A project on the Crimean Khanate. Presentation History of Crimea presentation for a history lesson (grade 8) on the topic

The Crimean Khanate is a state entity that existed from 1441 to 1783.

The Crimean Khanate was formed as a result of the crushing of the Golden Horde. As a completely independent state from anyone, the Crimean Khanate did not last long.

Already in 1478 the large neighbor of the Khanate - the Ottoman Empire made a military campaign on the territory of Crimea. Its result was the establishment of the Crimean Khan's vassal dependence on the Ottoman emperor.

Crimean Khanate on the map

The history of the formation of the Crimean Khanate

In the 15th century, the Golden Horde was on the verge of collapse and the Crimean Khanate had already settled quite firmly on the territory of the peninsula. In 1420, the Khanate had already practically detached from the Golden Horde and became an almost independent state.

After the death of the Khan of the Golden Horde in 1420, a struggle for power began in the khanate and was won by the future founder of the dynasty, Haji I Girey. Already in 1427, Girey declared himself the ruler of the khanate. And only in 1441 the people declared him khan, after which Haji Girey sat on the throne.

The Golden Horde was so weakened that it was no longer able to send troops against the rebellious Crimean Khanate. The year 1441 is considered the beginning of the existence of a new state, when a full-fledged Crimean Khan began to rule.

The heyday of the Crimean Khanate

In 1480, the Tatars capture Kiev, severely destroy the city and plunder it, which deserves the satisfaction of the Moscow prince Ivan III. Diplomatic and trade relations were established between the Muscovy and the Khanate. In the late 70s, the Tatars attacked the Byzantine principality of Theodoro, the last stronghold of the empire. Under their onslaught, the principality was destroyed, and the lands were included in the khanate.

In the 15th century, the Crimean Khanate reaches the peak of its power. The Khans pursue an active foreign policy focused on wars of conquest and numerical predatory raids, mainly on Poland and the Russian kingdom. The main purpose of the raids was not just prey, but living people who were turned into slaves. The Khans carried slaves to the slave city of Kafu, from where they were sold, in most cases, to the Ottoman Empire.

warriors of the Crimean Khanate photo

Slave mining was an important economic activity for any Tatar warrior. In the Crimean Khanate itself, slavery was severely limited, they were released six years later according to custom.

In 1571, the Khanate gained military power and, despite the treaty with Muscovy, made a daring campaign, the reward was the capital of the state - Moscow. The Tatars captured Moscow, after which they robbed and burned it. In addition, the Tatars killed about a hundred thousand inhabitants, took fifty thousand prisoners. This was a serious blow for Moscow. A year later, the kingdom took revenge, but still annually paid a large tribute to the Tatars, up to the accession to the throne of young Peter I.

In the middle of the 17th century, the Tatars help Bohdan Khmelnitsky in the war against the Commonwealth. During the campaigns, they capture large prey and prisoners. However, at the decisive moment, the Tatars betray the Cossacks and return home, which became the reason for the defeat of the national liberation war of Bohdan Khmelnitsky. Until the end of the century, the Tatars, together with the Ottomans, participated in a series of wars against the Commonwealth (successfully) and the Muscovy (less successful).

Crimean Khanate and Russia

During the Northern War between Moscow and Sweden, the Tatars sided with Sweden and the Cossacks, who were allies of the Swedish king. During the Battle of Poltava, the Tatars were forbidden to go to war against Moscow, but already in 1711 they were sent with a large army to plunder Russian cities.

The young Tsar Peter I tried to defeat the army of the Tatars, but they surround the Tsar, and Peter almost falls into captivity. The Moscow tsar was forced to pay a large ransom and conclude a peace with the Tatars that was unfavorable for his state. This was the last rise of the Crimean Khanate - in the following years, Peter I would prepare an army of a new type and create a powerful dynasty that would destroy the Khanate.

Undermining the power of the khanate

In 1735-1738, the Crimean Khan, along with the army, was absent, and the Russian army took advantage of this situation - the Crimea was completely plundered, and the khan returned to the ashes. In 1736, the Russian army attacked Bakhchisarai and burned it, and all the inhabitants who did not manage to escape are killed. After the first campaign, hunger and disease reigned in the Crimea, and only they became the reasons that the Russian army refused to go on another campaign.

In the period from 1736 to 1738, the economy of the khanate was almost completely destroyed - a huge part of the population was exterminated, and the rest was under the threat of death from cholera. The most important cities for the state were also in ruins.

Crimean Khanate. captive photos

In 1768, the Crimean Khanate, together with the Ottoman Port, waged a war against the Russian Empire, which at that moment was already ruled by the ambitious Catherine II. In the course of hostilities, the Tatars suffer a crushing defeat, which calls into question the existence of the state in general. However, for a number of reasons, Catherine did not want to completely liquidate the Khanate, but only demanded that the Ottoman Empire renounce its vassalage over the Crimean Khan.

During the war, the territory of the khanate was once again plundered, and the cities were burned. In addition, the southern part of the peninsula came under the possession of the Ottoman Empire, which was no longer an ally of the Khanate.

Rulers

The most famous khans were:

• Hadji I Giray - the founder of the Crimean Khanate and the ancestor of the dynasty, managed to create a strong state;
• Mengli I Giray - during his reign, the khanate established close relations with the Ottoman Empire, was the grandfather of Suleiman the Magnificent;
• Sahib I Giray - during his reign built the future capital of the state - Bakhchisarai;
• Islyam III Giray - participated in the national liberation war of Bohdan Khmelnitsky not the independence of the Zaporozhye freedoms against the Commonwealth.

The culture

From the very beginning of their existence, the Crimean Tatars were believers of Islam. However, in most of the Nogai tribes, which were also part of the khanate, there were still old pagan traditions, including shamanism. Despite the fact that the Tatars were considered exclusively nomadic people, they nevertheless built cities and defensive fortresses.

Crimean Khanate. embroidered belts photo

Although the Tatars loved to live in the middle of an open field, where they were engaged in cattle breeding, many still preferred to live in cities where they were protected by walls. The Tatars were actively engaged in winemaking, smelting iron and making high-quality sabers. Women weaved, embroidered, sewed.

Deeply religious, the khans built a huge number of mosques. More than 1,500 mosques were built on the territory of Crimea alone until the 18th century.

Wars

In the Crimean Khanate, war was a way of survival, so absolutely all males were liable for military service: from small to large feudal lords. For a long period of time, the Crimean Khanate did not create regular troops. During the hostilities, the Crimean Khan called on the entire male population of the Khanate to war and went to war with a huge army of the militia.

Every boy had to learn military craft from an early age. The most important point of his training was horseback riding, because the Tatars fought on horseback. Crimean Tatars rarely attacked the regular armies first, but only raided neighboring territories and only if they were sure that the raid would end successfully.

Poor people willingly aspired to go on a campaign, because the prey that they would get during the hostilities went to them themselves, with the exception of a fifth of the loot - it was taken by the khan. The Tatars loved to fight in light armor and weapons. A light saddle or just a skin was put on the horse. They defended themselves either with ordinary clothes, or wore light armor.

The favorite weapon of the Tatars is a saber. Also, each Tatar warrior had a bow with arrows. The ropes were indispensable in the campaign; the Tatars tied the prisoners with them. Noble Tatar warriors could afford chain mail. In military campaigns, the Tatars did not even take tents with them. Sources say that they slept in the open air.

The Tatars could only fight in an open field, where they could use their advantage in cavalry and numerical superiority. If the horde did not have a numerical advantage, they tried to avoid combat. The Tatars did not like to besiege fortresses either, because they did not have siege weapons for this.

Accession to Russia

The last Crimean khan, Shahin Girey, tried to save his state and completely reform it, making the khanate a state of the European type. The reforms did not gain popularity among ordinary people, and the khan was expelled from his own country. Ordinary Tatars began to raid Russian territories again, despite the agreements.

At the beginning of the 1780s, the khanate no longer had either the financial means for its existence, or the economy, or the army, which, if necessary, could protect the few Crimean people. Catherine II in April 1783 issues a decree, which says that the Crimean Khanate will be liquidated as a state unit and become part of the Russian Empire. In 1784, Catherine proclaimed herself empress of these lands. And in 1791, the Ottoman Empire officially recognized that Crimea was a Russian possession.

• There is evidence that the ancestors of the Tatars in the 7th century AD reached the shores of Japan and there taught the local population the art of forging swords from first-class steel. Later, the Japanese slightly improved the technology and began to forge the legendary swords - "katanas". It is likely that it was the Tatars who contributed to this process;
• The population of the Crimean Khanate was extremely educated - almost all Tatars could speak and write freely in the Tatar language.

CRIMEAN KHANATE(1441 / 1443-1783), a medieval state in the Crimea. It was formed on the territory of the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde during its disintegration. The founder of the Crimean Khanate was Khadzhi-Girey (1441/1443-1466). The borders of the Crimean Khanate during the period of its power (mid-15th century) included the territories of the Northern Black Sea region from the mouth of the Dniester in the West and to the right bank of the Don in the East, to the Vorskla River in the North.

The administrative division of the Crimean Khanate was traditional for the medieval Turkic-Tatar states and consisted of four large possessions of the Argyn, Baryn, Kipchak and Shirin clans. The nomadic possessions of Edisan, Budzhak, Malye Nogai depended on the Crimean Khanate. During its heyday, the khanate was divided into beyliks, which united the lands of several settlements and were ruled by representatives of various Tatar clans.

The capital, the city of Bakhchisarai, is a large religious, political and commercial center. There were other large cities: Solkhat (Iski-Crimea), Kafa, Akkerman, Azak (Azov), Kyrk-Er (Chufut-Kale), Gozlev, Sudak. All of them were centers of beyliks and centers of administrative power, crafts, trade, and religious life.

Tatars, Greeks, Armenians, Karaites, Krymchaks lived on the lands of the Crimean Khanate; in the port cities there are also Italian merchants.

The nobility called themselves Tatars, sometimes with the addition of "Krymly" (that is, Crimean), and the main population most often defined themselves on the basis of religion - Muslims.

The main language in the Crimean Khanate was Turkic, it was also used for office work, diplomatic correspondence and literary creativity; from the 16th century, numerous Ottomanisms began to penetrate into it.

The economic activities of the population of the Crimean Khanate were strictly zoned: agriculture, horticulture and viticulture were cultivated in the southern foothill part, semi-nomadic cattle breeding - in the steppe part of the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region. Wheat, barley, millet, rice, lentils were grown. Peaches, pears, apple trees, plums, cherries, and nuts were planted in the gardens. The population was engaged in beekeeping, fishing and hunting. Cities, especially port cities, were centers of highly developed handicrafts such as iron, weapons, weaving, leather, woodworking, pottery, jewelry, and construction. Trade relations were developed with Turkey, Russia, Poland, with the countries of the Caucasus. The main items exported from the Crimean Khanate were wheat, honey, and also slaves; import - weapons, fabrics, spices, luxury goods. Famous trade fairs are in Cafe, Gozlev, Sudak and Or-Kapu (Perekop).

The supreme power in the Crimean Khanate belonged to the khans from the Girey clan, the descendants of Khan Jochi. The tamga (coat of arms) of the Crimean Khanate was a sign in the form of a trident crest, and tugra was a calligraphic tamga that was preserved in various forms in the diplomatic correspondence of the Crimean khans. After the establishment in 1475 of the vassal dependence of the Crimean Khanate from the Turkish Empire, a different system of power was formed here. The real ruler of the Crimea was the Turkish sultan, who had the right to displace and appoint khans, control all international relations of the khanate, and also call on the Crimean troops on a campaign. Formally, the khans of the Crimean Khanate were autocratic monarchs, but in reality their power was limited to the Turkish sultans and ruling clans. Khans sealed all the laws of the country and performed other representative functions. The basis of the khan's wealth was his ulus, located in the valleys of the Alma, Kacha and Salgir rivers. The residence of the khans from the end of the 15th century was in Bakhchisarai. The second most important representative of the Gireyevs was the heir to the throne - Kalga, usually the eldest representative of the clan after the khan. His residence and administration were located in Ak-Mosque. The possession of kalgi - kalgalyk was not inherited by inheritance, but was state property. Since 1578, another heir to the throne appeared in the Crimean Khanate - Nuraddin, the third in importance; his possessions were located in the Alma Valley in Kachi Sarai. In fact, the power in the Crimean Khanate belonged to the Tatar nobility, in which there were 4 ruling clans: Shirin, Argyn, Baryn and Kipchak (Yashlav). Later they were joined by the Nogai clans Mangyt (Mansur) and Sidjeut. In the XVI-XVIII centuries, there was probably a rotation of clans, when the Mangyts ousted the Argyn, Kipchak or Baryn clans from the power structures. The form of influence of the aristocracy on state affairs was the council under the khan - the sofa. It consisted of Kalga, Nuraddin, Shirin Bey, Mufti, representatives of the highest Tatar nobility headed by Karachibeks from four ruling clans, rulers - Serakesirs of three nomadic hordes (Budzhak, Edisan, Nogai). The divan was in charge of all state affairs, and also decided complex court cases that were not subject to the jurisdiction of the estate and local courts; was engaged in the determination of government expenditures, including the maintenance of the khan and his court.

The highest administrative and military power was exercised by an ulug karachibek from the Shirin clan, the residence was in Solkhat. Or-bek, the residence in Perekop, was involved in ensuring the external security of the state. The khan-agasy (vizier), as well as various officials: Kazandar-Bashi, Aktachi-Bashi, Deterdar-Bashi, Killardzhi-Bashi, were in charge of financial affairs and taxes. After the establishment of dependence on the Turkish Empire, the representative of the Sultan began to play an important role in the life of Crimea.

The social organization of the nobility in the Crimean Khanate had a hierarchical system associated with the rights to land tenure or the collection of a certain tax, for which the owners were obliged to serve their overlord. Ownership was divided into conditional - ikta, suyurgal and unconditional - tarkhan (exemption from all or part of taxes and duties). The highest stratum of the nobility consisted of the descendants of the Gireys - kalga, nuraddin, sultans, murzas, beks and petty service nobility - emeldyashi and sirdashi. The army of the Crimean Khanate consisted of the khan's guard (kapy-kulu) and the militias of the Tatar clans, as well as the troops of nomadic tribes with a total number of 4 thousand to 200 thousand soldiers. The basis of the army was the serving nobility, who made up the cadres of military leaders and professional soldiers, mainly heavily armed cavalrymen, whose total number reached 8-10 thousand people. At the beginning of the 16th century, under the khan, a permanent professional army, similar to the Turkish army, began to form, consisting of infantry detachments armed with muskets (Janissra and Tyufenkchi), as well as field artillery (zarbuzan). In field battles and in the defense of fortifications, artillery was used. For crossings and battles on the rivers, a combat and transport fleet was used. In the XVI-XVIII centuries, the units of the Crimean Khan most often acted as part of the Turkish troops. In a field battle, operational maneuvers, flank envelopes, and false retreats were used. During the battle, the Tatars tried to maintain their distance, striking the enemy with arrows.

The bulk of the population consisted of a tax-paying estate that paid taxes to the state or the feudal lord, the main of which was the yasak, traditional for the Tatar states. There were also other taxes, fees and duties: the supply of provisions to the troops and authorities (anbar-mali, ulufa-susun), the Yam duty (ilchi-kunak), taxes in favor of the clergy (gosher and zakat). Large receipts to the treasury of the Crimean Khanate were provided by payments for the participation of the military contingents of the Crimean Tatars in the campaigns of the Turkish sultans, monetary indemnity from Poland and Russia issued to prevent raids on their territory, as well as military booty.

The state religion in the Crimean Khanate was Islam. The head of the clergy was a mufti from the seyyid clan. Muftis and sayyids took an active part in the political life of the country, and were also involved in legal proceedings. Religious educational institutions - mektebs and madrasahs - were also under the jurisdiction of the clergy. In them, the bulk of the country's population was taught to read and write and the basic canons of religion. Preserved data on the existence of manuscript libraries and book scribes at the madrasah and the khan's courtyard. The surviving objects with inscriptions, gravestones with epitaph inscriptions, documents on office work testify to the literacy and culture of the population. Literature developed actively. A collection of poems and poems "The Rose and the Nightingale" by Khan Gazi-Girey has survived. The khans Bogadyr-Girey and Selim-Girey were also poets. There was an official historiography in the Crimean Khanate. In the XVI-XVII centuries there appeared "The History of Khan Sahib-Girey" by Remmal-Khodja, the anonymous "History of Dasht-i Kipchak", about 1638, "The History of Khan Said-Girey" by Haji Mehmed Senai. The famous fundamental work of the 18th century "Seven Planets" by Seyid Muhammad Riza. The main motive of these works is the desire to prove the intrinsic value of Tatar history, to determine the role and place of the Crimean khans in the history of Turkey.

Construction and architecture were at a high level of development, for example, the white-stone Bakhchisarai was famous for its mosques - Takhtaly-Jami (1704), Eshel-Jami (1764), Hiji-Jami (1762-1769). The Jumi-Jami mosque (XVI century) was created in Yevpatoria. Mausoleums (dyurbe) of the Crimean khans and khan-bike were also built - Turabek-khanum, Mengli-Girey, Muhammad-Girey. The art of stone carving reached a high level, tombstones with floral ornaments were made. Music developed, famous musicians were some representatives of the Girey family who were educated in Turkey: Sahib-Girey, Gazi-Girey.

The population of the Crimean Khanate became the basis for the formation of the modern Crimean Tatar nation, laying down its main political, cultural and linguistic traditions.

The Crimean Khanate pursued an active foreign policy. Having strengthened the internal position in the state, Khadzhi-Girey and his closest descendants fought with the khans of the Great Horde, often entered into an alliance with the Russian state. However, during this period, the influence of the Ottoman Empire increased sharply, which extended its power to the entire coast of the Black Sea. On June 1, 1475, the Turkish fleet captured Kafa and other Italian colonies and Gothic fortresses. Since that time, the Crimean Khan became a vassal of the Turkish Sultan. In the first third of the 16th century, with the strengthening of Turkey and the beginning of Russia's expansion in the Volga region, the Russian-Crimean contradictions intensified. They increased sharply after the deposition of the Russian protege Shah-Ali in Kazan and the enthronement of Khan Sahib-Girey. The elevation of Sahib-Girey to the Kazan throne, and then his younger brother Safa-Girey, caused a series of conflicts and wars between Moscow and the Crimean Khanate. Russian military campaigns became more frequent after the death of Safa-Girey in 1546 and ended with the conquest of Kazan (1552). The wars between the Crimean Khanate and Russia began, in which the main demand of the Crimean Khan was the return of khans from the Girey family to Kazan. In these wars, the Crimean Khanate was supported by Turkey, which, in an effort to expand its influence in the North Caucasus, undertook an unsuccessful campaign against Astrakhan (1569). In 1571, Khan Devlet-Girey approached Moscow and burned it down, but in 1572 he was defeated at the Battle of Molodi, which forced him to sign a peace treaty with Moscow. All attempts to free Kazan from Russian rule were unsuccessful. In the 17th-18th centuries, the Crimean Khanate took part in all military enterprises of the Turkish Empire: in the wars against Hungary, the Commonwealth, Russia, Austria and Iran. The territories of Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Wallachia were subjected to repeated attacks by the Crimean troops.

At the end of the 17th century, during the war with Turkey, Russia undertook the Crimean campaigns (1687, 1689), which ended in vain. In 1711, the troops of the Crimean Khanate participated in the war with Russia, which ended with the Prut Peace Treaty, which ensured the preservation of the Crimean Khanate. At the end of the 18th century, the aggressive policy of the Russian Empire led to a series of Russian-Turkish wars. According to the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty of 1774, the Crimean Khanate ceased to be a vassal of Turkey and passed into the sphere of influence of Russia. The policy of Khan Shagin-Girey (1777-1783) aroused the discontent of the population and the aristocracy and provoked an uprising. Under the pretext that the new khan was not approved by Russia, Russian troops were brought into the Crimea. In 1783, the Crimean Khanate was annexed to the Russian Empire. On April 8, 1783, Empress Catherine II issued a manifesto, according to which Crimea, Taman and Kuban became Russian regions. The population was formally retained its former rights, and a peaceful life and justice were ensured. A new era began for Crimea - the period of Russian colonization and the gradual ousting of the Tatars.

• Haji-Girey (1443-1466)
• Nur-Devlet (1466-1469, 1474-1477)
• Mengli-Girey I (1469-1515, with a break in 1474-1478)
• Janibek-Girey I (1477-1478)
• Muhammad Girey I (1515-1523)
• Gazi Girey I (1523-1524)
• Saadet Giray I (1524-1532)
• Islam Giray I (1532)
• Sahib Girey I (1532-1551)
• Devlet Giray I (1551-1577)
• Muhammad Girey II (1577-1584)
• Islam Giray II (1584-1588)
• Gazi Girey II (1588-1597, 1597-1608)
• Fatah Girey I (1597)
• Selamet-Girey I (1608-1610)
• Janibek-Girey II (1610-1622, 1627-1635)
• Muhammad Girey III (1622-1627)
• Inaet-Girey (1635-1638)
• Bahadur-Girey (1638-1642)
• Muhammad Girey IV (1642-1644, 1654-1665)
• Islam Giray III (1644-1654)
• Adil-Girey (1665-1670)
• Selim-Girey I (1670-1677, 1684-1691, 1692-1698, 1702-1604)
• Murad Girey (1677-1683)
• Hadji Giray II (1683–84)
• Saadet Giray II (1691)
• Safa Girey (1691–92)
• Devlet Giray II (1698-1702, 1707-13)
• Gazi-Girey III (1704-07)
• Kaplan-Girey I (1707, 1713-16, 1730-36)
• Kara-Devlet-Girey (1716-17)
• Saadet Giray III (1717-24)
• Mengli-Girey II (1724-30, 1737-39)
• Fath Girey II (1736–37)
• Selim-Girey II (1743–48)
• Arslan-Girey (1748–56, 1767)
• Maksud-Girey (1767-68)
• Halim Girey (1756–58)
• Crimea-Girey (1758-64, 1767-69)
• Selim-Girey III (1764-67, 1770-71)
• Devlet Giray III (1769-70, 1775-77)
• Kaplan-Girey II (1770)
• Maksud-Girey II (1771-72)
• Sahib Girey II (1772-75)
• Shagin-Girey (1777-83)

1. The Crimean Khanate was formed in 1443.

2. Crimean peninsula, as well as lands from the Danube in the west to the Don and Kuban in the east. A combination of fertile land, steppes and woodlands. The capital is Salachik, then Bakhchisarai.

3. The Crimean Khanate is a multinational state. It was inhabited by Turkic-speaking peoples (Tatars, Karaites, Turks, Nogays), Greeks, Armenians, Jews.

4. At the head of the khanate was the ruling dynasty - Girei. Since 1478, the Crimean Khanate became a vassal of the Ottoman state. Legislative body - large and small sofas. The head of the Muslim clergy is the mufti, who had the right to remove Qadi judges if complaints were made against them.

5. The main activity of the Crimean feudal lords was horse breeding, cattle breeding and slave trade. The population of the coastal cities was engaged in fishing. The land was cultivated by dependent peasants who paid tithes to the khan. The captives were sold to Turkey, the Middle East and Europe. The khan received a fifth of the war booty. The main slave market was the city of Kefe. According to historians, more than 3 million inhabitants, mainly Russians, Ukrainians and Poles, have been sold in the Crimean slave markets for 200 years.

The army is irregular. In the event of a military threat, universal military service was declared, from which residents of mountainous regions and cities could buy off by paying tax to the treasury.

At the entrance to the peninsula, the main fortress of the Crimean Tatars, Or (Perekop), was located, which performed the task of preventing opponents from entering the Crimea from land. For protection from the sea, the fortresses of Kerch and Arabat were built. Military garrisons were also located in Balaklava and Sudak. A well-thought-out defense system allowed the Crimean khans to do without a regular army for a long time, which saved a lot of money.

The raids of the Crimean Tatars for their neighbors, as a rule, were unexpected and lightning fast. In an open battle with the enemy, the Crimean Tatars entered only in case of their numerical superiority. They fought only in open space, without undertaking sieges and the capture of fortresses.

6. Developed handicrafts (jewelry, making clothes, copper utensils, edged weapons, carpets and felt products, wood carving and inlay). An important place in architecture was occupied by mosques and dyurbe - the tombs of the rulers. The architects combined the architectural styles of the East and Byzantium, but used local building materials.

7. One of the largest shopping centers in Europe. Trade was carried out through the cities of Kozlev (Evpatoria) and Kefe (Feodosia). Exported raw leather, sheep's wool, morocco (dyed goat skin), sheep's fur coats, cattle, jewelry, weapons. The sabers made in Bakhchisarai were of very high quality, the pichak knives, which were very popular in the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Europe, were made of magnificent steel and were richly decorated with patterns and images from pieces of marble, ceramics, metal, mother-of-pearl, etc. ...

8. The seizure of the southern coast of Crimea by the Ottoman Empire created a serious danger for Russia from the Crimean Tatar khans, who made predatory raids, capturing slaves for the huge Turkish slave market. In 1521 the Krymchaks besieged Moscow, and in 1552 - Tula.

Glossary of terms

Vesh-bash - small military detachments that raided for the sake of prisoners and prey.

Qadi is a Muslim official judge appointed by the ruler and administering justice on the basis of Sharia.

The mufti is the highest cleric, the head of the Muslim clergy.

Pichaki - handmade knives, richly inlaid and engraved.

Sauga - the fifth part of the war booty, transferred to the khan.

• Completed work: students of grade 6 "B"

• GOU SOSH № 617 named after General D.F. Alekseeva

• Sbirunova Anastasia

• Mironova Alexandra

• Teacher of history - Novozhilova Galina Vitalievna

Plan:

• 1. The historical past of the ancient Crimea.

• 2. Formation of the Crimean Khanate (15th century).

• 3. Construction of the Crimean Palace (16th century).

• 4. The uniqueness of the historical and architectural monument of the architecture of the East.

Introduction

• In October 2010, being on the territory of the state of Ukraine in Crimea, in the recreation camp "Nakhimovets", we visited Bakhchisarai - the capital of the Crimean Khanate.

• A fascinating tour of the Khan's Palace left an indelible impression.

• The splendor and splendor of the architectural structure, interior decoration, many exhibits of the museum complex prompted us to create this work.

• In our presentation, we tried to reflect the most interesting material that we need both for history lessons and for self-development.

• When creating the album, we used the material of the Internet, author's photographs, as well as the story of our tour guide.

In 1299, the city (not yet named Chufut-Kale) was seized by the Tatars, who gave it a new name - Kyrk-Er (Kyrk-Or), which means “Forty fortresses”. During the difficult period of the struggle for independence with the Golden Horde, the residence of the governor was located here. After the formation of the Crimean Khanate, Kyrk-Er was the residence of the first Khan of Crimea, Khadzhi I Girey, but over time the Tatars left the fortress and moved to the Ashlama-Dere valley.

• The main population of the fortress was the Karaites, and the city began to be called Chufut-Kale, which translates as “a Jewish fortress or a Jewish fortress”. The Karaites themselves called the city "Dzhuft-Kale", which in Karaite means "Pair Fortress" or simply Kale (fortress).

• With the collapse of the Golden Horde, which began in the 15th century, the governor of the Golden Horde in Crimea, Khadzhi-Girey, managed to unite the Crimean beys and found a khanate. In 1443 he proclaimed himself the Crimean Khan and announced the formation of the Crimean Khanate, independent of the Golden Horde.

• Fearing a palace coup, Khadzhi-Girey, who became the ancestor of the Girey dynasty, moved his residence from Solkhat (Old Crimea), which was the center of the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde, to the Kyrk-Er fortress (Chufut-Kale).

• A new khan's palace was built here, the construction of which began in 1519 and ended in 1551.

• The palace was surrounded by beautiful gardens, which gave it the name Bakhchi-Saray, which translates as “palace in the garden”.

Bakhchisarai

• Bakhchisarai- a city in the foothill region of Crimea, in a gully protected from the winds.

• The city was founded by Khan Mengli-Giray at the beginning of the 16th century. Its name means "blooming garden". After Kyrk-Ora (Chufut-Kale), he became the capital of the Crimean Khanate.

• In the Middle Ages, it was a large trade and handicraft center of the Crimea. There is the Khan's palace in the city.

• The Bakhchisarai Palace is a unique historical and architectural monument, in the form of which the art of the East, Byzantium, Eastern and Western Europe is intricately intertwined.

• The Khan's palace, spread over 4 hectares (originally 12 hectares), buried in the "paradise" gardens, was the focus of the political and cultural life of Crimea during the reign of the Tatar rulers.

Khan's palace

• From the south, the Khan's palace was surrounded by extensive gardens, from the west - by numerous harem buildings and rooms for servants, and from the north - by guest rooms with a gate tower.

Fountain of Tears (Selsebil)

The Fountain of Tears (Selsebil) is a unique architectural monument, a wonderful creation of the Iranian master Omer, who managed to embody deep human feelings in cold stone. A fountain was created in memory of the early deceased beloved wife of Crimea-Giray - Dilyara Bikech, according to the legend of the Polyanyan from Podillia Maria. The fountain, built in 1764, has become a poetic image, a symbol of living human grief, embodied in cold stone.

• The Fountain of Tears owes its mysteriousness and wide popularity primarily to A.S. Pushkin, who wrote the poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" in 1822, and to the poets P.A. Vyazemsky, Lesya Ukrainka and Adam Mitskevich, who dedicated wonderful poetic lines to him.

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Crimean Khanate

Work performed by: Svetlana Spirina, Mavile Kharachikh
Marina Zavrazhnaya, Pererva Valentina

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Crimean Khanate

Crimean Khanate is the state of the Crimean Tatars that existed from 1441 to 1783. Self-name - Crimean yurt. In 1478, after the Ottoman military expedition to the Crimea, the Khanate fell into vassal dependence on the Ottoman Empire. After the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, under the terms of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace in 1774, Crimea became an independent state under the protectorate of the Russian Empire, while the spiritual power of the Sultan as the head of the Muslims (caliph) over the Crimean Tatars was recognized.

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Capitals of the Khanate

The main city of the Crimean Yurt was the city of Kyrym, also known as Solkhat (modern Old Crimea), which became the capital of Oran-Timur Khan in 1266. With the formation of a state independent from the Horde in Crimea, the capital was moved to the fortified mountain fortress Kyrk-Er, then to Salachik located in the valley at the foot of the Kyrk-Er, and finally, in 1532, to the newly built city of Bakhchisarai.

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Gaining independence

By the beginning of the 15th century, the Crimean Yurt had already strongly isolated itself from the Golden Horde and became noticeably stronger. In addition to the steppe and foothill Crimea, it included part of the mountainous part of the peninsula and vast territories on the continent. After the death of Edigei in 1420, the Horde actually lost control of the Crimea. After that, a fierce struggle for power began in Crimea, the first khan of independent Crimea and the founder of the Geraev dynasty, Khadzhi I Girey, emerged victorious. In 1427 he declared himself the ruler of the Crimean Khanate. In 1441 he was elected khan and enthroned.
By the middle of the 15th century, the Golden Horde period in the history of Crimea was finally completed. The long-term desire of the Crimeans for independence was crowned with success, and the Golden Horde, shaken by the troubles, could no longer offer serious resistance. Soon after the fall of the Crimea, the Bulgar (Kazan Khanate) also separated from it, and then the Astrakhan Khanate and the Nogai Horde became independent one after another.

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As well as:

Vassalage to the Ottoman Empire. - Wars with the Russian Kingdom and the Commonwealth in the early period. - XVII - early XVIII century (Islam III Giray (1644-1654) provided military assistance to the Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnitsky in the War of Independence with Poland. - An attempt at an alliance with Karl XII and Mazepa. - Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 and Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy The Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739 and the complete devastation of the Crimea - The last khans and the conquest of the Crimea by the Russian Empire.

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Farm

The traditional economy of the Crimean Tatars was based on nomadic cattle breeding. The Tatars bred horses, cows, two-humped camels, and sheep. Livestock owners marked their animals with a special stamp (tamga). Since the 18th century, an increasing role has been played by agriculture, as well as viticulture and horticulture. In the 19th century, the steppe Tatars also began to engage in agriculture. The Crimean Tatars cultivated the land using a plow, into which they harnessed oxen, and sowed wheat, millet, barley, and rye. On the southern slopes of the mountains, orchards, vineyards, walnut and tobacco plantations were cultivated using artificial irrigation systems. Viticulture originated in the Crimea during the era of the Greek colonies and spread to the southern foothills and the southern coast of the peninsula. In the 19th century, the Tatars began to engage in winemaking. According to tradition, the Tatars received ownership of the land, which they cultivated for several decades. Since the 13th century, the inhabitants of the Crimean steppes have been mining salt from salt lakes (there were several hundred of them in the Crimea). Crafts were actively developing (their center was Bakhchisarai), such as leather dressing, felt production, weaponsmithing, pottery, woodworking with inlay, jewelry, patterned weaving, etc. Modern Crimean Tatars live mainly in cities. In the countryside, they are engaged in gardening and viticulture.

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Dwelling

Initially, the settlement of the Crimean nomads was a temporary camp, consisting of a group of yurts. The basis of the yurt was lattice made of twigs, connected to each other by leather hinges. Felt panels were thrown over this frame, which formed the roof and walls of the yurt. A fire was made in the center of the yurt, and there was a hole in the ceiling above it for smoke to escape. A large yurt, if necessary, could be quickly disassembled and transported to another camp. Small tents (wagons) were transported entirely.
In winter, some groups of Tatars lived in huts with adobe walls and reed roofs. After the transition to a sedentary lifestyle, the Crimean Tatars began to appear in villages - auls, built up with earthen brick houses with an earthen floor and a gable roof. In the mountainous Crimea, another type of dwelling prevailed: a wooden blockhouse made of planks, standing on the ground or on a stone foundation. In mountain villages in the region of Bakhchisarai, houses were also made of wood, but already on two floors. They were located on terraces on the slopes of the mountains. Houses with flat roofs located along the slopes, very close to each other, are characteristic of the South Coast Tatars.

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The basis of the nomads' diet was meat and dairy products. The cuisine of the mountain-coastal Tatars was distinguished by greater sophistication and included vegetables and fruits. The Tatars used different types of meat: initially, their main food was horse meat and camel meat, but by the beginning of the 20th century, lamb and beef began to predominate. Milk and dairy products were widely used in food preparation. A special delicacy was considered to be kaymak-cream, which was heated over low heat for a long time. Crimean Tatars ate rice, baked wheat bread (ekmek), various products from unleavened dough fried in fat. Traditional dishes were also barbecue, lamb with rice (pilaf), soup with meat and vegetables (shorba). The hunters were hunting game. With the development of truck farming, a variety of vegetables and melons and gourds appeared in the diet of the Crimean Tatars. Traditional sweets of the region: Turkish delight, halva, sherbet (sweet fruit drink). Black Turkish coffee has gained particular popularity among the Tatars. Men and women ate separately. In traditional etiquette, the customs of hospitality occupied an important place: the best food was served to the guest, sometimes, as a sign of respect, he was offered a lamb or horse's head.

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Holidays

The calendar ritual of the Crimean Tatars is closely related to the traditional economy, therefore, the nature and sequence of the holidays are dictated by the cycle of agricultural work. Customs and rituals have incorporated elements of Muslim, Christian and pagan traditions. New Year's holiday - Navruz, was celebrated on the day of the vernal equinox and was associated with preparations for the start of field work. On this holiday, the hostesses boiled eggs - a symbol of new life, baked pies, burned old things in a fire. Young people jumped over the fire, put on masks in the evening, went from house to house and sang songs, girls spent time reading fortune-telling. It was also customary to visit the graves of relatives on these days. On May 6, the Crimean Tatars celebrated the feast of the two saints Hydyrlez. The beginning of field work was timed to this day. It was also customary to jump over the fire and roll special round bread from the mountains. Shepherds descended from the mountains with herds, weddings took place in the villages. The holiday was celebrated by the whole community: after prayer and ritual sacrifice, they arranged swings, fairs, and dances. For the holiday, they baked a pie with chicken meat and rice, cooked halva. Children-mummers walked around the neighbors, begging for food, the girls sang carols. Crimean Tatars also celebrated Muslim holidays: Uraza Bayram (after the end of fasting in the holy month of Ramadan), Kurban Bayram, which was accompanied by animal sacrifices and visits to graves, Ashir-Kunyu (Ashura day), on which a special ritual dish of seven components was prepared (corn, wheat, peas, beans, dried fruits, nuts, molasses), etc.

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Architecture of the Crimean Khanate

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Livadia Palace.

In 1834, the territory of Livadia (3 km west of Yalta) was bought by Count Pototsky, for whom they built a house and laid out a park. In 1860 Livadia was acquired by an appanage department for the royal family. By that time, the Romanovs already owned the Orenda estate with a palace and a park. Both estates were connected by the Tsar's (Horizontal) path, which then continues to Gaspra.
The Great Livadia Palace The White Palace, the former summer residence of Emperor Nicholas II, was erected in 1910-11. on the site of the dismantled old palace designed by Academician N, P. Krasnov (1865-1939) in the style of the Italian Renaissance. The palace ensemble also includes the suite building, the palace of the minister of the court of Baron Fredericks, the palace church in the name of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (built in 1872), and the Italian courtyard.
Livadia Park was formed on the basis of a natural forest. In total, the park contains more than 180 species of trees, shrubs and lianas. On February 4-11, 1945, the Crimean (Yalta) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain was held in the Great (White) Hall of the Palace. During the conference, the palace was the residence of the President of the United States of America F. Roosevelt.

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Swallow's Nest.

On the Aurora rock of Cape Ai-Todor between Livadia and Miskhor rises the romantic castle "Swallow's Nest", which has become a kind of "visiting card" of the southern coast of Crimea. It was built in 1912 according to the project of the architect A. V. Sherwood for the harrow of V. Shteigel, a Baku oil industrialist. With the outbreak of the First World War, he left for Germany, and sold the castle to the merchant Shelaputin, who set up a restaurant here. In 1927, during an earthquake, part of the chip collapsed, but the building survived, however, for many years it was considered emergency and was closed. Restored in 1971. Now it houses an expensive restaurant "Verona". The entrance to the castle site is paid. You can get to it by regular motor ships or by route taxi from Yalta.
A magnificent view of the Yalta Bay opens from the cape. There is a picturesque rocky islet Sail, pushed into the sea, and above it on the rock there is a sculpture of an eagle.
At the foot of the Swallow's Nest, scuba divers found traces of Stone Age people in flooded caves.

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Bakhchisarai Khan Palace.

Located in the center of the Old City in the valley of the Churuk-Su river.
The founder of the dynasty, Haji Girey (Giray), in the middle of the 15th century, moved the capital from the city of Crimea (Old Crimea) to Kyrk-Er (Chufut-Kale), seeking independence from the Golden Horde. The construction of the capital was initiated by his son Mengli Gir-ei 1 (1467-1515). He conceived the palace as the earthly embodiment of the Gardens of Eden - hence the lightness of buildings and their harmony with trees and flowers.
Khan Kyrym Giray (1717-1769), an admirer and connoisseur of everything French, founded a peculiar style “Crimean Rococo”. Having studied the architecture of the palace, Russian architects of the 19th and 20th centuries. developed this style and used it in the construction of villas and hotels, as well as mosques and public buildings throughout Crimea.
But the palace and its "Fountain of Tears" became world famous only thanks to A. Pushkin, who visited Crimea in 1820. The legends about the fountain formed the basis for the poems of A. Mitskevi-cha and Lesya Ukrainka.
Now it is the Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve. The archaeological exposition introduces evidence of life in ancient times, since the glaciation of Europe. The ethnographic collection is dedicated to the culture, life, crafts and folk art of the Crimean Tatars.

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Genoese fortress.

This is one of the best preserved medieval fortresses on the territory of Ukraine, visually representing fortification and engineering solutions, and therefore gathering a record number of participants in its festivals of historical fencing - Western European knights and Slavic knights.
The city and port of Sudak was founded in 212 by the Alans. In the XI century. becomes the main harbor of the Polovtsians who owned the steppes from Siberia to Hungary. Since the XIII century. the city for 150 years becomes the center of the Venetian possessions, but nearby - in Feodosia, the Genoese are rapidly strengthening. In 1365, they obtained from the Golden Horde exclusive rights to the entire sea coast of the Crimea, soon they seized Soldaya and rebuilt the fortress (the first buildings of which were made by the Byzantines).
In 1475 the fortress was taken by assault by a landing force from a Turkish squadron. Holes from powerful cannons still gape in the walls of the fortress.
In the Consular Castle in the upper part of the fortress, you can see a small exhibition. At the very top is the famous Maiden's Tower, from where a princess threw herself into the abyss. But perhaps this name is associated with the more ancient use of this place as an altar in honor of the Virgin Goddess of Taurus.

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Juma Jami.

The Friday mosque, Juma-Jami (on Friday, according to legend, the prophet Mohammed was born) was laid in Gezlev a year after the coronation of Devlet - Girey I - in 1552. The construction took a long time, more than 10 years, and was completed in 1564. of the new church, the right to the Crimean Khanate received in Istanbul was announced.
The composition of the Khan's mosque is built on the principle of increasing volumes, with a silhouette reminiscent of the Istanbul Hagia Sophia. The logic of its Byzantine, in its expressive monumental designs, can be clearly seen in the external appearance of the temple.
Juma-Jami is located in the eastern part of the modern Yevpatoriya embankment. Rising above the adjacent buildings, it is clearly visible from the sea and the coast through the greenery of the Karaevsky garden and together with the adjacent Orthodox church of St. Nicholas defines the face of the embankment, forms the image of the sea panorama of the old part of Evpatoria.

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Crimea attracts not only those who wish to relax or travel, but also obsessed treasure hunters "diggers". And this is not surprising - because Crimea has an interesting and ancient history. Today, the attraction to search for treasures is as strong as in ancient times. In the museums of Ukraine, Russia and Crimea, in particular, unique things made of gold and silver, of the finest work, are exhibited, which were found in the Crimea. Wars often happened in Crimea, different peoples constantly replaced each other. People, leaving their habitable places, in the hope of returning, hid the most valuable things. Therefore, in the Crimea, treasures and treasures are found more often than anywhere else. Modern people often store valuables and money in various banking institutions, and in the old days, peoples hid them in the ground, in the walls or in the basements of their houses. Each treasure has its own destiny, is associated with some personal tragedy: the one who hid it for some reason could not return for the acquired and hidden good - either he died in battle, or was taken prisoner, or died of hardship, or diseases.

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Participants:

Spirina Svetlana - text search. Kharachikh Mavile - presentation. Zavrazhnaya Marina - search for photos. Break Valentine - printout of work.

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