Report on the learned Aristotle. Biography of Aristotle about the main thing

Aristotle - biography Aristotle - biography

(Aristoteles) Aristotle of Stagira (384 - 322/332 BC) Aristotle
Biography
The great Greek philosopher, naturalist, founder of natural science, encyclopedic scientist. Aristotle was born in 384 BC. in Stagira in Macedonia (hence the stagirite), in a family of doctors at the court of the Macedonian kings. In 367 (17 years old) he went to Athens and entered the Plato Academy. He was a participant in it for 20 years, until the death of Plato in 347. In 343, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, Aristotle became the tutor of his son Alexander (Alexander of Macedon) and remained a tutor until 340. In 335 he returned to Athens and founded the Lyceum, from whose name originates from the word "lyceum". The school of Aristotle was sometimes called the Peripatetic school, because learning took place during walks under the covered gallery (peripatos). Aristotle was a supporter of moderate democracy. Died 322 BC in Chalkis, on Euboea, where he fled because of the accusation of atheism.
Aristotle developed all branches of knowledge of that time, put forward the importance of observation and experience. The works of Aristotle that have come down to us are divided by content into several groups: logical, physical, biological treatises, works on the "first philosophy", ethical, socio-political and historical works, works on art, poetry and rhetoric. Among his works are "Physics", "Meteorology", "History of Animals", "Ethics", "Metaphysics", "Rhetoric", "Politics", "Poetics", "On the Soul", "On Meteorological Issues", etc. He had a huge influence on all subsequent development of philosophical thought. According to Aristotle, the steps of nature are the inorganic world, a plant, an animal, a person. "Mind" distinguishes man from animal. The central principle of ethics is reasonable behavior, moderation (metriopathy). Man is a social being, and the best forms of the state are monarchy, aristocracy, "politics" (moderate democracy), the worst are tyranny, oligarchy, ochlocracy. The essence of art, Aristotle considered imitation (mimesis), the goal of tragedy - "purification" of the spirit (catharsis). The views of Aristotle, with the help of Arab scholars, penetrated into medieval Europe and were universally accepted on faith until the scientific revolution of the middle of the 16th century, which called them into question. His lectures, read at the Lyceum, were collected in 150 volumes, of which 15 have survived to this day.

(Source: "Aphorisms from around the world. Encyclopedia of wisdom." www.foxdesign.ru)

Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms. Academician. 2011 .

See what "Aristotle - biography" is in other dictionaries:

- (Aristoteles) (384 322 BC) great other Greek. philosopher and scientist, creator of logic, founder of psychology, ethics, politics, poetics as independent sciences. Born in the northeast of Greece (the city of Stageira), he spent 20 years at Plato's Academy (see ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (Aristotle) ​​(c. 384–322 BC) Greek philosopher. Born into a wealthy medical family in northern Greece. In 367 BC. e. Aristotle came to Athens, where he studied and taught at Plato's Academy (Plato) until his death (347 BC). After… … Political science. Dictionary.

Aristotle- Aristotle, son of Nicomachus and Thetis, from Stagira. This Nicomachus was a descendant of Nicomachus, son of Machaon and grandson of Asclepius (as Hermippus writes in his book On Aristotle); he lived under Aminta, the Macedonian king, as a doctor and friend5 1. Aristotle, the most devoted ... ... About life, teachings and sayings famous philosophers

- (Aristoteles, Αριστοτέλης). The greatest of the ancient naturalist philosophers and the founder of the Peripatetic school. He was born in Macedonia, in the town of Stagira, in 384; his father was a doctor at the court of the Macedonian king Amyntas. At the age of 17, Aristotle went to ... ... Encyclopedia of mythology

Aristotle- Aristotle. Aristotle. Aristotle (. BC) ancient Greek philosopher and scientist encyclopedist. From the city of Stagira (). Plato's student. Aristotle came from a family of physicians at the court of the Macedonian kings. In 367 he entered the Academy of Plato () and was ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary « The World History»

- ('Αριστοτελες, 384–322 BC) Greek scientist and one of the greatest philosophers of all time. The son of the court physician of the Macedonian king. R in Stagira near Athos. From the age of 18 he studied in Athens, at the Academy of Plato (see), where he remained until his death ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

- (384 322 BC) ancient Greek philosopher and scientist encyclopedist. He summarized the achievements of contemporary physics, astronomy, biology and a number of other disciplines. He was the founder of formal logic, proposing a modally temporal logic and system ... ... History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia

One of the greatest philosophers of Greece, the creator of the most complete and comprehensive system of Greek science, the founder of true natural science and the head of the peripatetic school; Genus. 384 BC in Stagira, a Greek colony in Thrace, not far from Athos. ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Aristotle, Aristoteles, from Stagira, 384-322 BC e., Greek philosopher. Son of Nicomachus, physician to the Macedonian king Amyntas II. He was sometimes called Stagirite after his place of birth. For 20 years (367 347) he was a student and colleague of Plato, and after ... Ancient writers

ARISTOTLE Dictionary-reference to Ancient Greece and Rome, according to mythology

ARISTOTLE- (384 322 BC) Greek scientist and philosopher, born in Thrace, studied in Athens with Plato. After the death of Plato, he traveled around the Eastern Mediterranean and for some time lived at the court of the Macedonian king Philip II as a teacher of young Alexander ... ... List of ancient Greek names

Books

• Aristotle. Works in 4 volumes (set), Aristotle. Aristotle is perhaps one of the most famous and revered philosophers of his time. His works became the subject of close study both for his contemporaries and for many subsequent ...

Aristotle was born in the city of Stageira, which was located in the Greek colony of Thrace. Because of the name of his native city, later Aristotle was often called Stagirsky. He came from a dynasty of healers. His father Nicomachus was the court physician of the Macedonian king Amyntas III. The mother of Thestis was of noble birth.

Since the art of medicine was passed down from generation to generation in the family, Nicomachus was going to make a doctor out of his son as well. Therefore, from childhood, he taught the boy the basics of medicine, as well as philosophy, which the Greeks considered an obligatory science for any doctor. But the plans of the father were not destined to be fulfilled. Aristotle was orphaned very early and was forced to leave Stagira.

First, the 15-year-old youth went to Asia Minor to his guardian Proxenus, and in 367 BC he settled in Athens, where he became a student. Aristotle studied not only politics and philosophical currents, but also the world of animals and plants. V total he stayed at Plato's Academy for about 20 years. Only in 345 BC. Aristotle leaves for the island of Lesbos in the city of Mytilene because of the execution of his friend Hermias, also a former student of Plato, who started a war against the Persians.

After 2 years, Aristotle goes to Macedonia, where he was invited by King Philip to raise a 13-year-old heir. The training of the future famous commander lasted almost 8 years. On his return to Athens, Aristotle founded his own philosophical school The Lyceum, which is also known as the Peripatetic school.

Philosophical doctrine

Aristotle divided all the sciences known to him into theoretical, practical and creative. The first he attributed to physics, mathematics and metaphysics. These sciences, according to Aristotle, are studied for the sake of proper knowledge. The second - politics and ethics, because thanks to these sciences, the life of the state is built. And he attributed to the latter all kinds of art, poetry and rhetoric.

The central core of Aristotle's teachings are 4 main principles: matter ("that from which"), form ("that which"), producing cause ("that from where") and purpose ("that for the sake of which"). Depending on these principles, he defined actions and subjects as good or bad deeds.

The thinker is also the founder of the hierarchical system of categories. He singled out 10 categories: essence, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, possession, position, action and suffering. In addition, in his opinion, everything that exists is divided into inorganic formations, the world of plants and living beings, the world various kinds animals and humans.

Also, it was with the ideas of Aristotle that the basic concepts of space and time began to take shape as independent entities and as systems of relations formed by material objects during interaction.

Over the next few centuries, types remained relevant. government devices described by Aristotle. He singled out 3 positive and 3 negative variants of government. To the right, pursuing the goal of the common good, he attributed the monarchy, aristocracy and polity. To the wrong ones, pursuing the private goals of the ruler, he attributed tyranny, oligarchy and democracy.

But besides this, Aristotle managed to study and reflect on all the sciences available in his time. He left works on logic, physics, astronomy, biology, philosophy, ethics, dialectics, politics, poetry, and rhetoric. The collection of all the works of the great philosopher is called the Aristotelian Corpus.

Personal life

In 347 BC, at the age of 37, Aristotle married Pythiades, the adopted daughter of his close friend Hermias, tyrant of Assos in Troas. Aristotle and Pythiades had only one daughter, Pythiades.

Death

After the death of Alexander the Great, riots against Macedonian domination increase in Athens, and Aristotle himself, as Alexander's former teacher, is accused of godlessness. The philosopher once again leaves Athens, as he assumed the possibility of repeating the fate of Socrates - poisoning with poison. He even uttered the well-known phrase "I want to save the Athenians from a new crime against philosophy."

The Thinker moves to the city of Chalkis on the island of Euboea. To show his support for Aristotle, he is followed by a huge number of his students. But the philosopher did not live in a foreign land for too long. Literally a couple of months after the resettlement, he dies at the age of 62 from a serious stomach illness that tormented him for quite a long time.

Books

• Categories
• Physics
• About the sky
• About parts of animals
• About the soul
• Metaphysics
• Nicomachean ethics
• Politics
• Athenian polity
• Rhetoric
• Poetics

Quotes

• Gratitude gets old fast.
• Plato is a friend, but truth is dearer.
• To awaken the conscience of a scoundrel, one must give him a slap in the face.
• Clarity is the main virtue of speech.
• Man is what he constantly does.
• The beginning is more than half of everything.
• Crime needs only a pretext.
• Wisdom is the most exact of the sciences.
• Whoever has friends has no friend.
• There is as much difference between an educated person and an uneducated person as there is between a living person and a dead person.

The name of Aristotle is well known not only to those who are seriously interested in philosophy. It is difficult to imagine the most famous son of Ancient Greece, who, even centuries after his death, would continue to influence humanity. Aristotle managed not only to remain in history. Until now, physicists and politicians, sociologists and philosophers are turning to his thoughts.

Aristotle: a short biography and his discoveries

Scientists almost reliably managed to establish the year of birth of Aristotle. It is known that the great thinker was born in 384 BC. e. in Stagira - this city can still be visited on the Chalkidiki peninsula. His mother came from a wealthy family. And the father and concurrently the first teacher of Aristotle - Nicomachus - served as the court physician of Philip, the king of Macedonia. Subsequently, this will play a special role in the appointment of the philosopher as the educator of the young Alexander of Macedon.

At the age of 15, Aristotle lost his parents. Then Proxen became his guardian, thanks to whom the boy became addicted to the study of nature and reading rare books. Two years later he settled in Athens, where he entered the famous Academy of Plato. In 347, he married the daughter of the tyrant Hermias, but he was overthrown and executed by the Persians.

Aristotle was forced to leave Athens, and in 343 BC. e. became Alexander's teacher at the personal invitation of his father Philip. It was Aristotle who introduced Macedonsky to humanistic philosophy. In teaching, he emphasized the study of politics and ethics. So Alexander received a classical education, fell in love with literature, philosophy and medicine. Later, Aristotle managed to return to Athens and found his own school. But after the death of his famous student, he again left the city - the number of uprisings against Macedonian rule increased. Exactly one year later, the philosopher died.

Aristotle's discoveries - what humanity owes him

If you think about what Aristotle discovered and what the world owes to him, you can count dozens of important achievements. He published a large number of works in various fields - from poetry and politics, religion and rhetoric to literary theory and metaphysics.

Aristotle is considered the father of meteorology. It is in his treatise on celestial phenomena that the term is first encountered. Aristotle, like Eudoxus of Cnidus, considered the Earth to be the center of the universe and first mentioned its spherical shape. His discoveries in cosmology influenced science until the 15th century. Aristotle also owns the principle of creating classifications, which mankind still uses.

A short video from Aristotle's Park in Halkidiki:

Without Aristotle it is impossible to imagine modern chemistry, which is based on the classification of ancient elements he created. It is also interesting to trace the connection between the philosopher and biology. He is sometimes called the first naturalist in history. Aristotle created a classification of animals and grouped them according to common features. Going out to sea with fishermen, he became the first scientist to notice that dolphins are mammals, breathe with lungs and are not fish. Aristotle placed them in the same group of cetaceans along with whales.

But a very special role in the life of Aristotle was played by philosophy. At a time when mankind believed in the gods, and in natural phenomena he saw the influence of the elements on a person, he put forward a revolutionary doctrine for that era about causality. Aristotle insisted that everything that happens has a certain reason, and in an ordered universe nothing happens just like that.

According to Aristotle, the soul is something inseparable from the body. It is incorporeal, but a person feels and thinks with his soul. Aristotle is also called the founder of logic. And although before that this topic was raised in the works of his predecessors, he was able to systematize knowledge, formulated the laws of contradiction and identity.

In the works of Aristotle, ethical views are especially prominent. And here he also became a pioneer, introducing the term "ethics". He defines the moral virtues - generosity, courage, truthfulness, justice.

2016 - under the sign of Aristotle

In honor of the 2400th anniversary of the birth of this great Greek, UNESCO proclaimed 2016 the Year of Aristotle. Events dedicated to this event will be held all over the planet. The Year of Aristotle will bring together the most prominent figures of modern philosophical thought from different countries. In May, Thessaloniki, the northern capital of Greece, will host the World Congress organized by the Aristotle University.

Another such congress will be held in Athens in July. However, leading researchers of Aristotle's works will share their discoveries not only in two largest cities Greece. Part of the program will be transferred to Stageira, where the philosopher was born, and Mieza - Aristotle's classes with Alexander the Great took place here.

Aristotle is understood and interpreted in different ways, agreed and criticized. But unlike many contemporaries and followers, he managed the main thing - to go beyond the ancient Greek world and achieve unconditional recognition not only among the Greeks themselves.

Aristotle was born in Stagira in 384 BC. It was a Greek colony in Halkidiki, located near Mount Athos. Aristotle was nicknamed "stagirite" in honor of his birthplace. The mother and father of Aristotle named Nicomachus were doctors of the Macedonian king Amyntas the Third. Aristotle's father was from a family of doctors, in which the art of treating people was inherited. The first mentor of the young Aristotle was, of course, his father. Aristotle's parents died early. He was brought up by a relative Proksen from the city of Atarne. As a child, Aristotle met the future father of Alexander the Great, Philip, which is why later he was appointed educator of the young famous commander.

Aristotle was a favorite student of Plato, who called him "the mind of his school." However, Aristotle broke with Plato's idealistic views of the world, uttering the famous words: "Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer."

In 366 BC. Aristotle moved to Athens to study at Plato's Academy. From this year to 347 he studied at the Academy. A little later he taught rhetoric there. During his studies, Aristotle carefully studied the philosophy of Plato, its origins and other sciences. In defense of his mentor's teachings, he wrote several dialogues. Biographers of Aristotle claim that during his studies he wrote such works as "Physics" and "On the Soul". For many years he considered himself a follower of Plato. The work of Aristotle is known, where he thanks the gods, parents and mentors, who introduce all people to knowledge. According to the teachings of Aristotle, any real thing is a combination of "form" and "matter". Sense objects can be considered both as "form" and as "matter". Copper, for example, is "matter" in relation to the ball, which is "form". Reality is a smooth transition from "matter" to "form" and gradually back.

In 347 BC. era, Plato dies, whose place in the Academy was taken by Speusipus. Many students expressed dissatisfaction with this appointment and left the Academy. Aristotle also left educational institution and moved to the city of Assa, in which a circle of Platonists was founded by one of Plato's students, a certain Hermias. Then the great philosopher went to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, where he began to teach and study natural sciences, improving further Plato's theory. Under the influence of Hermias, the philosophy of Aristotle begins to move closer to politics.

In honor of Aristotle, the Aristotle plant from the Southern Hemisphere with heart-shaped fruits, the lunar crater Aristotle with a diameter of about 90 kilometers and a depth of more than 3 kilometers, and the minor planet 6123 Aristotle are named.

In 343 BC. era Aristotle becomes a mentor and educator of Alexander the Great. He was helped by Hermias, who was an ally of the Macedonian king Philip, Alexander's father. Aristotle moved to Pella, the Macedonian capital. Alexander was taught by Aristotle for 3 years until 340. Then he just lived in the capital for 3-4 years. After becoming king, Alexander helped Aristotle by funding his research. But Aristotle did not encourage the king's desire for large-scale wars, so he soon left the Macedonian capital of Pella immediately after Alexander's accession to the throne in 336 BC. era.

The philosophical views of Aristotle began to gradually change and move away from Plato's. But he continued to consider himself a follower of his teacher. Contradictions were evident, expressed in his works "On Philosophy", "Ethics", "Metaphysics", "Politics".

In 335 BC. era, the philosopher moved to Athens and created his own school there, calling it Lyceum. He taught his students while walking under a gallery called peripathos. The school was later called Peripatetic. It taught not only philosophy, but also conducted scientific research. Many important discoveries were made in the Lyceum. further development Sciences. Alexander the Great himself supplied materials for research, which he obtained from his numerous campaigns in different countries. During this period, Aristotle wrote his most famous works, which have survived to this day.

A person has 2 principles - social and biological. From birth, people are not alone. Everyone joins the past and the present, the feelings and thoughts of all mankind. Outside of society, human life is impossible, as Aristotle believed.

Politicians and politics

Study of public relations Aristotle singled out politics as a separate science. Politics is the science of how best to organize the common life of people in society. This is the skill and art of public administration. The goal determines the essence of politics, according to Aristotle. It consists in instilling moral qualities in a person, so that he acts fairly and according to the rules established in the state. Aristotle singled out incorrect and correct state systems. Under the government system, the common good is pursued, regardless of the number of government officials. When the system is wrong, the private and personal goals of the rulers are pursued.

Aristotle studied the political structures of about 158 ​​states, but only the “Athenian polity” has survived to this day.

Aristotle's writings

Aristotle in his numerous writings covered almost all areas of then existing knowledge. They received a deep philosophical justification in his works and were brought into a strict and systematized order.

According to the legends of Plutarch and Starbon, Aristotle bequeathed his works to Theophrastus. From him they passed to Nelius, whose heirs then hid important manuscripts in the cellar, where they suffered greatly from mold and dampness. In the 1st century they were sold to the book lover and wealthy Apellicon in a miserable condition. He had already tried to restore the most damaged parts of the manuscripts by making his own notes, but not always correctly. Under the reign of the Roman emperor Sulla, the manuscripts of Aristotle were among the booty. In Rome they were published as they are known today.

My advice to myself and to those who have written anything is to publish everything during your lifetime, so that later someone (like the rich Apellicon) does not correct and make his own inserts (and does not pass it off as your thoughts) For example, you can learn about reasonable Space Geophysics from 6 articles 2014 by typing in the search engine yahoo.com: Sergey V. Simonenko Cosmic Geophysics
25.01.15 Sergey V. Simonenko

He was called the teacher of the west. Modern science still uses the conceptual apparatus of Aristotle. University students begin their scientific work with the object and subject of research, building a causal relationship. All this has been present invariably in all scientific works since the time when Aristotle was returned to European culture. He created a comprehensive system of philosophy and laid the foundations for many modern sciences Keywords: physics, logic, political science, philosophy, sociology. Aristotle gave us a holistic view of the existence of man and the universe, which she perceived through Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church. Without his legacy, the emergence of Copernicus, Galileo and Newton would have been impossible. Early Islam discovered the great legacy of antiquity through Aristotle.

life path

A thinker who wrote so much about everything could not have had a very eventful biography. Stagirite, as Aristotle was called after the city where he was born between July and October, either in 384, or in 383 BC, was the son of a healer. Soon this part of provincial Greece (Chalkidiki) falls under the control of Philip II, father of Alexander the Great. Aristotle was studying in Athens at the school of Plato when the Macedonian king captured and destroyed Stagira.

The father of the philosopher Nicomachus was from the island of Andros, and his mother Thetis was from the island of Euboea. As befits a noble family, Aristotle could be proud of his glorious ancestors, among whom was the mythical physician Asclepius. Nicomachus was closely associated with the Macedonian dynasty, treated the grandfather of Alexander the Great and wrote several impressive books on medicine and natural philosophy. From an early age, the boy was close to his father, who instilled in him an interest in the arrangement of life.

After the death of his parents, the minor Aristotle was raised by his husband older sister, and at the age of 17, the young man goes to Athens. He did not immediately become a student of Plato, having studied eloquence for some time from Isocrates. Interest in rhetoric will remain with Aristotle for life. In his writings, he outlined the logical principles of reasoning and formulated the rules for compiling syllogical figures.

Aristotle spent twenty years studying with Plato. The relationship between the student and the teacher was by no means cloudless, but life in the Akadem Grove was cheerful and pleasant. In 347, Plato dies, and Aristotle is forced to look for another shelter and income. He goes to the coastal city of Assos, to the tyrant Hermias. He marries his niece Hermia, who was not the only woman of Aristotle. In general, the philosopher loved strong and strong-willed people, so he accepts the invitation of another tyrant - the Macedonian king Philip II - to become the home teacher of his son Alexander.

In those days, the teaching of the sciences took place in the form of fascinating conversations about everything and nothing. The great sage managed to convey to the future great commander the love of Hellenism. They talked a lot about the Greek epic and read Homer, with a volume of which Alexander did not part until the end of his days. After the accession of the latter, Aristotle goes to Athens, where he opens his own school near the temple of Apollo of Lyceum. Aristotle's "Lyceum" became the prototype of modern lyceums, the education system in which implies solidity and breadth.

After the death of Alexander the Great and the collapse of his vast empire, Aristotle falls into disfavor with the new owners of Athens and is forced to flee. He finds shelter in Chalkis of Euboea, in his mother's house, where he lives with his second wife and two children. A year after the death of Alexander the Great, he dies of an upset stomach. His ashes were transferred to Stagira, whose grateful fellow citizens erected a luxurious gravestone for him.

Principles of public administration

Aristotle's views on public administration were formed in opposition to Platonic views. Here, as in everything, Stagirite tries to be practical. Plato's three forms of government - aristocracy, democracy and monarchy - do not have to succeed each other in a series of unstoppable streams. Each nation has the form of statehood that it deserves. But all of them should be built on the principle of hierarchy, at the top of which are the most worthy citizens. Aristotle justifies slavery by calling it a state natural to undeveloped and primitive people.

Aristotle formulates postulates that seem to us for granted, but at that distant time it was new and unusual. Man is a social being, and the state is a manifestation of the desire to live together and live happily. To achieve well-being, society cannot be "uniform". The hierarchy of Aristotle includes three classes, which, in general, corresponds to the Vedic caste system (as Professor V.S. Terlovaya rightly points out). The class of warriors and priests assumes full power and responsibility, guided by the principles of prudence and reason. Below are the poor and slaves who are not responsible for the fate of the state and do not shed blood for it. Between rulers and slaves is the middle class, consisting of merchants and artisans. The right of these people to influence in the state should be sufficient. They are under the auspices of the rulers, whose existence must be supported financially and materially.

Aristotle warned that the stability and well-being of any state depends on the well-being of the middle class. As we know, the underestimation of the third estate led to the French Revolution. The Aristotelian model of social structure formed the basis of Roman statehood and stratification medieval Europe. Aristotle became the founder of political science as a science and the best social organization. He argued that no citizen should be given the opportunity to increase his political influence beyond the proper measure. The best laws are those that help to maintain a balance between the claims of individuals and whole social groups. This doctrine has become the basis of public administration in the United States and countries adhering to the democratic principle of government.

God and man

The formal reason for the expulsion from Athens was the accusation of Aristotle of godlessness. The Athenians were right only in the sense that the philosopher rejected all mythological rubbish, making room for the only god, who is the root cause of all manifestations of life and the universe itself. Thus, Aristotle created the so-called cosmological proof of God.

He begins the definition of a person with the soul, which is an invisible and immaterial inner force that controls the entire organism. It streamlines and harmonizes all parts of the body, being a reflection of everything that happens in the universe. Describing the various components of the soul, Aristotle laid the foundations of psychology. It is in the soul that the thirst for knowledge of the world, and, consequently, of God, is “sewn up”. The knowledge gained empirically gradually formed into a system, which he called philosophy.

Curiosity, aimed at comprehending the most general laws of being, is inherent in rational and moral people. Such should be entrusted with the administration of the state. For such people, Stagirite developed the theory of knowledge and the foundations of logic, which we still use today. First of all, says Aristotle, the flow of empirical sensations should be verbalized in concepts and judgments. Strengthened by a causal relationship, the inference will allow us to see the picture of the world as a whole, getting to the highest abstractions. This is how the laws of the physical world are formulated, to which Aristotle, unlike Plato, had a deep attachment. This is why Aristotle, not Plato, became the father scientific method as the basis of the greatness of European civilization.

Aristotle develops the doctrine of proof and formulates the basic logical laws:

• the law of identity - in the course of reasoning, the concept should not change its meaning.
• the law of contradiction - the name of which speaks for itself.
• the law of the excluded middle - two opposite statements, like a ball cut in two and folded, does not allow loopholes for the third statement.

Separating the wheat from the chaff

I do not have instruments and instruments, Aristotle tried to go beyond the limits of the world accessible to him in sensations, by way of inferences. His cosmological constructions are naive and erroneous. No one takes seriously the supralunar and sublunar world, and its "ether" has become a stable expression or denotes a completely material substance. We have discarded his geocentric model of the universe and his apology for slavery. but modern man must remember Aristotle as the man who brought the barbarian peoples out of the chaos of wild emotions and the darkness of ignorance. This is how an adult son treats his old mother with respect, who does not know even a hundredth of what he knows, but who did everything so that he could accept this knowledge.

Thousands of medieval and modern scholars of Aristotle's work bask in the rays of his glory. Hundreds of scandalous publicists try to glorify themselves by looking for dark spots in his biography or errors in his theories. But no matter what apologists and ill-wishers say, nothing can stop the majestic pace of progress, the cause and prime mover of which was a brilliant thinker from Stagir.