Control work philosophy and outlook. Philosophical worldview: structure, main features, specifics

Dialectic is a type of philosophical worldview, according to which the world is in the process of change and development. An alternative to the dialectical worldview is metaphysics. It should be borne in mind that the term "dialectics" in philosophy denotes not only a type of philosophical outlook, but also a method of critical discussion, during which opposing ideas and opinions are compared and tested for validity ("Socrates' dialectic").

Metaphysics is a type of philosophical worldview in which the constancy of the world is absolutized and its development is denied. It is important to emphasize that the concept of metaphysics has historically acquired the significance of philosophy in general.

No less important for philosophy are other questions: what is the source of human knowledge, behavior, etc. Empiricism and rationalism, hedonism, eudemonism and many other types of philosophical outlook were formed in response to them.

Answering the question about the source of human knowledge, some philosophers believed that all their diversity comes, ultimately, from experience, while others believed that from the mind. This is how empiricism and rationalism developed as types of philosophical worldview, stating that the source of human knowledge is experience in the first case, and reason in the second. Philosophical worldview, which considers the source human behavior and morality, the pursuit of pleasure is called hedonism, and the pursuit of happiness is called eudemonism.

At the same time, the pluralism of philosophical opinions does not imply the pluralism of philosophical truth. Philosophical truth, as well as the truth of specific sciences and everyday life, is always established in the process of correlating knowledge (consciousness) with the facts and laws of science, the historical experience of mankind, etc. In other words, truth cannot be finite, truth itself is a process. At the same time, its important feature is the fusion with the method of argumentation ( method ) and the philosophical arguments themselves. Testing the latter for validity, a person reveals the truth of philosophical knowledge for himself. This means that if philosophical positions (truths and arguments supporting them) are assimilated by someone uncritically, in other words, they are simply accepted on faith, then they cease to be philosophical, turn, for example, into mythological and religious (Vedism, Confucianism, in many respects, Marxism are examples of philosophical and social doctrines, which, having become dogmas, turned into peculiar forms of religions).

Philosophical positions are always expressed in a special language. Although the philosophical worldview uses words that are familiar to everyone - "movement", "world", "man", "truth", "quality", etc., their understanding differs from the ordinary and specifically scientific. Philosophical concepts are statements ( categories ) about the most general connections and relations of a person with the world. In human culture, they play the role of tools for resolving disputes between philosophers and non-philosophers, they act as conditions for mutual understanding of scientists of different specialties, steps in the development of human knowledge. Understanding the language of philosophy - necessary condition familiarization with the problems of philosophical knowledge and consciousness.

Philosophy, as activity, is argumentation. Arguing philosophically, we demonstrate the ability to substantiate some truth or refute its denial. In order to learn philosophical reasoning, one must master the art of asking questions. Language, concepts, symbols and their meaning, the discussion itself are all integral parts of the communication process. In many ways, the success or failure of philosophical argumentation depends precisely on the forms and methods of communication.

Philosophy as knowledge (but not information ! Why?), consciousness and activity influence the course of human history through the individual and social institutions. Today, philosophy itself is a specific social institution. As such, it has an infrastructure - books, journals, conferences, research and educational organizations. Their purpose is to serve the interests of all mankind and individual peoples. The study of philosophy in Belarus has a long tradition. Knowledge of the problems of national philosophy is an important condition for a person's involvement in the culture of his fatherland.

Concluding the consideration of the specifics of philosophy as knowledge, consciousness, activity and institution in general view, it is important to pay attention to the following. In every historical epoch, philosophy has played its special and unique role in the life of society. The properties of philosophy as knowledge, consciousness, and activity were not unchanged either. Modern philosophy is no exception. If in the past many philosophers sought to create an integral system of philosophical knowledge, then in the 20th century such systems were practically not created (“ Philosophical system can be either comprehensive or non-contradictory.” Bertrand Russell). Another modern feature philosophy is the ever-increasing specialization of philosophical knowledge, their division into various disciplines.

As part of modern philosophical knowledge, for example, such philosophical disciplines as:

Ontology - the doctrine of being (existing),

Gnoseology (epistemology) - the doctrine of knowledge,

Logic is the doctrine of right thinking,

Anthropology is the study of man

Argumentology is the study of reasoning

Axiology - the doctrine of values,

Methodology is the study of methods.

The most important key to understanding the essence and role of modern philosophy is the knowledge of its attitude to life. Modern philosophical consciousness is made up of discussions of positivism, existentialism, Marxism, neo-Thomism, postpositivism, hermeneutics, postmodernism and other teachings. It is important to note that the influence philosophical teachings determined not by the number of adherents, but by the ability to provide convincing answers to the latest questions of our time. Philosophy is alive, developing, connected with practice.

Modern philosophy is the ideological and methodological core of the culture of the 20th century, including the natural, social and human sciences. The assimilation of modern physics and economics, political science and design requires knowledge of their philosophical ( contextual, conceptual, informational, semantic…) subtext. Knowledge of this subtext is a condition for familiarization with the values ​​of modern philosophical culture. Today to distinguish a person who has modern education, from not having one, is easiest of all in terms of the level of his philosophical culture.

What does the requirement to be a philosophically educated (cultured) person mean in practice? It seems to us that this means learning the place and purpose of philosophy in the past and present, correctly understanding the role of language in science and life, the meaning of one’s own being, the ability to express thoughts in a form accessible to criticism, knowing the place of philosophy in science and religion, striving to achieve understanding with other people, to have an idea of ​​the role played in life by social structures and institutions, to consider all of the above as relative truth, and much more…

Modern philosophical culture involves not only understanding the principles of the worldview, mastering the content of certain philosophical teachings, but also the ability to pronounce them out loud, build a career and life in accordance with them.

How many people live on Earth, there are as many views on the surrounding reality, events taking place on the planet, and the place of man in all this.

The picture of the world of each individual is in the totality of his knowledge, beliefs, emotional assessments and accumulated experience about the environment. That is why all people are different, but they can unite into families, groups, parties and other communities according to the same fragments of the perception of the world.

The philosophic worldview deals with the comprehension and systematization of everything that happens in reality from the standpoint of logic and rationalism.

History of philosophy

Philosophy was born at the moment when a person first began to look for answers to the questions “Who am I?”, “Why am I here?” and “What is the meaning of life?” As a science, it was formed in the 6th century BC. e. in ancient China, India and Greece.

Philosophers who lived in that era left their scientific works and research, many of which have not lost their relevance today. At all times, people have tried to solve the problems that the existing reality put before them. Any reasoning about the universe and its mysteries, soul and God, death and life - all these are philosophical categories. Found answers to eternal questions became guidelines for people in their knowledge of the world around them.

Although more than 2000 years have passed since the writing of the treatises by the first sages, and today humanity knows more about the Earth, the Universe and about itself, the existing philosophical worldview remains controversial regarding the main questions about what is the meaning of life, what is the purpose of people, etc. .

A look at existence

It is customary to call a worldview the totality of a person's ideas about himself and the visible and invisible reality surrounding him. There are 2 types of perception of existence - individual and public.

A personal worldview can consist of both a person's own ideas about himself and other people's opinions about him. The public includes such manifestations of national self-consciousness as legends, myths, traditions and much more.

When perceiving reality, people evaluate it not only from the position of personal acceptance or denial of any events, states or objects, but also from the point of view of understanding the world as a whole. Thanks to the invariable qualities that determine the essence of a person, his philosophical outlook is formed.

For example, a person who believes that all sellers are thieves creates a strong opinion about this and transfers it to his picture of the world as a whole.

An indicator of how broad and mature a person's worldview is his actions. What actions does he take based on his beliefs? By finding this out, one can ascertain what his true moral values ​​are.

The essence of the philosophical worldview

In truth, any inhabitant of the planet could be called a thinker (after all, everyone at least once wondered what the meaning of life is), if his reasoning did not remain at the level of personal opinion about the system of things.

Features of the philosophical worldview - that it considers reality and man as interacting systems. Previously, scientists have studied separately the world as a creation of God and the place of people in it.

The essence of this concept is the understanding of the spiritual activity of a person in a constantly changing world, his ability to adapt to it. Previously, there were such types of worldview as religious and mythical, the first of which was characterized by fear of the unknown and the forces of nature, while the second was fear of God and punishment.

Another important feature of the philosophical worldview is that they are not built on fear and conjecture, but have a system based on logic and evidence. it supreme way for human consciousness to understand the world in the complete unity of all its manifestations and present a picture of the existent with all its components as a whole.

Features of the philosophical worldview

Any scientific knowledge about the nature of things, man and society can be the initial data in order to form a philosophy that can be argued and proven by facts.

The philosophical worldview has the following features:

• scientific validity of reality (absence of conjectures and unconfirmed statements);
• systematic collection of information;
• universality, as it fits any - both personal and religious worldviews;
• criticality, as nothing is taken for granted.

The features of the philosophical worldview are clearly different from the religious, mythological, scientific or ordinary system. Those have "anchors" that keep them within the framework of the norms developed over the years or centuries. For example, if there are dogmas in religion, assumptions in mythology, and facts in science due to the need to study them, then the philosophical worldview is not limited to the direction of its interests and proposals. This is largely due to the development critical thinking at modern man. For example, the famous scientific fact that a person is an upright creature can be questioned by pointing out that a child needs to be taught to walk on two legs.

Picture of reality

The global image of the world or only the idea of ​​it is its picture. Each era has its own "illustration" of being, based on the knowledge of the people of that time. The less they knew about the surrounding reality, the more tiny was its image.

For example, at one time people believed that the Earth was supported by three elephants standing on a turtle. This was their level of knowledge of the world.

When the philosophers of antiquity realized such a concept as the Cosmos, they divided the previously unified world into the being around them and man. At the same time, people, as carriers of many features characteristic of the Universe, received the designation "microcosm".

The development of natural science and the acquisition of new facts about the structure of the world changed its picture again. This was especially influenced by Newton's law of gravity and Kepler's model of our universe. Based on the experience of past centuries, one can understand that the specifics of the philosophical worldview regarding the structure of being changed with each new scientific discovery. This process continues today, which confirms the teaching of the ancient sages that the Cosmos, like its knowledge, has no boundaries.

Types of philosophical outlook

Each person has his own view of the existing reality, which was formed through his development, upbringing, education, professional activities and communication with other people. All this underlies the worldview, and everyone has their own.

But in addition to differences in their view of the world, people have common ground that allow them to unite in various communities. Due to this, the types of philosophical worldview are conditionally divided into 2 types. One of them takes into account the opinion of the majority about reality, the other - personal:

• socio-historical - this is the formation of mankind's views on the world in various eras of its development, for example, archaic, characteristic of antiquity, and philosophical, corresponding to modernity;
• the personal type is formed in the process of the spiritual growth of the individual and his ability to assimilate and apply the values ​​and worldviews developed by mankind.

People can form their views either purposefully or spontaneously. For example, when a person believes what TV announcers tell him and does not treat information critically, it means creating the necessary worldview in him, imposing someone else's vision of reality. This is a purposeful influence on the formation of his views.

Philosophy and Science

With the advent and development of various scientific disciplines, the opinion of the world around mankind began to change. Everything that people discovered during the cognition and study of reality gradually formed the scientific and philosophical worldview.

From century to century science succeeded each other, each time creating the basis for new views on reality. For example, astrology was replaced by a more accurate science of the stars - astronomy, alchemy gave way to chemistry. During these changes, a new perception of reality was also formed.

If the ancient scientists drew certain conclusions on the basis of their observations of nature, then the sciences were formed due to the awareness of the connections between natural phenomena. The specificity of the philosophical worldview is that it does not take anything for granted, this is also characteristic of the scientific mind. It was the development of critical consciousness in people that gave rise, over time, to the formation of all those disciplines that humanity has today.

Stages of development of philosophical outlook

Everything in this world goes through several stages - from inception to the adoption of the final form. There are 3 stages in the evolution of the philosophy of worldview:

• cosmocentrism is a view of reality, which is based on the influence of the mighty and infinite Cosmos on everything that exists;

• theocentrism - the view that the whole world, both visible and invisible, depends on supernatural forces or God;
• anthropocentrism - at the head of everything is a person - the crown of creation.

The main philosophical worldviews were formed due to the synthesis of all three stages of development, which combined the study of nature, man and the society in which he lives into a single object.

Form of knowledge of the world

As civilizations grew and developed, they needed not only new concepts of understanding reality, but also a cognitive apparatus for their understanding. Thus, philosophy appeared - a form of knowledge of the laws of nature and the development of problems in the formation of a different type of thinking.

The main part of its development was the creation of a secondary type of consciousness in society. Already established foundations and dogmas are difficult to destroy, so it was necessary to question everything that had been accumulated by previous generations of thinkers and scientists.

It was thanks to the emergence of people with critical consciousness that the philosophical worldview gradually disappeared, which affirms the impossibility of knowing reality with the mind.

Irrationalism

Too much long time humanity evaluated reality from the standpoint of denying the role of awareness in its perception. For more than 2000 years, people have attributed all the phenomena of nature to supernatural forces, so the main postulates for them were faith, instincts, feelings and divine revelations.

Even today, there are phenomena that people cannot explain from the standpoint of science. These include a philosophical worldview that asserts the impossibility of knowing such spheres of reality as immortality, God, creativity, and others.

It is impossible to apply a scientific approach to all the incomprehensible elements of existence or to study them. Irrationalism is actually traced in the actions of every person when he listens to his intuition or creates.

The role of the mind

For a philosophical worldview, on the contrary, reflections on the essence of phenomena and their relationship are fundamental. This happens with the help of the action of the mind, which is critically tuned to the information received and wants to check it.

It often happens that rational solution task originates in irrationality. Many scientific discoveries are made in this way, an example of which is the table chemical elements Mendeleev or DNA molecules, which scientists first saw in a dream, and then proved experimentally.

Philosophical worldview, its features. Historical types of philosophical outlook.

philosophical worldview is the theoretical level of the worldview, it is the most systematized, maximally rationalized worldview.

Philosophy generalizes the achievements of science and culture, of all human history, speaking in the form theoretical outlook, higher in relation to mythology and religion as historical types of worldview, preceding philosophy. The solution of worldview issues in philosophy took place from a different angle than in mythology and religion, namely, from the standpoint of rational assessment, from the standpoint of reason, and not faith.

The word "philosophy" is of Greek origin and consists of two parts. "Filuya" is translated as "love", "sophia" - as "wisdom". Thus, philosophy literally means the love of wisdom. For the first time the words "philosophy" and "philosopher" began to use the famous Greek Pythagoras, who lived in the VI century. BC. Before him, Greek scholars called themselves "sophos", which means "wise man", that is, they considered themselves sages. Pythagoras, in a conversation with King Leont, uttered the words that later became winged: "I am not a sage, but only a philosopher." This saying at first glance seems strange and even meaningless, since the concepts of "sage" and "philosopher" seem to be synonymous. In fact, they imply completely different concepts. "Sophos" (i.e. sage) - one who owns wisdom, has complete truth, knows everything. "Philo-sophos" (i.e. lover of wisdom) - one who does not own wisdom, but strives for it, does not know the whole truth, but wants to know. Pythagoras believed that a person cannot know everything and possess complete truth, but he can strive for this - in other words, a person cannot be a sage, but a lover of wisdom - a philosopher.

In ancient India, philosophical schools were called "darshans" (from darsh ​​- to see; darshana meant "vision of wisdom"). In ancient China, great attention was also paid to wisdom, knowledge; they should underlie the governance of the country, benefit the people.

Thus, the very concept of "philosophy" contains the idea that the ultimate truth or absolute knowledge is unattainable, that there are no answers to eternal questions, and there will not be. Therefore, it is useless to engage in philosophy? Pythagoras, calling himself a philosopher, did not at all consider the pursuit of wisdom to be a senseless affair. His famous words contain the assertion that a person not only can, but must be a lover of wisdom.

Starting to consider the historical stages in the development of philosophy, it is necessary to clarify the following concepts.

Philosophical doctrine is a system of certain, logically connected with each other views. Since this or that doctrine, created by an individual philosopher, finds its successors, philosophical schools are formed.

Philosophical schools is a set of philosophical teachings united by some basic, ideological principles. The totality of various modifications of the same ideological principles developed by different, often competing schools, is usually called currents.

Philosophical directions- these are the largest and most significant formations in the historical and philosophical process (teachings, schools), which have common fundamental provisions and allow for individual private disagreements.

Philosophy as a worldview has gone through three main stages of its evolution:

Cosmocentrism;

Theocentrism;

Anthropocentrism.

Cosmocentrism- a philosophical worldview, which is based on the explanation of the surrounding world, natural phenomena through the power, omnipotence, infinity of external forces - the Cosmos, and according to which everything that exists depends on the Cosmos and cosmic cycles (this philosophy was characteristic of Ancient India, Ancient China, other countries of the East, as well as Ancient Greece).

Theocentrism- a type of philosophical worldview, which is based on the explanation of everything that exists through the dominance of an inexplicable, supernatural force - God (was common in medieval Europe).

Anthropocentrism is a type of philosophical worldview, in the center of which is the problem of man (Europe of the Renaissance, modern and modern times, modern philosophical schools).

The subject of philosophy. Historically, the subject of philosophy has changed, which was determined by social transformations, spiritual life, the level of scientific, including philosophical knowledge. At present, philosophy is the doctrine of the universal principles of being and cognition, the essence of man and his attitude to the world around him, in other words - the science of universal laws

It is important to understand that a worldview is a complex, synthetic, integral formation of social and individual consciousness and develops historically. The proportional presence of various components in it - knowledge, beliefs, beliefs, moods, aspirations, hopes, values, norms, ideals, etc. - is essential for characterizing the worldview. Any worldview is the result of the reflection of the world, but the depth of the reflection of the world can be different. Therefore, the worldview has different levels - worldview, worldview, worldview.

outlook is a set of views, assessments, principles that determine the most general idea of ​​the world, general vision, understanding of the world and the place of man in it. Worldview determines not only ideas about the world, but also life positions, programs of action, direction of actions, behavior of people. Mankind in the process of development has developed different historical types of worldview, so it is necessary to determine the place of philosophy among other socio-historical types of worldview.

But it is impossible to embark on the path of philosophy without having a preliminary, "working" definition of philosophy. In the most general sense, philosophy is a special kind of theoretical activity, the subject of which is the universal forms of interaction between man and the world. the environment, in other words, the science of the universal laws of development of nature, society and thought.

The philosophical worldview is a synthesis of the most general views on nature, society, and man. The philosophy does not stop there, however. Philosophy, as a rule, historically was not understood as a collection of ready-made knowledge once and for all, but as a striving for all deeper truth. With each new era, new approaches and solutions to "eternal questions" open up and new problems are posed.

Defining the subject of philosophy , as a study of the most general laws of the development of nature, society and thinking, it is necessary to understand what philosophy explores:

1. Study of the most general questions of being. At the same time, the problem of being itself is understood in a universal sense. Being and non-being; being material and ideal; being of nature, society and man. The philosophical doctrine of being is called ontology (from the Greek ontos - being and logos - teaching).

2. Analysis of the most general questions of knowledge. We know or we don't know the world; what are the possibilities, methods and goals of knowledge; what is the essence of knowledge itself and what is truth; what is the subject and object of knowledge, etc. At the same time, philosophy is not interested in specific methods of cognition (physical, chemical, biological, etc.), although it, in most cases, does not ignore them. The philosophical doctrine of knowledge was called epistemology (from the Greek gnosis - knowledge, knowledge and logos - teaching).

3. The study of the most common issues of the functioning and development of society. Formally, this problem, of course, finds its place in the doctrine of being. But since it is society that has the main influence on the development of the individual, forms the social qualities of a person, this problem should be singled out in a separate section. The branch of philosophy that studies social life is called social philosophy.

4. Study of the most common and essential problems of man. This section also seems to be one of the most important for philosophy, since it is the person who is the starting and ending point of philosophizing. It is not an abstract spirit that creates and acts, but a man. The philosophy of man is called philosophical anthropology.

In this way: Philosophy can be defined as the doctrine of the general principles of being, cognition and relations between man and the world.

The structure of philosophical knowledge.

Philosophical knowledge develops, becomes more complex and differentiates. As a theoretical discipline, philosophy has a number of sections. Traditionally, philosophy includes ontology (from Greek ontos - being, logos - teaching) - the doctrine of being, epistemology (from Greek gnosis - knowledge, logos - teaching) - the doctrine of knowledge, axiology (from Greek axios - value and logos - doctrine) - the doctrine of values. Sometimes they distinguish social philosophy and the philosophy of history, as well as philosophical anthropology (from the Greek. Antropos - man and logos - doctrine) - the doctrine of man.

Against the background of spontaneously arising (everyday and other) forms of understanding of the world, philosophy appeared as a specially developed doctrine of wisdom. Philosophical thought has chosen as its guideline not myth-making (myths) or naive faith (religion), not popular opinions or supernatural explanations, but free, critical thinking based on the principles of reason about the world and human life.

Throughout the history of the existence of mankind, philosophy has been developing as a stable form of social consciousness, worldview issues have been considered. It constitutes the theoretical basis of the worldview or its theoretical core, around which a kind of spiritual cloud of generalized everyday views of worldly wisdom has formed, which constitutes a vital level of worldview.

The relationship between philosophy and worldview is characterized as follows: the concept of "worldview" is wider than the concept of "philosophy". Philosophy is such a form of social and individual consciousness, which is constantly theoretically substantiated, has a greater degree of scientificity than just a worldview at the everyday level of common sense, which is present in a person who sometimes does not even know how to write or read.

The philosophical worldview is, first of all, a theoretical view of the world from the standpoint of an active being who is aware of himself and what he has to interact with. This is a set of fundamental ideas about man, about the world and about the relationship of man to the world. These ideas allow people to consciously navigate the world and society, as well as motivate their actions.

Philosophy refers to a reflexive type of worldview, which contains reflections on one's own ideas about the world and a person's place in this world. A look at one's thinking, at one's consciousness from the outside is one of the features of philosophical thinking. These are reflections on one's own reflections.

Freethinking is an objective principle of philosophy. By its very nature, philosophy requires reflection, doubt, allows criticism of ideas, rejection of belief in dogmas and postulates, which are approved by the mass practice of believers. Philosophy calls into question the ultimate foundations of being, including the very existence of the world, including such a question - "how is the world possible?". Philosophy was formed in the struggle with the religious-mythological consciousness, it rationally explained the world. The original types of worldview persist throughout history. "Pure" types of worldview are practically not found in real life form complex and contradictory combinations.

In the mass consciousness, philosophy is often presented as something very far from real life. Philosophers are spoken of as people "not of this world." Philosophizing in this sense is a lengthy, vague reasoning, the truth of which can neither be proved nor refuted. But such an opinion is already contradicted by the fact that in a cultured, civilized society, every thinking person, at least a little, is a philosopher, even if he does not suspect it.

Philosophical thought is the thought of the eternal. But this does not mean that philosophy itself is outside history. There was a time when there was no science yet, and philosophy was on the highest level your creative development. Man's relation to the world is an eternal subject of philosophy, which is historically mobile and concrete. The "human" dimension of the world changes with the change in the essential forces of man himself.

The innermost goal of philosophy is to take a person out of the sphere of everyday life, to captivate him with the highest ideals, to give his life a true meaning, to open the way to the most perfect values.

Philosophy is one of the main forms of social consciousness, the system of the most general concepts about the world and man's place in it. The emergence of philosophy as a worldview refers to the period of development and formation of the slave-owning society in the countries of the Ancient East, and the classical form of the philosophical worldview developed in Ancient Greece. Initially, materialism arose as a kind of philosophical worldview, as a scientific reaction to a religious form of worldview. Thales was the first in ancient Greece to rise to the understanding of the material unity of the world and expressed a progressive idea about the transformation of matter, one in its essence, from one of its states to another. Thales had associates, students and followers of his views. Unlike Thales, who considered water to be the material basis of all things, they found other material foundations: Anaximenes - air, Heraclitus - fire.

Philosophy is correlated with worldview by such parameters.

Firstly, the worldview incorporates the entire experience of man's knowledge of the world around him. Philosophy is focused on revealing the most general principles the structure of this world and its most important characteristics, methods and forms of cognitive and practical human activity. Philosophy does not seek to answer all cognitive questions. With its own means, it solves only the most general (ideological) issues. These include, first of all, questions about what is the world, what is man, and so on.

Secondly, with the help of philosophy, the worldview reaches a high degree of orderliness, generalization and theoreticality (rationality). On the other hand, major developments scientific knowledge, as a rule, led to a change in the existing philosophical ideas about the world. So it was, for example, after the discoveries of N. Copernicus, C. Darwin, A. Einstein.

Thirdly, a developed, rich in content worldview stimulates and facilitates the formulation and understanding of philosophical, that is, the most general questions by a person. This becomes possible thanks to the most diverse knowledge about the world that a person acquires as his own worldview is formed.

Fourthly, philosophy determines the nature and general orientation of the worldview. For example, in the Renaissance it was anthropocentric in connection with the active understanding of the human phenomenon in philosophy. The idea of ​​man permeated not only the advanced philosophical thought of that time, but also other forms of social consciousness.

Fifthly, the worldview and philosophy are united by the formulation and solution of the problem of man in its various aspects. The worldview includes a wide variety of information about a person, drawn from many sources - from religion, from everyday knowledge, from science and others. Philosophy solves this problem in the most general form, answering first of all the questions about what a person is, what is his place in the world and why he lives.

The final definition of the relationship between philosophy and worldview can be formulated as follows: philosophy is a system of fundamental ideas as part of the Worldview of Man and Society.

In developed worldview systems, philosophy is always the main integrating principle. Without it, there is not and cannot be a complete worldview. That is why philosophy is considered to be theoretical basis, the core of the worldview. Largely due to this fact, the special role of philosophy in the spiritual life of man and society follows.

The main task of philosophy is to answer philosophical questions. The task of philosophy is, first of all, to, in the words of G. Hegel, “to comprehend what is” and to form a complete picture of the world and man in it. Solving its main question, philosophy at the same time develops the most important approaches and orientations for comprehending other worldview issues.

Philosophical problems are not problems about objects (natural or created by people), but about a person's attitude towards them. Not the world in itself, but the world as the abode of human life - this is the starting point of view of philosophical consciousness. "What can I know? What should I do? What can I hope for? ” - it is in these questions that, according to Kant, the highest interests of the human mind are contained.

Philosophical questions are questions about the fate, destiny of man and mankind. These questions were not invented by philosophers, they are created by life itself. They appear as fundamental contradictions of living human history, which have an open, independent character. Philosophical questions, passing through the whole of human history, appearing in a certain sense as eternal problems, acquire their specific, unique appearance in different epochs, in different cultures. Philosophers, to the best of their strength and abilities, solve these eternal, vital questions. The very nature of philosophical problems is such that a simple, unambiguous, final result of their resolution is impossible. Their theoretical solution is conceived not as a final solution that removes the problem, but as solutions designed to: summarize the past; determine the specific shape of the problem in modern conditions; think pragmatically about the future. Philosophy, comprehending the historical era, proactively reflects the directions and ways of human development, warns of hidden dangers.

The organic combination in philosophy of two principles (scientific-theoretical and practical-spiritual) determines its specificity as a completely unique form of consciousness. This is especially noticeable in the history of philosophy, in the real process of research, in the development of the ideological content of philosophical doctrines, which historically, in time, are interconnected not by chance, but in a necessary way. All of them are just facets, moments of a single whole. Just as in science and in other areas of rationality, in philosophy new knowledge does not reject, but dialectically “removes”, overcomes its previous level, that is, it includes it as its own special case. Hegel emphasized: "In the history of thought, we observe progress - a constant ascent from abstract knowledge to more and more concrete knowledge." The sequence of philosophical teachings (basically and most importantly) is the same as the sequence in the logical definitions of the goal itself, that is, the history of knowledge corresponds to the objective logic of the object being known.