Ivan Ivanovich, together with his father, went on a campaign against Tver and after it was annexed to Moscow in 1485, when his maternal uncle Mikhail Borisovich was expelled from Tver, who was seeking an alliance with the Poles, became Prince of Tver. In honor of the reign of Ivan the Young in Tver, a coin was issued depicting him chopping the tail of a snake, personifying the betrayal of Mikhail Borisovich.
The only son of Ivan the Young, Dmitry Ivanovich Vnuk, was crowned king by his grandfather Ivan III in 1498, but in 1502 he fell into disgrace and died in prison in 1509, already in the reign of his uncle Vasily III.
Family
Write a review on the article "Ivan Ivanovich Molodoy"
Notes
Literature
- Ivan Ivanovich Molodoy // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- John Ioannovich (Young) // Russian biographical dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. , 1897. - T. 8: Ibak - Klyucharev. - S. 187-188.
- Tver (great and appanage princes) // Russian biographical dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. -M., 1896-1918.
- Zimin A. A.. - M .: Thought, 1982. - 50,000 copies.
- Ryzhov K.. - Moscow, 1999.
Links
An excerpt characterizing Ivan Ivanovich Molodoy
And he said, without hiding a smile:“So I didn’t wait for this meeting in vain,
My beloved star...
Mom was completely subdued by dad's poems ... And he wrote a lot of them to her and brought them to her work every day along with huge posters drawn by his own hand (dad drew superbly), which he unfolded right on her desktop, and on which , among all kinds of painted flowers, it was written in large letters: “Annushka, my little star, I love you!”. Naturally, what woman could endure this for a long time and not give up? .. They no longer parted ... Using every free minute to spend it together, as if someone could take it away from them. Together they went to the cinema, to dances (which they both loved very much), walked in the charming Alytus city park, until one fine day they decided that enough dates were enough and that it was time to take a look at life a little more seriously. They soon got married. But only my father's friend (my mother's younger brother) Jonas knew about this, since neither from my mother's side, nor from my father's relatives, this union did not cause much enthusiasm ... My mother's parents predicted for her a rich neighbor-teacher, who they really liked and, according to their understanding, my mother “suited” perfectly, and in my father’s family at that time there was no time for marriage, since grandfather was put in prison at that time, as an “accomplice of the noble” (which, for sure, they tried to “break” the stubbornly resisting dad), and my grandmother went to the hospital from a nervous shock and was very sick. Dad was left with his little brother in his arms and now had to manage the entire household alone, which was very difficult, since the Seryogins at that time lived in a large two-story house(in which I later lived), with a huge old garden around. And, of course, such an economy required good care ...
So three long months passed, and my dad and mom, already married, were still going on dates, until mom accidentally went to dad’s house one day and found a very touching picture there ... Dad stood in the kitchen in front of the stove and looked unhappy “replenished” the hopelessly growing number of pots of semolina porridge, which at that moment was cooking for his little brother. But for some reason, the "harmful" porridge for some reason became more and more, and poor dad could not understand what was happening ... Mom, struggling to hide her smile so as not to offend the unlucky "cook", rolled up her sleeves right there began to put in order all this “stagnant domestic mess”, starting with completely occupied, “porridge stuffed” pots, an indignantly hissing stove ... helplessness, and decided to immediately move to this territory, which was still completely alien and unfamiliar to her ... And although it was not very easy for her at that time either - she worked at the post office (to support herself), and in the evenings went to preparatory classes for medical school exams.
She, without hesitation, gave all her remaining strength to her exhausted young husband and his family. The house immediately came to life. In the kitchen, there was a stupefying smell of delicious Lithuanian "cepelins", which my father's little brother adored and, just like his father, who had been sitting on dry food for a long time, ate them literally to the "unreasonable" limit. Everything became more or less normal, except for the absence of my grandparents, about whom my poor dad worried very much, and sincerely missed them all this time. But now he already had a young beautiful wife, who, as best she could, tried to brighten up his temporary loss in every possible way, and looking at dad's smiling face, it was clear that she was doing it quite well. Dad's little brother very soon got used to his new aunt and followed her tail, hoping to get something tasty or at least a beautiful "evening story" that his mother read to him in great abundance before going to bed.
So calmly in everyday worries the days passed, and then the weeks. Grandmother, by that time, had already returned from the hospital and, to her great surprise, found a newly-baked daughter-in-law at home ... And since it was too late to change anything, they simply tried to get to know each other better, avoiding unwanted conflicts (which inevitably appear with any new, too close acquaintance). More precisely, they simply “got used to each other”, trying to honestly bypass any possible “underwater reefs” ... I was always sincerely sorry that my mother and grandmother never fell in love with each other ... They both were (or rather, mother still are) beautiful people, and I loved them both very much. But if grandmother, all her life spent together, somehow tried to adapt to her mother, then mother, on the contrary, at the end of her grandmother’s life, sometimes showed her irritation too openly, which deeply hurt me, since I was very attached to both of them and very she did not like to fall, as they say, "between two fires" or forcefully take sides. I have never been able to figure out what caused this constant "silent" war between these two wonderful women, but apparently there were some very good reasons for this, or perhaps my poor mother and grandmother were just really "incompatible" , as happens quite often with strangers living together. One way or another, it was a pity, because, in general, it was a very friendly and faithful family, in which everyone stood up for each other like a mountain, and experienced every trouble or misfortune together.
In 1490, the eldest son of Ivan III died from his first marriage, who also bore the name Ivan. The question arose, who should be the heir: the second son of the sovereign - Vasily or grandson Dmitry, the son of the deceased prince? Noble, dignitaries really did not want the throne to go to Vasily, the son of Sophia Palaiologos. The late Ivan Ivanovich was titled Grand Duke, was, as it were, equal to his father, and therefore his son, even according to the old family accounts, had the right to seniority. But Vasily, on his mother's side, came from the famous royal root. The courtiers were divided: some stood for Dmitry, others for Vasily. Prince Ivan Yurievich Patrikeev and his son-in-law Semyon Ivanovich Ryapolovsky acted against Sophia and her son. These were persons very close to the sovereign, and all the most important things went through their hands. They and the widow of the deceased Grand Duke - Elena (Dmitry's mother) used all measures to persuade the sovereign to the side of his grandson and cool him to Sophia. Supporters of Dmitry started rumors that Sophia had plagued Ivan Ivanovich. The sovereign apparently began to lean towards the side of his grandson. Then the supporters of Sophia and Vasily, for the most part, humble people - boyar children and clerks, plotted in favor of Vasily. This plot was opened in December 1497. At the same time, Ivan III realized that some dashing women with a potion came to Sophia. He was furious, and did not want to see his wife, and ordered his son Vasily to be kept in custody. The main conspirators were executed painful death First they cut off the arms and legs, and then the heads. The women who came to Sophia were drowned in the river; many were thrown into prison.
The desire of the boyars was fulfilled: on January 4, 1498, Ivan Vasilyevich crowned his grandson Dmitry with unprecedented triumph, as if to annoy Sophia. In the Assumption Cathedral, an elevated place was arranged among the church. Three chairs were placed here: the Grand Duke, his grandson and the Metropolitan. On the tarp lay Monomakh's cap and barm. The Metropolitan served a prayer service with five bishops and many archimandrites. Ivan III and the Metropolitan took their places on the dais. Prince Dmitry stood before them.
“Father, Metropolitan,” Ivan Vasilyevich said loudly, “since ancient times, our ancestors gave the great reign to their first sons, so I blessed my first son Ivan with the great reign. By the will of God, he died. I now bless his eldest son, my grandson Dmitry, with me and after me with the Grand Duchy of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod. And you, father, give him your blessing."
After these words, the metropolitan invited Dmitry to stand in the place intended for him, laid his hand on his bowed head and prayed loudly, that the Almighty would vouchsafe him with His mercy, that virtue, pure faith and justice, etc., live in his heart. first barmy, then Monomakh's hat, he passed Ivan III, and he already laid them on his grandson. This was followed by a litany, a prayer to the Theotokos, and many years; after which the clergy congratulated both Grand Dukes. “By the grace of God, rejoice and hello,” the Metropolitan proclaimed, “rejoice, Orthodox Tsar Ivan, Grand Duke of all Russia, autocrat, and with his grandson Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich, of all Russia, for many years!
Then the metropolitan greeted Dmitry and gave him a brief instruction so that he would have the fear of God in his heart, love the truth, mercy and righteous judgment, and so on. The prince repeated the same instruction to his grandson. With this, the coronation ceremony ended.
After mass, Dmitry left the church wearing barm and a crown. At the door he was showered with gold and silver money. This shedding was repeated at the entrance to the Archangel and Annunciation Cathedral, where the newly married Grand Duke went to pray. On this day, a rich feast was arranged at Ivan III. But the boyars did not rejoice at their triumph for long. And less than a year later, a terrible disgrace befell the main opponents of Sophia and Vasily - the princes Patrikeev and Ryapolovsky. Semyon Ryapolovsky was beheaded on the Moscow River. At the request of the clergy, the Patrikeyevs were shown mercy. The father was tonsured a monk in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the eldest son in Kirillo-Belozersky, and the youngest was kept in custody in Moscow. There are no clear indications why the sovereign's disgrace befell these strong boyars. On one occasion, only Ivan III expressed himself about Ryapolovsky, that he was with Patrikeev " high-minded". These boyars, apparently, allowed themselves to annoy the Grand Duke with their advice and considerations. There is also no doubt that some of their intrigues against Sophia and Vasily were revealed. At the same time, Elena and Dmitry fell into disgrace; probably, her participation in the Jewish heresy also damaged her. Sophia and Vasily again took up their former position. From that time on, the sovereign began, according to the chroniclers, "not to take care of his grandson", and declared his son Vasily the Grand Duke of Novgorod and Pskov. The Pskovites, not yet knowing that Dmitry and his mother had fallen out of favor, sent to ask the sovereign and Dmitry to keep their fatherland in the old way, would not appoint a separate prince to Pskov, so that the Grand Duke who would be in Moscow would also be in Pskov.
This request annoyed Ivan III.
“Am I not free in my grandson and in my children,” he said in anger, “to whom I want, I will give the principality!”
He even ordered two of the ambassadors to be imprisoned. In 1502, Dmitry and Elena were ordered to be kept in custody, not to commemorate them at litanies in the church and not to call Dmitry the Grand Duke.
Sending ambassadors to Lithuania, Ivan ordered them to say this if their daughter or anyone else asked about Vasily:
“Our sovereign granted his son, made him a sovereign: as he himself is a sovereign in his states, so is his son with him in all those states a sovereign.”
The ambassador, who went to the Crimea, had to talk about the changes at the Moscow court like this:
“Our sovereign granted his grandson Dmitry, but he began to be rude to our sovereign; but after all, everyone favors the one who serves and strives, and who is rude, the one for which to favor.
Sofia died in 1503. Ivan III, already feeling weak in health, prepared a will. Meanwhile, it was time for Vasily to get married. An attempt to marry him to the daughter of the Danish king failed; then, on the advice of a courtier, a Greek, Ivan Vasilyevich followed the example of the Byzantine emperors. It was ordered to the court to gather the most beautiful girls, daughters of the boyars and boyar children, for the bride. They collected fifteen hundred of them. Vasily chose Solomonia, the daughter of the nobleman Saburov.
This method of marriage later became a custom among the Russian tsars. There was little good in him: when choosing a bride, they valued health and beauty, they did not pay much attention to temper and mind. Moreover, a woman who accidentally came to the throne, often from an ignoble state, could not behave like a real queen: in her husband she saw her master and merciful, she was not a friend for him, but a slave. She could not recognize herself as an equal with the king, and it seemed out of place for her to sit on the throne next to him; but at the same time, as a queen, she had no equal among those around her. Alone in the brilliant royal chambers, in precious jewelry, she was like a prisoner; and the king, her lord, was also alone on the throne. The manners and customs of the court also responded to the life of the boyars, and among them the separation of women from men, even seclusion, intensified even more.
In the same year that Vasily's marriage was completed (1505), Ivan III died on October 27, at the age of 67.
According to the will, all his five sons: Vasily, Yuri, Dmitry, Simeon and Andrei received allotments; but the eldest was assigned 66 cities, the richest, and the remaining four received 30 cities together; besides, they were deprived of the right to judge criminal cases in the destinies and to mint coins.
Therefore, the younger brothers of Ivan III certainly could not be called sovereigns; they were even obliged by an oath to keep the Grand Duke as master "honestly and menacingly, without offense." In the event of the death of an older brother, the younger ones had to obey the son of the deceased as their master. Thus, a new order of succession to the throne was established from father to son. Even during his lifetime, Ivan Vasilyevich ordered Vasily to conclude a similar agreement with Yuri, his second son; moreover, the will said: “If one of my sons dies and leaves neither a son nor a grandson behind, then his entire inheritance goes to my son Vasily, and the younger brothers do not intervene in this inheritance.” The grandson of Dmitry was no longer mentioned.
All your movable property, or "treasury", as it was then said ( gems, gold and silver items, furs, dresses, etc.), Ivan III bequeathed to Vasily.
On February 15, 1458, Ivan III had his first child, who was also named Ivan. He will not be destined to become John IV: he will go down in the history books as Ivan the Young. We know him from childhood under a completely different nickname - Ivan Tsarevich.
mother's face
Once, when Ivan was 9 years old, his father left for state affairs in Kolomna. In his absence, Maria Borisovna, Ivan's mother, who was only twenty-five years old, suddenly fell ill and died. It happened so unexpectedly that it was rumored that a “death potion” was involved here. But to whom could the humble princess cross the road? They didn’t go far - they blamed the wife of the nobleman Alexei Poluektov, who served the queen and, as they said, “carried her belt to a fortune teller.” Returning to the Kremlin, John the Third did not believe the rumors. Nevertheless, the Poluektovs got scared and disappeared from the yard for 6 years.
Young Ivan, too, could not immediately believe that his mother had died, because he did not see her lying in a coffin, there was another woman in front of him: blurry, ugly, motionless, with a strange, swollen face.
Kazan campaign
Ros Tsarevich is a help to his father. From a young age, he accompanied him in feats of war. Ivan also participated in the famous Kazan campaign of 1468 as the formal leader of one of the detachments. A great army gathered: they went to take Kazan, to defeat a dangerous enemy. This was the first military campaign of Ivan the Young, which can be called successful. True, for diplomatic reasons, the happiness of the young prince from military exploits was not long. One fine morning, Ivan was informed that the Polish ambassador had arrived in Moscow. The king, who was then in Pereyaslavl, ordered the ambassador to come to him and, after negotiations, sent him with an answer to the King, and he himself, together with his son and most of the army, returned to Moscow. But, the warlike life of the prince did not end there, because it was he who would later become one of the heroes that would drive the Tatars from the Russian land.
unwavering
Ivan III was 22 years old when he became the sole ruler of the Moscow lands. His son was at the same age when he turned from a princely son into a hero who drove the Tatars away and removed the three hundred years of captivity of Russia.
With the Kazan khans during the reign of Ivan III - the father of John the Young, relations did not develop. The Tatars did not want to put up with the loss of their power and territories, so they looked for weaknesses in the "defense" of the tsar in every possible way. They found out about Ivan's conflict with the Poles and with the rebellious princes who resisted the strengthening of Muscovy's power. Then Khan Akhmatov decided to seize the moment and attack the “weakened” state. John, in response, gathered a huge army and led him to the southern borders, to the Ugra River. But, the closer to the battlefield, the stronger he was seized by indecision. In the end, he ordered his son, who was standing with the vanguard, to retreat. But Ivan the Young disobeyed his father: "We are waiting for the Tatars" - he briefly answered his father's envoy. Then the sovereign sovereign sent to his son Prince Kholmsky, one of the largest politicians of that time, but even he could not convince Ivan Ivanovich. “It is better for me to die here than to retire from the army,” was his answer to his father. The Tatars approached the Ugra. Ivan Molodoy and his uncle, Prince Andrei Menshoi, exchanged fire with the Khan's army for four days and forced him to move two versts from the coast. As it turned out later, this was the only attack of the Tatars, in which the young prince won thanks to his steadfastness. Khan Akhmatov waited until the cold, trying to intimidate Molodoy with threats, and then finally retreated.
Voloshanka
He showed himself on the battlefield, so it's time to get married. In the winter of 1482, Ivan the Young was invited to visit his grandmother in the Ascension Monastery of the Moscow Kremlin. She introduced the prince to his betrothed, the daughter of the Moldavian ruler, Elena. As in a fairy tale, Elena, who was nicknamed Voloshanka, was both beautiful and wise. She liked not only the young prince, but also his grandmother and father. For several days, the young met, and on Epiphany they were married. And again, as scheduled, nine months later their son Dmitry was born. It would seem, and then follows “and they lived happily ever after” - after Ivan III, the rightful heir will rise to the throne - Ivan IV - a sensible, battle-hardened prince, and a new sovereign is growing to replace him. But fate decreed otherwise. Not that Ivan became the Fourth in Muscovy, but the memory of his son and wife has sunk into oblivion. True, they say, it was from this branch that the Rachmaninoff family descended, in which, 400 years later, the famous Russian composer was born.
pattern scandal
The birth of a grandson became a holiday for John III. To celebrate, he decided to give his daughter-in-law, Elena Stefanovna, a patterned, that is, pearl jewelry, which was a dowry of his first wife, the mother of Ivan the Young - Maria Borisovna. The pattern was of great value to the tsar - his very act indicated that he recognized this couple as the future rulers of united Russia. They sent for a pattern, and then the story was very reminiscent of the struggle for a pendant in The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas - no matter how many servants were looking for pendants, they could not find it.
It turned out that the second wife of Ivan III, grand duchess Sophia Paleolog, originally from Byzantium, presented the jewelry to her niece, Maria Paleolog, wife of Prince Vasily of Vereya. John was furious. The Grand Duke ordered Maria to return "illegally appropriated". In fear of the royal wrath, Vasily Vereisky fled with his wife to Lithuania. John declared Basil a traitor and took away his inheritance. However, Elena did not get the pattern.
snake tail
As you know, at the time of the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow, the Grand Dukes had by no means unfriendly relations with its main competitors - the Tver princes. They have not yet abandoned their hope - to seize the initiative of the painfully “overgrown” Muscovy. Deciding to finally eliminate the threat, Ivan Vasilyevich annexed the Principality of Tver, under the pretext of high treason. In general, there is no smoke without fire - Mikhail, Prince of Tver, actively corresponded with the Polish king, urging him to war with Moscow. Tver had to endure three days, after the tsar was informed about careless correspondence. The cowardly Michael fled to Lithuania, and Tver opened the gates to the new sovereign. The territories passed to Ivan Molodoy, Mikhail's nephew and sole heir. Thus, according to the plan of John III, in the person of his eldest son, two strong Russian principalities were united into one strong state. The father was preparing a firm ground for his son ...
On the occasion of the reign of Ivan Ivanovich, a coin was minted in Tver, on which a young prince was depicted chopping the tail of a snake. "Tver tails" are cut off - the Russian lands, after several centuries of fragmentation, finally united.
Venetian doctor
Foreigners, Italians in particular, periodically left traces in medieval Russian history. For example, one Venetian ambassador to the Horde was convicted of deceit: while living in Moscow, he hid the purpose of his trip from the sovereign, for which he was almost executed. Another of his compatriots, a doctor named Leon, did much worse.
At thirty-two, Ivan Molodoy became seriously ill: he was overcome by “kamchyuga”, that is, aching legs, a symptom not uncommon in medicine. The “caring stepmother” Sofya Paleolog, who, it should be noted, was directly interested in the death of her stepson, ordered the doctor Lebi Zhidovin from Venice, who promised to cure the heir. He put him hot jars, gave him some kind of medicine, but Ivan only got worse. At the end of treatment, he died. The unsuccessful doctor was executed, although, perhaps for the cause, after all, he was invited by Sophia, whose sons were the next contenders for the throne after the unfortunate "Ivan Tsarevich".
IVAN IVANOVICH Young (February 15, 1458, Moscow - March 7, 1490, ibid; buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin), Grand Duke of Moscow (1471-1490), Grand Duke of Tver (1485-90). From the Moscow Rurik dynasty, the son of Ivan III Vasilyevich from his 1st marriage to Maria Borisovna; father of Dmitry Ivanovich Vnuk. First mentioned in the "finishing" (agreement) of the late 1460s of Ivan III with Andrei Vasilyevich Bolshoi (Griewing). Since June 1471, in princely agreements, domestic and foreign policy documents, chronicle texts, he was called the Grand Duke, becoming co-ruler and heir to his father. During long campaigns and trips of Ivan III to Novgorod, he replaced him in Moscow as the supreme ruler (June - August 1471, 1475-76, 1477-78, 1479-80). He was present at the solemn court ceremonies: the meeting of Ivan III after the campaign against Novgorod (1471), the transfer of the relics of Metropolitan Peter (1472), the funeral of Metropolitan Philip I of Moscow (1473), the consecration of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (1479), etc. Participated in various diplomatic events : gifts were personally sent from him to Pope Sixtus IV (January 1473); Novgorod ambassadors in 1477 were sent not only to Ivan III, but also to Ivan Ivanovich; in the Russian-Livonian documents of the 1470s, he was called "tsar", like Ivan III. From the end of the 1470s, he carried out the Grand Duke's court in Moscow.
In the course of repelling the attack of Khan of the Great Horde Ahmed on the Russian state on June 8, 1480, he was sent from Moscow to Serpukhov at the head of significant forces (the real commander was, most likely, Prince D. D. Kholmsky). In late September - early October, he commanded the redeployment of the main forces of Russian troops to the left bank of the Ugra River before Standing on the Ugra in 1480. He refused to obey his father's order - to leave the location of the troops and return to Moscow. The army led by Ivan Ivanovich repulsed all attempts of the Horde to force the Ugra River (October 1480).
In the early 1480s, the role of Ivan Ivanovich as the Grand Duke of Moscow in administrative and judicial activities noticeably increased. On January 12, 1483, he married Elena Stefanovna, daughter of the Moldavian ruler Stephen III the Great. The fact that Ivan Ivanovich reached the status of full social maturity in connection with his marriage and the birth of his son Dmitry (10/10/1483), as well as the fact that Ivan III had children in his 2nd marriage with 3. (S. F.) Paleolog, most likely, it led to the allocation of a separate territory to Ivan Ivanovich (Suzdal, Galich, Kostroma), where he ruled as the Grand Duke (however, this did not cancel the supreme power in this territory of Ivan III). In 1485 Ivan Ivanovich participated in a campaign against the Tver principality; as a result of a short siege and flight to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the last Grand Duke of Tver, Mikhail Borisovich, Tver capitulated. On September 15, 1485, the entry of the Grand Dukes of Moscow (Ivan III and Ivan Ivanovich) into the Tver Kremlin and a solemn service in the Spassky Cathedral took place.
By decision of Ivan III, the Grand Duchy of Tver was included in the Russian state on the rights of significant autonomy, and Ivan Ivanovich was appointed its head with the title of Grand Duke of Tver, on the maternal side - the grandson of the Grand Duke of Tver Boris Alexandrovich and nephew Mikhail Borisovich. On September 18, 1485, Ivan Ivanovich “entered the city of Tfer Zhyti”. On the initial stage During the reign of Ivan Ivanovich, his activities were controlled to a certain extent by the governor of Tver, appointed by Ivan III, V. F. Obrazets-Simsky. The prerogatives of Ivan Ivanovich as the Grand Duke of Tver did not cancel the supreme power of Ivan III over the Tver principality, and Ivan Ivanovich did not lose the rights of his father's co-ruler in relation to the Netver territories (there are cases when the issuance of court decisions was postponed until Ivan Ivanovich arrived from Tver to Moscow) and the corresponding title (in Swedish charters and Novgorod documents he was called the Grand Duke of "All Russia"). In addition to his residence in Tver, Ivan Ivanovich probably had a separate courtyard in the Moscow Kremlin. In general, Ivan Ivanovich retained the institutions and institutions traditional for the Principality of Tver. Under Ivan Ivanovich, a special Tver court included many representatives of the Tver titles, the aristocracy (most of the former specific princes - the Tver Rurikovichs - became serving princes and boyars), untitled nobility (Borisov-Borozdins, Zhitovs, Kindyrevs, Sakmyshevs, etc.), other Tver clans and surnames, as well as people from "Moscow" families (princes Obolensky and Tulupov, Gusev-Dobrynsky, Pushkin, Saburov, etc.). Within the framework of the court and palace possessions of Ivan Ivanovich, the Tver Boyar Duma, the institute of the butler, and the traveling departments (in particular, the trapping and falconer routes) functioned. There was a special system military service“from Tver”, when governors from the members of the Tver court were sent for campaigns or garrison service with detachments of Tver boyar children (including a campaign against Kazan in 1487; to participate in the Russian-Lithuanian war of 1487-94; on a campaign against Vyatka 1489). The special Tver office under Ivan Ivanovich used Moscow, Tver, and also combined forms when issuing letters of commendation and feeding. Ivan Ivanovich confirmed the ownership of the estates of the majority of the Tver boyars and boyar children (including those who left for Moscow in the late 1470s and returned after 1485), at the same time he developed a landownership system on the Tver lands. There is a version about Ivan Ivanovich's connections with members of the Moscow circle of heretics, but there are no direct facts confirming this.
From the summer of 1488, Ivan Ivanovich began to visit Moscow more often and longer, probably due to the exacerbation of his chronic polyarthritis. At the beginning of 1490, the doctor Leon, who arrived in Moscow from Venice, promised Ivan III to heal Ivan Ivanovich, guaranteeing success with his own life. However, the intensive methods of treatment applied by Leon brought the opposite result: from him Ivan Ivanovich "had a heavy life and died" (for this, Leon was executed on 29/04/1490).
Lit .: Kashtanov S. M. Socio-political history of Russia at the end of the 15th - the first half of the 16th century. M., 1967; Florya B. N. On the ways of political centralization of the Russian state (on the example of the Tver land) // Society and the state of feudal Russia. M., 1975; Khoroshkevich A. L. Russian state in the system of international relations of the late XV - early XVI century. M., 1980; Nazarov V.D. The overthrow of the Horde yoke in Russia. M., 1983; Alekseev Yu. G. Liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke. L., 1989.
The meaning of the name diamond is sonan
Pirantel instructions for use for
What is a genetic passport What does a genetic passport include
Nebilet - a powerful tool in the fight against hypertension
Solution, aerosol Berodual: instructions for use for inhalation