Non-woven textile materials. Multi-purpose material nonwoven fabric What is non-woven fabric

The use of nonwoven synthetic materials already has little history, with its achievements and miscalculations. At first they were intended for the manufacture of army camouflage materials, insulation for clothes, but then vegetable growers paid attention to them - and they were not mistaken. Today, non-woven synthetic materials (also called agrofibre) are widely and successfully used in vegetable growing when growing early vegetables.

Opportunities and risks

One of the eternal problems is the cultivation of vegetables, fruits and flowers in the off-season. They tried to solve it first with the use of greenhouses, and then glass and film greenhouses, for growing seedlings and obtaining off-season products.
Nonwovens began to be produced by the US paper industry in the second half of the 19th century.

The first material was called "pellon" - it consisted of chaotic fibers glued together with starch. During the Second World War, the production of pellone increased: it was used to make cheap camouflage materials, and after the war they began to be used in the sewing business. Over time, artificial propylene fibers appeared and technology improved from gluing to mechanical pressing. In the world literature on vegetable growing, it is called nonwooven materials, or fabrics.

In vegetable growing, agrofibre was used for the first time in the 70s of the last century, and today in the EU countries it is already used on 30% of the area. In Ukraine, the pioneers in the introduction of this material in the mid-90s were, surprisingly, amateurs, and now it is widely used in industrial vegetable growing.

Among its main advantages are the possibility of accelerated production of early products in spring, protection of plants from pests and dust, protection of crops from premature spring and autumn frosts.

A wide range of non-woven synthetic material on the Ukrainian market is offered by many companies: the selection criteria are the uniformity of fiber distribution, density, color and width of the fabrics.

In order not to make a mistake in choosing agrofibre, you should clarify the direction of its use. To do this, you need to compare the advantages and disadvantages of nonwovens compared to other shelters.

A polyethylene film (solid or perforated) that was attached to the arcs, of course, could be considered an achievement. Despite its considerable cost, the rush to get an early harvest covered the costs. Among the shortcomings of the film, vegetable growers note the high cost, high specific gravity, poor ventilation in the film greenhouse (dew drops form on the film). In addition, shelters require supports and after its use there are problems with disposal (burning is prohibited by environmental regulations). Under the film, the temperature decreases and rises faster, which leads to both hypothermia and overheating of plants.

Despite the fact that the film is still widely used, agrofibre has a number of advantages over it. It is cheaper in price. For example, the wholesale price of the lightest material with a density of 17 g/m2 averages 0.7-1 UAH/m2, and with a density of 23 g/m2 - up to 1.5 UAH/m2.

The lightness of agrofibre allows it to be laid on plants without supports, and in the case of using agrofibre with a density higher than 30 g/m2, supports do not require significant capital investments. Agrofibre allows air and moisture to pass through, plants under it do not experience stress from sudden temperature changes in the evening and in the morning. Irrigation can be applied to the surface of the fiber without removing it, but drip irrigation is best to prevent contamination. dew on inner surface is not formed, which protects plants from the spread of diseases. Although it was found in tests that under high density covers (more than 30 g/m2) this problem has not been completely solved.

Agrofibre is easily removed before weeding and other technological operations. It perfectly protects young plants from dangerous pests: cabbage, radish, arugula, mustard leaf, watercress - from cruciferous fleas; lettuce and other greens - from aphids; onions and asparagus - from the onion and asparagus fly. Considering that pests settle and harm immediately after germination, the beds are covered immediately after sowing or planting seedlings.

One of the important advantages of agrofibre is the ability to protect against short-term frosts.
So far, for agrofibre, the environmental problem of its disposal remains an urgent one (as well as for all other synthetic materials used in vegetable growing - pots, bags, cassettes, films and other chemical products). Non-woven synthetic materials have several advantages over film: they are made from polypropylene intended for the production of food packaging.

Tear resistance makes it possible to reuse agrofibre for several seasons (for example, while it is clean (by the way, it can be washed), it is used to cover plants, and after pollution and breaks, it is used to mulch the soil or protect perennials from frost).

Agrofibre can be used permanently (from sowing to harvesting) or temporarily, at certain stages of growth (for example, only to obtain friendly seedlings); they are covered directly with plants or arcs are used. Cheap plastic arcs are best suited - agrofibre breaks less on them.

However, it should be noted that this material is not a panacea for all occasions. Its effectiveness depends on the early maturity of the variety or heterotic hybrid, the degree of soil heating, the direction of the slope, weather conditions and the density of the covering material.

Some vegetable crops can be grown without agrofibre or used only at a certain stage.

Agrofibre is indispensable for growing early vegetables during a cold and long spring. If high temperatures are kept in the spring, then vegetables can be grown without shelter, but this happens only once every 4–5 years. In order to get the desired yield of early vegetables, early ripening hybrids adapted to the rapid formation of the crop should be selected. They cover the bed only after thawing the soil, or first cover it with a film for quick warming up, and after germination - with agrofiber.

Naturally, more favorable conditions are created on the southern and southwestern slopes. It is a mistake to cover deeply frozen soil: in this case, agrofibre, on the contrary, will restrain heating (the so-called thermos effect will work).

When growing cucumber, zucchini, squash and strawberries, the agrofiber is removed every morning during flowering (usually completely), and the plants are covered at night. These crops (except for parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids) require pollination by insects.

Although the agrofibre protects against overheating, on some hot spring days, the beds should be opened, at least on one side. Overheating usually occurs in sunny calm weather, while in windy weather, on the contrary, this phenomenon is not observed. In addition, there are problems with protection from sudden gusts of wind, which breaks the canvas and damages plants (primarily lettuce and spinach).

Agrofibre also has its own unusual pest - crows, who are curious about what vegetable growers are hiding from them. And sometimes stray dogs, hunting for rodents, tear the canvas.

Agrofibre is used in vegetable growing and for other purposes:

• seedlings are covered in a greenhouse or in a hotbed for temporary protection from a sharp cold snap;

• insulate the side walls of greenhouses;

• cover seed plants of radish, radish and cabbage from sparrows that eat seeds;

• cover garlic and perennials for the winter (usually used canvases are usually used, which increases their profitability);

• they mulch the soil.

The scope of application of agrofibre is not limited to the above.
When covering with a cloth, two things should be taken into account important factors: it is necessary to properly strengthen the edges (for this, 15–20 cm are usually left along the edges) and provide that when the plants grow in height, the fabric will have to be released. Edges reinforce various materials: soil (but, alas, it pollutes the edges very much), planks, boards, soil bags, hooks, etc.

They begin to plan the width of the beds, focusing on the width of the cloth offered by the firms. In most cases, agrofibre comes to the market with a basic width of 1.6 m. These fabrics are sewn or welded by vegetable growers, depending on the desired width of the beds, starting from 3.2 m (4.8, 6.4, 7 m, etc.). ) and up to 15.8 m. 2 cm are left for each weld, so the maximum width of the connected panel of 10 strips is 15.8 m.

Depending on the needs of the customer, the length can be very different. Knowing the width of the canvas, proceed to the calculation of the width of the beds according to the following formula:
the width of the canvas minus the width of the edges for reinforcement (2 x 15 cm) minus the two planned heights of the plants at the time of harvest.

For example, we plan to grow lettuce up to a height of 20 cm with a canvas width of 6.4 m. Then the technological width of the beds will be: 6.4 m - (2 x 15 cm) - (2 x 20 cm) = = 5.7 m. The extreme rows of lettuce are placed at the rate of "one height of a commercial plant" from the place where the canvas is attached. Only after that proceed to the calculation of the width of the row spacing and ridges.

When buying agrofibre, require a certificate, and evaluate the quality, guided by the following rules:

• decide on the purpose of its use: with the vegetable crop that you plan to grow, with the timing and duration of its use, with the probability and intensity of temperature drop, with wind activity;

• examine the sample for uniform distribution of fibers (the worse the uniformity, the lower the strength and ability to retain precious heat);

• determine the correspondence between the density (in g / m2) and the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe purchased canvas. For vegetable growing, brands with a density of 17 to 60 g / m2 come to the markets (higher density brands are used in construction), that is, it is bought not by meters, but by weight. The purchased agrofibre should be weighed: the mass of the purchase should be equal to its area multiplied by the density. For example, 100 m2 with a density of 17 g/m2 will weigh 1.7 kg;

• for agrofibre with low density - 17 or 23 g / m2, according to the standards, the relative elongation at break should be at least 140-160% (i.e. after stretching 10 m2, you can get 14 m2, further stretching leads to breaks). In the laboratory, the tensile strength in the longitudinal direction is more accurately determined: it should be 12–14 MPa (characteristics should be individual for each brand);

• in agrofiber, the front side is glossy, and the wrong side is fleecy: the fabric is placed on the wrong side of the plants, which prevents the formation of dew and helps retain heat at night, and outward - the front side, which reduces dust adhesion.

If white agrofibre serves to cover plants and insulate greenhouses, then black dense agrofibre (50 g / m2) is used to mulch the soil under perennial vegetable and berry crops, as well as in the near-stem strips of the garden.

One of the important features of agrofibre is the regulation of temperature during the day. Under shelters, the temperature warms up more slowly in the morning, but lasts longer in the evening. The maximum temperature rise during the day depends on the brand, cloud cover and wind speed. For example, in sunny windless weather, the temperature rise under a canvas with a density of 17 g/m2 is 5...7°C, and in windy weather - 2...3°C (in cloudy weather - half as much, respectively).

The effectiveness of the use of agrofibre depends on the accumulated amount of active temperatures.
A particularly valuable property of agrofibre, in contrast to the film, is frost protection. The density mark conditionally indicates the possibility of protection against short-term frosts, which are observed in the morning with a cloudless sky and calm weather (agrofibre is not able to protect against prolonged cold snaps and a cold north wind).

For example, brand 17 g/m2 protects from -1...-2°С, 23 - from -2...-3°С, 30 g/m2 - from -3...-4°С. Given that the tops of the leaves are in contact with the agrofibre, they freeze slightly faster than the middle and lower parts of the plants.

In spring, agrofibre is used to obtain green crops (various salads), to grow seedlings (tomato, medium and late cabbage). They cover at the first stages of growth (until the middle or end of May) cucumber, zucchini, squash, watermelon, melon, sugar corn, vegetable beans, pepper, tomato, strawberries.

Excellent results are obtained when growing beam products of radishes, carrots, and beets. Experiments conducted by Crimean scientists show that early potatoes under agrofiber can be grown 10–12 days earlier than on open soil. Under the agrofibre, the growth of perennials accelerates - rhubarb, sorrel, perennial onions.

Their distinctive features have both film and non-woven synthetic materials used for mulching.

Mulching materials from the film are transparent and black. The main width of the cloth is 1.6 m (sometimes 1.8 m). After gluing or welding, create the required width, a multiple of the base width. The application effect and usage methods of these two kinds of film are different.

A transparent film is laid on the bed immediately after sowing cucumber, zucchini, squash, watermelon, melon and sugar corn. After the emergence of mass seedlings at the desired distance above the plants, holes with a diameter of 5 cm are cut. Rain or irrigation water will penetrate through them to the plants. To control weeds before germination or immediately after they appear, it is necessary to lift the edges of the film and weed out the weeds. In more late dates they themselves burn out under the film. This is one of the disadvantages of clear mulch film.

When growing seedlings using a black mulch film, the beds are covered only before planting the seedlings, after cutting holes for the plants. Black film has more advantages than transparent film, namely: it creates a softer temperature regime, without large drops, and weed problems are solved by themselves. In addition, modern mulching films are more durable. If it is necessary to protect the soil from overheating, another type of film is used - with a shiny reflective aluminum layer. Mulching films work well with drip irrigation, and the irrigation tubes should only be placed between the soil and the film.

A more promising way of mulching is the use of non-woven synthetic materials: both black and black and white. For mulching, a density of more than 50 g/m2 is used. For use in summer cottages and household plots, mulching agrofibre is sold in lengths of 5 and 10 m, and for farms - in rolls of 100 m or more in length.

Non-woven synthetic materials are very hygienic, environmentally friendly, easily pass water and air to the roots of plants, protect against weeds and are relatively cheap. A novelty is a new mulching "hybrid" - a black and white agrofibre, which is obtained by pressing white material onto a black lining.

Black and white agrofibre is laid with the black side to the soil, and the light side out. The light layer protects the roots of the plant from overheating, but contributes to better illumination of the leaves from the underside, which increases the intensity of photosynthesis. For strawberries, there is another positive factor: the light side reflects light and evenly illuminates the fruit from all sides. Berries acquire a uniform color.

Irrigation pipes, unlike mulching films, are placed both under the agrofibre and above it. One of the very important positive properties is that under the mulch the soil does not compact and does not turn sour. Growers of melons and strawberries should consider the significant advantages of mulching nonwovens in producing very clean and uncontaminated fruits that cannot be washed before sale!

Under such a mulch, soil worms and microorganisms feel great. In comparison with the mulching film, the temperature regime of the soil during the day is distributed very evenly. A particularly high positive effect from the new mulching method is obtained on cucumber, melons, peppers, eggplant, raspberries, black currants and strawberries. It should be noted that in the hot conditions of the South of Ukraine, on the southern slopes and on quickly drying sandy soils, the effect is especially noticeable.

There are several simple rules the use of black and white agrofibre. It is laid only on a heated bed, otherwise the opposite effect of a "thermos" is obtained. For its uniform distribution over the surface, weeds are destroyed and leveled. The edges of the mulching cloth are reinforced with studs or sprinkled with soil.

One of the very important issues of using agrofibre in vegetable growing is the formation of economic efficiency. Despite their widespread use, these materials remain expensive on the market and do not always pay off or their profitability remains low. Our research shows that the profitability of nonwovens in vegetable growing is formed due to three main factors:

• increasing productivity;

• speeding up the entry to the market of early products in the spring or extending the time of entry in the fall at higher prices;

• improving the quality of products (including expanding the possibility of organic production).

As for the yield of early production, in most cases this is quite rare. In some cases, the marketability of the crop improves (for example, early cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, radish). So you should not count on a real increase from the use of agrofibre. It helps to accelerate the entry into the market, but do not forget that each hectare covered with agrofibre is very expensive (for example, even for agrofibre with a density of 17 g / m2, the cost of buying, bringing, sheltering, additional care and its removal is more than 12 thousand UAH /ha).

In addition, to prove to the buyer that agrofibre was used to protect the radish, and not chemicals, is very difficult. In this regard, even favorable combinations of yield, early maturity and quality do not always make the use of nonwoven synthetic materials cost-effective.

Thus, agrofibre requires complex innovative solutions from the vegetable grower.

Z. Sych, d.s.-x. n., professor, head. Department of Vegetable Growing NUBiP Ukraine

Article from the journal "Vegetable", № 2014 / 2

Nonwovens: classification and methods of application

Non-woven fabrics are found not only in industrial production, but also in everyday life. These are individual gowns and caps that are given out in the emergency room of any hospital, wet wipes for wiping hands, cleaning cloths, baby diapers and a host of other things that you have to deal with daily. Consider the main types of nonwoven materials, methods of their production, characteristics and scope.

Non-woven materials include materials for the manufacture of which traditional weaving technologies are not used. For the first time such a product made of viscose fibers bonded with chemicals was obtained in the mid-30s of the twentieth century in France. At present, in many countries there are large enterprises that produce all kinds of nonwoven materials.

According to their purpose, they are classified into the following categories:

• technical. These are various filtering, cleaning, insulating, upholstery and other products used in construction, agriculture and many industries;
• household. These include all kinds of materials for tailoring, artificial fur, the basis of leather substitutes, batting, felt, felt, terry cloth, etc.;
• medical. In any hospital, disposable napkins, towels, diapers and sheets are widely used. In addition, various dressings, tampons, pads and diapers can also be non-woven.

Many catering establishments purchase non-woven tablecloths, aprons, bathrobes and caps for service personnel. Some companies sew uniforms for their employees from such canvases.

Methods for the production of nonwovens

As raw materials for the production of non-woven fabrics, natural ones are used: cotton, linen, wool or silk - as well as synthetic and artificial fibers. In addition, textile waste is often recycled.

The manufacturing process includes several stages:

1. Cleaning and sorting of raw materials. At the same time binder solutions are prepared.
2. Forming the canvas - laying the fibers in different directions.
3. Binding material.
4. Fabric processing - drying, dyeing, bleaching, etc.

The classification of technologies for connecting fibers into a monolithic product includes several methods.

glue method

It is most often used for making the base for oilcloth, leather substitute or linoleum, for interlining fabrics - non-woven fabric, dublerin, as well as in the printing industry. The decomposed fibers are impregnated with special adhesives, which, when solidified, form a web.

The materials obtained in this way have high strength, rigidity and elasticity. They are resistant to heat, dry cleaning and washing. characteristic feature is a sufficient level of aeration and significant hygroscopicity.

Knitting and punching method

Prepared and shaped fibers are knitted with nylon or cotton threads, forming a rigid frame. In this way, flannel, baize, batting, drape and cloth are obtained.

The materials from which clothes are subsequently sewn have a number of positive qualities. They do not shrink, do not wrinkle, pass air well and have high wear resistance.

A variant of the method is thread stitching, in which the fabric is obtained by interlacing a system of two or more threads. This is how many fabrics are made for sewing dresses, blouses, men's shirts and even swimwear. Products from them keep their shape well and have low thermal conductivity.

Needle-punched method

The prepared material is laid out on special machines and is subjected to numerous piercings with highly heated jagged needles. As a result, the fibers are chaotically entangled, the fabric is fastened together.

In the needle-punched way, most heaters are obtained - synthetic winterizer, batting and others. Their significant disadvantage is that during operation, individual fibers can penetrate through upper layer. This not only affects appearance product, but also reduces its thermal conductivity and durability.

thermal method

At the preparatory stage add a certain amount of fibers having a melting point lower than the bulk. When heated, they quickly melt and form a solid product.

This technology is used to obtain some types of fillers for upholstered furniture, as well as inexpensive insulating materials for outerwear. They are distinguished by low density, but significant elasticity and resistance to chemicals.

Hydrojet method

Products obtained with this innovative technology, are used in medicine, cosmetology: disposable underwear, gowns, dressings, napkins, tampons, sponges, etc. The most famous are sontara, novitex and fibrella.

The method is based on weaving and binding fibers with high-pressure water jets. Its pioneer is the well-known American company DuPont.

Interesting to know! For the production of baby diapers, the airforming method is used. The fibers enter the air stream and turn into cotton wool, which is then sprayed onto a special adhesive tape.

Felt felting method

It allows you to get non-woven materials from pure wool or blended raw materials. In conditions high humidity at certain temperature the fibers are subjected to mechanical stress, as a result of which they are felted.

In this way, felt is obtained, which is used for the production of shoes, warm clothes, blankets and other products. In addition, felt is widely used in the construction of buildings, since it not only retains heat well, but also provides sound insulation for rooms.

The most famous nonwovens

These products have many advantages: softness, elasticity, strength, wear resistance and durability. Modern technologies allow you to create products with pre-programmed characteristics. Let us dwell briefly on the most common materials.

Even 50 years ago, batting was practically the only insulation. It is noteworthy that even coat hangers for evening dresses and elegant suits were made from it.

Now batting is used only in work clothes - padded jackets, mittens, balaclavas, etc. Some manufacturers of orthopedic mattresses also do not forget about this material.

The raw materials for batting are natural or mixed fibers, as well as some waste from textile and clothing production. They are connected into a fabric by a needle-punched or knitting method. The highest quality is considered batting with gauze sizing. Such a canvas is not deformed and has a significant service life.

The disadvantages of batting is its big weight, the ability to absorb moisture and dry for a long time. In addition, moths can start in wool fibers. So modern manufacturers work clothes prefer synthetic insulation.

This is a light, voluminous and elastic non-woven fabric that has good heat-shielding properties. It is often used not only for sewing jackets and coats, but also in the furniture industry, in the manufacture of pillows, blankets, soft toys, sleeping bags, shoes.

The synthetic winterizer is obtained by gluing or thermally from synthetic fibers. Its main advantages over batting are light weight, good dimensional stability and high degree of heat saving.

It's important to know! The adhesive composition used in the production of padding polyester can cause allergic reactions. Therefore, it is not recommended to buy clothes or toys with such a filler for small children.

Spunbond

Disposable gowns, caps, napkins and sheets made from this material are water-repellent. The soft, pleasant to the touch surface of spunbond is associated with cotton fabrics.

Fibers are obtained by forcing molten polypropylene through a plurality of spinnerets. The cured threads are spun and thermally bonded into a web. Modern technologies make it possible to obtain spunbond fibers several tens of times thinner than human hair.

Spunlace

Cotton, viscose or polypropylene fibers, which form the basis of such a fabric, are joined under high pressure by the hydrojet method. The fabric is characterized by increased strength, breathability and the absence of static electricity.

The material is widely used in hairdressing and cosmetology. The most famous spunlace product is wet wipes.

Thinsulate

In terms of heat-saving properties, this non-woven material is comparable to swan or eider down. The name "tinsulate" is translated as "thin heat". It consists of the thinnest hollow polyester fibers, each of which is twisted in a spiral. It is thanks to this that the filler keeps its shape perfectly, instantly returning the product to its original appearance after washing.

The thermal characteristics of the material are also noteworthy. In a jacket with thinsulate, a person feels comfortable even at a frost of 40o. A strikingly thin thickness does not hinder movement and allows you to freely ski or run.

TO negative qualities thinsulate refers to its ability to accumulate static electricity. But with the help of appropriate processing, this problem can be eliminated.

Isosoft

Another modern insulation, which was developed by the Belgian concern Libeltex, the largest manufacturer of nonwovens. Isosoft consists of the finest polyester fibers, connected in such a way as to ensure maximum heat saving.

The thickness of the isosoft is 4 times less than that of the padding polyester, and the warming capacity is 10-12 times higher. The material has all quality certificates, so it can be used without fear even in children's clothing.

Isosoft easily tolerates washing in the machine, without getting lumpy and without penetrating the front side of the product. Clothing dries quickly and returns to its original shape. The disadvantage of the material can only be considered its high cost, but this is more than compensated by its excellent performance and durability.

From thin and delicate rabbit and goat down, a beautiful material called felting is obtained by felting. It is used for the manufacture of outerwear, shoes, hats, children's toys and decor items.

Sometimes, to give the product additional strength and resistance to deformation, viscose or synthetic threads are added to the fluff. This felt has a smooth surface with a pleasant sheen.

Felt is actively used to create a variety of crafts. This is facilitated by the fact that the material is well colored, does not crumble when cutting, and looks the same both from the front and from the wrong side.

It's important to know! When washing, felt products can shrink and shed. Therefore, to care for them, it is best to use dry cleaning using special products.

Nonwovens, the list of which becomes more extensive every year, are rightly considered the product of tomorrow. The many advantages they possess make them indispensable in various areas ah human life.

N woven materials are textile products from fibers or threads interconnected without the use of weaving methods.

Currently, the popularity of nonwovens is due to many factors. This is both a low cost of production and a wide range of applications: in mechanical engineering, furniture and textile industries, medicine, construction, etc. Products from them are distinguished by high wear resistance, good thermal insulation and strength, low price.

V modern world Most nonwovens are produced by processes in which the fibers are bonded with binders (adhesives). In this case, there are several ways to obtain glued non-woven materials.

Methods for obtaining glued nonwoven materials

The most common method is the impregnation of the base of the non-woven material - a canvas from a layer of textile fibers obtained by a mechanical method - with synthetic latex.

In the hot pressing method, the gluing of the fibers takes place at high temperatures with thermoplastics.

The production of nonwoven materials using paper machines is relatively cheap, when the binder is introduced either directly into the mass entering the machine, or into an already cast web. Products produced in this way are widely used as disposable products (dressing materials, textile products for hotels, etc.).

The methods of obtaining glued materials also include spunbond and structure-forming.

Mechanical methods for producing nonwoven materials

When using the canvas-stitching method, the fibers are fastened as a result of stitching them with threads. In this way, heat-insulating and packaging materials are most often produced.

Thread-piercing materials are obtained by flashing one or more systems of threads. Beachwear and towels are often made from such materials, which compete with terry fabrics.

With the fabric stitching method, the textile fabric is stitched with pile yarn. Non-woven materials for coats and skirts are stitched with wool yarn.

Without the use of threads, non-woven materials are produced using knitting and stitching machines. Often such materials consist of a fabric and a canvas obtained from long fibers. When the canvas fibers are pulled through the woven frame, loops are formed on the wrong side, and a high pile is formed on the front side. Insulating pads for sports and demi-season clothing, for hats, warm shoes can be produced in this way.

The needle-punched method involves entangling the fibers in the canvas and then stitching it with notched needles. Carpets, blankets, etc. are produced in this way.

In addition, the number of non-woven materials inherently includes felt-felt textile materials based on the ability of wool to be felted during special processing. This is how, for example, felt boots are obtained.

Nonwovens

textiles made of fibers or threads joined together without the use of weaving methods (See weaving).

Large-scale industrial production of N. m. appeared in the 40s. 20th century Modern N. m. is one of the main types of textile products in many countries. In 1972, more than 3 billion tons of m were produced in the world. m 2.

Materials obtained by physicochemical methods. Most N. m., so-called. glued N. m., are produced by methods in which the connection of fibers is carried out with the help of binders (adhesives). The most common are glued N. m., the basis of which is the so-called. fibrous canvas (a layer of textile fibers, weight 1 m 2 which ranges from 10 to 1000 G and more). Most often, the canvas is formed mechanically ( rice. one ) from several layers of carding coming from the doffer drum of the carding machine (See Carding machine). The canvas is obtained by the aerodynamic method, in which the fibers are removed from the drum of the carding machine by an air stream and, to form the canvas, are transferred to a mesh drum (condenser) or to a horizontal mesh at a maximum speed of up to 100 m/min and more ( rice. 2 ). Canvas can also be obtained from an aqueous dispersion of fibers on a paper machine mesh (See paper machine).

Depending on the characteristics of the gluing of the fibers, several methods are distinguished for obtaining glued N. m.

The most common method is based on the impregnation of the canvas with a liquid binder - synthetic latex. The canvas is immersed in a binder bath or the binder is sprayed over the surface of the canvas. Sometimes impregnation is used, similar to drawing a pattern on the surface of a fabric by printing. The impregnated material is dried and processed in thermal chambers heated by hot air or infrared emitters. The canvas is usually formed from cotton, a mixture of viscose and polyamide fibers, or from textile waste, including non-spun ones. N. m obtained in this way (speed 50 m/min and more) are used as bead and gasket materials, for filters, as heat and sound insulating materials in the automotive industry, etc.

With the method of hot pressing, the gluing of fibers is carried out with thermoplastics (polyamides, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, etc.) under pressure up to 2 MN/m 2(20kgf / cm 2) at elevated temperatures, usually on special Calenders. Bonding is preceded by heat treatment of a layer of fibers containing a binder, which is introduced into the canvas at the stage of its formation (in the form of low-melting fibers, mesh, threads, etc.) or into an already formed canvas (in the form of powder).

Upon receipt of N. m. using paper machines (speed 100 m/min and more), a binder (latexes, fusible fibers, etc.) is introduced into the mass supplied to the machine, or into an already cast web. Such N. m. are cheap, widely used in the manufacture of single-use products (bed linen for hotels, towels, tablecloths, dressings).

With the spunbond method, the synthetic fibers formed at the outlet of the spinnerets of the spinning machine pass through channels in which they are drawn in the air stream, and then, when laid on a moving conveyor, they form a web. The formed material is most often fixed with a binder; in some cases, the stickiness of the fibers themselves is used.

With the structure-forming method, N. m. can be obtained without the use of fibers: the canvas is formed as a result of the formation of condensation structures from solutions or aerosols of polymers (in the form of a porous, sometimes fibrous precipitate, which may contain fillers, then washed out) or by curing foam, etc. Such N m. "breathe" like a fabric. They can be used instead of cloth or paper in technology (for filters, etc.) and for domestic purposes.

Materials received by mechanical means. In the manufacture of canvas-stitched N. m. (Malivatt technology - GDR, "arachne" - Czechoslovakia, etc.) in a canvas moving through a knitting and stitching machine, the fibers are fixed as a result of stitching them with threads that fit and connect in the same way as in warp knitting on a knitting machine. Such N. mats are used as heat-insulating (instead of woven batting, etc.) or packaging materials, as the basis for the production of artificial leather (see Artificial leather), etc. The productivity of one unit is 3-8 m/min and more.

Thread-piercing N. m. (materials "malimo" - GDR) are obtained by flashing one or more systems of threads. These N. m. are used for decorative purposes, for beach and outerwear, towels, etc. Thread-sewn N. m.

Fabric-stitched fabrics are made by stitching a textile fabric with tufted yarn (material "malipol" - GDR), the use of which helps to improve the structure and properties of the fabric. For this purpose, fabric, “malimo” material, etc. are used. N. m. cm) - carpet yarn with needles that pull it through the fabric. When the needle moves back, the yarn is caught in the holder, resulting in loops. To fix the loops on the wrong side of the carpet, a binder is applied. Machine performance 5 m 2 /min and more.

With the help of knitting and stitching machines, N. m. is made without the use of threads (materials "Voltex" - GDR, "Arabeva" - Czechoslovakia, etc.). Such N. m. may consist, for example, of fabric and canvas obtained from long fibers. After pulling the fibers from the canvas through the woven frame, strong loops are formed on the wrong side of the N. m., and a fluffy and high pile is formed on the front side. Such N. and. used as a warming pad in sportswear and demi-season coats, for the manufacture of hats, warm shoes, etc.

The most promising are needle-punched fabrics, which are made by entangling the fibers in linen and stitching it with notched needles. The material is pierced when the board with the needles moves down (to the stop). When it moves up, the material moves forward (the productivity of the machines is 5 m/min). Such N. mats are used as carpets, which successfully compete not only with woven, but also with tufted carpets, since they do not require yarn for manufacture. Needle-punched N. mats are also used as blankets, felts for paper machines, filters, etc.

N. m. also include felting and felt textile materials (see Felting) , in the manufacture of which the ability of wool fibers to felting is used (during mechanical or heat-moisture processing). The structure of such N. m. sometimes enter the framework of the fabric. The technology for their production has a long history (in this way, for example, felt boots are obtained).

Lit.: Technology for the production of non-woven materials, M., 1967; Tikhomirov V. B., Chemical technology for the production of non-woven materials, M., 1971; Perepelkina M. D., Shcherbakova M. N., Zolotnitskaya K. N., Mechanical technology for the production of nonwoven materials, M., 1973.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Non-woven materials" is in other dictionaries:

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In the manufacture of clothing today, the following non-woven materials are mainly used: interlinings and insulation.

Interlinings (glued non-woven materials) are produced from cotton, viscose staple fiber, linen or mixtures of cotton or viscose staple fiber with synthetic staple fibers; are used as cushioning materials in the manufacture of outerwear. Depending on the structure, these materials can have high elastic properties, rigidity, and density. They have an insignificant mass of 1 sq.m - from 60 to 200g, the ratio of mass to unit area is a criterion for determining the type of non-woven fabric in the domestic textile industry: n g / sq.m - than more value n, the denser the interlining and therefore the denser the duplicated material should be. In the West, the following non-woven designations are used: H 180 - for thin fabrics; H 200 - for suit and dress fabrics; G 405 and H 410 - for trousers, jackets and coats (at the same time, interlining H410 additionally has longitudinal stabilizing threads that help maintain the shape of the product); F 220 - for dense, boil-resistant fabrics.

Non-woven fabrics without an adhesive layer are used, as a rule, for the manufacture of disposable clothing. For example: medical gowns, capes, shoe covers, face bandages, caps, etc.

Various heaters are necessary material in the manufacture of warm clothing for various applications: sports, army, climbing, uniforms (police, rescuers, aviation, etc.), as well as demi-season and winter outerwear (jackets, down jackets, etc.) for adults and children.

In recent years, traditional insulation materials made from natural fibers (cotton, linen, wool, etc.) are increasingly being replaced by practical high-tech synthetic materials. Modern research confirm the feasibility of such a replacement. Many synthetic non-woven fabrics are not afraid of repeated washings, sweat, bacteria, they are hypoallergenic, moreover, they make the usually laborious process of producing insulated outerwear more technologically advanced. The usual heaters: batting and synthetic winterizer are being replaced by new, more functional materials: holofiber and tinsulate.

Hollofiber was launched into the industry by the Russian company "Termopol" in 2004 and in a short time managed to win a leading position in the domestic textile industry. The uniqueness of the material lies in the fact that the canvas is formed in an aerodynamic way, in which the synthetic fibers of the holofiber have a vertical orientation. The result is a lightweight, resilient and warm material that is easy to care for every day, does not absorb moisture, does not ignite, quickly restores its shape and is an environmentally friendly product.

A worthy competitor to holofiber is the thinsulate product insulation American company"3M" (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co), which is the thinnest insulation with excellent heat-shielding properties. It is almost twice as warm as natural down and even fur when compared to samples of equal thickness. The insulation sheet consists of polyester and polypropylene microfibers with a diameter of 2 to 10 microns, which increases the surface area of ​​the fibers per unit volume, this allows air to be retained in the structure of the material, increasing the heat-shielding properties. Thinsulate fibers practically do not absorb moisture, its absorption is less than 1%, it retains heat even when wet. This insulation has a small mass, does not restrict movement, repeated washing does not impair its properties. The plasticity of this material allows you to save the silhouette conceived by the fashion designer and make a complex design, while maintaining the practicality of a warm thing.