Vocabulary of limited scope. Terminology

Relevance: When parents come home and begin to communicate with each other, we children become unwitting listeners to these conversations. Their speech is mostly about work. We often hear words from our parents that are incomprehensible to us.

I want to understand what my parents do and what they talk about. Therefore, for me, the topic "Professional vocabulary of my parents" has become relevant, which is why I chose it.

Target: get acquainted with the professional vocabulary of my parents.

Tasks:

Get to know the phrase professional vocabulary».

Compare jargons, professionalisms and terms. What is their difference?

Find out what my parents' job is. To attend the workplace of the parents and write down words unfamiliar to me.

Decipher words unknown to me from the professional vocabulary of my parents.

Observe how often professional words are used by mom and dad at home.

Object of study: mother, father.

While doing the work, I put hypothesis: professional vocabulary is needed for concise and accurate expression of thoughts in communication between people of certain professions.

Research methods: Questioning of students of 6 "b" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 1" with subsequent statistical processing and analysis of the data obtained.

Self-education is hard work

and improvement of its conditions -

one of the sacred duties of every person,

because there is nothing more important

as the education of oneself and one's fellow men.

Socrates

The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are primordially Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire.

Another source of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever name you take, it's all Latin, except for the duck under the bed.

There are three ways of forming professionalism:

- Lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb "shkerit" (gut fish) formed the name of the profession - "shkershik".

– Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. The pipe for the hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.

– Lexical and derivational. Examples of professionalisms that have arisen in this way are easy to identify, since suffixes or word addition are used for this. For example, the editor-in-chief is the editor-in-chief.

Chapter 1. Professional vocabulary.

Professional vocabulary- this is the vocabulary characteristic of this professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession, that is, they are not commonly used.

"Balda"(heavy hammer for crushing stones and rocks) - in the speech of miners.

"Galley"(kitchen on board) cook(cook) - in the speech of sailors

Professional vocabulary ( professionalism) are expressively rethought words and expressions characteristic of many professions, taken from the general circulation. Professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "special", sometimes the sphere of use of a particular term is indicated: physical, medical, mathematical, astronomer. etc.

Professionalisms- a circle of conditional expressions of some profession that have limited application. Inappropriate, unmotivated use of them can reduce artistic merit text (L.I. Timofeev).

Professionalisms- words and phrases related to the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity.

Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative representation of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words paws and Christmas trees can serve (the names of the types of quotes in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots, this means "landing the plane hard", i.e. landing so that the plane bounces on the ground); nedomaz and overmaz (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark); skinner (among kayakers, this is the name given to the shallow and rocky section of the river).

Professionalisms can be grouped according to the scope of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc.

Professionalisms appeared by transferring the properties of an object or phenomenon to some other object based on external similarity or similarity in the sound of a word. For example, the word "hat" (a common heading for several notes) - in the speech of printers, in everyday life "hat" is a headdress; "slopes" - wheel tires(driver's); "Piglet" - boiler heat exchanger (from boilermakers)

Some linguists consider professional vocabulary to be "semi-official" compared to terminology:

Professionals needed:

For a better understanding of people of the same profession.

For the convenience of explaining the term.

To understand professionalism in the Russian language course of the 6th grade.

For better assimilation of information through the figurativeness of special vocabulary.

To be able to quickly memorize the text due to the capacity of concepts

Professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Such special words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers, magazines, and in literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.

Chapter 2. Comparison of jargons, terms from professionalisms.

Some professionalisms denote scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, border) that have definitions (definitions) used in the relevant field of science and / or technology

Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of the colloquial vocabulary, and not a literary one.

There is a lot of confusion, fuzziness, and disagreement in judgments about professionalism. It should probably proceed from the fact that professionalisms are precise, normative vocabulary in its essence, and their share in the composition of the literary vocabulary is huge.

Ways of formation of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific, technical terms, are diverse. as a term can be used a common word in figurative meaning, which is recorded in the corresponding dictionaries. this is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.

Despite the fact that in some scientific sources professionalism and professional jargon are defined in almost the same way, they have their own characteristics. Unlike jargon, professionalisms are used in a literal sense, they are not figurative. Jargonisms, like professionalisms, perform the function of distinguishing between "us" and "them", a sign of the speaker's belonging to a certain social group. Professional jargon is figurative and may be incomprehensible outside the profession.

Professional jargon is more familiar, emotional and expressive than professional jargon. Professionalisms can sometimes be used by specialists in official speech (in reports and speeches at conferences and interviews), while the scope of the use of professional jargon is limited to the oral speech of specialists in an informal setting.

Like jargon, professionalisms are corporate vocabulary, they recognize "their own" by it (doctor - doctor, physicist - physics, etc.). but unlike jargon, professional vocabulary is stylistically neutral, it is part of the literary vocabulary. Like jargon, professionalisms are perceived differently in different contexts. One and the same word (phrase), depending on the context, can be common, and jargon, and professionalism. Everyone, for example, understands the word work, that is, any business, but in criminal jargon it means a crime, while for physicists, work is a measure of the action of force. Let's take another word - gold. in common sense, it is a precious material for the manufacture of many expensive things, for chemists gold is one of the elements of the periodic system of Mendeleev with its own properties, and for economists gold is a special commodity, the use value of which expresses and measures the value of all other goods.

Imagery, expressiveness, emotionality distinguish professionalism from always neutral terms and phrases of an official nature.

Chapter 3

My mother works in the Central District Hospital as a chief nurse.

I attended my mother's work.

In a conversation with her employees, she used such professional words as: grandma-violator, aiknuty, disco, lyuski, UFO, teletubby, etc.

Chapter 4. Explain the meaning of words unknown to me.

Aiknuty - a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (AIC).

Disco - the included siren and flashing lights of the ambulance.

In the field of specialized and professional communication and the exchange of scientific, technical and other knowledge, professional vocabulary is a significant, capacious carrier of special scientific information. This is due to the nature of its information function as a carrier of special information. The use of professional vocabulary by representatives of the same field of activity determines the degree of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of professional communication, and, consequently, the qualitative result of their joint work.

Aiknuty - a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (AIC).

Grandma-violation - an elderly patient with acute cerebrovascular accident. See Violator.

BNVPNPG - blockade of the lower branch of the right leg of the bundle of His, an abbreviation that is often found in descriptions of electrocardiograms.

Tug - sodium hydroxybutyrate - a psychotropic drug. See Ksenia, Oksana.

Betseshnik is a patient who has both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

Valezhnik - a ward with bedridden patients. See lounger.

Check mark with Fenechka is a combination of haloperidol and phenazepam. Used to load a patient.

An accordion is a manually operated artificial lung ventilation apparatus (IVL). They brought a client on an accordion - an ambulance delivered a patient connected to a ventilator.

Pull the esophagus - conduct transesophageal (therapeutic or diagnostic) pacing. See CHPEX.

Childhood - children's department of the hospital.

Disco - the included siren and flashing lights of the ambulance. See Color Music.

Toad - angina pectoris. Sometimes - a particularly unpleasant patient from the cardiology department.

Start a patient - restore sinus (normal) rhythm after cardiac arrest.

Load the patient - inject psychotropic drugs.

Zebra is a patient after a demonstrative suicide attempt with typical superficial incised wounds of the forearm. See violinist.

Caesareans - women after a caesarean section.

The client is a patient, most often an ambulance.

Clinic - clinical death. See stop.

Canned food - patients who are in the department (usually of a surgical profile) on a conservative, i.e. non-surgical treatment.

Ksenia is the same as Tug. See Oksana.

Bed - bedridden patient.

A lazy eye is an eye that deviates from the visual axis during strabismus.

The skiers are elderly patients, leaning on a cane and shuffling along the corridor with their slippers.

Lyuska is a patient with syphilis.

Magnolia - magnesium sulphate - a drug used to lower blood pressure. Intramuscular administration of magnesium sulfate is very painful.

Flicker, Mertsuha - atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation.

Tinsel - a film for a single-channel electrocardiograph. Usually rolled up, accidentally released from the hands unfolds like a serpentine.

Anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner - insufficient pain relief. See operation under krikain.

Violation is an acute violation of cerebral circulation.

A non-ablable patient is a patient with an arrhythmia that cannot be eliminated by radiofrequency ablation.

Nepruha - intestinal obstruction.

UFO - motionless object; most often the patient is in a coma.

Operation under Krikain is the same as anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner. From the words "scream" and "novocaine".

Stop - the same as the Clinic.

Skydivers are patients who have been injured in a fall from a height.

Transfuse the patient - inject too many solutions intravenously, most often through a drip.

Submarine - revenge for a false call or simulation; a combination of the strong antipsychotic droperidol and the diuretic furosemide. Theoretically, it should cause uncontrolled urination in a state of medicinal sleep. A submarine on the ground is the same cocktail with the addition of prozerin, one of the effects of which is the emptying of the rectum.

Lost is a patient with age-related mental changes who has forgotten the way home.

Soak grandmother - to achieve urine output through the catheter after an operation or an acute condition, accompanied by a cessation of urination. It is considered a good prognostic sign. In intensive care units - a very expected event.

Recidivist - a patient with a relapse (recurrence) of the disease.

Pink puffer - a patient with severe emphysema, usually with a pink-gray skin tone. Speech and any movement of such a patient is accompanied by increasing shortness of breath.

Samodelkin is a traumatologist. During operations in traumatology is used a large number of tools similar to metalwork: hammers, wire cutters, saws, chisels, etc.

Blue puffy - a patient with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Such patients are characterized by diffuse diffuse cyanosis (blue discoloration) and swelling of the face and neck.

Glasses - 1. A piece of tissue taken during endoscopy or surgery for histological examination. 2. Smear.

Shoot, knock - restore the work of the heart with the help of an electric discharge of a defibrillator.

Planed fingers are typical scalped wounds on the back of the fingers, resulting from careless handling of carpentry tools.

TV - X-ray.

Teletubby - a patient with jaundice and severe ascites (accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity).

Chatter - atrial flutter.

Pipe - a plastic tube for insertion into the trachea (intubation), used to connect artificial lung ventilation (ALV) devices. Put on the tube - intubate the patient.

Platypus is a medical student in nursing practice. Usually he is entrusted with the care of bedridden patients, including the supply and removal of "ducks".

Ears - phonendoscope.

The trunk is the same as the Trumpet. To insert a trunk is the same as to put on a pipe.

Chelyuskintsy, jaws - patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery.

Turtle is a surgical helmet-mask that covers the entire head and leaves only the eyes open.

Sharmanka - electrocardiograph (an apparatus for recording ECG).

A sword swallower is a patient with metal foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract (paper clips, needles, etc.), allegedly swallowed by accident.

Yaremka is a plastic venous catheter in the internal jugular vein.

Shit, asshole - patient with diarrhea

"Pipes are burning" - problems with appendages

Negro - an outsider brought in to help transport the patient to the car

Breathe - carry out ventilation

"Asshole" - enter in / m

"skull (belly, kidney) by the window" - on the bed by the window lies a client who is diagnosed with TBI (appendix, kidney disease).

Sector prize" - car at night, on the way home.

"Last bullet" - drugs.

"Play war games" - wake up the neighbors at 3 am to drag a stretcher.

"Field of Miracles" - service area.

"For mushrooms" - go on duty.

"Mom is calling for dinner" - the dispatcher returns for lunch.

"Klizmennaya" - the manager's office.

"Tinsel" - ecg tape.

"Warm up" - get up at night under a lantern to write a map.

"Rats" - random night passers-by, witnesses.

"Whom to rub the back" - who am I in line for?

"Drag on snot" - use a raincoat stretcher.

The boy is the driver.

"Girl" is an ambulance.

"Wheelbarrow" - wheelchair.

"Kindergarten"- sobering-up.

"Indians" - cops.

"Banker" - bum

Light music - siren, flashers (with light music)

yelp - call back

Rooms - sobering-up station (we go to the rooms)

Gift - bum (bring a gift)

"accordion" - electrocardiotransmitter

"yellow suitcase" - medical stowage box

"BTR" - ambulance transport

"magnet" - magnesium sulfate

"vitamin A" - chlorpromazine

"pilot, driver" - carrier

"hoarse" - walkie-talkie

"aquarium" - the room in which dispatchers sit

Flyushka - fluorography,

Beam - fracture of the radius,

Physics - physical. solution,

Film - ECG,

Droplet - dropper, system,

Pipe - endotracheal tube,

Tube - tuberculosis.

some professionalisms denote scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, border) that have definitions (definitions) used in the relevant field of science and / or technology. For example

being natural and necessary in the oral and written speech of specialists, professionalisms are inappropriate, incomprehensible or insufficiently understandable in other situations of communication, because any statement is built taking into account its addressee.

inaccurate and inappropriate use of professionalism can lead to curiosities.

the logic of life is such that everyday life is constantly updated, replenished with new things, so many professionalisms eventually become common words. good example such processes are the mass distribution of computer technology and, accordingly, computer vocabulary; In the last decade, words have become commonplace: monitor, display, printer, cartridge, file, cursor, scanner, modem, spam, joystick, etc.

ways of formation of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific, technical terms, are diverse. as a term, a commonly used word in a figurative sense can be used, which is recorded in the relevant dictionaries. this is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.

many professionalisms, due to the universality of science and technology (and the corresponding languages), are used in different types activities

when isolating professionalisms in the vocabulary national language, their separation from commonly used words and from jargon, researchers are faced with considerable difficulties associated with constant development, updating vocabulary, diversity functional styles and contexts of word usage.

professionalism in the speech of the narrator and characters is often motivated by the theme of the work or its part.

however, Tolstoy cares about his collective reader, for which he resorts to "translation", an explanation in brackets of words that may be incomprehensible.

The ordinary reader, however, does not understand everything in these dialogues, and a real commentary on the texts is needed. it is necessary, for example, to explain that .... etc.

the speech of the characters and the narrator is united by the neighborhood of professionalism and personifying metaphors, the same comparisons and epithets

professionalisms are often used in the depiction of comic contradictions and characters - in satirical, humorous works. one type of comedy false self-esteem character. a hack and an ignoramus who considers himself a specialist can be exposed by testing his knowledge, in particular, his possession of terminology, professional vocabulary.

in the novel and ilfa and evg. Petrov's "Twelve Chairs" Nikifor Lyapis, the creator of the new "Gavriliad", allows numerous "blunders", introducing professionalism into his stereotyped texts in order to show a thorough knowledge of the subject. employees of the newspaper "Stank" hung a newspaper clipping with a sketch of lapis on the wall, circling it with a mourning border. the essay began like this: "the waves rolled over the pier and fell down like a swift jack ..." already at this phrase, the sarcastic fellow journalists doubted the knowledge of the meaning of the word "jack" by the lapis.

they ask him:

"- how do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.

- such ... falls, in a word ...

- the jack falls. notice everything! the jack is rapidly falling! .. "

and lapis is brought a volume of the brockhaus encyclopedia with the definition of a jack - "one of the machines for lifting significant weights" (chapter xxix. "the author of" Gavriliad ").

the work of many writers indicates that professional vocabulary is not on the outskirts of literature. in the arsenal of stylistic means she has a prominent place.

Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of the colloquial vocabulary, and not a literary one.

Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative representation of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and Christmas trees (the names of the types of quotes in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots, this means "landing the plane hard", i.e. landing so that the plane bounces on the ground); nedomaz and overmaz (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark); skinner (among kayakers, this is the name given to the shallow and rocky section of the river). With their expressiveness, professionalisms are opposed to terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology: they are unofficial synonyms for official scientific names.

The use of professional vocabulary allows the speaker to emphasize his belonging to a certain circle of people; these words can be used to identify “our own”. Thus, typographic workers are identified by such words and expressions as corral in the meaning of "spare typesetting texts"; clogged font - "a worn out, worn-out font; a font that has been in typed galleys for a long time"; tail - "lower edge of the book"; header - "large header"; marashka - "marriage in the form of a square", etc. There are many specific professional expressions in the acting environment: to drop or leave the text means "quickly repeat it with a partner"; walk the text with your feet - "pronounce the text while moving around the stage"; not to give a bridge to someone - "most emotionally complete some scene."

The closer some area of ​​professional or industrial activity is to the interests of society as a whole, the faster professionalisms become well-known and pass into the category of commonly used words. So, in particular, in the modern Russian language, many professionalisms from among specialists in the field have become widespread. computer technology. Among them there are old words in new meanings (mouse, virus, menu, iron), and neologisms, which are mainly borrowings from in English(spam, monitor, file, hacker, joystick).

Depending on the scope of use, the vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided into several groups:

1) Vocabulary of the people;

2) Dialect vocabulary;

3) Vocabulary professional and special;

4) Slang vocabulary.

National vocabulary of the Russian language make up words, the use of which is characteristic of all people who speak Russian, and is not limited geographically. It includes important concepts, actions, properties, qualities: Water, earth, man, father, mother.

It can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialect or professional) scope of use. So, for example, the words burning, motley, loser, tyrant, frequenter, tedious and some others were not known to all Russian speakers in the first half of the 19th century. Some popular words over time may go out of general circulation, narrow the scope of their consumption, for example: Zobat - in the meaning of "is"; Time - in the meaning of "dawn" (cf. the single-root verb glimpse).

Non-national vocabulary: dialect and special

Dialect vocabulary - words that are used by people living in a certain area . Dialect words are used mainly in oral speech. Dialect- a kind of language that is used as a means of communication between people connected by one territory. Dialect types: lexical- these are words known only to speakers of the dialect and beyond: golitsy-mittens. Ethnographic- these are dialects that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - potato pies. Lexico-semantic- these are words that have an unusual meaning in the dialect: the bridge is the floor in the hut, the lips are mushrooms of all kinds except porcini. Phonetic- words that have received a special phonetic design: tea-tsai, passport - pashpart. word-building- words that have received a special affixal design: forever-always, theirs-theirs. Morphological- words that have forms unusual for the literary language: go-go.

Special Vocabulary is officially accepted regularly used special terms.

30. Special vocabulary: professional and terminological. Professional vocabulary are the words and expressions used in various fields production technique, but are not commonly used. They function in oral speech. They serve to designate production processes, tools, raw materials. Terminological vocabulary- these are words or phrases that name special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art.

Term- a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names a concept and its relationship with other concepts within a special sphere. Terms within the scope of application are unambiguous and devoid of expression. Terms exist within the framework of a certain terminology, that is, they are included in a specific terminological system of the language. Terms types: general scientific- are used in various fields of knowledge and belong to the scientific style. There are many of them and they are often used. Special - words that are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology.

For term the main characteristic function is the definition function, called definitive.

31 . professional and special Vocabulary consists of words, the use of which is characteristic of people of certain professions.

Professional vocabulary (professionalism) - these are words and expressions characteristic of many professions, taken from the general circulation.

The difference between technical terms and professionalisms can be shown in the following examples.

In metallurgy, the term nasty, denote the remains of the solidified metal in the ladle, and the workers call these remains goat, hence, frozen - official term, that is, special vocabulary, and goat - professionalism.

Special vocabulary is created by conscious and purposeful efforts of people - experts in any field. Professionalisms less regular, because they are born in the oral speech of people, as a result of which they rarely form a system.

Unlike special terms, professionalisms have a bright expressive coloring and expressiveness due to their metaphorical and, often, figurativeness.

It should be remembered that, despite the limited scope of the use of special and professional vocabulary, there is a constant connection and interaction between it and the popular vocabulary. The literary language masters many special terms: they gradually begin to be rethought in the process of use, as a result of which they cease to be terms.

32 .

Jargon(jargonisms) is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use. Example: I wanted to invite guests to the holiday, but the shack does not allow. Hibara - home. In our time, people usually talk about the jargon of people of a certain profession, about student, school, youth jargon in general. For example, the following jargon is typical for the student environment: Grandmas - money; Cool - special, very good; Sack - mess around; Hut - apartment; stipukha - scholarship, etc. Some reinterpreted words of the popular vocabulary are also jargon: Wheelbarrow - car; To slip away - to leave unnoticed; Ancestors - parents, etc.

The speech of certain socially closed groups (thieves, vagabonds, etc.) is called slang. This is a secret, artificial language of the underworld (thieves' music), known only to the initiates and also existing only in oral form: thieves, muffler, pen (knife), raspberry (brothel), split, nix, fraer.

Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: a typo - a blunder in the speech of journalists; the steering wheel is a steering wheel in the speech of drivers.

But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, hearing and others spoil literary speech.

Bibliographic description:

Nesterova I.A. Professional vocabulary [Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia site

Professional vocabulary has features that allow people of the same profession to communicate freely. However, professionalism is not necessarily terms. There are certain differences between terms and professional vocabulary. This will be mentioned in our article.

The concept and features of professional vocabulary

Words related to professional vocabulary are called professionalisms. Galperin interpreted professionalisms as "... words associated with the production activities of people united by one profession or occupation" . In his opinion, professionalism is correlated with terms. The latter appear to define newly emerging concepts as a result of scientific discoveries and technological progress. Professionalisms in a new way designate already known concepts, usually objects and processes of labor (activity). Professionalisms differ from terms in that terms are a specialized part of literary and book vocabulary, and professionalisms are a specialized part of non-literary colloquial vocabulary. Semantic structure professionalism is obscured by a figurative representation in which the distinguished features can be very random and arbitrary. At the heart of the emergence of professionalism lies semantic specialization - the narrowing of the meaning of the word.

Not understanding their meaning, we feel a little out of place when these words refer directly to us. Words that characterize specialized processes and phenomena from any particular branch of knowledge are professional vocabulary.

Definition of professional vocabulary

This type of vocabulary is special words or turns of speech, expressions that are actively used in any person. These words are a little isolated, since they are not used by a large mass of the country's population, only by a small part of it that has received a specific education. Professional vocabulary words are used to describe or clarify production processes and phenomena, the tools of a particular profession, raw materials, the end result of labor and the rest.

The place of this type of vocabulary in the language system used by a particular nation

There are several important questions concerning various aspects of professionalism that linguists are still studying. One of them: "What is the role and place of professional vocabulary in the system of the national language?"

Many argue that the use of professional vocabulary is appropriate only within a certain specialty, so it cannot be called national. Since the formation of the language of specialties in most cases occurs artificially, according to its criteria, it does not fit the characteristics of common vocabulary. Its main feature is that such vocabulary is formed in the course of natural communication between people. In addition, the formation and formation of a national language can take a fairly long period, which cannot be said about professional lexical units. To date, linguists and linguists agree that professional vocabulary is not literary language, but it has its own structure and characteristics.

The difference between professional vocabulary and terminology

Not all ordinary people know that the terminology and language of the specialty differ from each other. These two concepts are distinguished on the basis of their historical development. Terminology arose relatively recently; language refers to this concept. modern technology and science. Professional vocabulary reached its peak of development during the time of handicraft production.

Also, the concepts differ in terms of their official use. Terminology is used in scientific publications, reports, conferences, specialized institutions. In other words, it is the official language of a particular science. The vocabulary of professions is used "semi-officially", that is, not only in special articles or scientific papers. Specialists of a certain profession can use it in the course of work and understand each other, while it will be difficult for an uninitiated person to learn what they are saying. Professional vocabulary, examples of which we will consider below, has some opposition to terminology.

1. The presence of emotional coloring of speech and imagery - the lack of expression and emotionality, as well as imagery of terms.
2. Special vocabulary is limited to colloquial style - the terms are independent of the usual style of communication.
3. A certain range of deviation from the norm of professional communication - a clear correspondence to the norms of the professional language.

Based on the above characteristics of terms and professional vocabulary, many experts tend to the theory that the latter refers to professional vernacular. The difference in these concepts can be determined by comparing them with each other (steering wheel - steering wheel, system unit- system unit, motherboard - motherboard and others).

Varieties of words in professional vocabulary

Professional vocabulary consists of several groups of words:

• professionalism;
• technicalisms;
• professional jargon.

Professionalisms are lexical units that do not have a strictly scientific character. They are considered "semi-official" and are needed to denote any concept or process in production, inventory and equipment, material, raw materials, and so on.

Technicisms are words of professional vocabulary that are used in the field of technology and are used only by a limited circle of people. They are highly specialized, that is, it will not be possible to communicate with a person who is not initiated into a certain profession.

Professional jargon words are characterized by reduced expressive coloring. Sometimes these concepts are completely illogical, and only a specialist in a particular field can comprehend them.

In what cases is professional vocabulary used in the literary language?

Varieties of a special language can often be used in literary publications, oral and sometimes professionalism, technicalism and professional jargon can replace terms with a poorly developed language of a particular science.

But there is a danger of the widespread use of professionalisms in periodicals - it is difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish concepts that are close in meaning, so many may make mistakes in the processes, materials and products of a particular production. Excessive saturation of the text with professionalism prevents it from being perceived correctly, meaning and style are lost for the reader.