Perform factorial analysis of the phenomenon according to the multiplier model using the method of relative differences, absolute differences, the method of chain substitutions and formalization of the irreducible remainder and the logarithmic method.

a) absolute change: b) relative change:

Calculations

3,62*5,02*2,92*5,82=308,829

76,7807

=0,00

Examination

У4.52*5.02*4.02*5.72=521.7521

3,62*5,02*2,92*5,82=308,829

521,721-308,829=212,92

CONCLUSION: factor analysis calculations show that under the influence of all independent factors A, B, C, D, the effective factor Y increased by 212.92 units. Wherein Negative influence factors such as B and D also had an effect on the productive factor Y. Of these, factor D had the greatest influence, and its change caused a decrease in the effective factor Y by 9.12 units. At the same time, factors A and C had a positive impact on factor Y, of which factor C had the greatest influence, its change caused an increase in the effective factor Y by 145.264 units.

2) the method of "indecomposable remainder"

Isolated influence of factors

For factor A \u003d 0.9 * 5.02 * 2.92 * 5.82 \u003d 76.7807

B \u003d 0.00 * 3.62 * 2.92 * 5.82 \u003d 0.00

C \u003d 1.1 * 3.62 * 5.02 * 5.82 \u003d 116.3397

D \u003d -0.10 * 3.62 * 5.02 * 5.82 \u003d -10.5763

"Indecomposable residue" is determined by the formula

NO \u003d No \u003d 212.92-182.5441 \u003d 30.38

CONCLUSION: factor analysis calculations show that under the influence of all independent factors A, B, C, D, the effective factor Y increased by 182.5441 units. At the same time, factors such as B and D also had a negative impact on the effective factor Y. Of these, factor D had the greatest influence, and its change caused a decrease in the effective factor Y by 10.5763 units. At the same time, factors A and C had a positive impact on factor Y, of which factor C had the greatest influence, its change caused an increase in the effective factor Y by 116.3397 units. The error was 30.38.

3) Logarithmic method.

			Absolute off	Individual index i

I Lg (i) i /Lg (i) y

For factor A = 0.09643*212.92/0.22775=90.151

For factor B = 0.00*212.92/0.22775=0.00

For factor С = 0.13884*212.92/0.22775=129.8

For factor D = -0.00753*212.92/0.22775=-7.0397

90,151+0,00+129,8+(-7,0397)= 212,9113

CONCLUSION: factor analysis calculations show that under the influence of all independent factors A, B, C, D, the effective factor U increased by 212.9113 units (the error in the calculations is associated with rounding off the change in the factor). At the same time, factor D had a negative impact on the effective factor Y , and its change caused a decrease in the effective factor Y by 7.03997 units. At the same time, factors A and C had a positive impact on factor Y, of which factor C had the greatest influence, its change caused an increase in the effective factor Y by 129.8 units.

4) The method of absolute differences. Y= A*B*S*D

b) general change in the results of factors

Solution

0,9*5,02*2,92*5,82=76,781

4,52*0,00*2,92*5,82=0,00

4,52*5,02*1,1*5,82=145,2639

4,52*5,02*4,02*(-0,1)= -9,1215

76,781+0,00+145,2639+(-9,1215)= 212,923

Checking the results:

У4.52*5.02*4.02*5.72=521.7521

3,62*5,02*2,92*5,82=308,829

521,721-308,829=212,92

CONCLUSION: factor analysis calculations show that under the influence of all independent factors A, B, C, D, the effective factor Y increased by 212.923 units. At the same time, factor D had a negative impact on the effective factor Y, and its change caused a decrease in the effective factor Y by 9.12 units. At the same time, factors A and C had a positive impact on factor Y, of which factor C had the greatest influence, its change caused an increase in the effective factor Y by 145.2639 units.

5) the method of chain substitutions.

	Result
At

aim economic activity enterprise is always a certain result, which depends on many and varied factors. It is obvious that the more detailed the influence of factors on the magnitude of the result is studied, the more accurate and reliable the forecast about the possibility of achieving it will be. Without a deep and comprehensive study of the factors, it is impossible to draw reasonable conclusions about the results of activities, identify production reserves, justify a business plan and make a management decision. Factor analysis, by definition, is a methodology that includes unified methods for measuring (constant and systemic) factor indicators, a comprehensive study of their impact on the magnitude of performance indicators, and theoretical principles underlying forecasting.

There are the following types of factor analysis:

- analysis of functional dependencies and correlation analysis (probabilistic dependencies);

- direct and reverse;

– single-stage and multi-stage;

– static and dynamic;

- retrospective and prospective.

Factor analysis functional dependencies is a technique for studying the influence of factors in the case when the effective indicator can be represented as a product, private or algebraic sum of factors.

Correlation analysis is a technique for studying factors whose relationship with the performance indicator is probabilistic (correlation). For example, labor productivity at different enterprises with the same level of capital-labor ratio may also depend on other factors, the impact of which on this indicator is difficult to predict.

In direct factor analysis, the study is conducted from the general to the particular (deductively). Reverse factor analysis carries out research from private, individual factors to general ones (by induction).

Single-stage factor analysis is used to study the factors of only one level (one stage) of subordination without their detailing into component parts. For example, y \u003d A B. In multistage factor analysis, the factors are detailed BUT and AT: dividing them into their constituent elements in order to study interdependencies.

Static factor analysis is used when studying the influence of factors on performance indicators for the corresponding date. Dynamic - is a technique for studying the relationship of factor indicators in dynamics.

Retrospective factor analysis studies the causes of changes in performance indicators for past periods, prospective - predicts the behavior of factors and performance indicators in the future.

The main tasks of factor analysis are the following:

- selection, classification and systematization of factors that affect the studied performance indicators;

– determination of the form of dependence between the factors and the performance indicator;

– development (application) mathematical model relationships between the result and factor indicators;

- calculation of the influence of various factors on the change in the value of the effective indicator and comparison of this influence;

– making a forecast based on a factorial model.

From the point of view of the impact on the results of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, the factors are divided into major and minor, internal and external, objective and subjective, general and specific, fixed and variable, extensive and intensive.

The main ones are the factors that have the most noticeable effect on the result. Others are called secondary. It should be noted that, depending on the circumstances, the same factor can be both primary and secondary.

Internal refers to the factors that the company can influence. They should be given the most attention. However, external factors (market conditions, inflationary processes, conditions for the supply of raw materials, materials, their quality, cost, etc.) certainly affect the results of the enterprise. Their study allows us to more accurately determine the degree of influence of internal factors and provide a more reliable forecast for the development of production.

Objective factors do not depend on the will and desires of people (in contracts, the term force majeure is used to refer to these factors; it can be disaster, unexpected change of political regime, etc.). Unlike objective, subjective causes depend on the activities of individuals and organizations.

General factors are characteristic of all sectors of the economy. Specific are those that operate in a particular industry or enterprise. Such a division of factors makes it possible to take into account the characteristics of individual enterprises more fully and to make a more accurate assessment of their activities.

Fixed and variable factors are distinguished by the period of impact on the results of production . Constant factors have an impact on the phenomenon under study continuously throughout the entire period under study (reporting period, production cycle, product life, etc.). The impact of variable factors is one-time, irregular.

Extensive factors include those that are associated with a quantitative, rather than qualitative, increase in the result indicator, for example, an increase in the volume of production by expanding the sown area, increasing the number of livestock, the number of workers, etc. Intensive factors characterize qualitative changes in the production process, for example, an increase in crop yields as a result of the use of new types of fertilizers.

Factors are also divided into quantitative and qualitative, complex and simple, direct and indirect. Quantitative factors, by definition, can be measured (number of workers, equipment, raw materials, labor productivity, etc.). But, often the process of measuring or searching for information is difficult, and then the influence of individual factors is characterized qualitatively (more - less, better - worse).

Most of the factors studied in the analysis consist of several elements. However, there are also those that are not decomposed into component parts. In this regard, the factors are divided into complex (complex) and simple (single-element). An example of a complex factor is labor productivity, and a simple one is the number of working days in the reporting period.

Factors that have a direct impact on the performance indicator are called direct (direct action factors). Indirect ones influence through the mediation of other factors. Depending on the degree of mediation of influence, factors of the first, second, third and subsequent levels of subordination are distinguished. Thus, direct action factors - first level factors. Factors that determine the performance indicator indirectly, with the help of first-level factors, are called second level factors etc.

Any factorial analysis of indicators begins with the modeling of a multifactorial model. The essence of building a model is to create a specific mathematical relationship between factors.

When modeling functional factor systems, a number of requirements must be observed.

1. The factors included in the model must actually exist and have a specific physical meaning.

2. Factors that are included in the system of factor analysis of indicators must have a causal relationship with the indicator under study.

3. The factor model should provide a measure of the influence of a particular factor on the overall result.

In the factor analysis of indicators, the following types of the most common models are used.

1. When the resulting indicator is obtained as an algebraic sum or difference of the resulting factors, apply additive models, for example:

,

where is the profit from the sale of products,

- revenues from sales,

- production cost of goods sold,

- business expenses

- administrative expenses.

Multiplicative models are applied when the resulting indicator is obtained as a product of several resulting factors:


,


where is the return on assets,


- return on sales


- return on assets,


- the average value of the organization's assets for the reporting year.


3. When the performance indicator is obtained by dividing one factor by another, apply multiples models:


Various combinations of the above models give mixed or combined models:


;


;


etc.


In the practice of economic analysis, there are several ways to model multifactorial models: lengthening, formal decomposition, expansion, reduction and division of one or more factor indicators into constituent elements.


For example, using the extension method, you can build a three-factor model of the return on assets of an organization as follows:


;


,


where is turnover equity organizations,


- the coefficient of independence or the share of equity in the total assets of the organization,


- the average cost of equity capital of the organization for the reporting period.


Thus, we have obtained a three-factor multiplicative model of the profitability of the organization's assets. This model is widely known in the economic literature as the Dupont model. Considering this model, we can say that the profitability of the organization's assets is influenced by the profitability of sales, the turnover of equity capital and the share of equity capital in the total mass of the organization's assets.


Now consider the following return on assets model:


=;


where - the share of revenue attributable to 1 rub. full cost of production


– share current assets in the formation of assets,


- the share of stocks in the formation of current assets,


- inventory turnover.


The first factor of this model speaks about the pricing policy of the organization, it shows the basic margin, which is directly embedded in the price of products sold.


The second and third factors show the structure of assets and current assets, the optimal value of which makes it possible to save working capital.


The fourth factor is due to the magnitude of output and sales of products and speaks of the efficiency of the use of inventories, physically it expresses the number of turnovers that stocks make in the reporting year.


Equity method is used when it is difficult to establish the dependence of the analyzed indicator on private indicators. The method lies in the fact that the deviation according to the generalizing indicator is proportionally distributed among the individual factors under the influence of which it occurred. For example, you can calculate the impact of a change in balance sheet profit on the level of profitability using the formula:


R i = R·(  i / b) ,


where  R i- change in the level of profitability due to an increase in profits under the influence of the factor i, %;


R- change in the level of profitability due to changes in balance sheet profit, %;


 b - change in balance sheet profit, rub.;


 i- change in balance sheet profit due to the factor i.


Method of chain substitutions allows you to measure the influence of individual factors on the result of their interaction - generalizing ( target) indicator, calculate deviations of actual indicators from standard (planned).


Substitution is the replacement of the basic or normative value of a particular indicator with an actual one. Chain substitutions are successive replacements of the base values ​​of particular indicators included in the calculation formula with the actual values ​​of these indicators. Then these influences (the influence of the replacement on the change in the value of the studied generalizing indicator) are compared with each other. The number of substitutions is equal to the number of partial indicators included in the calculation formula.


The method of chain substitutions consists in determining a number of intermediate values ​​of the generalizing indicator by successively replacing the basic values ​​of the factors with the reporting ones. This method is based on elimination. To eliminate means to eliminate, exclude the influence of all factors on the value of the effective indicator, except for one. At the same time, based on the fact that all factors change independently of each other, i.e. first one factor changes, and all the others remain unchanged. then two change while the rest remain unchanged, and so on.


In general, the application of the chain setting method can be described as follows:





where a 0 , b 0, c 0 are the basic values ​​of the factors influencing the generalizing indicator y;


a 1 , b 1 , c 1 —
actual values ​​of factors;


y a , y b , —
intermediate changes
the resulting indicator associated with the change in factors a, b, respectively.


The total change  y=y 1 -y 0 is the sum of the changes in the resulting indicator due to changes in each factor with fixed values ​​of the other factors:


The algorithm of the chain substitution method can be demonstrated by the example of calculating the effect of changes in the values ​​of partial indicators on the value of the indicator, presented in the form of the following calculation formula: F = a· b· c· d.


Then the base value F will be equal to F 0 = a 0 · b 0 · c 0 · d 0 ,


and the actual: F 1 = a one · b one · c one · d 1 .


General deviation of the actual indicator from the baseline  F (F=F 1 –F 0) is obviously equal to the sum of deviations obtained under the influence of changes in particular indicators:


F = F 1 +F 2 +F 3 +F 4 .


And changes in private indicators are calculated by successive substitutions in the formula for calculating the indicator F actual parameter values a, b, c, d instead of basic


The verification of the calculation is carried out by comparing the balance of deviations, i.e. the total deviation of the actual indicator from the baseline should be equal to the sum of deviations under the influence of changes in particular indicators:


F 1 –F 0 = F 1 +F 2 +F 3 +F 4 .


Advantages this method: universality of application, simplicity of calculations.


The disadvantage of the method is that, depending on the chosen order of factor replacement, the results of the factor expansion have different meanings. This is due to the fact that as a result of applying this method, a certain indecomposable residue is formed, which is added to the magnitude of the influence of the last factor. In practice, the accuracy of assessing factors is neglected, highlighting the relative importance of the influence of one or another factor. However, there are certain rules that determine the sequence of substitution:

if there are quantitative and qualitative indicators in the factor model, the change in quantitative factors is considered first of all;


if the model is represented by several quantitative and qualitative indicators, the substitution sequence is determined by logical analysis.


In analysis, quantitative factors are those that express the quantitative certainty of phenomena and can be obtained by direct accounting (the number of workers, machine tools, raw materials, etc.).


Qualitative factors determine the internal qualities, signs and characteristics of the studied phenomena (labor productivity, product quality, average duration working day, etc.).


A variation of the method of chain substitutions is the method of calculation using absolute differences. In this case, the objective function, as in the previous example, is presented as a multiplicative model. The change in the value of each factor is determined in comparison with the base value, for example, the planned one. Then these differences are multiplied by other partial indicators - multipliers of the multiplicative model. But, we note, when moving from one factor to another, a different value of the multiplier is taken into account. The multipliers after the factor (on the right), by which the difference is calculated, remain in the value of the base period, and all remaining before it (on the left) are taken in the values ​​of the reporting period.


The absolute difference method is a modification of the chain substitution method. The change in the effective indicator due to each factor by the difference method is defined as the product of the deviation of the studied factor by the base or reporting value of another factor, depending on the selected substitution sequence:





Let's show this on the example of the influence of individual factors on the amount of material costs TS m, which are formed under the influence of three factors: the volume of output in physical terms Q, consumption rates of materials per accounting unit of production m and material prices Pm.


TC m = Q· m· Pm.


First, the change in each factor in comparison with the plan is calculated:


change in output  Q= Q 0 – Q 1 ;


change in material consumption rates per accounting unit  m = m 0 – m 1 ;


price change per unit of material  Pm = Pm 1 – Pm 0 .


Next, the influence of individual factors on the generalizing indicator is determined, i.e. the cost of materials. At the same time, private indicators that precede the indicator by which the difference is calculated are left in their actual value, and all following it are in the base value.


In this case, the effect of a change in the volume of output  Q the cost of materials will be:


TS mQ = Q· m 0 · Pm 0 ;


the impact of changing material consumption rates  TS mm:


TS mm = Q 1  m· Pm 0 ;


the impact of price changes on materials  ts mp:


ts mp = Q one · m 1  Pm.


The total deviation of the amount of material costs will be equal to the sum of the deviations of the influence of individual factors, i.e.


TS m = TS mQ + TS mm + ts mp.


However, in practice there are more situations where one can only assume the presence functional dependence(for example, the dependence of revenue ( TR) from the number of produced and sold products ( Q): TR = TR(Q)). To test this assumption, use regressive analysis, with the help of which a function of a certain type is chosen ( F r(Q)). Then, on the set of function definitions (on the set of values ​​of the factor indicator), the set of function values ​​is calculated.


The method of relative differences is used to measure the influence of factors on the growth of the effective indicator in multiplicative and mixed models of the form y = (a - c) . With. It is used in cases where the initial data contain previously defined relative deviations of factorial indicators in percent.


For multiplicative models like y = a . in . with the analysis technique is as follows:


find the relative deviation of each factor indicator:





determine the deviation of the effective indicator at for each factor





The integral method avoids the disadvantages inherent in the chain substitution method and does not require the use of methods for distributing the irreducible remainder over factors, since it has a logarithmic law of redistribution of factor loadings. The integral method allows you to achieve a complete decomposition of the effective indicator by factors and is universal in nature, i.e. applicable to multiplicative, multiple, and mixed models. The operation of calculating a definite integral is solved with the help of a PC and is reduced to the construction of integrands that depend on the type of function or model of the factorial system.


You can also use the already formed working formulas given in the special literature:


1. View model:





2. View Model :





3. View Model :





4. View Model :





A comprehensive analysis of the financial condition involves a broad and complete study of all factors that affect or may affect the final financial results of the organization, which, ultimately, are the main goal of the organization.


The results of the analysis should be used to make the right management decisions by the administration of the organization and reasonable investment decisions by shareholders-owners.


TASK 2


It is known that during the reporting period the average number of workers on the payroll increased from 500 to 520 people, the average number of hours worked per worker per day - from 7.4 to 7.5 hours; the average number of days worked by a worker per year was reduced from 290 to 280 days; the average hourly output of a worker decreased from 26.5 rubles to 23 rubles. The volume of output decreased from 28434.5 tr. up to 25116 tr. Using the method of relative differences, evaluate the influence of factors on the change in the volume of output. Draw reasoned conclusions.


SOLUTION


Relative difference method is used to measure the influence of factors on the growth of the effective indicator only in multiplicative and additive-multiplicative models.


Table 1


Initial data for calculation


Index	Designation	Base year	Reporting year	Deviations (+;-)
Average payroll number of workers, pers.
Average number of hours worked by one worker per day, hours
Average number of days worked by a worker per year, days
Average hourly output, rub.		26,5
Output volume, tr.	VP	28434,5	25116	3318,5

We have a view model


VP \u003d H * t * N * F,


In this case, the change in the performance indicator is determined as follows





According to this rule, to calculate the influence of the first factor, it is necessary to multiply the base (planned) value of the effective indicator by the relative growth of the first factor, expressed as a decimal fraction.


To calculate the influence of the second factor, it is necessary to add the change due to the first factor to the planned (basic) value of the effective indicator and then multiply the resulting amount by the relative increase in the Proth factor.


The influence of the third factor is determined similarly: it is necessary to add its growth due to the first and second factors to the planned value of the effective indicator and multiply the resulting amount by the relative growth of the third factor.


Similarly, the influence of the fourth factor





Let's summarize the factors that contributed to the formation of revenue in the reporting year:


increase in the number of workers 1137.38 t.


increasing the number of hours worked per worker


per day 399.62 t.


changes in the number of working days -1033.5 t.


Changes in average hourly output -3821.95 tr.


Total -3318.45 thousand rubles


Thus, based on the method of relative differences, it was found that the total influence of all factors amounted to -3318.45 tr, which coincides with the absolute dynamics of the volume of output according to the condition of the problem. A slight discrepancy is determined by the degree of rounding in the calculations. The growth of the average payroll workers for 20 people in the amount of 1137.8 tr, a slight increase in the working day of one worker by 0.1 hours led to an increase in output by 399.62 tr. A negative impact was exerted by a decrease in the average hourly work of one worker by 3.5 rubles. per hour, which resulted in a decrease in output by -3821.5 tr. The decrease in the average number of days worked by one worker per year by 10 days led to a decrease in output by -1033.5 tr.


TASK 3


Using the economic information of your enterprise, evaluate its financial stability based on the calculation of relative indicators.


SOLUTION


Joint Stock Company "KRAITEHSNAB", registered by the Registration Chamber of the Mayor's Office of Krasnodar No. 10952 dated May 14, 1999, PSRN 1022301987278, hereinafter referred to as the "Company", is a closed joint stock company.


Society is legal entity and operates on the basis of the Charter and the legislation of the Russian Federation. The Company has a round seal containing its full corporate name in Russian and an indication of its location, stamps and forms with its name, its own emblem, as well as a trademark registered in the prescribed manner and other means of visual identification.


Full corporate name of the Company in Russian:
Closed Joint Stock Company "KRAITEHSNAB". Abbreviated corporate name of the Company in Russian: CJSC KRAITEHSNAB.


Location (postal address) of the Company: 350021, Russian Federation, Krasnodar region, Krasnodar, Karasunsky administrative district, st. Tram, 25.


Closed Joint Stock Company "KRAITEHSNAB" was established without limitation of the period of activity.


The main subject of the Company's activity is trading and purchasing activities, intermediary, brokerage.


Let's analyze the indicators of financial stability of the organization under study (table 2).


table 2


Analysis of indicators of financial stability of CJSC "Kraitekhsnab" in absolute terms


Indicators	2003	2004	2005	2005 to 2003
				(+,-)	Growth rate, %
1. Sources of own funds	7371212,4	6508475,4	7713483,3	342 270,9	1004,6
2. Non-current assets	1339265,0	1320240,0	1301215,0	38 050,0	97,2
3. Sources of own working capital for the formation of stocks and costs	6031947,4	5188235,4	6412268,4	380 321,0	1006,3
4. Long-term loans and borrowings
5. Sources of own funds, adjusted for the amount of long-term borrowings	6031947,4	5188235,4	6412268,4	380 321,0	106,3
6. Short-term loans and borrowings	1500000,0	2000000,0	1500000,0
7. The total value of sources of funds, taking into account long-term and short-term borrowings	7531947,4	7188235,4	7912268,4	380 321,0	105,0
8. The amount of stocks and costs circulating in the asset balance	9784805,7	10289636,4	11152558,8	1367753,1	114,0

End of table 2


Indicators	2003	2004	2005	2005 to 2003
				(+,-)	Growth rate, %
9. Excess sources of own working capital	3752858,3	5101401,1	4740290,4	987432,2	126,3
10. Surplus of sources of own funds and long-term borrowed sources	3752858,3	5101401,1	4740290,4	987432,2	126,3
11. Surplus of the total value of all sources for the formation of reserves and costs	2252858,3	3101401,1	3240290,4	987 432,2	143,8
12. Three-complex indicator (S) of the financial situation	(0,0,0)	(0,0,0)	(0,0,0)

When analyzing the type of financial stability of an enterprise in dynamics, a decrease in the financial stability of an enterprise is noticeable.


As can be seen from Table 2, in 2003, and in 2004, and in 2005, the financial stability of CJSC "Kraitekhsnab" in terms of a 3-complex indicator of financial stability can be characterized as "Crisis-unstable state of the enterprise", since the enterprise does not have enough funds for the formation of stocks and costs for the implementation of current activities.


Let's calculate the coefficients of financial stability of CJSC "Kraitekhsnab" (Table 3).


Table 3


Financial stability ratios of CJSC "Kraitekhsnab"


Indicators	2003	2004	2005	(+,-)
				2004 2003	2005 to 2004
Autonomy coefficient	0,44	0,37	0,30	0,06	0,08
Debt to equity ratio (financial leverage)	1,28	1,67	2,34	0,39	0,67
The ratio of mobile and immobilized means	11,56	13,32	18,79	1,76	5,47
The coefficient of the ratio of own and borrowed funds	0,78	0,60	0,43	0,18	0,17
Agility factor	0,82	0,80	0,83	0,02	0,03
Inventory and cost coverage ratio with own funds	0,62	0,50	0,57	0,11	0,07
Industrial property ratio	0,66	0,61	0,48	0,05	0,13
Short-term debt ratio, %	15,9	18,4			10,1
Accounts payable ratio, %	84,1	81,6	91,7		10,1

The analysis of financial stability in terms of relative indicators, presented in Table 3, indicates that, according to the indicators presented in the table, compared with the base period (2003), the situation at CJSC “Kraitekhsnab” as a whole worsened in 2004 and slightly improved in the reporting 2005 G.


The indicator "Coefficient of autonomy" for the period from 2003 to 2004 decreased by -0.06 and in 2004 amounted to 0.37. This is below the normative value (0.5) at which the borrowed capital can be compensated by the property of the enterprise. The indicator "Coefficient of autonomy" for the period from 2004 to 2005 decreased by -0.08 and in 2005 amounted to 0.30. It is also below the normative value (0.5) at which borrowed capital can be compensated by the property of the enterprise.


The indicator "Coefficient of the ratio of borrowed and own funds" (financial leverage), for the period from 2003 to 2004 increased by 0.39 and in 2004 amounted to 1.67. The indicator for 2004 to 2005 increased by 0.67 and in 2005 amounted to 2.34. The more this ratio exceeds 1, the greater the company's dependence on borrowed funds. The permissible level is often determined by the operating conditions of each enterprise, primarily by the speed of turnover of working capital. Therefore, it is additionally necessary to determine the turnover rate of inventories and receivables for the analyzed period. If receivables turn around faster than working capital, which means a fairly high intensity of receipts at the enterprise Money, i.e. The end result is an increase in equity. Therefore, with a high turnover of material working capital and an even higher turnover of accounts receivable, the ratio of own and borrowed funds can be much higher than 1.


The indicator "Ratio of mobile and immobilized means" for the period from 2003 to 2004 increased by 1.76 and in 2004 amounted to 13.32. The indicator for 2004 to 2005 increased by 5.47 and in 2005 amounted to 18.79. The normative value is specific to each individual industry, but other things being equal, the increase in the coefficient is a positive trend.


Indicator "Coefficient of maneuverability", for the period 2003 - 2004. decreased by -0.02 and at the end of Dec. 2004 was 0.80. This is higher than the standard value (0.5). The indicator for the period 2004 to 2005 increased by 0.03 and in 2005 amounted to 0.83. This is higher than the standard value (0.5). The coefficient of maneuverability characterizes what share of sources of own funds is in a mobile form. The normative value of the indicator depends on the nature of the enterprise's activity: in capital-intensive industries, its normal level should be lower than in material-intensive ones. At the end of the analyzed period, CJSC "Kraitekhsnab" has light structure assets. The share of fixed assets in the balance sheet currency is less than 40.0%. Thus, the enterprise cannot be classified as a capital-intensive production.


Indicator "Coefficient of provision of reserves and costs with own funds", for 2003-2004. decreased by -0.11 and in 2004 amounted to 0.50. The indicator for the period 2004-2005 increased by 0.07 and in 2005 amounted to 0.57. This is below the standard value (0.6 - 0.8), as in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The enterprise lacks its own funds for the formation of reserves and costs, which was also shown by the analysis of financial stability indicators in absolute terms.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. The procedure for monitoring the financial condition of organizations and accounting for their solvency. Federal Service of Russia for Insolvency and Financial Recovery: Order No. 13-r of March 31, 1999 // Economics and Life. 1999. No. 22.
   

2. Bakanov M.I., Sheremet A.D. Theory of economic analysis. –M.: Finance and statistics, 2006.
   Evaluation of the economic performance of a trading enterprise ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MAIN PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE ENTERPRISE SHOW THE USE OF 6 PRIVATE METHODS AND RECEPTIONS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Financial condition of a trade organization and assessment of economic indicators

   2013-11-12

In order to find out how profitable or unprofitable an enterprise is, it is not enough just to count the money. To understand this for sure, and most importantly, to help increase profits, you need to regularly carry out the work of the enterprise as a whole. And for this you need to have some skills in the accounting field and certain information. It is worth considering that the company worked both at the time of inflation and during the crisis. The prices changed constantly. Now you understand why the banal counting of money does not make it possible to objectively assess the situation with profit or costs? After all, you need to take into account the price factor.

So, many find it difficult to make an example of our analysis, we hope it will help them make their own - by analogy, this type of diagnosis is compiled extremely quickly. It is in the form of a table. First, let's make a header for our factor analysis. We draw a table with 5 columns and 9 rows. Make the first column wider - it will contain the names of the articles of the enterprise, not numbers. It will be called - "Indicators", which you should write in the first line of the column. In it, fill in all the lines according to the sample: 1 - the name, 2 - put the number 1 - the numbering of the columns, in the 3rd line write down - "Sales revenue", 4 - "Cost". In the fifth line of the first column, put the item - "Business expenses". In 6, write - "Expenses for managing the process." The seventh line is called - and 8 - "Index of price changes", and the last line, 9 - "Sale at comparable prices."

Next, we proceed to the design of 2 columns: in 1 line we write - "Previous period, thousand rubles." (you can write other monetary units - euro, dollar, etc. - depending on the currency in which you will carry out the calculations), and in the second line we write the number - 2. Go to the 3rd column - in it 1 line has the name - "Reporting period", thousand rubles. And the second one is filled with the number 3. Next, we draw up our factorial analysis of revenue and go to column 4. In the first line we enter - "Absolute change, thousand rubles", and the second line contains a small formula: 4 \u003d 3-2. This means that the numbers that you will write in subsequent rows will be the result of subtracting the numbers in the second column from the numbers in the third. We proceed to the design of the last - 5th column. In it, in 1 line, you need to write: "Relative changes%", which means that in this column all data will be written as a percentage. In the second line, the formula is: 5=(4/2)*100%. Everything, we have designed the header, it remains only to fill in each item of the table with the relevant data. We carry out factor analysis, an example of which we give you. First of all, we calculate the price change index - this is perhaps the most important figure in our calculations. We write the numbers of different periods in the corresponding columns. In columns 4 and 5 we carry out the necessary calculations. Factor analysis, of which you can view an example, assumes precision in numbers. Therefore, only reliable information should be written in 3 lines of each column. In 4 and 5, we again carry out calculations. As you understand, the factorial is mainly carried out in lines 5 and 6: try to add there the most real, not underestimated, numbers. In the 4th and 5th columns of these lines, again carry out calculations using formulas. Next, we perform a factor analysis of revenue in column 7 - profit. We write reliable numbers in columns 2 and 3, and in columns 4 and 5 we again consider everything according to the formulas. And the last column remains: we write the data, we calculate. Bottom line: the factor analysis, of which we give you an example, shows what is the impact of each of the factors described in the articles on profit or production costs. Now you see the weaknesses and can correct the situation in order to get as much profit as possible.

You have done all the calculations to perform factor analysis, but they will not help you in any way if you do not analyze the data thoroughly.

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Identification of the relationship between performance indicators and indicators-factors, forms of dependence between them. Features of the application of the elimination method, integral and index methods. Mathematical methods of factor analysis.

Factors are the conditions of economic processes and the reasons that affect them.

Factor analysis is a method of complex systematic study and measurement of the impact of factors on the value of the effective indicator.

All phenomena and processes of economic activity of enterprises are in interconnections, interdependence and interdependence. One of them directly interconnected, others indirectly . For example, the amount of profit from the main activity of the enterprise is directly affected by such factors as the volume and structure of sales, selling prices and production costs. All other factors affect this indicator indirectly. Each phenomenon can be considered both as a cause and as a result. For example, labor productivity can be considered, on the one hand, as the cause of a change in the volume of production, the level of its cost, and on the other hand, as a result of a change in the degree of mechanization and automation of production, improvement in the organization of labor, etc. If this or that indicator is considered as a consequence, as a result of the action of one or more causes and acts as an object of study, then when studying the relationships it is called an effective indicator. Indicators that determine the behavior of the resulting feature are called factorial.

Each performance indicator depends on numerous and varied factors. The more detailed the influence of factors on the value of the effective indicator is studied, the more accurate the results of the analysis and assessment of the quality of work of enterprises. Hence, an important methodological issue in the analysis of economic activity is the study and measurement of the influence of factors on the magnitude of the studied economic indicators. Without a deep and comprehensive study of the factors, it is impossible to draw reasonable conclusions about the performance results, identify production reserves, justify plans and management decisions, predict performance results, and assess their sensitivity to changes in internal and external factors.

Under factor analysis understand the methodology for a comprehensive and systematic study and measurement of the impact of factors on the magnitude of performance indicators.

There are the following types of factor analysis:

Deterministic (functional) and stochastic (probabilistic);

Direct (deductive) and reverse (inductive);

Single-stage and multi-stage;

Static and dynamic;

Retrospective and prospective (forecast).

According to the nature of the relationship between the indicators, methods of deterministic and stochastic factor analysis are distinguished.

Deterministic factor analysis is a technique for studying the influence of factors whose relationship with the performance indicator is functional in nature, i.e. the effective indicator can be represented as a product, private or algebraic sum of factors.

Stochastic factor analysis explores the influence of factors, the relationship of which with the performance indicator, in contrast to the functional one, is incomplete, probabilistic (correlation). If, with a functional (full) dependence, a corresponding change in the function always occurs with a change in the argument, then with a stochastic connection, a change in the argument can give several values ​​of the increase in the function, depending on the combination of other factors that determine this indicator. For example, labor productivity at the same level of capital-labor ratio may not be the same at different enterprises. It depends on the optimal combination of all factors that form this indicator.

With direct factor analysis research is conducted in a deductive way - from the general to the particular. Back factor analysis carries out the study of cause-and-effect relationships in a way logical induction- from private, separate factors to generalizing ones. It allows assessing the degree of sensitivity of performance results to changes in the factor under study.

Factor analysis can be single-stage and multi-stage. single stage is used to study the factors of only one level (one stage) of subordination without their detailing into component parts. For example, y = a b. With multi-stage factor analysis factors a and b are detailed into constituent elements in order to study their essence. Detailing factors can be continued. In this case, the influence of factors of different levels of subordination is studied.

It is also necessary to distinguish between static and dynamic factor analysis . The first type is used when studying the influence of factors on performance indicators for the corresponding date. Another type is a methodology for studying cause-and-effect relationships in dynamics.

Finally, factor analysis can be retrospective. , which studies the causes of changes in the results of economic activities for past periods, and prospective , which examines the behavior of factors and performance indicators in the future.

The main tasks of factor analysis

1. Selection of factors for the analysis of the studied indicators.

2. Classification and systematization of them in order to ensure a systematic approach.

3. Modeling the relationship between performance and factor indicators.

4. Calculation of the influence of factors and assessment of the role of each of them in changing the value of the effective indicator.

5. Working with a factor model (its practical use for managing economic processes).

To study the influence of factors on the results of management and calculation of reserves in the analysis, methods of deterministic and stochastic factor analysis, methods of optimization solution of economic problems(see picture).

Determining the magnitude of the influence of individual factors on the growth of performance indicators is one of the most important methodological tasks in AHD. In deterministic analysis, this is done using the following ways: chain substitution, absolute differences, relative differences, index, integral, proportional division, logarithm, balance, etc.

The main properties of the deterministic approach to analysis:

Building a deterministic model by logical analysis;

The presence of a complete (rigid) relationship between indicators;

The impossibility of separating the results of the influence of simultaneously acting factors that cannot be combined in one model;

The study of relationships in the short term.

Consider the possibility of using the main methods of deterministic analysis, summarizing the above in the form of a matrix

Matrix for applying methods of deterministic factor analysis

	Factor Models
	Multiplicative	Additive		mixed
Chain substitution
Absolute difference
Relative differences				y = a ∙ (b−c)
Integral

Designations: + is used;

- not used

There are four types of deterministic models:

Additive models are an algebraic sum of indicators and have the form:

Such models, for example, include cost indicators in conjunction with production cost elements and cost items; an indicator of the volume of production of goods in its relationship with the volume of output of individual products or the volume of output in individual divisions.

Multiplicative - this is a sequential division of the factors of the original system into factor factors. Models in a generalized form can be represented by the formula:

An example of a multiplicative model is a two-factor model of gross output: VP \u003d PR * CB

where CR - average headcount workers;

CB - average annual output per worker.

Multiple models: y = x1 / x2.

An example of a multiple model is the indicator of the term of goods turnover (TOB.T) (in days): TOB.T \u003d WT / OR, (1.9)

where ST is the average stock of goods;

RR - one-day sales volume.

Mixed models are a combination of the models listed above and can be described using special expressions:

Examples of such models are cost indicators for 1 ruble. manufactured products, profitability indicators, etc.

1. The most universal method of deterministic analysis is the method of chain substitution.

It is used to calculate the influence of factors in all types of deterministic factor models: additive, multiplicative, multiple and mixed (combined). This method is based on elimination.

Elimination is the process of step-by-step exclusion of the influence of all factors on the value of the effective indicator, except for one. At the same time, based on the fact that all factors change independently of each other, i.e. first one factor changes, and all the others remain unchanged. Then two change while the rest remain unchanged, and so on.

This method allows you to determine the influence of individual factors on the change in the value of the effective indicator. The essence of this technique is to single out the main factors that have a decisive influence on the change in the indicator from all the existing factors. For this purpose, a number of conditional values ​​of the performance indicator are determined, which take into account the change in one, then two, three and subsequent factors, assuming that the rest do not change. This means that in the calculations, private planned indicators are consistently replaced by reporting ones, the results obtained are compared with the available previous data. Comparison of the values ​​of the performance indicator before and after the change in the level of one or another factor makes it possible to eliminate the influence of all factors except one, and to determine the impact of the latter on the growth of the performance indicator.

When using the method of chain substitutions, the sequence of substitutions is of great importance: first of all, it is necessary to take into account the change in quantitative, and then qualitative indicators. The use of the reverse sequence of calculations does not give a correct characterization of the influence of factors.

In this way, the application of the method of chain substitution requires knowledge of the relationship of factors, their subordination, the ability to correctly classify and systematize them.

In general, the application of the chain setting method can be described as follows:

y0 = a0 ∙ b0 ∙ c0 ;

ya = a1 ∙ b0 ∙ c0 ;

yb = a1 ∙ b1 ∙ c0 ;

y1 = a1 ∙ b1 ∙ c1 ;

where a0, b0, c0 - basic values ​​of factors influencing the generalizing indicator y;

a1, b1, c1 - actual values ​​of factors;

ya, yb, - intermediate values ​​of the resulting indicator associated with the change in factors a and b, respectively.

The total change Δy = y1 - y0 is the sum of the changes in the resulting indicator due to changes in each factor with fixed values ​​of the other factors. Those. the sum of the influence of individual factors should be equal to the overall increase in the performance indicator.

∆y = ∆ya + ∆yb + ∆yc = y1– y0

∆ya = ya – y0 ;

∆yb = yb – ya;

∆yc = y1 – yb.

Advantages of this method: versatility of application, ease of calculation.

The disadvantage of the method is that, depending on the chosen order of factor replacement, the results of the factor expansion have different values.

2. The absolute difference method is a modification of the chain substitution method.

The method of absolute differences is used to calculate the influence of factors on the growth of the effective indicator in deterministic analysis, but only in multiplicative models (Y = x1 ∙ x2 ∙ x3 ∙∙∙∙∙ xn) and models of multiplicative-additive type: Y = (a - b) ∙c and Y = a∙(b - c). And although its use is limited, but due to its simplicity, it has been widely used in AHD.

The essence of the method of the method - the magnitude of the influence of factors is calculated by multiplying absolute growth the values ​​of the studied factor by the base (planned) value of the factors that are to the right of it, and by the actual value of the factors located in the model to the left of it.

y0 = a0 ∙ b0 ∙ c0

∆ya = ∆a ∙ b0 ∙ c0

∆yb = a1 ∙ ∆b ∙ c0

∆yс = a1 ∙ b1 ∙ ∆с

y1 = a1 ∙ b1 ∙ c1

The algebraic sum of the increase in the effective indicator due to individual factors should be equal to its total change Δy = y1 - y0.

∆y = ∆ya + ∆yb + ∆yc = y1 – y0

Consider the algorithm for calculating factors in this way in multiplicative-additive models. For example, let's take a factorial model of profit from the sale of products:

P \u003d VRP ∙ (C - C),

where P - profit from the sale of products;

VRP - sales volume of products;

P is the price of a unit of production;

C - unit cost of production.

The increase in the amount of profit due to changes in:

sales volume ∆PVRP = ∆VRP ∙ (P0 − С0);

sales price ∆PC = VRP1 ∙ ∆C;

production costs ∆PS = VRP1 ∙ (−∆С);

3. The method of relative differences It is used in cases where the source data contain previously defined relative deviations of factor indicators in percent. It is used to measure the influence of factors on the growth of the effective indicator only in multiplicative models. Here, relative increases in factor indicators are used, expressed as coefficients or percentages. Consider the methodology for calculating the influence of factors in this way for multiplicative models of the type Y = abc.

The change in the performance indicator is determined as follows:

According to this algorithm, to calculate the influence of the first factor, it is necessary to multiply the base value of the effective indicator by the relative growth of the first factor, expressed as a decimal fraction.

To calculate the influence of the second factor, you need to add the change due to the first factor to the base value of the effective indicator and then multiply the resulting amount by the relative increase in the second factor.

The influence of the third factor is determined similarly: it is necessary to add its growth due to the first and second factors to the base value of the effective indicator and multiply the resulting amount by the relative growth of the third factor, etc.

The calculation results are the same as for the previous methods.

The method of relative differences is convenient to use in cases where it is required to calculate the influence of a large complex of factors (8-10 or more). Unlike the previous methods, the number of computational procedures is significantly reduced here, which determines its advantage.

4. The integral method for estimating factor influences makes it possible to avoid the disadvantages inherent in the chain substitution method and does not require the use of methods for distributing the indecomposable residue over factors, since it has a logarithmic law of redistribution of factor loadings. The integral method allows you to achieve a complete decomposition of the effective indicator by factors and is universal in nature, i.e. applicable to multiplicative, multiple, and mixed models. The operation of calculating a definite integral is carried out using the computing capabilities of personal computers and is reduced to the construction of integrands that depend on the type of function or model of the factorial system.

Its use allows you to get more accurate results of calculating the influence of factors compared to the methods of chain substitution, absolute and relative differences, since the additional increase in the effective indicator from the interaction of factors is not added to the last factor, but is divided equally between them.

Consider the algorithms for calculating the influence of factors for different models:

1) View model: y = a ∙ b

2) View model: y = a ∙ b ∙ c

3) View model:

3) View model:

If there are more than two factors in the denominator, then the procedure continues.

Thus, the use of the integral method does not require knowledge of the entire integration process. It is enough to substitute the necessary numerical data into these ready-made working formulas and make not very complex calculations using a calculator or other computer equipment.

The results of calculations by the integral method differ significantly from those obtained by the method of chain substitutions or modifications of the latter. How more value factor changes, the greater the difference.

5. The index method makes it possible to identify the influence of various factors on the studied aggregate indicator. By calculating the indices and constructing a time series that characterizes, for example, output in value terms, one can judge the dynamics of production volume in a qualified manner.

It is based on relative indicators of dynamics, expressing the ratio of the level of the analyzed indicator in the reporting period to its level in the base period. The index method can

Any index is calculated by comparing the measured (reporting) value with the base value. For example, the index of production volume: Ivvp = VVP1 / VVP0

Indexes expressing the ratio of directly commensurate quantities are called individual , and the characterizing ratios of complex phenomena - group , or total . The statistics name a few forms indices that are used in analytical work - aggregate, arithmetic, harmonic, etc.

Applying the aggregate form of the index and observing the established computational procedure, it is possible to solve the classical analytical problem: determining the influence of the quantity factor and the price factor on the volume of manufactured or sold products. The calculation scheme will be as follows:

It should be recalled here that the aggregate index is the basic form of any general index; it can be converted to both the arithmetic mean and harmonic mean indices.

Sales turnover dynamics industrial products should be characterized, as is known, by time series built over a number of past years, taking into account changes in prices (this applies, of course, to procurement, wholesale and retail turnover).

The index of the volume of sales (turnover), taken in the prices of the corresponding years, has the form:

General price index:

General indexes- relative indicators obtained as a result of comparing phenomena covering heterogeneous product groups.

General turnover index (value of marketable products);

where p1q1 is the turnover of the reporting period

p0q0 − turnover of the base period

p - prices, q - quantity

General price index: Ip =

Average indices are relative indicators used to analyze structural changes. They are used only for homogeneous goods.

Price index of variable composition (average prices):

Fixed composition price index:

6. The method of proportional division can be used in some cases to determine the magnitude of the influence of factors on the growth of the effective indicator . This applies to those cases when we are dealing with additive models Y=∑хi and models of a multiply additive type:

In the first case, when we have a single-level model of the type Y = a + b + c, the calculation is carried out as follows:

In models of a multiply additive type, it is first necessary to determine by the method of chain substitution how much the effective indicator has changed due to the numerator and denominator, and then to calculate the influence of second-order factors by the method of proportional division according to the above algorithms.

For example, the level of profitability increased by 8% due to an increase in the amount of profit by 1000 thousand rubles. At the same time, profit increased due to an increase in sales by 500 thousand rubles, due to an increase in prices - by 1,700 thousand rubles, and due to an increase in the cost of production decreased by 1,200 thousand rubles. Let's determine how the level of profitability has changed due to each factor:

7. To solve this type of problem, you can also use the method of equity participation. . To do this, first determine the share of each factor in the total amount of their growth (coefficient of equity participation), which is then multiplied by the total growth of the effective indicator (Table 4.2):

Calculation of the influence of factors on the performance indicator by the equity method

	Change in profit, thousand rubles	Factor share in changing the overall profit amounts	Change in the level of profitability, %
Volume of sales			8 ∙ 0,5 = +4,0
			8 ∙1,7 = +13,6
Cost price			8 ∙ (-1,2)= -9,6
Total

8. Based on the method of sequential isolation of factors lies the method of scientific abstraction, which makes it possible to investigate big number combinations with a simultaneous change in all or part of the factors.

Careful planning is essential to the success of any enterprise. Its basis is a factor analysis of various indicators, which allows to substantiate plans, evaluate the quality of accounting and control systems. Based on the results, tactics and strategy of the enterprise are developed. Most often, factor analysis is carried out in relation to profit in order to determine how this indicator is affected by the quality and volume of products, labor productivity. For commercial enterprises, sales analysis is the most important.

The task of studying financial results is to control the implementation of plans and determine what objective and subjective factors affect the level of income. The calculation process uses credentials and information from the business plan. Based on the results, reserves are determined to increase net income.

Calculations are carried out according to:

• gross, taxable,
• basic goods (services, works)
• income from other sales
• non-operating income

Research objectives:

• determine deviations for each feature
• explore the change and structure of each indicator
• evaluate the performance of the enterprise for a certain period

The structure and composition of income, dynamics compared to previous time periods, the impact of the chosen accounting policy on each type of profit and the amount of dividend and tax deductions are analyzed.

It is important to take into account all the factors affecting the result of entrepreneurial activity:

• income from operations with currencies, deposits, bonds, shares
• losses from bad debts, penalties, fines, penalties
• rental income, received penalties, fines, penalties
• Losses from negative past earnings and natural disasters
• expenses for paying taxes and deductions to off-budget funds

The main indicator of successful work is high profitability. It is required to study the dependence of this indicator for the entire enterprise and for each line of activity. The profitability of sales, return on invested capital, investments and costs are assessed. Calculations are carried out for each type of profit (gross, from sales, net).

Factor analysis consists of several stages:

• selection factors
• their systematization and classification
• modeling relationships between factor and result
• determination of each factor and calculation of its influence on the result of economic activity
• development of recommendations to use the results in practice

Main elements: changes in profitability, income and expenses.

For factorial research, you can use other indicators, for example, profitability:

• investments (the ratio of the amount in the "bottom line" to the amount of own funds)
• equity
• assets (the ratio of the amount in the "bottom line" to the total volume of the first section of the balance sheet)
• (the ratio of the amount in the "bottom line" to the volume of working capital)
• sales (the ratio of the amount in the "bottom line" to revenue)

The difference between the amounts for the base and the current year is calculated, the factors that influenced the changes are identified.

Study of factors affecting the profitability of sales

Sales revenue depends on:

• volume of goods sold
• structure of goods sold
• prime cost
• average price level
• business expenses

In the course of the study, each factor and its influence are evaluated.

General indicator of change in income from the sale of goods:

ΔP = P1 - P0, where

• P1 - profit of the current period
• P0 - profit of the previous period

When calculating the effect of the volume of goods sold on profitability, the increase in volume (as a percentage) is first calculated:

ΔQ \u003d Q1 / Q0 * 100 - 100, where

• Q1 - revenue of the current period in the prices of the base
• Q0 - revenue of the previous period

ΔР1 = Р0 * ΔQ / 100, where

• ΔР1 - change in the volume of goods sold

Problems can be created by comparing the data of the base and reporting time interval, especially if the products are heterogeneous. The problem is solved by using the prices of the previous period as a basis.

The impact on the cost price is calculated by the formula:

ΔР2 = С0 — С1, where

• C0 - the cost of goods sold in the reporting period in the prices of the previous period
• C1 - the cost of goods sold in the reporting period at current prices

This formula is also used in calculating the impact of selling and administrative expenses.

The change in the selling price is calculated by the formula:

ΔР3 = Q1 - Q2, where

• Q1 - revenue of the current period in current prices
• Q2 - revenue of the current period at prices of the base

To calculate the impact of product structure on profits, the following formula is used:

ΔР4 = ΔР - ΔР1 - ΔР2 - ΔР3

To determine the impact of all factors, the formula is used:

ΔР = Р1 - Р0 = ΔР1 + ΔР2 + ΔР3 + ΔР4

Based on the results, reserves are determined that allow. This may be an increase in the volume of products sold, a reduction in the total cost or its individual components, an improvement in the structure (quality, assortment) of manufactured (sold) products.

Calculation example

To make calculations, you need to take data from the balance sheet for the current and base year.

An example of calculating indicators of factor analysis of profit from sales, if:

• revenue 60,000 and 55,000 (at current prices) or 45,833 (at base year prices)
• production cost 40,000 and 35,000
• selling expenses 3,000 and 2,000
• management expenses 5,000 and 4,000
• total cost 48,000 and 41,000
• sale price change index 1.2
• profit 12,000 and 14,000

(the first indicator refers to the base period, the second - to the reporting period).

Profit change:

ΔP \u003d P1 - P0 \u003d 12,000 - 14,000 \u003d -2,000

Revenue of the current period in prices of the past: 55,000 / 1.2 = 45,833.

Increase / decrease in sales volume:

ΔQ = Q1 / Q0 * 100 = 45,833 / 60,000 * 100 - 100 = -24%

Effect of volume reduction:

ΔP1 \u003d P0 * ΔQ / 100 \u003d 12,000 * (-24) / 100 \u003d -1,480

Influence of incomplete (production) cost:

ΔP2 \u003d C0 - C1 \u003d 40,000 - 35,000 * 1.2 \u003d -2,000

Impact of selling expenses:

ΔP2 \u003d C0 - C1 \u003d 3,000 - 2,000 * 1.2 \u003d 600

Impact of management costs:

ΔР2 \u003d С0 - С1 \u003d 5,000 - 4,000 * 1.2 \u003d 200

The impact of the change in the value of the sale:

ΔP3 \u003d Q1 - Q2 \u003d 55,000 - 45,833 \u003d 9,167

Structure influence:

ΔР4 = ΔР - ΔР1 - ΔР2 - ΔР3 = -2,000 - 1,480 - 2,000 + 600 + 200 + 9,167 = 4,467

Influence of all factors:

ΔР = ΔР1 + ΔР2 + ΔР3 + ΔР4 = -1 480 - 2 000 + 600 + 200 + 9 167 + 3 467 = 9 114

The results show that profit in the reporting period decreased due to a decrease in sales volumes and an increase in production costs. The change in the structure and cost of products during the sale had a positive effect.

Study of factors affecting gross profit

The following costs are not taken into account when calculating gross profit:

• commercial
• managerial
• non-operating
• operating rooms
• tax
• emergency
• others

In the example discussed in the previous section, 3 will change:

• cost will be 2000
• structure influence 3 667
• influence of all factors 8 314

The amounts will be less, since selling and administrative costs that change the full cost price are not taken into account.

Study of factors affecting the size of net profit

All factors influencing this indicator are divided into internal and external. The first group includes accounting methods, methods for forming the cost structure, the second - the impact of climate, changes in tariffs and prices for raw materials, changes in contracts, force majeure. Net profit is calculated by subtracting production costs, management and commercial costs, other expenses, and taxes from revenue.

For calculations, the formula is used:

∆Rch = ∆Р + ∆С + ∆К + ∆У + ∆П + ∆NP, where

• ∆Р - change in revenue
• ∆C - change in cost
• ∆K - change in commercial costs
• ∆У - change in management costs
• ∆P - change in other income/expenses
• ∆NR - size change after adjustment

When calculating changes in individual factors, the following formula is used:

ΔI2 = I0 - I1, where

• I0 - costs of the current period in prices of the past
• I1 - costs of the reporting period at current prices

Similarly, a study is carried out of income from additional activities, for example, participation in other enterprises, deposits, deposits in bonds. This allows you to determine the factors affecting the profitability and the feasibility of investing. For example, if income from interest on deposits has decreased, you should not use this type of investment in the future.

When working with the “bottom line”, a study of the quality and use of net profit is also carried out. This indicator can be improved by reducing the gap between the figure in the balance sheet and the real amount of funds. For this, the method, methods of writing off the cost and the formation of reserves are changing.

To study the use of earned funds, the formula for calculating the profitability of one share is used:

Pa \u003d (Pch - Dpr) / Qo, where

• Pa - profitability of one share
• Pch - net profit
• Dpr - the amount of dividends per preferred share
• Qo - the number of ordinary shares in circulation

Net profit is used for:

• dividend payments
• formation of savings and reserves
• contributions to social and charitable funds

Factor analysis can also be performed on these measures to compare volumes and variances across two or more periods.

Factor analysis makes it possible to more deeply and in detail assess the state of the enterprise's finances by identifying factors that have the most big influence on business profitability. Based on the results, it is possible to determine exactly what actions are required.

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