In sociology, the concept of a social role has appeared since the end of the 19th century, although officially this term appeared only at the end of the 20th century in the framework of R. Linton's theory.
This science considers a society or other organized group as a collection of individuals with a certain status and behavior pattern. What is meant by the concepts of social statuses and roles, as well as what significance they have for a person, we will describe further and give examples.
Definition
For sociology, the term "social role" means a model of behavior expected from a person that would correspond to the rights and normative duties established by society. That is, this concept considers the relationship between the function of the individual and its position in society or interpersonal relationships.
It can also be said that a social role is a certain algorithm of actions prescribed to a person by society, which he must follow in order to carry out useful activities in society. At the same time, a person tries on a model of behavior or a prescribed algorithm of actions either voluntarily or forcibly.
Usually this concept is considered as one of the dynamic aspects of the status of an individual. Acting as a member of a society or group and taking responsibility for the performance of certain functions, a person must follow the rules established by this very group. This is expected of him by the rest of the community.
If we consider the concept of a social role on the example of an organization, then we can understand that the manager of an enterprise, training personnel, and persons receiving knowledge are an active organized community, in which the rules and regulations are prescribed for each participant. V educational institution the headmaster gives orders to which the teachers must obey.
For each participant in role relations, the prescribed normative requirements and individual shades of the status received by him are known. Therefore, the model of human behavior in a particular social circle is expected for the rest of the members of this group. This means that other members of the community can largely predict the nature of the actions of each of its members.
Classification and varieties
Within the framework of its scientific direction, this concept has its own classification. So, social roles are divided into types:
In turn, this type is divided into the main socio-demographic models of behavior, where there are such social roles in the family as husband and wife, daughter, son, granddaughter, grandson, etc. If we take the biological component as a basis, then we can also distinguish such social roles of the individual as a woman / man.
2. Interpersonal - roles due to the relationship of people in limited conditions and individual features each of them. These include any relationship between people, including conflict, arising on the basis of emotional manifestations. In this case, the gradation may look like this: idol, leader, ignored, privileged, offended, etc.
These types of social roles exist in every organized community, and there is a clear relationship between the duration of the group's existence and the likelihood of its typical manifestations in the behavior of the participants. It is worth noting that it is extremely difficult to get rid of the stereotype that has developed over the years, familiar to a person and society, over time.
Considering this topic, one cannot ignore the classification according to the characteristics of each specific role. They were able to highlight the well-known sociologist from America T. Parsons in order to get the most complete idea of the term "social role of the individual." For each model, he proposed four distinctive properties at once.
1. Scale. This characteristic depends on the breadth of interpersonal relationships observed between members of a particular group. The closer the communication between people, the greater the significance in such relationships. Here you can bring good example relationship between husband and wife.
Gender representations of a person regarding his role are fixed by the school. The biological characteristics of the individual and the gender stereotypes that have developed in society predetermine further formation under the influence of the environment.
It would be appropriate to note that at present the model of behavior is not so tied to the characteristic manifestations of a particular sex than before. Thus, the social role of a woman now includes not only the duties of a mother and a housewife, but also extends to other areas.
These are models prescribed by society for each person who will not have to make an effort to receive justification from the environment. As achieved roles, one can consider the results of an individual's activity, indicating his social status (for example, career growth).
3. The degree of formalization, on which the formation of the personality and its functions depend. With respect to this criterion, the social status of a person can be formed under the influence regulatory requirements, but can develop arbitrarily. For example, the relationship between people in the military unit is regulated by the charter, while friends are guided by personal feelings and emotions.
4. Type of motivation. Each person, when choosing a model of behavior, is guided by a personal motive. It can be financial gain, career advancement, the desire to be loved, etc. In psychology, there are two types of motivation - external, which arises under the influence of the environment, and internal, which the subject determines for himself.
The process of choosing and becoming a role
The role of a person in the social environment does not arise spontaneously. The process of its formation goes through several stages, culminating in the individual in society.
At the next stage of development, the social personality is expected to be educated. Throughout almost the entire life, an individual receives new skills and knowledge from educators, teachers, educators and, of course, parents. As the individual grows older, the individual will receive new information from his environment, from the media and other sources.
An equally important component of the socialization of the individual is education. Here the main character is the person himself, choosing the most typical skills for himself and the direction for further development.
The next stage of socialization is protection. It implies a set of processes aimed at reducing the significance of factors that could injure a person in the process of his formation. Using certain social methods of protection, the subject will protect himself from the environment and conditions in which he will be morally uncomfortable.
The processes by which an individual's social role and social status are determined are very complex. But without them, a person cannot become a full-fledged personality, which is why they are so significant in everyone's life. Sociologists argue that there are two phases that contribute to the adaptation of the individual to his social role:
- Adaptation. In this period, a person learns the rules and norms of behavior established by society. Mastering new laws, a person begins to behave accordingly.
- Interiorization. It provides for the adoption of new conditions and rules while abandoning the old foundations.
But "failures" in the process of socialization of the individual are also possible. Often they occur against the background of the unwillingness or inability of the subject to fulfill the conditions and requirements that the social role of a person in society provides.
The definition of conflict in this case is tantamount to a complex of complex emotional states. They can arise in the subject due to the discrepancy or inconsistency of the requirements placed on him by different social circles, of which he is a member.
At the same time, all the roles of a person are very important for him. At the same time, he can identify the significance of each of them in completely different ways. The individual manifestation of social roles by the subject has a specific shade, which directly depends on the acquired knowledge and experience, as well as on the desire and desire of a person to meet the expectations of the society of which he is a member. Author: Elena Suvorova
social role is a social requirement social activities and method of personal behavior. The concept of a social role was first proposed by American sociologists Mead and Linton back in the thirties of the last century.
The main types of social roles
The diversity of social groups and relations in their groups, as well as types of activities, became the basis for the classification of social statuses. Currently, there are types of social roles, such as: formal, interpersonal and socio-demographic. Formal social roles are related to the position that a person occupies in society. This refers to his occupation and profession. But interpersonal roles are directly related to various types relations. This category usually includes favorites, outcasts, leaders. As for socio-demographic roles, these are husband, son, sister, etc.
Characteristics of social roles
The American sociologist Talcott Parsons identified the main characteristics of social roles. These include: scale, method of obtaining, emotionality, motivation and formalization. As a rule, the scale of the role is determined by the range of interpersonal relationships. There is a directly proportional relationship here. For example, the social roles of husband and wife are very significant because a wide range of relationships are established between them.
If we talk about the method of obtaining a role, it depends on the inevitability of this role for the individual. Thus, the roles of a young man or an old man do not require any effort to acquire them. They are determined by the age of the person. And other social roles can be won during life when certain conditions are met.
Social roles can also differ in terms of emotionality. Each role has its own expression of emotions. Also, some roles involve the establishment of formal relationships between people, others - informal, and still others can combine those and other relationships.
Motivation depends on the needs and motives of a person. Different social roles may be due to certain motives. For example, when parents take care of their child, they are guided by a sense of care and love for him. The leader works for the benefit of some enterprise. It is also known that all social roles can be subject to public evaluation.
social role - sample behavior of a person that society recognizes as appropriate for the holder of this status.
Social role- this is a set of actions that a person occupying this status must perform. A person must fulfill certain material values in social system.
This is a model of human behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of social, public and personal relations. In other words, a social role is "the behavior that is expected of a person occupying a certain status". Modern society requires the individual to constantly change the model of behavior to perform specific roles. In this regard, such neo-Marxists and neo-Freudians as T. Adorno, K. Horney and others made a paradoxical conclusion in their works: the “normal” personality of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, in modern society widespread role conflicts that arise in situations where an individual is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements.
Irving Goffman, in his studies of interaction rituals, while accepting and developing the basic theatrical metaphor, paid attention not so much to role prescriptions and passive adherence to them, but to the processes of active construction and maintenance themselves " appearance» in the course of communication, on areas of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction, mistakes in the behavior of partners.
The concept of " social role” was proposed independently by American sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead in the 1930s, and the first interpreted the concept of “social role” as a unit of social structure, described in the form of a system of norms given to a person, the second - in terms of direct interaction between people , " role play”, during which, due to the fact that a person imagines himself in the role of another, the assimilation of social norms takes place and the social is formed in the individual. Linton's definition of a social role as a "dynamic aspect of status" was entrenched in structural functionalism and was developed by T. Parsons, A. Radcliffe-Brown, R. Merton. Mead's ideas were developed in interactionist sociology and psychology. With all the differences, both of these approaches are united by the idea of a social role as a key point at which the individual and society merge, individual behavior turns into social, and the individual properties and inclinations of people are compared with the normative settings that exist in society, depending on which people are selected. to certain social roles. Of course, in reality, role expectations are never unambiguous. In addition, a person often finds himself in a situation of role conflict, when his different social roles are poorly compatible.
Types of social roles in society
The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, activities and relationships in which the individual is included. Depending on the public relations allocate social and interpersonal social roles.
- Social roles associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, pupil, student, seller). These are standardized impersonal roles based on rights and obligations, regardless of who fills these roles. Allocate socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson ... A man and a woman are also social roles that involve specific ways of behavior, enshrined in social norms and customs.
- Interpersonal Roles associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated at an emotional level (leader, offended, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).
In life, in interpersonal relations, each person acts in some kind of dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image familiar to others. It is extremely difficult to change the habitual image both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer the group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each member of the group become for others and the more difficult it is to change the stereotype of behavior familiar to others.
Characteristics of social roles
The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:
- Scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.
- By way of getting. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).
- According to the degree of formalization. Activities can proceed both within strictly established limits, and arbitrarily.
- By type of motivation. Personal profit can serve as motivation, public good etc.
Role Scale depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. So, for example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since a wide range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relations are regulated by normative acts and in a certain sense are formal. The participants in this social interaction are interested in the most diverse aspects of each other's lives, their relationships are practically unlimited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), the interaction can be carried out only on a specific occasion (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is reduced to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.
How to get a role depends on how inevitable the given role is for the person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of the person and do not require special efforts to purchase them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won in the course of a person's life and as a result of purposeful special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.
Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relations of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of conduct; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship of a traffic police representative with a violator of traffic rules should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people should be determined by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This happens when people interact for a while and the relationship becomes relatively stable.
The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, activities and relationships in which the individual is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.
Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, pupil, student, seller). These are standardized impersonal roles based on rights and obligations, regardless of who fills these roles. Allocate socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson ... Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and involving specific ways of behavior, enshrined in social norms and customs.
Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated on an emotional level (leader, offended, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).
In life, in interpersonal relations, each person acts in some kind of dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image familiar to others. It is extremely difficult to change the habitual image both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer the group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each member of the group become for others and the more difficult it is to change the stereotype of behavior familiar to others.
An attempt to systematize social roles was made by Talcott Parsons and his colleagues (1951). 3 They believed that any role can be described using five main characteristics:
1. Emotionality.
2. Method of receipt.
3. Scale.
4. Formalization.
5. Motivation
1. Emotionality. Some roles (for example, nurse, doctor, or funeral home owner) require emotional restraint in situations that are usually accompanied by violent manifestations of feelings (we are talking about illness, suffering, death). Less restrained expression of feelings is expected from family members and friends.
2. Method of receipt. Some roles are conditioned by prescribed statuses - for example, child, youth or adult citizen; they are determined by the age of the person playing the role. Other roles are being won; when we talk about the doctor of medicine, we mean a role that is not achieved automatically, but as a result of the efforts of the individual.
3. Scale. Some roles are limited to strictly defined aspects of human interaction. For example, the roles of physician and patient are limited to matters that directly relate to the health of the patient. Between a small child and his mother or father, a larger relationship is established; Every parent is concerned about many aspects of a child's life.
4. Formalization. Some roles involve interacting with people according to established rules. For example, a librarian is required to lend out books for a specified period and demand a fine for each day late from those who delay the books. In the performance of other roles, special treatment is allowed for those with whom you have developed a personal relationship. For example, we do not expect a brother or sister to pay us for a service rendered to them, although we could take payment from a stranger.
5. Motivation. Different roles are due to different motives. It is expected, say, that an enterprising person is absorbed in his own interests - his actions are determined by the desire to obtain maximum profit. But a social worker like the Bureau of Unemployment is supposed to work primarily for the public good, not for personal gain.
According to Parsons, any role includes some combination of these characteristics. For example, the role of a prostitute. Usually these ladies do not show any feelings for their clients. This role is achieved rather than prescribed, as it is acquired on the basis of a certain activity. It is strictly limited to sex offered for money. Usually prostitutes serve their clients in accordance with the accepted rules - for a certain type of service, a fixed fee. Prostitutes work for their own benefit - sexual services for personal enrichment.
Performing roles, a person, as a rule, experiences emotional and moral experiences, can come into conflict with other people, experience a moral crisis, split. This gives rise to discomfort, insecurity, psychological distress, which are signs of role tension.
The main causes of role tensions are primarily role conflicts.
Just as the forms, causes, situations that give rise to role tensions are diverse, so are the ways to overcome them. We are not talking about overcoming the fundamental principles, the root causes of psychological stress in the course of role behavior - we are only talking about ways to overcome stress, possible depression.
One of these ways is the method of rationalization of role expectations, which creates illusory, but seemingly rational excuses for failure.
Rationalization of role expectations can reduce claims, transfer claims from one prestigious status to another, but in a different area, sphere (for example, from production to a family, and vice versa).
The essence of the principle of separation of roles, as a way to overcome role tensions, is the conscious differentiation of the rules, techniques, norms inherent in the performance of one role from the norms, patterns of behavior inherent in another role.
The principle of role hierarchization can also play a huge role in overcoming serious psychological experiences generated by the clash of role predirections. "What is more important to me - children, family, or science?" Faced with such a dilemma, a person finds himself in a dead end, the way out of which is the choice by the personality itself of one of these roles as a priority. And in conflict situations you should follow the pre-orders of the role that is preferred.
Regulation of roles is a conscious, purposeful action of society, nation, team, family, the purpose of which is to overcome the psychological tension of the individual caused by role conflict.
One of the forms of regulation of roles associated with the approval (propaganda) by the authorities, the media of new standards of role behavior (could play a significant role in establishing in our society the model of an entrepreneur, farmer, etc., increasing their prestige).
The influence of social role on personality development
The influence of the social role on the development of the individual is quite large. The development of personality is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing whole line roles, as well as her participation in the maximum possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual is able to play, the more adapted to life he is. Thus, the process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.
Equally important to any society is the prescribing of roles according to age. The adaptation of individuals to constantly changing ages and age statuses is an eternal problem. The individual does not have time to adapt to one age, as another one immediately approaches, with new statuses and new roles. As soon as a young man begins to cope with embarrassment and complexes of youth, he is already on the threshold of maturity; as soon as a person begins to show wisdom and experience, old age comes. Each age period is associated with favorable opportunities for the manifestation of human abilities, moreover, it prescribes new statuses and requirements for learning new roles. At a certain age, an individual may experience problems in adapting to new role status requirements. A child who is said to be older than his years, i.e., has reached the status inherent in the older age category, usually does not fully realize his potential childhood roles, which negatively affects the completeness of his socialization. Often such children feel lonely, flawed. At the same time, immature adult status is a combination of adult status with the attitudes and behaviors of childhood or adolescence. Such a person usually has conflicts in the performance of roles appropriate to her age. These two examples show an unfortunate adjustment to the age statuses prescribed by society.
Learning a new role can go a long way in changing a person. In psychotherapy, there is even an appropriate method of behavior correction - image therapy (image - image). The patient is offered to enter into a new image, to play a role, as in a play. At the same time, the function of responsibility is not borne by the person himself, but by his role, which sets new patterns of behavior. A person is forced to act differently, based on a new role. Despite the conventionality of this method, the effectiveness of its use was quite high, since the subject was given the opportunity to release repressed desires, if not in life, then at least during the game. The sociodramatic approach to the interpretation of human actions is widely known. Life is seen as a drama, each participant in which plays a specific role. Playing roles gives not only a psychotherapeutic, but also a developing effect.
In psychology and sociology, there are many theories about personality and its attributes. The concepts of "social role" and "personal status" are used to explain human behavior in society, as they affect many aspects of the individual's functioning. His self-esteem, self-consciousness, communication, orientation largely depend on them.
The concept of personality
From the point of view of sociology, a personality is an individual who, during socialization, acquires a specific set of socially significant qualities, properties, knowledge, skills and abilities. As a result of inclusion in social relations and communication he becomes the responsible subject volitional activity. According to psychologists, personality is an integral set of various features of biogenic and sociogenic origin, which is formed in vivo and affects human behavior and activities. In both cases, the social role and status of the individual play an important role in the formation and self-realization of the individual.
Four groups of phenomena become the basis for the formation: the biological characteristics of the human body and its innate experience, learning outcomes, experience social life and interactions with other people, the results of self-assessment, reflection and self-awareness. In the structure of personality, it is possible to distinguish groups of features that affect all human behavior.
These include such psychological traits as abilities, motivation, volitional qualities, social attitudes and stereotypes, character, orientation, emotions, temperament. Personality also includes a set social features, such as social statuses and roles, a system of dispositions and various role expectations, a complex of knowledge, values and beliefs, interests and worldview. The process of crystallization of personality traits often occurs under the influence of the external and internal environment and proceeds uniquely, creating a unique integrity.
The concept of social status
At the end of the 19th century, the English scientist Henry Man introduced a new concept into circulation. Since then, social status has been much analyzed and researched. Today, it is understood as a certain place of a person in a social system or group. It is determined by a number of features: financial and family status, possession of power, functions performed, education, specific skills, nationality, special psychological characteristics, and many others. Since an individual is simultaneously a member of different groups, his status in them may be different.
It not only denotes the position of a person in society, but also gives him certain rights and obligations. Usually, the higher it is, the greater the set of rights and obligations. Often in everyday consciousness the concepts of social statuses and roles are equated with the concept of prestige. It certainly accompanies status, but is not always its mandatory attribute. Status is a mobile category. A person can change it with the acquisition of new qualities or roles. Only in traditional social systems could it be inherited, enshrined in law or in accordance with religious canons. Today, a person in his development can reach the desired statuses or lose them under certain circumstances.
Status hierarchy
A set of different positions of one person in society is commonly called a status set. In this structure, there is usually a dominant, main status, and a set of additional ones. The first determines the main position of the individual in this social system. For example, a child or an elderly person will have a basic status according to age. At the same time, in some patriarchal societies, a person's gender will be the main feature for determining his position in the system.
Since there is a division into main and non-main statuses, the researchers talk about the existence of a hierarchy of social positions of the individual. Social roles and status are the most important factor affecting the overall satisfaction of the individual with his life. Evaluation takes place in two directions. There are stable interactions of statuses at the horizontal and vertical levels.
The first factor is a system of interaction between people who are at the same level of the social hierarchy. Vertical, respectively, communication of people at different levels. The distribution of people along the steps of the social ladder is a natural phenomenon for society. The hierarchy supports the role expectations of the individual, causing an understanding of the distribution of duties and rights, allows a person to be satisfied with his position or makes him strive for a change in status. This provides the dynamics of the individual.
Personal and social status
Traditionally, according to the size of the community in which a person functions, it is customary to distinguish between personal and proper social statuses. They function at various levels. Thus, social status is a sphere of professional and social relations. Here essential have a professional position, education, political position, social activity. They are the signs by which a person is placed in the social hierarchy.
Social role and status also function in small groups. In this case, the researchers talk about personal status. In a family, a small circle of interests, a circle of friends, a small working group a person occupies a certain position. But to establish a hierarchy, not professional, but personal, psychological signs are used here. Leadership qualities, knowledge, skills, sociability, sincerity and other character traits allow a person to become a leader or an outsider, to obtain a certain personal status. Between these two types of provisions in social group there is a significant difference. They allow a person to realize himself in various fields. So, a petty clerk, who occupies a low position in the work team, can play a significant role, for example, in the society of numismatists, thanks to his knowledge.
Types of social statuses
Since the concept of status covers an extremely wide area of social activity of the individual, that is, there are many varieties of them. Let's highlight the main classifications. Depending on the dominance of different signs, the following statuses are distinguished:
- Natural, or socio-demographic. These statuses are established according to characteristics such as age, kinship, gender, race and health status. An example would be the situation of a child, a parent, a man or a woman, a Caucasian, a disabled person. The social role and status of a person in communication are reflected in this case by vesting the individual with certain rights and obligations.
- proper social status. It can only take shape in society. Usually, economic statuses are distinguished, depending on the position held, the availability of property; political, in accordance with the views and social activity, also a sign of the allocation of status is the presence or absence of power; sociocultural, which include education, attitude to religion, art, science. In addition, there are legal, professional, territorial statuses.
According to another classification, prescribed, achieved and mixed statuses are distinguished in accordance with the method of obtaining it. Prescribed statuses are those that are assigned upon birth. A person receives them involuntarily, without doing anything for this.
Achieved, on the contrary, are acquired as a result of efforts, often significant. These include professional, economic, cultural positions in society. Mixed - those that combine the two previous types. An example of such statuses can be various dynasties, where, by birthright, a child receives not only a position in society, but a predisposition to achievements in a certain field of activity. There are also formal and informal statuses. The first are fixed officially, in any documents. For example, when taking office. The latter are assigned by the group behind the scenes. A prime example is the leader in a small group.
The concept of social role
In psychology and sociology, the term "social role" is used, which refers to the expected behavior dictated by social position and other members of the group. Social role and status are closely related. The status imposes the duties of the right on the person, and they, in turn, dictate a certain type of behavior to the person. Any person, due to his sociality, must constantly change behavior patterns, so each individual has a whole arsenal of roles that he plays in different situations.
Social role determines social status. Its structure includes role expectation, or expectation, performance, or play. A person finds himself in a typical situation where participants expect a certain model of behavior from him. So he starts putting it into practice. He does not need to think about how to behave. The model dictates his actions. Each person has his own role set, i.e. a set of roles on different cases life according to their status.
Psychological characteristics of social roles
It is believed that the role in society determines social status. However, the sequence is reversed. Receiving the next status, a person develops options for behavior. Each role has two psychological components. Firstly, it is a symbolic-informational part, which is the scenario of a typical performance. It is often presented in the form of instructions, memos, principles. Each individual has unique features which give the role a peculiar and subjective character. Secondly, it is the imperative-control component, which is the mechanism for launching the game. The imperative component is also associated with values and norms. He dictates how to act, based on cultural stereotypes and moral norms of society.
The social role has three psychological parameters by which it can be assessed and classified:
- Emotionality. A different degree of manifestation of sensuality is characteristic for each role. So, the leader must be restrained, and the mother can be emotional.
- Formalization. Roles can be formal or informal. The first are described by a specific scenario, fixed in some form. For example, the role of a teacher is partially described in job description, as well as fixed in the stereotypes and beliefs of society. The latter arise in specific situations and are not fixed anywhere, except for the psyche of the performer. For example, the role of ringleader in the company.
- Motivation. Roles are always closely related to the satisfaction of various needs, each of them has one or more initial needs.
Types of social roles
Society is infinitely diverse, so there are many types of roles. The social status and social role of a person are interrelated. Therefore, the former often duplicate the latter and vice versa. So, they distinguish natural roles (mother, child) and achieved ones (leader, leader), formal and informal. Social role and status, examples of which everyone can find in their personality structure, have a certain sphere of influence. Among them, there are status roles that are directly related to a certain position in society and interpersonal roles that follow from the situation, for example, the role of a loved one, offended, etc.
Functions of social roles
Society constantly needs mechanisms to regulate the behavior of its members. The social role and status in communication perform primarily a regulatory function. They help to quickly find an interaction scenario without spending large resources. Also, social roles perform an adaptive function. When a person's status changes, or he finds himself in a certain situation, he needs to quickly find a suitable behavior model. Thus, the social role and status of the nation allow it to adapt to a new cultural context.
Another function is self-realization. The performance of roles allows a person to show his various qualities and achieve the desired goals. The cognitive function lies in the possibilities of self-knowledge. A person, trying on various roles, learns his potential, finds new opportunities.
Social role and status: ways of interaction
In the structure of personality, roles and statuses are closely intertwined. They allow a person to solve various social problems, achieve goals and satisfy requirements. The social role and status of the individual in the group are important for motivating her to work. Wishing to raise the status, the person begins to study, work, be improved.
Groups are a dynamic entity and there is always room for redistribution of statuses. A person using the assortment of his roles can change his status. And vice versa: changing it will lead to a change in the role set. The social role and status of the individual in the group can be briefly described as the driving force of the individual on the way to self-realization and achievement of goals.
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