When the Mongol-Tatar yoke ended in Russia. The most influential khans of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Golden Horde- one of the saddest pages in Russian history. Some time after the victory in battle on Kalka, the Mongols began to prepare a new invasion of Russian lands, having studied the tactics and characteristics of the future enemy.

Golden Horde.

The Golden Horde (Ulus Juni) was formed in 1224 as a result of the division Mongol Empire Genghis Khan between his sons into the western and eastern parts. The Golden Horde became the western part of the empire from 1224 to 1266. Under the new Khan, Mengu-Timur became independent in fact (though not formally) from the Mongol Empire.

Like many states of that era, in the 15th century it experienced feudal fragmentation and as a result (and there were a lot of enemies offended by the Mongols) by the 16th century it finally ceased to exist.

Islam became the state religion of the Mongol Empire in the 14th century. It is noteworthy that in the territories under their control, the Horde khans (including in Russia) did not particularly impose their religion. The concept of "Gold" among the Horde was fixed only in the 16th century because of the golden tents of its khans.

Tatar-Mongol yoke.

Tatar-Mongol yoke, just like Mongolian Tatar yoke , - not quite true from the point of view of history. Genghis Khan considered the Tatars to be his main enemies, and destroyed most of them (almost all) of the tribes, while the rest submitted to the Mongol Empire. The number of Tatars in the Mongol troops was scanty, but due to the fact that the empire occupied all former lands Tatars, the troops of Genghis Khan began to be called Tatar-Mongolian or Mongolian-Tatar conquerors. In reality, it was Mongol yoke.

So, the Mongolian, or Horde, yoke is a system of political dependence Ancient Russia from the Mongol Empire, and a little later from the Golden Horde, as a separate state. The complete elimination of the Mongol yoke occurred only by the beginning of the 15th century, although the actual one was somewhat earlier.

Mongol invasion began after the death of Genghis Khan Batu Khan(or Batu Khan) in 1237. The main troops of the Mongols were drawn to the territories near the present Voronezh, which had previously been controlled by the Volga Bulgars, until they were almost destroyed by the Mongols.

In 1237, the Golden Horde captured Ryazan and destroyed the entire Ryazan principality, including small villages and towns.

In January-March 1238, the same fate befell the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Tver and Torzhok were taken last. There was a threat of taking the principality of Novgorod, but after the capture of Torzhok on March 5, 1238, having not reached Novgorod less than 100 km, the Mongols turned around and returned to the steppes.

Until the end of 38, the Mongols only made periodic raids, and in 1239 they moved to South Russia and on October 18, 1239 they took Chernigov. Putivl (the scene of the “Lament of Yaroslavna”), Glukhov, Rylsk and other cities on the territory of the present Sumy, Kharkov and Belgorod regions were destroyed.

This year Ogedei(the next ruler of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan) sent additional troops to Batu from Transcaucasia and in the fall of 1240, Batu Khan laid siege to Kyiv, having previously plundered all the surrounding lands. Kiev, Volyn and Galician principalities at that time ruled Danila Galitsky, the son of Roman Mstislavovich, who at that moment was in Hungary, unsuccessfully trying to conclude an alliance with the king of Hungary. Perhaps later, the Hungarians regretted their refusal to Prince Danil when the Batu Horde captured all of Poland and Hungary. Kyiv was taken by the beginning of December 1240 after several weeks of siege. The Mongols began to control most of Russia, including even those areas (on an economic and political level) that they did not capture.

Kyiv, Vladimir, Suzdal, Tver, Chernigov, Ryazan, Pereyaslavl and many other cities were completely or partially destroyed.

There was an economic and cultural decline in Russia - this explains the almost complete absence of chronicles of contemporaries, and as a result - the lack of information for today's historians.

For some time, the Mongols were distracted from Russia due to raids and invasions of Polish, Lithuanian, Hungarian and other European lands.

Exists a large number of facts that not only unambiguously refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also indicate that history was deliberately distorted, and that this was done with a very specific purpose ... But who deliberately distorted history and why? What real events did they want to hide and why?

If we analyze historical facts, it becomes obvious that the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was invented in order to hide the consequences of "baptism". After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way ... In the process of "baptism" most of the population of the Kiev principality was destroyed! It definitely becomes clear that those forces that were behind the imposition of this religion, in the future, fabricated history, juggling historical facts for themselves and their goals ...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and justification, which have already been described quite extensively, let's summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: Prince And Khan. responsible for the administration of the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of a "war prince", which, in modern world, close to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description Slavic appearance(L.N. Gumilyov - "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe".).

French engraving by Pierre Duflos (1742-1816)

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk tale that would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just like there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide).

Reconstruction of the throne of Genghis Khan with a family tamga with a swastika.

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and informed them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with . The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this fight is more like civil war than to go to war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field.

The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. In the next image - "Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing).

What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archery caps, the same bushy beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of the old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia that was not").

5. Genetic expertise

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost completely Central Asian) are really great - these are, as it were, two around the world…” (oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the Tatar- Mongolian yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called “The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” and in each publication it is declared “an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion”:

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, God's and formidable temples, honest boyars and nobles many. You are full of everything, Russian land, about Orthodox faith Christian!..»

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

Before Nikon's church reform, which was carried out in the middle of the 17th century, Christianity in Russia was called "orthodox". It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform... Therefore, this document could have been written no earlier than the middle of the 17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke"...

On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not corrected in the future, you can see the following.

The western part of Russia is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartaria ... In this small part of Russia, the Romanov dynasty ruled. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Russia, which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called the Russian Empire (see map).

In the 1st edition of the British Encyclopedia of 1771, the following is written about this part of Russia:

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartaria. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the north-west of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China ... "(see the Food of the Republic of Armenia website)…

Where did the name Tartaria come from

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, and man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who in their development went much further than others, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.), were called Magi. Those of the Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and above were called Gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God, among our ancestors, was not at all the same as it is now. The gods were people who had gone much further in their development than the vast majority of people. For ordinary person their abilities seemed incredible, however, the gods were also people, and the possibilities of each god had their own limit.

Our ancestors had patrons - God, he was also called Dazhdbog (giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people in solving such problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarkh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, write and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the catastrophe and eventually restore civilization.

Therefore, more recently, our ancestors told strangers "We are Tarha and Tara ...". They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to Tarkh and Tara, who had significantly departed in development. And the inhabitants of other countries called our ancestors "Tarkhtars", and later, because of the difficulty in pronunciation - "Tartars". Hence the name of the country - Tartaria ...

Baptism of Russia

And here the baptism of Russia? some may ask. As it turned out, very much so. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way ... Before baptism, people in Russia were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, count (see article). Let us recall from the school curriculum on history, at least, the same “Birch Bark Letters” - letters that peasants wrote to each other on birch bark from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic worldview, as I wrote above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to the blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview, on the other hand, gave people an understanding of real nature, an understanding of how the world works, what is good and what is bad.

People saw what happened after the “baptism” in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population, in a matter of years, plunged into ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and then not all of them. ..

Everyone understood perfectly well what the “Greek religion” carried in itself, into which the Bloody and those who stood behind him were going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the inhabitants of the then Kiev principality (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) accepted this religion. But there were large forces behind Vladimir, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of "baptism" for 12 years of forced Christianization, with rare exceptions, almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed. Because such a “teaching” could only be imposed on unreasonable people, who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves both in the physical and spiritual sense of the word. All those who refused to accept the new "faith" were killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have come down to us. If before the "baptism" on the territory of Kievan Rus there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants, then after the "baptism" there were only 30 cities and 3 million people! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, "Orthodox Russia before the adoption of Christianity and after").

But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the "holy" baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population purely formally recognized the imposed religion of slaves, while they themselves continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, though without showing it off. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs continued until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.

conclusions

In fact, only children and a very small part of the adult population who adopted the Greek religion remained alive after baptism in the Principality of Kiev - 3 million people out of a population of 12 million before baptism. The principality was completely devastated, most of the cities, villages and villages were looted and burned. But exactly the same picture is drawn to us by the authors of the version of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, the only difference is that the same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by the “Tatar-Mongols”!

As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Kiev principality was baptized, and in order to stop all possible questions, and the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was subsequently invented. Children were brought up in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later Christianity) and history was rewritten, where all the cruelty was blamed on the “wild nomads”…

The famous statement of President V.V. Putin about, in which the Russians allegedly fought against the Tatars with the Mongols ...

The Tatar-Mongol yoke is the biggest myth of history.

There are many rumors around the period of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, and some historians even talk about a conspiracy of silence, which was actively promoted in Soviet time. Approximately in the year 44 of the last century, for some strange and incomprehensible reasons, studies of this historical time period were completely closed to specialists, that is, they completely stopped. Many preserved the official version of history, in which the Horde period was presented as dark and troubled times, when the evil invaders brutally exploited the Russian principalities, placing them in vassalage. Meanwhile, the Golden Horde had a huge impact on the economy, as well as the culture of Russia, throwing back its development just for the very three hundred years that it ruled and commanded. When the Mongol-Tatar yoke was finally overthrown, the country began to live in a new way, and the Moscow Grand Duke, which will be discussed.

Accession of the Novgorod Republic: liberation from the Mongol-Tatar yoke began with a small

It is worth saying that the overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke took place under the Moscow prince, or rather Tsar Ivan III Vasilyevich, and this process, which lasted more than half a century, ended in 1480. But it was preceded by quite exciting and amazing events. It all started with the fact that once great empire, built by Genghis Khan and presented to his son, the Golden Horde already by the middle of the fourteenth - the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, began to simply fall apart into pieces, divided into smaller khanates-uluses, after the death of Khan Dzhanibek. His grandson Isatai tried to unite his lands, but was defeated. Having come to power after that, a real Chingizid by blood, the great Khan Tokhtamysh stopped the turmoil and internal strife, briefly restoring its former glory, and again began to terrify the controlled lands of Russia.

Interesting

In the middle of the thirteenth century, tribute was collected from Russian merchants by Muslim merchants, who were called beautiful word"bessermen". Interestingly, this word has become firmly established in colloquial vernacular, and a person who had a different faith, as well as exorbitant "appetites", was called a Basurman for a very long time, and even now you can hear a similar word.

The situation unfolded, meanwhile, not at all favorable for the Horde, since the Horde was surrounded and pressed by enemies from all sides, not giving either sleep or rest. Already in 1347, by order of the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy), payments to the Horde Khan were completely stopped. Moreover, it was he who planned to unite the Russian lands, but Novgorod stood in the way, along with its free republic. Moreover, the oligarchy, which established its own, rather powerful power there, tried to restrain the onslaught, both from the side of Muscovy, and the pressure of the discontented masses, the veche device began to gradually lose its relevance. The end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke was already looming on the horizon, but it was still ghostly and vague.

Great campaign against Novgorod: the overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke is a matter of technology and time

It was because of this that the people began to look more and more often at Moscow than at their own rulers, and even more so, at the Horde, who had weakened by that time. Moreover, the posadnik reform of 1410 became a turning point and the boyars came to power, pushing the oligarchy into the background. It is clear that the collapse was simply inevitable, and it came when, in the early seventies, part of the Novgorodians, under the leadership of Boretsky, completely passed under the wing of the Lithuanian prince, this was the last point in Moscow's patience. Ivan III there was nothing more left but to annex Novgorod by force, which he successfully did, gathering under his own banners the armies of almost all subject lands and lands.

The Moscow chroniclers, whose testimonies have been preserved, considered the campaign of the Moscow tsar against Novgorod a real war for the faith, and, consequently, against the Gentiles, against the conversion of Russian lands to Catholicism, and even more so, to Islam. The key battle was fought in the lower reaches of the Shelon River, and most of the Novgorodians, frankly speaking, fought carelessly, since they did not feel any special need to defend the oligarchy, and had no desire to.

Not an adherent of the Moscow principality, the Archbishop of Novgorod, decided to make a knight's move. He wanted to preserve the independent position of his own lands, but he hoped to negotiate with the Prince of Moscow, and not with the locals, and even more so, not with the Horde. Therefore, his entire regiment most of the time simply stood still, and did not enter into battle. These events also played a big role in the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, significantly bringing the end of the Golden Horde closer.

Contrary to the hopes of the archbishop, Ivan III did not want to make compromises and agreements at all, and after the establishment of Moscow power in Novgorod, he radically solved the problem - he destroyed or exiled most of the disgraced boyars to the central part of the country, and simply seized the lands that belonged to them. Moreover, the people of Novgorod approved such actions of the tsar, because it was precisely those boyars who were destroyed who did not give life to people, establishing own rules and orders. In 1470, the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, due to the mess in Novgorod, sparkled with new colors and approached excessively. Already by 1478, the republic was completely abolished, and even the veche bell was removed from the bell tower and taken to Muscovy. Thus, Novgorod, together with all its lands, became part of Russia, but retained its status and liberties for some time.

The liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke: the date is known even to children

In the meantime, while Russia forcibly propagated good and bright, which in fact was the case, Golden Horde they began to tear apart small khans, wanting to tear off a larger piece. Each of them, in words, wished for the reunification of the state, as well as the revival of its former glory, but in reality it turned out a little differently. Ahmed Khan, the undivided ruler of the Great Horde, decided to resume campaigns against Russia, to force her to pay tribute again, receiving labels and letters from the khanate for this. For this purpose, he decided to make a deal, in fact, to enter into allied relations with Casimir IV, the Polish-Lithuanian king, which he successfully did, without even imagining what it would turn out for him.

If we talk about who defeated the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia, then the Grand Duke of Moscow, who ruled at that time, as already mentioned, Ivan III would certainly be the right answer. The Tatar-Mongol yoke was overthrown under him, and the unification of many lands under the wing of Ancient Russia was also his work. However, the brothers of the Prince of Moscow did not at all share his views, and indeed, they believed that he did not deserve his place at all, and therefore they were only waiting for him to take the wrong step.

In political terms, Ivan the Third turned out to be an extremely wise ruler, and at a time when the Horde was experiencing the greatest difficulties, he decided to castling, and entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan, named Mengli Giray, who had his own grudge against Ahmed Khan. The thing is that in 1476, Ivan flatly refused to visit the ruler of the Great Horde, and he, as if in retaliation, captured the Crimea, but after only two years, Mengli Giray managed to regain the Crimean lands and power, not without military support from Turkey. From that moment it just started overthrow of the Mongol yoke, because the Crimean Khan concluded an alliance with the Moscow prince, and it was a very wise decision.

Great standing at the Ugra: the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and the fall of the Great Horde

As already mentioned, Ivan was a fairly advanced politician, he was well aware that the fall of the Mongol-Tatar yoke is inextricably linked with the reunification of the Russian lands, and this requires allies. Mengli Giray could easily help Ahmed Khan establish a new Horde and return tribute payments. Therefore, it was extremely important to enlist the support of the Crimea, especially in view of the alliance of the Horde with the Lithuanians and Poles. It was Mengli-Girey who struck Casimir's troops, preventing them from helping the Horde, but it would be better if we keep the chronology of the events that took place then.

On a quiet and hot May day in 1480, Akhmet raised his army and set out on a campaign against Russia, the Russians began to take up positions near the Oka River. Moreover, the Horde moved up the Don, ruining quite large territories along the way, which were located between Serpukhov and Kaluga. The son of Ivan the Third led his army towards the Horde, and the tsar himself went to Kolomna with a rather large detachment. At the same time, the Livonian Order was besieging Pskov.

Ahmad reached the Lithuanian lands, which was from the south side of the Ugra River and stopped, expecting that Casimir's allied unit would also join his troops. They had to wait a long time, because just then, they had to repel the fierce attacks of Mengli Giray on Podolia. That is, they were absolutely not up to some kind of Akhmat, who with all the fibers of his soul wanted only one thing - the renewal of the former glory and wealth of his own people, or maybe the state. After some time, the main forces of both armies stood on different banks of the Ugra, waiting for someone to attack first.

Not much time passed at all, and the Horde began to starve, and the lack of food supplies played a key role in the battle. So, to the question of who defeated the Mongol-Tatar yoke, there is one more answer - famine, and it is absolutely true, although somewhat indirect, nevertheless. Then Ivan III decided to make concessions to his own brothers, and those with squads also pulled themselves up to the Ugra. They stood for quite a long time, so much so that the river was completely covered with ice. Akhmat was unwell, he was completely at a loss, and to complete his happiness, not good news came at all - a conspiracy was planned in Sarai and a ferment of minds began among the people. In late autumn, in November of the same year, the poor fellow Akhmat decided to announce a retreat. From impotent anger, he burned and robbed everything that came in his way, and soon after the New Year was killed by another enemy - Ibak, Khan of Tyumen.

After Russia freed itself from the Horde yoke, tribute payments under vassalage were nevertheless resumed by Ivan. He was very busy with the war with Lithuania and Poland to argue, so he easily recognized the right of Akhmed, the son of Akhmat. For two years, 1501 and 1502, tribute was regularly collected and delivered to the treasury of the Horde, which supported its life activity. The fall of the Golden Horde led to the fact that Russian possessions began to border on Crimean Khanate, because of which real disagreements began between the rulers, but this is not the story of the fall of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

The Tatar-Mongol yoke is a period of time when Ancient Russia was dependent on the Golden Horde. The young state, due to its nomadic lifestyle, conquered many European territories. It seemed that it would keep the population in suspense for a long time. different countries, but disagreements within the Horde led to its complete collapse.

Tatar-Mongol yoke: reasons

Feudal fragmentation and constant princely strife turned the country into an unprotected state. The weakening of the defense, openness and inconstancy of borders - all this contributed to the frequent raids of nomads. The unstable ties between the regions of Ancient Russia and the tense relations of the princes allowed the Tatars to destroy Russian cities. Here are the first raids that "smashed" the northeastern lands of Russia and plunged the country into the power of the Mongols.

Tatar-Mongol yoke: development of events

Of course, Russia was not in a position to immediately conduct an open struggle against the invaders: there was no regular army, there was no support from the princes, there was a clear backwardness in technical weapons, there was no practical experience. That is why Russia could not resist the Golden Horde until 14th century. This century has become a turning point: there is rise of Moscow a single state begins to take shape, the Russian army wins the first victory in the difficult Battle of Kulikovo. As you know, in order to reign, it was necessary to get a label from the Khan of the Horde. That is why the Tatars pursued a policy of pitting: they quarreled with the princes who argued for this label. The Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia also led to the fact that some princes specifically took the side of the Mongols in order to achieve the elevation of their own territory. For example, the uprising in Tver, when Ivan Kalita helped defeat his rival. Thus, Ivan Kalita achieved not only a label, but also the right to collect tribute from all his lands. Actively continues to fight the invaders and Dmitry Donskoy. It is with his name that the first victory of the Russians on the Kulikovo field is associated. As you know, the blessing was given by Sergius of Radonezh. The battle began with a duel between two heroes and ended with the death of both. The new tactics helped to defeat the army of the Tatars, exhausted by civil strife, but did not completely get rid of their influence. But he liberated the state, and already a single and centralized one, Ivan 3. It happened in 1480. So, with a difference of a hundred years, the two most significant events took place military history. Standing on the Ugra River helped to get rid of the invaders and freed the country from their influence. After that, the Horde ceased to exist.

Lessons and consequences

Economic devastation, backwardness in all spheres of life, the grave condition of the population - these are all the consequences of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. This difficult period in the history of Russia showed that the country is slowing down in its development, especially in the military. The Tatar-Mongol yoke taught our princes, first of all, tactical warfare, as well as the policy of compromises and concessions.