of stocks, their storage and ensuring the uninterrupted and rhythmic fulfillment of consumer orders. But in addition to storage, many organizations use warehouses as convenient places to perform other types of work. The general trend is such that warehouses are now increasingly performing value-adding tasks rather than being pure cost centers.

Basic functions of the warehouse

1. Transformation of the production assortment into a consumer one in accordance with demand. This function is of particular importance in distribution logistics, where the trade assortment includes a huge list of goods from various manufacturers that differ in functionality, design, size, shape, color, etc. Creating the right assortment in the warehouse contributes to the efficient fulfillment of customer orders and the implementation of more frequent deliveries and in the volume that the customer requires.
2. Warehousing and storage allows you to equalize the time difference between the output of products and their consumption and makes it possible to carry out continuous production and supply based on the created inventory.
3. Transformation of material flows. Any warehouse processes at least three types of flows: input, output and internal. At the warehouse, some cargo lots or cargo units are disbanded and others are formed, cargo is unpacked, new cargo units are assembled, packed, packed.
4. Reducing shipping costs . Many consumers order "less than a wagon" or "less than a trailer" shipments from warehouses, which significantly increases the costs associated with the delivery of such goods. To reduce transport costs, the warehouse can carry out unitization, those. an association small consignments for several customers, up to the full load of the vehicle. Another form of consolidation occurs when the customer needs material resources from different suppliers. The opposite operation - wholesale breakdown - also allows you to reduce the cost of transporting goods from one supplier to many customers in a certain territory.
5. Provision of services . An obvious aspect of this function is the provision of various services to clients that provide the firm with a high level of customer service, for example:
   • preparation of goods for sale (packing products, filling containers, unpacking, etc.);
   • checking the functioning of instruments and equipment, installation;
   • giving products a presentation, pre-treatment (for example, wood);
   • performance of work related to the reduction of commercial risk (carrying out final work at the last moment - postponement);
   • finishing products to the desired condition, labeling, packaging, preparing products for retailers so that they can immediately put it up for sale;
   • forwarding services;
   • service " seller-managed inventory" and etc.

Purpose of storage – support broader logistics functions by providing a combination of high level customer service and low costs. These goals involve a number of tasks, for example:

• reliable storage of material resources in the necessary conditions and with minimal damage;
• providing a high level of customer service;
• cost minimization with high quality of operations;
• effective control over the movement of materials;
• fast execution of warehouse operations;
• the ability to store the entire range of necessary materials;
• ensuring safe working conditions, etc.

Sooner or later, every entrepreneur has to face the choice of a warehouse, whose business is related to supply, transportation, trade, or in some way necessitates the storage of goods. In this case, you have to go through a long search for a suitable location, premises, equipment, study the classification of warehouses, etc. Without knowing the terms and not having the education of a logistician, it will be difficult to determine what is 100% right for you.

This article has been written to facilitate the complex and time-consuming process of renting a warehouse. So that, having understood the classification of storage facilities, you can immediately filter out unnecessary options and save your time.

General information about warehouses

At every stage of the process of creating a product, from the extraction of raw materials to the transfer to the final consumer, it needs special places for storage. These places are warehouses - territories, premises, as well as their complexes for storing items, goods and providing warehouse services.

But not only for this. From the point of view of logistics, warehouses are designed to equalize fluctuations in supply and demand, to synchronize the speed of the flow of raw materials and finished products. Picking up the goods at a specific storage location gives you time to evaluate the next steps and decide how to deal with the goods. It may need to be disbanded or repackaged. That is why the warehouse is an indispensable element of any logistics chain. And depending on the type of tasks set in this process, one or another type of premises is required to solve them.

What types of warehouses are there?

There are many classifications of warehouses, but the main division occurs by purpose. Here are the types of warehouses:

• production - usually located on the territory of enterprises and intended for the storage of raw materials, materials and components;
• transit-transshipment - are used for short-term storage of goods during transportation and reloading. For convenience, they are built near ports, railway stations, airports, etc.;
• customs - or warehouses. Designed for temporary storage in customs clearance waiting areas;
• seasonal storage - for seasonal goods;
• reserve - for stocks in case of emergency;
• wholesale distribution - warehouses supplying retail chains with goods. Their main work is to accept the goods, sort them and prepare them for shipment to stores;
• retail - warehouses of trade enterprises.

In addition, the rooms differ in design characteristics. First of all, the area varies. Warehouses can occupy from one hundred to several thousand square meters. Height also matters. Some SCs allow stowage only at human height, while in others the hoisting height exceeds 25 meters.

The classification of warehouses by structures includes the following types:

• closed - occupy separate premises;
• semi-closed - have from one to three walls available;
• open - equipped on special sites.

Types of storage facilities are also classified according to the mode of storage. This is especially important for goods that require special handling. Warehouses for them allocate:

• dry;
• refrigeration;
• freezing;
• insulated;
• heated;
• unheated, etc.

Warehouses also differ in the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations:

• non-mechanized;
• complex-mechanized;
• automated;
• automatic.

In non-mechanized warehouses, goods are handled manually, while in mechanized warehouses, the technological operations of servicing and picking are already defined. Automated warehouses involve the management of transport devices using a computer. On them, the system for searching and placing cargo works independently. And, finally, automatic warehouses, which practically do not require human intervention and work thanks to program control.

Perfect Pick is a new, energy efficient solution for goods-to-person picking and stacking in crates and containers. The core element of the Perfect Pick is the iBOT™ - a multi-directional mechanism remote control, moving along the rail system built into the racks. Perfect Pick provides high performance and storage density.

Warehouse structure and equipment used

Warehouses also have a developed internal structure. Most consist of several zones, which differ in purpose and equipment used on them.

The main zones include:

• loading and unloading area. It can be divided into two different zones and combine both activities. Depending on the transport that operates in this zone, requirements for sites are also formed;
• acceptance area. Designed to receive goods and redirect them to the place of storage;
• storage area. Here is located equipment for storage of goods;
• sorting area. Accepts applications for the transportation of goods from storage areas to the loading area;
• forwarding zone. Keeps records of shipped goods;
• administrative and amenity premises.

For interactions with goods in warehouses, special equipment of two types is used: for the movement and placement of products. The first type is various mechanisms and vehicles that help move goods around the warehouse and beyond. For example, hand trucks with 2 or 4 wheels or, the most common, hydraulic pallet trucks, which are used to transport goods on pallets. They are self-propelled and in this case develop a much greater speed and can carry heavy loads. You can’t do without large equipment in the warehouse either. Loaders and stackers are used for different types of work. Their main difference is in size. The stacker is smaller and more suitable for intra-warehouse work.

Loaders, on the other hand, will be useful outside, especially in open warehouses.

The second type is structures for placement and storage of goods. These are racks, containers, cabinets, pallets, boxes, etc. The most common rack systems, the types and types of which we wrote earlier.

Warehouse classification

In order to more accurately determine the required parameters of storage facilities, several letter classifications were created.

Class A warehouses

SC "MLP Utkina Zavod"

These premises include two more subclasses - A + and A. The first is the most elite and high-quality type of buildings and has the following characteristics:

• rectangular shape;
• 1st floor;
• light metal structures and sandwich panels - building materials with a three-layer structure, consisting of two sheets of rigid material and a layer of insulation between them;
• absence of columns or a column spacing of at least 12 m with a distance between spans of at least 24 m;
• 40-45% of the building area;
• smooth concrete floor with anti-dust coating and a load of at least 5 t/sq.;
• m, at the level of 1.20 m from the ground;
• ceiling height not less than 13 m;
• availability of ventilation, fire extinguishing, alarm and video surveillance systems;
• availability of sites for settling, parking and maneuvering heavy and light vehicles;
• employee access control and accounting system;
• location in a fenced and round-the-clock guarded area near central highways;
• professional management system;
• experienced developer.

Warehouses of the same category, but slightly lower class, in fact, do not differ much. They have all the same characteristics, only with different numerical data. For example, in class A, unlike A +, the column spacing should be at least 9 m, the building area should be 45-55%, and the ceilings should be at least 10 m in height.

Class B warehouses

SC "RAUM Parnassus 2"

The second category, like the first, is divided into two subclasses - B+ and B. The main feature that distinguishes these warehouses from the rest is the location in rebuilt or reconstructed buildings. In addition, class B+ characterizes:

• single storey;
• building area 45-55%;
• smooth concrete floor with anti-dust coating and a load of at least 5 t/sq. m, at the level of 1.20 m from the ground;
• ceiling height not less than 8 m;
• adjustable temperature;
• availability of ventilation systems, fire and security alarms, fire extinguishing and video surveillance;
• availability of a sufficient number of automatic dock gates with loading and unloading platforms of adjustable height;
• office and auxiliary premises at the warehouse;
• fiber optic telecommunications;
• fenced and round-the-clock guarded, illuminated, landscaped territory;
• location close to central highways.

In this classification, class B may have several floors, in which case it must be equipped with a sufficient number of goods lifts / lifts with a lifting capacity of at least 3 tons. Also required:

• ceiling height from 6 m;
• floor - asphalt or uncoated concrete;
• heating system;
• ramp for unloading vehicles;
• security around the perimeter.

Class C warehouses

The premises of this class were not originally planned to be used or were not used as warehouses. It can be a capital production facility or an insulated hangar. Class C has the following mandatory requirements:

• ceiling height from 4 m;
• floor - asphalt or concrete tiles, uncoated concrete.

The rest of the features are desirable. These include, for example, the availability of goods lifts/hoists, gates to zero mark, heating and ventilation systems, office space at the warehouse, fire alarm and fire extinguishing system, security around the perimeter of the territory, railway line, etc.

Class D warehouses

Warehouses according to the classification are not intended for use as storage facilities. These are basements or civil defense facilities, unheated industrial premises or hangars. There are no special requirements for class D, only desirable ones:

• the presence of sites for sludge and maneuvering heavy vehicles;
• fire alarm and fire extinguishing system;
• ventilation system;
• telecommunications;
• protection around the perimeter of the territory;
• railway line.

Things to consider when choosing a warehouse

It is important to highlight for yourself the criteria that will be important

When it becomes necessary to select premises, you need to pay attention not only to the classification of warehouses. It can also be difficult to immediately understand what exactly is suitable for storing your goods, so we recommend that you first of all pay attention to the following parameters:

• warehouse area. The size of the chosen room determines how much cargo and how it can be placed inside;
• gate dimension. If you plan to store large loads, you need to consider the size of the gate through which goods will be brought into the warehouse;
• location close to highways. This will directly affect the cost of transporting goods;
• room type. Depending on the variety of your product, certain storage conditions will be required. In this case, it is necessary to comply with what is prescribed in the regulations. There is an option to save space by storing small items in boxes;
• furnishing of the rented premises. Pay attention to the condition of the warehouse, its floor, walls and roof. The room must not only be in good condition, but also comply with the requirements of the fire service and SES;
• equipment available. For the storage and movement of goods and cargo, appropriate equipment will be required. These are racks, pallets or special vehicles;
• rents. You need to pay attention not only to the footage, but also to additional services that are included in the price. Sometimes the rental rate may include VAT, utilities, security, etc.

A responsible owner will always carefully monitor the condition of his object, make repairs on time and provide his tenants with the promised conditions. However, when inspecting a potential rental location, we recommend that you also pay attention to:

• compliance with the stated requirements;
• the presence of cracks on the base or columns;
• the presence of fungus or mold inside the building.

If you encounter at least one of these violations, then you have come across a low-quality object, which is better to refuse to rent.

The current production and trade process could not do without such an important facility as a warehouse. In logistics, the organization of its work is one of the conditions proper organization movement of inventories, products from the manufacturer to the consumer.

The types of warehouses that operate in modern conditions allow such premises to meet the most diverse requirements of participants in production and trade relations. Depending on the type to which the warehouse belongs, it performs certain functions.

In order to be able to properly plan the movement of goods from the enterprise to the buyer, logisticians must take into account the features of the presented premises. They create various conditions for the storage of goods and inventories. Therefore, the features of each type of warehouse should be understood and taken into account in their work by each logistician.

Main purpose

Before considering the main types of warehouses, you should understand the essence of this structural unit. Storage rooms perform a number of functions. A warehouse is a building, site or complex of structures that are used to store various commodity values. In such premises, a certain amount of material reserves and finished products are accumulated. This allows you to flexibly respond to fluctuations in supply and demand in the goods market. At the same time, it becomes possible to synchronize the speed of movement of material assets in the technological cycles of manufacturers and the processes of delivery and sale of finished products.

All main types of warehouses are limited to a certain territory, which is protected by the relevant organizations. Indoors, appropriate conditions for storage are created.

In addition to storing commodity values, the presented structural units make it possible to process the products received here in order to maintain their quality. warehouse, aligns incoming goods by volume, time and assortment.

Structure

Each warehouse has shipping and loading systems. These include special equipment, areas for receiving or sending goods, ramps. Most of these facilities have internal transport. This category includes various warehouse equipment, the types of which depend on its features. These can be trolleys, loaders, escalators, elevators, etc.

The structural elements of the warehouse also include areas for processing goods. For example, these are packaging lines, packaging lines, a barcode system, as well as sorting and ordering. To be able to store goods, it requires the use of racks, containers, refrigeration equipment and other special systems to maintain the required quality of inventories. Any warehouse also has an accounting system. It can be computerized or manual. The first option in modern conditions is much more common.

Principles of classification

Modern storage facilities are one of the most important nodes in logistics. There are different types of them. Types of warehouses are distinguished according to different characteristics.

Storage spaces range in size from small facilities to buildings occupying vast areas. According to the height of the stacking of goods, one-story and multi-story buildings are distinguished, in which the equipment can lift the load onto a rack up to 24 m high.

By design, the warehouse can be open, semi-closed (has only a roof) and closed. According to the storage parameters, there are ordinary and special objects in which certain conditions are created (humidity, temperature, lighting).

The mechanization of such nodes can be different. There are warehouses where it is used exclusively manual labor workers. Most often, storage rooms are partially or completely mechanized.

If different ways of communication adjoin the warehouse, this object is called port, rail, deep. On the basis of the assortment, specialized, mixed and universal objects are distinguished.

Types of jobs

Each object of the represented type performs three basic operations. in the warehouse are designed to serve the input, internal and output values. At the first stage, personnel and equipment unload the transport, as well as assess the quality and quantity of goods.

Internal flows are served in order to adequately move goods in the warehouse. Inventories are sorted, packed, stored under appropriate conditions, etc.

The work of a warehouse with output flows is reduced to loading goods onto transport. In this regard, zones of loading, acceptance, storage, sorting, forwarding, as well as offices of service personnel and administration are allocated.

Classification of warehouses in the Russian Federation

In our country, a special classification is used, which allows us to divide the presented objects into main types. The purpose of warehouses, their characteristics allow us to distinguish several main groups.

Currently, the PMC system, which was developed by the association of domestic companies, is most often used. This approach is very similar to the global warehouse classification principle. However, the RMS system takes into account to a greater extent the requirements of buyers and tenants for this type of property. This takes into account the main questions to which the organizations of the central regions of our country pay the attention in the first place.

All objects intended for storage of goods are divided into 4 groups. They are designated in Latin letters. When assigning a warehouse to one category or another, its design, location, main functions and features of the facility are taken into account. Its transport connection with other important objects for the organization, logistics areas is also evaluated.

The scale of the premises, the types of storage in the warehouses of products, the assortment must be taken into account. When choosing such objects of non-current assets, it is necessary to accurately calculate the needs of the company for the rational use of premises for storing commodity values.

Class A warehouse

Class A includes such types of warehouses at an enterprise or trade organization that were built in accordance with high modern building codes and requirements. These are one-story buildings, the height of which is more than 8 m. This allows you to install standard multi-story racks inside.

The floor in the room should not have defects. It is perfectly smooth and has an anti-friction coating. Inside the class A warehouse, a clear temperature regime is maintained. Equipment for creating thermal curtains is installed on the gates.

It is mandatory to use a modern fire safety system with the functions of extinguishing fires of powder or sprinkler type. New security and video surveillance systems have also been installed at such facilities. There are fiber optic computer communications. This allows you to maximize the view of the internal and external space with no "blind zones" where there is no video equipment.

Gates, receiving areas and in a class A warehouse have automated systems for opening doors and raising the ramp.

Access to such facilities should be convenient. Most often they are located near the main transport routes. This type of warehouse is more often preferred by trading enterprises that sell products both wholesale and retail.

Class B

There are rooms with somewhat simplified characteristics, however, not inferior in convenience to the previous category. Class B includes such species. The size of a warehouse in this category can be impressive. However, this is a multi-storey building, which allows it to occupy a smaller area compared to class A buildings.

The height of the ceilings of such objects is in the range of 4.5-8 m. The floors are even, filled with asphalt or concrete. They do not have an anti-friction coating. The temperature in the room in winter does not fall below +10 °C.

The shipping area has a ramp, there is a security and fire safety system. Offices are combined with warehouses. They apply modern systems communications, telecommunications.

Access to such warehouses may not be as convenient, but the building is located close to the production or the city.

Class C and D warehouse

Considering the types of warehouses, it is necessary to note such classes as C and D. For many enterprises, this is the most acceptable option. Class C warehouse is a heated room with a ceiling height of 3.5 to 18 m. The temperature is kept at +8 to +14 ºС in winter.

Transport comes inside for unloading and loading, for which the gate is always kept in the zero position. The floor covering can be concrete, asphalt or tile.

Class D is characterized by the least requirements. It can be an unheated basement, a bunker or a hangar. Civil defense facilities also fall into this category.

Depending on the cost of buying or renting is determined. Therefore, the company must take into account its needs. If additional amenities are not required, a low-class warehouse can be preferred. But in most cases, exploitation of an object of class A or B is simply indispensable. The cost of its maintenance and rent is paid off as a result of the organization's activities.

Public warehouse

Considering the types of warehouses, it should be noted that there are public facilities and own premises enterprises. In the first case, the organization rents a room or part of it for the needs of its production.

This is necessary in case of a small turnover or the sale of seasonal goods. It is more profitable for a company to pay for the services of the owner of a public warehouse than to maintain its own facility. The need for storage space for such enterprises is less.

The small size and proximity of the presented real estate to the consumer make it profitable in some cases. For example, when a company enters a new market, where forecasting is complicated by a number of factors, a public warehouse reduces the company's financial risks. It does not require any additional investments.

The company will not need to hire qualified personnel to maintain the facility, as well as manage inventory. Many large enterprises use the services of a public warehouse. This allows you to store products as close as possible to the consumer, reduce transportation costs.

Own warehouse

However, not in all cases it is advisable for an organization to rent a room. Sometimes it's better to own your own property. This is necessary if the turnover is characterized by large volumes. Most often, such facilities are located in the immediate vicinity of production.

Also, many types of commercial warehouses use this system. If the sale is characterized by high volumes and is concentrated in the immediate vicinity of the buyer, it is more profitable to maintain your own warehouse. The organization equips it properly.

Most often it is a class "A" or "B" property. Here the accounting and management of the forces of the trading company is carried out. It hires qualified specialists, organizes the process of trade (wholesale, retail), and also sets the cost of material values ​​that are offered to the consumer.

Large industrial enterprises also have their own warehouses. They store stocks, semi-finished products and finished products. If the turnover of such a company is characterized by large volumes, it is more expedient to maintain your own warehouse than to rent such a room.

Having considered existing species warehouses, we can conclude that when choosing such an object, their features should be taken into account. This will allow the enterprise to organize the system of storage and movement of inventory items as efficiently as possible. The minimum cost of maintaining and maintaining storage areas will optimize working capital to increase financial results. The process of organizing such facilities is taken very seriously, producing whole line mathematical calculations and research.

Warehouses, their definition, types and functions.

Definition

Warehouses are buildings, structures and various devices designed to receive, place and store goods received by them, prepare them for consumption and release to the consumer.

Warehouses are one of the most important elements of logistics systems. The objective need for specially equipped places for holding stocks exists at all stages of the flow of materials, from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer. This explains the large number of different types of warehouses.

Warehouse types

Warehouse sizes vary over a wide range: from small premises with a total area of ​​several hundred square meters to giant warehouses covering hundreds of thousands of square meters.

Warehouses also differ in the height of the stacking of goods. In some, the cargo is stored no higher than human height, in others, special devices are needed that can lift and accurately place the cargo in a cell at a height of 24 m or more.

Warehouses can have different designs: be placed in separate rooms (closed), have only a roof or a roof and one, two or three walls (semi-closed). Some goods are generally stored outdoors in specially equipped areas, in the so-called open warehouses.

A special mode can be created and maintained in the warehouse, for example, temperature, humidity.

A warehouse may be intended for the storage of goods of one enterprise (a warehouse for individual use), or it may, under leasing conditions, be leased to individuals or legal entities (a warehouse for collective use or a warehouse-hotel).

Warehouses also differ in the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations:

• non-mechanized;
• complex-mechanized;
• automated;
• automatic.

An essential feature of the classification of warehouses is the possibility of delivery and export of goods by rail or water transport. In accordance with this feature, there are station or port warehouses (located on the territory of a railway station or port), railroad warehouses (having a railway line for supplying and cleaning wagons) and deep ones. In order to deliver the cargo from the station, pier or port to the deep warehouse, it is necessary to use road transport.

Depending on the breadth of the range of stored products, there are:

• specialized warehouses;
• warehouses with a mixed or universal assortment.

The set of works performed in different warehouses is approximately the same. This is explained by the fact that warehouses perform the following similar functions in different logistics processes:

• temporary placement and storage of inventories;
• transformation of material flows;
• provision of logistics services in the service system.

The main areas of warehouses and their characteristics

The schematic diagram of the warehouse is shown in fig. one.

Fig.1. Schematic diagram of a trading enterprise

We list the main operations that are performed in the selected areas of the warehouse.

unloading area (in Fig. 1. - railway ramp):

• mechanized unloading of vehicles;
• manual unloading of vehicles.

Acceptance expedition (located in a separate warehouse):

• acceptance of products that arrived after hours by the number of places and their short-term storage before transfer to the main warehouse. Cargoes for the acceptance expedition come from the unloading area.

Acceptance area

• acceptance of goods in terms of quantity and quality. Cargoes to the receiving area can come from the unloading area and from the receiving expedition.

Storage area (main part of the main warehouse):

• placement of cargo for storage;
• picking up cargo from storage areas.

Acquisition area (located in the main warehouse):

• formation of cargo units containing a range of goods selected in accordance with customer orders.

Departure expedition (connects the transport and the buyer with a logistics process:

• short-term storage of cargo units prepared for shipment, organization of their delivery to the buyer.

Loading area (in our diagram - a car ramp):

• loading of vehicles (manual and mechanized).

Fundamentals of warehouse operations technology at wholesale enterprises.

The basis of the technology of the warehouse process is the rational construction, clear and consistent implementation of warehouse operations, continuous improvement of the organization of work and technological solutions, the efficient use of handling and technological equipment.

What provides the technological process

A properly organized technological process of the enterprise should provide:

• clear and timely conduct of quantitative and qualitative acceptance of products;
• effective use of means of mechanization of loading and unloading and transport and storage operations;
• rational warehousing of goods, ensuring maximum use of warehouse volumes and areas, as well as the safety of goods and other material assets;
• fulfillment of the requirements for the rational organization of the work of the hall of commodity samples, warehouse operations for the selection of goods from storage places, their acquisition and preparation for release;
• accurate work of the expedition and organization of centralized delivery of goods to customers;
• consistent and rhythmic execution of warehouse operations, contributing to the systematic loading of warehouse workers, and the creation of favorable working conditions.

Schematic diagram of the technological processing of goods

A schematic diagram of the technological process of warehouse processing of goods at a wholesale trade enterprise is shown in fig. 2.

Assignment and use of technological maps and daily work schedules in the warehouse

In accordance with circuit diagram technological process and for the purpose of a clear organization of work, it is recommended to draw up technological maps developed in relation to the specific conditions of the warehouse. An approximate form of a technological map for a warehouse of a wholesale trade enterprise is given in Table. one.

Technological maps can be compiled for each warehouse. In addition to the technological map, it is recommended to draw up a daily warehouse work schedule on a daily basis. An approximate form and content of the graph are given in Table. 2.

Table 1.

Technological map of the warehouse operation of a wholesale trade enterprise

Table 2.

Receipt of goods to the warehouse.

A significant reserve for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of material-carrying systems is the transition from the traditionally disparate solution of warehousing and transportation problems to the design of unified transport and storage processes.

The conjugation of the warehouse process with the external environment is achieved by solving various problems, a significant part of which is associated with the processing of material flows at the posts of unloading and receiving goods.

The task of determining the number of loading and unloading posts in the warehouse

The reliability and efficiency of the warehouse operation depends on how correctly the number of posts for loading and unloading operations is determined. An increase in this number entails an increase in construction costs and operating costs, a decrease - increases the queue of waiting transport services, i.e. increases the need for space for parking and maneuvering. In addition, waiting for unloading is the cost associated with the demurrage of vehicles.

Thus, when determining the number of transport service posts, it is necessary to find a compromise between:

• the amount of expenses for the construction and operation of transport service posts;
• the size of the total costs for the construction of areas for waiting and maneuvering vehicles and the costs of possible downtime of vehicles in anticipation of service.

V general view this can be expressed by the formula:

where:

• C total - total economic costs and losses;
• C 1 - costs associated with the construction and operation of one post of transport service;
• N is the number of service posts;
• C 1 - costs and losses associated with the organization of waiting and possible downtime of transport per vehicle unit;
• K is the average number of transport units waiting to be unloaded.

Obviously, as the number of posts increases, the queue, i.e. value is reduced. This number of posts will be optimal. The capacity of the loading and unloading zone depends not only on the number of posts, but also on the carrying capacity of the incoming transport. The calculations carried out by the method of queuing theory show that for a given number of posts, for example 4, and for a given value of the queue for unloading, for example, no more than one car, the number of goods processed on the site is directly proportional to the carrying capacity of the serviced transport. The nature of the dependence has the shape of a curve shown in Fig.3.

Advantages and disadvantages of combining loading and unloading posts

Reception and dispatch of products from the warehouse can be carried out in one combined area, or they can be spatially separated (Fig. 4).

Both options have their advantages and disadvantages.

Combining the areas of receipt and release of products allows you to:

• reduce the size of the area required to perform the corresponding operation;
• theft is reduced;
• facilitate the control of unloading and loading operations - operations with a high intensity of material, transport and human flows;
• to increase the degree of equipment utilization by concentrating the entire volume of loading and unloading operations in one place, to use warehouse personnel more flexibly.

The main disadvantage of combining the areas of acceptance and release of goods is the appearance of the so-called oncoming cargo flows, with all the ensuing difficulties, including possible confusion between the goods sent and received.

The organization in one place of acceptance and dispatch will be significantly difficult if the type and size of the transport arriving and departing from the warehouse are different.

To facilitate the organization of the combined site can be separated by the time of the operations of receipt and dispatch.

Determination of dimensional parameters of loading and unloading ramps.

Let us dwell on the parameters of the loading and unloading ramps, as well as the receiving area, i.e. those technological zones of the warehouse where the operations of receipt and dispatch of goods are performed. Unloading of goods can be carried out from the level of the road or from a special ramp raised to the level of the vehicle body. Most domestic trucks have doors and sides in the rear of the body. It is better to unload such cars from a ramp, as this allows you to enter loading and unloading equipment into the body. Cars equipped with side doors in relation to the longitudinal axis can be unloaded from road level.

The minimum width of a ramp used for loading and unloading vehicles must not be less than the turning radius of the forklift operating on it plus approximately 1 m. the speed of the forklift exiting the vehicle body and subsequent turnaround will increase if the operator is given some margin of space. Most of the new warehouses have a 6 m wide unloading ramp.

Distance between axles doorways and car loading posts should be at least 3.6 m. In this case, cars can drive in reverse to the loading places without any special difficulties.

The height of the ramps must be consistent with the height of the body of the serviced vehicle. In freight road transport, the height of the body from the level of the road varies depending on the type: from 550 to 1450 mm. In addition, the body height depends on the vehicle load. The body of a fully laden vehicle may be 30 cm lower than an unladen vehicle. The platforms of refrigerated vehicles are usually higher than those of non-refrigerated long haul vehicles. In this regard, ramps must be equipped with devices for receiving vehicles with different loading heights. Such devices can be stationary or mobile lifting platforms or cargo bridges.

When designing car ramps, one should take into account the general trend of reducing the loading height of cars. For example, if at the end of the 60s in Europe the height of car ramps reached 1.4 m (56 inches), then by the mid-80s the optimal value had dropped to 1.2 m.

In Russia, at present, more than 80% of the operated freight transport has a loading height from 1100 to 1300 mm. Here, too, there is a downward trend in loading height.

In railway transport, as well as in motor transport, there is a tendency to increase the dimensions of both refrigerated and conventional cars: doorways are becoming wider, the length of cars is increasing. There were many specialized wagons.

Regardless of whether specialized wagons will arrive at the warehouse or not, it is necessary to design the unloading area in such a way as to accept not only small wagons 12 m long with doors 1.8 m wide, but also wagons over 25 m long, with door widths much bigger.

Placement of goods in the warehouse.

Using the Pareto method (20/80) to decide on the placement of goods in a warehouse

Warehouse is the most common element of supply chains. Rationalization of material flows on it is a reserve for increasing the efficiency of any enterprise.

The task of determining an acceptable placement of goods in a warehouse is not new to trade and the logistics system. Various algorithms have been developed that offer to solve this problem with the help of a computer. The solution is to define optimal places storage for each product group.

Despite the obvious advantage, the use of these methods is constrained by the need to have appropriate software and computer equipment in warehouses, as well as specially trained personnel.

These limitations can be overcome by applying the Pareto method (20/80), according to which 20% of the objects that you usually deal with give, as a rule, 80% of the result.

In the warehouse, the use of the Pareto method allows you to minimize the number of movements by dividing the entire assortment into groups that require a large number movements, and groups that are rarely accessed.

As a rule, frequently sold goods make up only a small part of the assortment, and they must be located in convenient places as close as possible to the dispensing areas, along the so-called "hot" lines (Fig. 4). Items that are required less often are relegated to the "background" and placed along the "cold" lines. Along the "hot" lines, bulky goods and goods stored without containers can also be located, since their movement is associated with significant difficulties.

Consider, as an example, a warehouse, the assortment of which includes 27 items (Table 3, items a, b, c, ..., i). Let's assume that the cargo is stored in racking equipment on pallets in a packaged form, released in whole cargo packages, and all operations with it are fully mechanized. In total for the previous period (for example, for the last month) 945 cargo packages were released.

Table 3

Sales for the previous period

In this example, more than 80% of the ordered cargo packages fell on 6 positions of the assortment (positions n, d, d, k, y, y). It is obvious that reserves for these positions should be placed on "hot" lines. The simulation performed for the conditions of this example showed that when stock is placed in a warehouse without taking into account the turnover rate of different positions*, the total mileage of equipment during storage and picking increases by 2-3 times.

Selection of assortment by order of wholesale buyers

The operations of manual selection and preparation of goods for release are the most labor-intensive in the warehouses of wholesalers. The cost of labor in the picking area can be up to 50% of the cost of all labor used in the warehouse. The timing of the selector's work shows that his working time as a percentage is distributed approximately as follows:

• selection of goods by order of buyers - 10%;
• forced downtime during replenishment of stock in the picking area or while another picker is working in this area - 20%;
• work with selection lists - 30%;
• movement between sampling sites - 40%.

The urgency of the task of reducing the travel time is obvious. Its solution is to allocate an area in the warehouse for storing a reserve stock and an area for storing a selected stock.

Selected stocks are placed on the lower tiers of racks, i.e. in places accessible for the selection operation.

Separation of reserve and withdrawn stock can be done in two ways:

• vertical separation - the reserve stock is above the selected one (Fig. 5);
• horizontal separation - reserve and selected stocks are located in different places of the warehouse (Fig. 6).

The zone for storing the selected stock should be divided into "hot", as close as possible to the dispatch expedition, and "cold" - the rest of the warehouse, available for the selection operation. In the "hot" zone, the selected stock of goods with a high frequency of orders is placed, in the "cold" zone - with a low one.

In order to determine which products to place in the "hot" part of the picking storage area, it is necessary to identify the items that occur most often in customer orders. It also requires a Pareto analysis, for which, for each commodity item, information is indicated on the number of orders that require manual selection. It should be borne in mind that the high turnover of goods does not mean at all that the selector has to work hard with it, since the goods can be sold in large quantities.

Reduced downtime is achieved by organizing the storage of high-demand goods in several places in the picking area (Fig. 7). Thus, different selectors have the opportunity to select the same product at the same time.

Picking personnel and restocking personnel work in the same area, the storage area. The routes of their movement will not intersect if:

• o replenishment of the reserve stock and the stock of the picking area should be carried out from different sides of the rack (Fig. 8). However, it should be taken into account that, by reducing downtime by this method, we, on the other hand, worsen the utilization of the storage capacity;
• the work of personnel replenishing stocks and engaged in selection should be separated in time. For example, one shift replenishes stocks, the other is engaged in selection. The shift in time may not be a whole shift, but only a part of it.

Two methods of selection of goods are used: individual and complex.

1. Individual picking is the sequential picking of an individual order. In this case, the goods must immediately be packed into the appropriate container and, at the end of the operation, be ready for inspection and shipment.

2. Complex picking is usually used for small orders. The picker, bypassing the picking area, removes goods for several orders from storage places according to the summary picking list. At the same time, the chain of operations for picking a separate order increases, since an additional operation appears to turn complex picking into an individual one, but the total number of chains is reduced. Here it is necessary to find a compromise solution in each specific case.

An interesting solution is to load the goods into a vehicle for delivery in the form of a complex picking and turn it into an individual one in the process of issuing the goods from the supplier's transport.

With high turnover and a wide assortment, one order can be simultaneously picked up by several selectors in different parts of the storage area of ​​the selected stock. Subsequently, the selected parts are combined into a single order.

Information that the selector must have in the process of order fulfillment:

• where the goods are located;
• how much product is needed;
• to whom the product is intended;
• what to do if the selected stock is over;
• What to do after the selection of the ordered goods.

The transfer of information to the selector can be carried out various means. The timeliness of the transfer is a necessary condition for the high intensity of the material flow passing through the sampling section.

The effectiveness of operations for preparing goods for release can be characterized by the following indicators:

• sampling frequency, i.e. the number of selected orders per unit of time;
• throughput of the picking section - the number of formed cargo units (containers, boxes, pallets, etc.) per unit of time;
• level of customer service;
• cases of lack of stock of goods included in the picking list.

Formation of a cargo unit

One of the key parameters for optimizing the process associated with transportation and subsequent storage is the formation of a loading unit.

Loading unit - an element of an end-to-end logistics process

A loading unit is a number of goods that are loaded, transported, unloaded and stored as a single mass.

There are two main types of cargo units:

• primary loading unit - cargo in a transport container, for example, in boxes, barrels, bags, etc.;
• enlarged loading unit - a cargo package formed on a pallet from primary loading units, i.e. cargo in a shipping container.

The primary cargo unit passes through the distribution channels, as a rule, without reformation, i.e. a corrugated cardboard box of candy packed at a candy factory is likely to go through all the wholesalers and reach the store unopened. An enlarged cargo unit, formed from boxes of sweets at the same factory, will most likely be disbanded at some stage of the distribution of goods, perhaps when the assortment is selected from the first wholesaler.

The disbanding of the cargo unit leads to additional costs. Since the probability of disbanding is directly proportional to its size, it is obvious that reducing the size reduces the costs of this type (function F1 Fig. 9).

On the other hand, it is known that the costs associated with loading, unloading and transporting a cargo unit are inversely proportional to its mass and, accordingly, to its size (function F2 in Fig. 9). Thus, when choosing the dimensions of the loading unit, a compromise must be found.

The task of choosing the size of a cargo unit can be solved both at the warehouse level of an individual enterprise and when forming an end-to-end logistics chain. At the same time, the trend of consolidation of cargo units in transportation should be taken into account.

The dimensions of cargo units, as well as equipment for their loading, transportation, unloading and storage must be agreed upon among themselves. This will make it possible to effectively use the material and technical base of the participants in the logistics process at all stages of the movement of the material flow. The commensurability of load-bearing surfaces and cargo units is achieved by using the so-called base module, which is a rectangle with sides of 600 x 400 mm.

Based on the basic module, a unified system of unified sizes of shipping containers has been developed. The principle of creating this system is that the area of ​​the pallet* is divided into a grid of multiple sizes that determine the outer and inner dimensions transport container.

The area of ​​the loading platforms of vehicles, as well as the area of ​​the load-bearing surfaces of the equipment involved in logistics processes, must also be a multiple of the dimensions of the base module.

Note: pallet 1200x800 mm contains 4 basic modules, pallet 1200x1000 mm - 5 basic modules.

Calculation of the areas of the main storage areas. Determination of the total warehouse area

where:

• S gr - cargo (usable) area, i.e. the area occupied directly under the stored goods (racks, stacks and other devices for storing goods);
• S aux - auxiliary area, i.e. the area occupied by driveways and walkways;
• S pr - the area of ​​the acceptance area;
• S km - the area of ​​the acquisition site;
• S rm - the area of ​​jobs, i.е. the area in the premises of warehouses allocated for the equipment of workplaces of warehouse workers;
• S ne - the area of ​​the acceptance expedition;
• S oe - the area of ​​the departure expedition.

Consider the procedure for calculating the values ​​included in the formula (the size of the areas of the technological zones of the warehouse).

Determining the cargo area

The formula for calculating the cargo area of ​​a warehouse is as follows:

where:

• Q - forecast of annual turnover, rub./year;
• Z - forecast of the value of commodity stocks (average stock), days of turnover;
• K n - the coefficient of uneven loading of the warehouse;
• To the yoke - the utilization rate of the cargo volume of the warehouse;
• C v - average cost of one cubic meter goods stored in the warehouse, rub./m 3;
• H - height of stowage of goods for storage, m;
• 254 is the number of working days in a year.

The values ​​of Q and Z are determined on the basis of predictive calculations.

Coefficient of load unevenness warehouse is defined as the ratio of the turnover of the most busy month to the average monthly turnover of the warehouse. In design calculations, K is taken equal to 1.1-1.3 (acceptance - 1.3; vacation - 1.2).

where:

• G max - maximum cargo turnover;
• G cf - average cargo turnover.

It characterizes the density and height of the product stacking and is calculated by the formula:

where:

• V floor - the volume of goods in the package, which can be stacked on this equipment along its entire height, m ​​3;
• S about - the area occupied by the projection of the external contours of the carrier equipment on a horizontal plane, m 2;
• H- cargo stacking height, m.

The technological meaning of the coefficient lies in the fact that equipment, especially rack equipment, cannot be completely filled with stored cargo. In order to carry out the stowage and removal of cargo from storage places, it is necessary to leave technological gaps between the stored cargo and internal surfaces shelving. In addition, cargo is most often stored on pallets, which, having a standard height of 144 mm, also take up part of the cargo volume.

Calculation of Kigo for racks brand CT-2M-II* showed that in the case of storage of goods on pallets Kigo = 0.64, when stored without pallets Kigo = 0.67**.

The approximate cost of one cubic meter of packaged goods can be determined based on the following data:

• cost of a cargo unit;
• gross weight of the cargo unit;
• approximate value of the weight of one cubic meter of goods in the package (Table 4).

Table 4

Aggregated indicators of design loads per 1m 2at the receiving and picking areas

More precisely, the weight of one cubic meter of goods stored in a warehouse can be determined by random measurements carried out by the warehouse logistics service.

Area of ​​passages and driveways (Svsp)

The size of the area of ​​passages and driveways is determined after the adoption of the mechanization option and depends on the type of vehicles used in technological process lifting and transport vehicles. If the width of the working corridor of machines working between the racks is equal to the width of the rack equipment, then the area of ​​​​passages and driveways will be equal to the cargo area.

Areas of receiving and picking areas (Spr and Skm)

The areas of acceptance and picking areas are calculated on the basis of aggregated indicators of design loads per 1 m 2 of area in the receiving and picking areas. In the general case, in design calculations, they proceed from the need to place on each square meter areas for receiving and picking one cubic meter of goods. Table data. 4 show the number of tons of this or that product placed on 1 m 2 of the named sites.

The areas of receiving and picking areas are calculated using the following formulas:

where:

• A 2 - the share of goods passing through the warehouse acceptance area,% (annual average, or depending on the measurement scale);
• A 3 - the share of goods to be assembled in the warehouse,% (depending on the scale of measurement);
• q - weight of 1 m 2 aggregated indicators of design loads per 1 m 2 in the areas of acceptance and acquisition, t / m 3 (average);
• t pr - the number of days the goods are at the receiving site;
• t km - the number of days the goods are in the picking area;
• C p - approximate cost of 1 ton of goods stored in a warehouse, rub./t.

It should be noted that a certain lack of space at the receiving site will be more useful than excess, since there is a severe need to more intensively process the goods arriving here.

Workplace area (Srm)

The workplace of the warehouse manager, with a size of 12 m 2, is equipped near the picking area with the possibility of a maximum overview of the warehouse.

If the warehouse will check the quality of the goods, then the workplaces of the relevant personnel will be equipped near the acceptance site, but away from the main cargo flows.

Acceptance expedition area (Spe)

As noted earlier, an acceptance expedition is organized to accommodate goods received after hours. Therefore, its area should allow to place such a quantity of goods that can arrive over the weekend. The size of the area of ​​the acceptance expedition is determined by the formula:

where:

• t ne - the number of days during which the goods will be in the acceptance expedition;
• q e - weight 1 m 3, t / m 2.

Departure expedition area (Soe)

The area of ​​the dispatch expedition is used for the acquisition of shipping lots. The size of the area is determined by the formula:

where:

• t oe - the number of days during which the goods will be in the dispatch expedition.

The calculation of the warehouse area is performed using the above formulas based on the initial data listed in Table. 5. The results of the calculation can be presented in the form of Table 6.

Table 5

Initial data for calculating the warehouse area

Table 6

Explication of technological zones of the warehouse

Making a decision on using the services of a hired warehouse

A logistics manager today often has to choose between organizing their own warehouse and using a public warehouse to store stock. The decision-making technique is shown in fig. 10.

The basis for the decision is the obtained value of the so-called "indifference turnover", in which the costs of storing stock in one's own warehouse are equal to the costs of using the services of a rented warehouse (the abscissa of the intersection point of the graphs of the functions F3 and Z).

The function F1 is assumed to be linear and is determined on the basis of prices for the performance of logistics operations.

The graph of the function F is parallel to the x-axis, since the fixed costs C post do not depend on the turnover. This includes the cost of renting a warehouse C rent, depreciation of equipment C depreciation, payment for electricity C el, wage management personnel and specialists C salary:

The graph of the Z function is built on the basis of the tariff rate for storing goods in a rented warehouse.

The dependence of the costs of storing goods in a rented warehouse on the volume of cargo turnover Z is determined by the following formula:

where:

• a - (tariff for rental warehouse services) daily cost of using 1 m 2 of the cargo area of ​​a rental warehouse;
• 365 - the number of days of storage in a rented warehouse per year;
• S n - the required area of ​​​​a rented warehouse, m 2, the calculation of which is carried out according to the formula (paid area):

where:

• Z - the size of the stock in days of turnover, days;
• T - annual turnover, t/year;
• D is the number of working days in a year;
• q - load per 1 m 2 of area during storage in a rented warehouse, t / m 2.

The graph of the function is built on the assumption that it is linear.

Incoming control of deliveries of goods in the warehouse

On the way from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer, the ownership of the goods that form the material flow sequentially passes from one participant in the logistics process to another. In these so-called "junction points", the actual parameters of the material flow are verified with the data of the accompanying documents. Essentially, these places information flow, moving largely apart, "fastens" to the material. The actual composition of the material flow may differ from the information about it. Management is carried out on the basis of information. Consistent acceptance along the entire path of movement of goods allows you to constantly update the data that make up the information flow.

The material flow is the movement of material values, the safety of which is ensured by the system of liability.

The question of the transfer of responsibility

At the junction there is a transfer of liability. It is impossible to design a logistics process without understanding the specifics of the procedure for transferring liability. Therefore, the task of constantly updating and updating information on material flows is one of the most urgent tasks of logistics activities.

The complexity of the task is due to the fact that the transfer of liability does not occur directly from one owner of the goods to another, but with the participation of logistics intermediaries - forwarding organizations.

Without the imposition of liability on specific persons, it is difficult to ensure the safety of the cargo along the entire path of the material flow. However, it should be borne in mind that for the participants in the logistics process, who have the status of materially responsible persons, the priority is certainly not speed, reliability, or price, but the exact correspondence of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the flow to the data of the accompanying documents. The entire logistics process may stop if the materially responsible person is not sure of the exact correspondence of the quantity and quality of the goods to the data of the accompanying documents.

The liability system should not slow down the logistics process. Therefore, when designing logistics systems, it is necessary to find a compromise between various systems that ensure the safety of material values. It is possible that a system without personal liability will cause damage, but the risk of stopping the process due to the need to act out inconsistencies can cause more damage. The way out can be found in high guarantees of compliance with the quality and completeness of deliveries, i.e. in that the supplier (for example, the practice of functioning of a number of enterprises in Japan) and the forwarder (this will be included in their service system) take over the control function. In Russia, under the conditions of historically established practice, the most promising is a clear organization of incoming control. The procedure for acceptance of goods is regulated by the regulatory acts of the state, as well as the terms of the contract. Accordingly, all acceptance procedures must be clearly planned, which will allow, without removing liability from specific persons, to reduce the risk of stopping the logistics process.

Normative documents regulating the procedure for acceptance of goods

Currently as normative documents governing the procedure for acceptance of goods, continue to operate:

• Instruction on the procedure for acceptance of products for industrial purposes and consumer goods by quantity (approved by the Resolution of the State Arbitration Court under the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 15, 1965, No. P-6);
• Instructions on the procedure for accepting products for industrial purposes and consumer goods in terms of quality (approved by the Resolution of the State Arbitration Court under the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated April 25, 1966 No. P-7).

For brevity, we confine ourselves to listing the most significant issues that arise in the process of organizing and carrying out the acceptance of consumer goods in terms of quantity and quality. Below in parentheses are the numbers of paragraphs of the relevant instructions containing answers to the questions posed. First, the item number in instruction No. P-6 (acceptance of goods by quantity) is indicated, then the item number in instruction No. P-7 (acceptance of goods by quality).

1. The procedure for accepting goods from transport authorities (No. P-6 - item 4; No. P-7 - item 3).

2. Cases of activation of a claim to transport (No. P-6 - item 5; No. P-7 - item 4).

3. Terms of acceptance of goods (No. P-6 - item 9; No. P-7 - item 6).

4. Documents on the basis of which acceptance is made (No. P-6 - item 12; No. P-7 - item 14).

5. What to do if there is a discrepancy between the quantity and quality of the goods with the data of the shipping documents? (No. P-6 - item 16; No. P-7 - item 16).

6. The content of the notification to the supplier (No. P-6 - paragraph 17a; No. P-7 - paragraph 17).

7. Deadlines for sending a notification to the supplier (No. P-6 - clause 17a; No. P-7 - clause 18).

8. What is the deadline for the supplier's representative to appear? (No. P-6 - item 17; No. P-7 - item 19).

9. What should I do if the supplier's representative does not show up? (No. P-b - item 18; No. P-7 - item 20).

10. Who can be included in the commission for the acceptance of goods in case of non-appearance of the supplier or when attendance is optional? (No. P-6 - item 18; No. P-7 - item 20).

11. Deadlines for drawing up an act on the established discrepancy in quantity (No. P-6 - paragraph 25; No. P-7 - paragraph 29).

12. The content of the act (No. P-6 - paragraph 25; No. P-7 - paragraph 29).

13. The procedure and terms for the approval of the act (No. P-6 - paragraph 26; No. P-7 - paragraph 32).

14. Mandatory annexes to the act (No. P-6 - paragraph 27; No. P-7 - paragraph 31).

In conclusion, it should be noted that the procedure for accepting goods in terms of quantity and quality, established by the Instruction on the procedure for accepting products for industrial and technical purposes and consumer goods in terms of quantity, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Arbitration Court dated 15.06.65 N P-6, and the Instruction on the procedure for accepting products for industrial and technical purposes and consumer goods in terms of quality, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Arbitration Court dated April 25, 1966 N P-7, can be used by the buyer (recipient) only in cases where this is provided for by the supply contract.

Scheme of workflow of a warehouse of a wholesale trade enterprise

Depending on the functional purpose, the following groups of documents are involved in the logistics processes in warehouses:

documents used to register the acceptance of goods

documents used to register the placement of goods for storage

documents used for registration of leave, sale of goods

Documents used to register the acceptance of goods

1. Register of incoming goods

It is used to register the accompanying documents of suppliers and transport organizations for incoming goods and control their posting at the warehouse of the enterprise

2. Book of registration of issuance of invoices

3. Act on the established discrepancy in quantity upon acceptance of goods

It is used to register the acceptance of inventory items that have quantitative discrepancies against the data of the supplier's accompanying documents

4. Certificate of acceptance of goods for quality

It is used when registering the acceptance of inventory items that have discrepancies against the data of the supplier's accompanying documents

5. Accounting card for the execution of contracts

Conducted by the commodity manager of the wholesale trade enterprise to control the receipt of goods from suppliers under contracts and one-time transactions

6. Report on the movement of goods and containers in the warehouse

Compiled by the warehouse manager in two copies. The first copy of the report with the attached primary documents is submitted to the accounting department, and the second copy with the receipt of the accounting department about the acceptance of the report and the documents attached to it remains with the warehouse manager.

7. Book of accounting for the sorting of goods

Carried out by a merchandiser-bracker on the basis of invoices and quality acceptance certificates in order to control the results of sorting

8. Report on the receipt of goods by the forwarder

Compiled daily and serves to control the receipt of cargo from the station railway and delivery of this cargo to the warehouse

9. Journal of accounting for goods received by the expedition

Head of expedition to account for goods received from suppliers and transport organizations through the forwarding warehouse

10. Invoice

Compiled by a materially responsible person upon receipt of valuables by the enterprise in cases provided for by the instructions for accounting for individual transactions

11. Act on the posting of goods received without a supplier's account

It is used to register the acceptance of goods received before the receipt of the supplier's invoice

Documents involved in operations for the placement of goods for storage

12. Warehouse label

Issued by the warehouse manager of the wholesale enterprise for each item and grade of goods received in this batch

13. Book of registration of nomenclature numbers for goods

It is used to register item numbers for goods arriving at warehouses.

14. Quantitative-sum accounting card

It is used for analytical accounting in warehouses of wholesale trade with a wide range of goods

15. Commodity book

Conducted by financially responsible persons to account for inventory items. A separate account is opened for each product name (each item number) in the book. Accounts are arranged in ascending order of item numbers.

Documents involved in operations for the sale and release of goods from the warehouses of a wholesale trade enterprise

16. Order-application.

Compiled by the buyer and adjusted by the sales manager, taking into account the availability of goods in the warehouse. The merchandiser specifies and fills in the order-application the data necessary for issuing an invoice, as well as to simplify the search for goods in the warehouse.

17. Supply contract.

It is concluded between the wholesaler and the buyer and serves to determine the size, terms and conditions of sale, release and delivery of goods.

18. Register of customer orders.

It is carried out by a merchandiser-salesman on the basis of customer orders received both during personal selection in the hall of commodity samples, and received by means of communication. Serves to control the timeliness of the execution of customer orders.

19. Card of unsatisfied demand.

It is conducted by a sales manager for buyers on the basis of their orders and serves to account for unsatisfied demand, as well as to control the fulfillment of unsatisfied orders.

20. Consolidated selection list for complex selection.

Compiled by a sales manager on the basis of customer orders for a comprehensive selection of goods in a warehouse for a group of customers.

21. Invoice.

Issued for goods actually selected for buyers in the warehouse of the wholesale enterprise.

22. Packing label.

It is issued in cases where the selection and packaging of goods is carried out at the warehouse without the participation of a representative of the buyer.

23. Journal of the transfer of goods from the warehouse to the expedition.

Conducted by the warehouse manager on the basis of invoices to control the transfer of goods to the expedition.

24. Journal of accounting for goods and invoices accepted for expedition from warehouses and sent to buyers.

Conducted in the expedition of the wholesale enterprise; serves to control the dispatch of goods to buyers and the return of invoices signed by buyers.

25. Bill of lading.

Issued in four copies (if the payer is the consignee):

the first serves as the basis for settlements with the motor transport organization and is an appendix to the invoice for payment for the transportation of material assets;

the second serves as the basis for accounting for the operation of vehicles and remains with the waybill;

the third, when the consignor's commodity report is submitted to the accounting department;

the fourth is sent to the consignee. If the payer is the consignor, then the consignment note is issued in three copies.

26. Pass to leave the territory of the enterprise.

27. Application for road transport.

It is a document to ensure timely delivery of goods to customers. It is drawn up by the head of the forwarding warehouse, signed by the deputy director of the wholesale enterprise.

28. Journal of accounting for the use of vehicles.

Conducted in the expedition of the wholesale enterprise. Serves for registration of vehicles arriving at the request and control over their presence on the route.

29. Accounting card for inventory containers.

Conducted by the base expedition to account for the movement of inventory containers.

30. Book of registration of documents submitted by a person carrying out centralized delivery and circular delivery of goods.

Issued to a person carrying out centralized delivery and circular delivery of goods.

31. Card for accounting for the execution of shipment contracts.

32. The book of operational accounting for the supply of goods to buyers.

It is maintained by the commodity manager of the wholesale enterprise to record the supply of goods in the context of buyers and product groups on the basis of a record card for the fulfillment of shipment contracts.

Retail.Ru

Huge amounts of modern industrial production led to the need to concentrate products with the help of special infrastructure elements called warehouses. This is a general name for storage areas, which can be divided into bases, terminals and storage facilities.

What is a warehouse?

Warehouses are required by any enterprise that produces any product, a trading company or any economic structure. The larger the company, the higher the role of the warehouse in the overall complex of premises.

A modern warehouse is a complex multidimensional object from both a managerial and a technical point of view. Warehousing is carried out at any stage of production - from the extraction of raw materials to the stage of final sale of products. Therefore, there are a great many varieties of such premises, and, involuntarily, a classification of warehouses is required. To understand this, you need to understand how the warehouse is arranged and works.

Let's talk about its structure

A warehouse is not just a room where all the cargo is dumped mixed up. It has its own structure, often quite complex. The warehouse is divided into zones for various purposes and with different equipment. Let's consider the main ones:

• Unloading-loading zone (one or two separate). There are sites that directly serve transport. Requirements for them depend on the type of this transport.
• Receiving area separated from others. There they receive goods and send them to storage places. This area is the most automated.
• Storage area with dedicated equipment.
• Sorting zone, where they accept applications for the movement and transportation of goods.
• Other premises (household, economic, administrative).

How to choose a warehouse?

The market is very volatile, and companies are often looking for new storage facilities for efficient operation. A competent choice of storage is an important economic task. When solving it, it is necessary to provide the most optimal technology for handling cargo, as well as determine the required area. Surplus square meters for storage will lead to additional costs, which is irrational.

What should be the first thing to focus on when choosing warehouses for production needs? The most important parameters should be considered the area of ​​the building and its volume, the height and area of ​​each zone, the number, location and equipment of the gate, as well as the size of the place where vehicles can maneuver.

In this case, the main thing is to determine the size of the room. This is important for the most efficient use of the facility. Regulatory coefficients are used to evaluate various technological solutions in warehousing. Real indicators should tend to the established norms, otherwise the efficiency of the warehouse will be reduced.

Who should be doing this?

It is best to entrust the choice of a warehouse to specialists with experience and the necessary education. These are professionals of a rather narrow specialization, and only the largest companies can afford to have them on the staff. The rest can be recommended to resort to the services of specialized companies that perform such design and calculation work.

The cost of paying for their services will ultimately be an order of magnitude lower than the losses incurred due to the wrong choice of warehouse and its layout.

Classification of warehouses in logistics

To simplify the task, you should decide on what criterion to choose a room. The types of warehouses and their classification are different in relation to individual areas and participants in the logistics system, according to functional purpose, by belonging to a certain form of ownership, by technological equipment or assortment specialization, by mode of storage, type of warehouse building or storage, by type transport links or depending on the overall scale of the activity.

If the area is more than five thousand square meters, the existing classification of warehouses allows us to consider such an object as a terminal.

There are special warehouses for storing goods exported and imported into the territory of our country. They have special storage rules that are regulated by the Customs Code. Their feature is the absence of taxes and duties on goods for the period of storage.

How warehouses are classified in the Russian Federation

Different companies specializing in commercial property valuation and logistics have their own classification systems. The systems of the London company Knight Frank are recognized as the world's leading ones, and the product of the RMS group (St. Petersburg) should also be taken into account. The latest classification of warehouses is the result of domestic development, taking into account the requirements of Russian buyers and tenants, as well as the characteristics of various regions of our country.

This classification provides 4 categories. Their designation is carried out using Latin capital letters.

Top level - class A warehouse

Class A includes modern one-story buildings built from high quality materials according to prescribed technologies. The requirements for such warehouses are as follows: the room must have a height of 8 meters or more for the unhindered placement of multi-level racks, flat floors with no defects and anti-friction coating.

Must have a fire alarm and automated system fire extinguishing (powder or sprinkler type), the ability to regulate the temperature, automatic gate with a hydraulic ramp (adjustable in height) and a thermal curtain.

Also indispensable requirements are the presence of office premises combined with a warehouse, video surveillance, burglar alarms, central air conditioning and a dedicated Internet line. A class A warehouse should have a convenient access (preferably near the main highway) and a platform that is spacious enough for maneuvering heavy-duty road trains.

Other types of warehouses

Under the class B warehouse, the existing classification implies a multi-storey permanent building with a ceiling height ranging from 4.5 to 8 m, uncoated concrete or asphalt floors, equipped with fire fighting system, a ramp for unloading, a protected area and the necessary telecommunications. On the territory of the warehouse, office premises are also meant, and the temperature regime must be maintained in the range from +10 to +18 ° С.

A class C warehouse is an insulated hangar or industrial premises of a capital type, having a height of 3.5-18 m and uncoated floors (concrete, asphalt or tiles). The gates of such a warehouse are at zero, that is, the arrival of transport is carried out inside the premises. The temperature regime must be maintained in winter in the range from 8 to 14 degrees Celsius.

The most benign requirements are for class D warehouses. It is allowed to use basements, civil defense facilities, as well as hangars and unheated industrial buildings for such a warehouse. It is clear that the price of renting or buying a warehouse mainly depends on its class.

Western system

The classification of warehouses, developed by the mentioned British company, has incorporated many years of world experience. To work in the conditions of Russian reality, it is adapted somewhat worse than domestic, but most of the leading firms specializing in commercial real estate appraisal adhere to its principles.

The warehouse real estate market is developing rapidly. Its participants need to work out uniform criteria for evaluating objects that have already been built, as well as those that are just being designed. The following system can become its basis.

The purpose and classification of warehouses, according to it, is subject to the main criterion - the presence of conditions for storing certain products in the premises. All warehouses are divided into 6 classes. The highest is A+, the lowest is D (classes C+ and D+ do not exist). The requirements for classes A and A + are more stringent than for similar ones in the domestic classification.

What are the differences?

The difference between classes A and A + is observed in the requirements for ceiling height (10 and 13 m, respectively), column spacing and span width, floor load, building area, number and systems of gate equipment. Differences also relate to such points as the presence of an automated commodity accounting system, an electrical substation, fencing, security and parking.

The level of improvement of the territory, the presence of a separate railway line are taken into account. In general, the majority of warehouses classified as class A according to the PMC classification, deserve only class B or B+ by Western standards.

It should be remembered that the classification of the function of warehouses according to any system is rather arbitrary. To determine the real cost of purchasing or renting a warehouse, it is necessary to take into account a much larger number of important production parameters.