soft sign- one of those letters that often make the writer have difficulty choosing the correct spelling. Moreover, several types of orthograms are associated with it. Let's try to deal with one of them.
Why do you need a soft sign?
The soft sign does not represent any sound. Nevertheless, it is often used by us in writing.
The soft sign in Russian is never used after a vowel, Y, or at the beginning of a word.
The soft sign performs three main functions :
- denotes the softness of consonants in the middle before consonants and at the end of a word ( softening sign).
- indicates that E, Yo, Yu, I after the consonant denote two sounds; also "separates" the consonant and the following AND, sometimes O ( separator sign).
- helps to determine the grammatical features of the word (after hissing at the end of the word - grammatical mark).
It is about the spelling of a soft sign after hissing that we will now talk.
Why do we need a soft sign after hissing ones?
So why do we write a soft sign in the field of hissing words at the end? After all, he cannot share anything (there is no vowel after him).
It cannot perform a softening function either: all hissing ones are either always soft (why do they also need a soft sign?), Or always hard (and a soft sign cannot change this position).
To answer this question, let's look at the words.
Suppose there are such words: chuch, myash and pin. These are nouns. Can we determine their gender and declension?
We can say with certainty that the word "chuch" female 3 declensions, and "myash" - masculine 2 declensions. It is impossible to say anything about "pin". Why? Because we know: only in feminine nouns of the 3rd declension, after hissing, a soft sign is written at the end. And after other letters - not hissing - it can be written in the 3rd declension (steppe), and in the 2nd (horse). And this is understandable: after others, paired in hardness - softness, consonants, the soft sign denotes softness, and not a grammatical category.
A soft sign in itself cannot be the end of a word, although it stands at the end; it can be part of the ending (-eat, -ish) or root (mouse, bake, cut, wide open).
Rules
The spelling of the soft sign after the hissing at the end depends on the part of speech. Therefore, before writing or not writing b, it is necessary to determine which part of speech is in front of us. Part of the rules related to this issue is studied in primary school(soft sign at the end of nouns and in verbs of the 2nd person singular), part - in grade 5 (short adjectives), part - in grade 6 (imperative verbs) and, finally, adverbs and particles are considered in grade 7.
So, soft sign at the end after hissing spelled:
- There are 3 declensions in nouns: daughter, dry land, wasteland, help.
- In verbs there are 2 persons singular, in imperative mood and in an indefinite form - that is, wherever a soft sign can appear at the end of a word after a hissing one: lie down, find out, appoint.
- In adverbs (exceptions: Unbearable to get married): back, backhand, away.
- In some particles: only, you see, I mean.
The soft sign in verbs is preserved before -sya or -te: appoint, bake, part.
soft sign not spelled:
- In nouns there are 2 declensions: baby, raincoat, crying.
- In nouns 1 and 2 declensions in plural genitive case: clouds, shoulders, groves.
- In short adjectives: mighty, tenacious, tenacious.
- In adverbs that are exceptions: I can't bear to get married.
Sometimes we think about whether it is necessary to put a soft sign after hissing ones. We will lay down the rules for you when it should not be done and when it is strictly necessary to do it.
These rules are based on what part of speech is being discussed, in what declension and in what part of the word.
Soft sign after hissing - setting rule
We put a soft sign:
Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.
Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth on the night of either a son or a daughter.
2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense at the endings after the sibilants.
Example in a word: you will, you will become, you cook, you remember, you believe, you will do.
Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving.
– sya, the soft sign is preserved. Example: returning, straining, intending.
3. In singular verbs in the imperative mood in endings after sibilants.
Example in a word: Cut! Eat! Hide!
Addition: If the ending is added to these verbs – sya, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't fool around!
Examples in sentences: Vadik, don't be foolish and don't hide!
4. In plural and imperative verbs before endings - those, - those.
Example: smear - smear - smear.
Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!
5. In verbs of an indefinite person, including before the ending -sya.
Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.
Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.
6. In adverbs, it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.
Example: Entirely, jump, backhand, wide open.
Example in a sentence: He started the horse at a gallop, and hacked at the air with his sword.
Exceptions: Oh, unbearable, married.
7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you only.
Example words: that is, only.
In a sentence: Look what a bully!
Why sometimes a soft sign is not written after hissing ones?
Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.
Sentence: A swift flew up to our window.
2. In plural and genitive nouns.
Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grish, between, puddles.
Suggestion example: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.
Example: powerful, hot, good, flying, melodious, comely.
Sentence: He was good-natured and good-looking...
4. In pronouns with hissing at the end.
Given the above, the spelling of a soft sign after hissing differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.
Elementary teachers give their students rhyming versions of the rules - for easier memorization.
When to write "b" after sibilants in nouns, verbs, adverbs and particles
In Russian orthography, there are several cases when a soft sign is written after hissing consonants "g", "w", "h", "u" in nouns, verbs, adverbs and particles. Let's consider them in detail.
b after sibilants in nouns
After hissing consonants "b" written not to soften them. After all, consonants "u", "h" do not need this, being unpaired soft consonants. And the consonants "g", "sh", on the other hand, are always solid. This means that the soft sign that is written after the hissing consonants is a morphological sign, that is, a marker for designating nouns feminine of the third declension, for example:
Exception words: already, married, unbearable.
At the end of particles
At the end particles "shish", "bish", "wish", "only" also write a soft sign.
Look how smart you are!
Only the stars looked into the sleepy pond.
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b after hissing in verbs, at the end of nouns and adverbs!
In the article, we will analyze in detail when written ь after hissing in the verb, nouns and adverbs. Also on understandable examples show typical mistakes writing soft sign after hissing.
There are only 4 hissing letters in the Russian language. These are the letters Щ, Ж, Ш and Ш. The main cases concerning the spelling of b after hissing are the writing of a soft sign after hissing in the verb, at the end of nouns and adverbs. Let's analyze each case separately.
When is b written after hissing in a verb?
“We ALWAYS write a soft sign after hissing in verbs!”
In textbooks, most often they list that “b” is written if the verb is in the infinitive (answers the question what to do? Or what to do?), in the second person singular (combined with the pronoun you) or in the imperative mood (there is an indication to action).
It is not necessary to memorize all this, since in all other forms, hissing at the end is not found.
Let's look at examples.
Infinitives: attract, burn, lie down.
Second person, singular: write, love, breathe.
Imperative form: cut, spread, eat!
By the way, a soft sign can stand not only at the end of verbs. When adding -sya and -te after the hissing letter "b" is preserved. For instance: cut, smear, fall in love.
The most common mistake with a soft sign in verbs is writing it between -t and -sya in different persons. If we write " to shave"(what to do? with a soft sign), then" shaves” (what does?) we write without b. The rule is simple: If the question is with “b” at the end, then we also write a soft sign between -t and -sya.”Remember that the letter T does not belong to hissing ones, so this rule is not entirely on the topic of the article.
We have looked at verbs. Let's move on to nouns!
Soft sign after hissing at the end of nouns
The rule is pretty simple:
“L after nouns hissing at the end is written ONLY if the noun is feminine singular!”
In all other cases b is NOT written after the hissing nouns at the end.
Let's look at examples.
With a soft sign after hissing:
Rye, night, lie, thing, daughter.
“The queen gave birth in the night to either a son or a daughter.” A.S. Pushkin.
The feminine singular can be determined by substituting the pronoun "my".
My daughter, my lie, my whim.
Without soft sign:
A doctor, a knife, a lot of clouds, a lot of pears, a brick, a kalach, a pug, Alexander Sergeevich.
As we can see, the soft sign is not written after singular masculine nouns, in plural nouns, at the end of masculine patronymics.
It is easier to remember when a soft sign in nouns is written than when it is not written 🙂.
Soft sign after adverbs hissing at the end
Here, too, everything is quite simple:
“L after adverbs hissing at the end is ALWAYS written, with the exception of adverbs: already, married, unbearable.”
Examples: away, completely, backhand, only, jump, wide open, backwards, exactly the same.
It is very important to understand what an adverb is, because a common mistake is to write a soft sign after hissing in short adjectives.
Good, handsome, hot, powerful, smelly, etc. are written no soft sign.
How to distinguish a short adjective from an adverb?
The adverb answers the questions: Where? When? Where? Where? Why? What for? …and most often: How?
The adverb denotes a sign of action, that is, to refer to the verb. Gone away. Refused outright. Repeated exactly.
A short adjective answers the question: What? And denotes the attribute of the subject. That is, refer to the noun. The house is good. The shower is hot. Wind, wind, you are mighty ...
In addition to verbs, nouns, adverbs and short adjectives b after sibilants is found in particles and pronouns. In them, most people write a soft sign intuitively correctly and remembering these cases, in our opinion, is not so important.
However, for reference:
In particles with hissing endings, a soft sign is always WRITTEN. These are particles: ouch, only, I mean, ouch.
Examples of using particles in sentences:
That is, it is. Look what you found. It's just thunder.
There are only two pronouns: OUR and YOUR. In them SOFT SIGN IS NOT WRITTEN.
Here, in fact, are all the main cases of using b after hissing.
To consolidate, we also bring to your attention a scheme that combines all of the above on writing a soft sign after hissing. 
If you have any questions about when it is written ь after hissing in nouns, verbs, adverbs or other parts of speech, be sure to write them in the comments.
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Spelling soft sign at the end of words after hissing
In Russian, at the end of words, sibilants (Ж, Ш, Ш and Ш) are possible in six parts of speech:
in nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (FAST),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).
Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.
1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign after hissing is placed only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns I and II declensions with a hissing at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Do not forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -IC are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RURIKOVICH, VOINOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is a short adjective, then after the hissing at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, POWERFUL).
3. Verbs with a hissing at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in an indefinite form). Please note that in verbs a soft sign may appear after the hissing and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -ТЕ, for example: BATH, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs, after hissing, a soft sign is always written (PUSH, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBELIEVABLE.
5. Pronouns with hissing at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOUR.
6. Always with a soft sign, particles are written SHOW, ONLY, BESH.
The exercise
We already knew this and did not prevent him from managing in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)
A skein of silk and thread hung around Petrovich's neck, and on his knees was some kind of veto sh_. (“Overcoat”, N. V. Gogol)
This is what h_-v-th_ how at first they took away and suspected these, how b sh_ them. Koch and Pestryakova. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Finally, the poor fellow, in a way, unbearable, decided to climb through by storm at all costs, you understand. (“Dead Souls”, N. V. Gogol)
This expression said that she had decided, without complaining, to endure her misfortune, and that her husband had a cross sent to her from God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
The sun was just beginning to rise because of that h_; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
And how do you think sh_, what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people's misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that he did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they took the groove, and the water could go wherever it wanted. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
They say that his mother was very pretty, and it seems strange to me why she married so unfortunately, for such an insignificant person. (“Poor people”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
I told him. Do not cry for me: I will try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I am a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of Li sh_'s troops lost several hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
It will fall on its own when it is ripe, but pick it up green, spoil the apple and the tree, and set it on edge itself. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
In a nutshell, Nikolai bought for six thousand hours seventeen stallions to select (as he said) for the casual end of his repair. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
On the other side of the fence the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)
Except for falsehood and lies, nothing could come out now; and false sh_ and lo j_ were contrary to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)
No one has declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and wish to help them,” said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)
And now in Moscow, where every meeting is in her heart, she lives for six months, every day waiting for a decision. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)
But the hour came - the mother blessed her until the hour and wished her a meek sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Liza slept very poorly. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)
But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her grief. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)
And there is one key, there are more than all of them, three times, with a notched beard, of course, not from a chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Don’t worry, I won’t give it to you, ”Usa said decisively and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The weeping of poor, consumptive, orphan Katerina Ivanovna seemed to produce a strong effect on the public. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Her pale yellow, withered face tossed backwards, her mouth opened, her legs stretched convulsively. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Dee h_! yelled Luzhin, enraged to the point of rage. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Marfa Terentievna did not let up, but more and more pestered the mayor: take Bonaparte out of the way, then in the end he was exhausted. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
Whatever fires out of a gun, it will shoot through the heart, whatever it waves with a saber, then the head is off the shoulder. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
Repeatedly made campaigns against the short-earners and was so eager to ripen sch_ that no one without himself
did not trust. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
"Enough! he said resolutely and solemnly, “about mirages, about feigned fears, about ghosts. "("Crime and Punishment", F. M. Dostoevsky)
It was thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up underfoot, that death would fly in from somewhere and swallow everything, all at once. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a grosh and their stomachs in addition. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
The exercise was prepared by N. Solovieva and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).
Soft sign at the end of nouns after hissing
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In this lesson, you will learn the rule for spelling a soft sign at the end of nouns in the initial form after the sibilant letters. Remember what kind of work a soft sign does. You can practice using a soft sign
In ancient times, some nouns had a b at the end after the hissing letters, while other nouns ended in b. Then b disappeared, and b remained.
In the lesson, you will learn which nouns have a soft sign at the end after the hissing letters.
We observe nouns with hissing letters at the end:
Grandpa had a wonderful pencil. He could draw a moonlit night and a sunbeam, golden rye and a delicate white lily of the valley. A wonderful thing!(According to M. Ilyin)
The nouns from these sentences were written in two columns. What do the words in each column have in common?
These are nouns in initial form(form I.p., singular), ending in the letters of hissing [h ', w, w '].
What makes them different from the words in the other column?
In the first column of the word female, and in the second - male.
Let's find out what work b does after the letters of hissing consonants at the end of nouns in the initial form:
In Russian, b often does not mean the softness of consonants at all. Sometimes he just indicates the form of the word.
This work is done by b at the end of nouns in the initial form after the letters of hissing consonants. He reports: This is a feminine noun.
After the letters of nouns hissing at the end, ь is written only in feminine words. In masculine words, b is not written.
[h ', u ', w] 
Nouns in the initial form with hissing at the end always have an orthogram, because we choose whether to write b or not.
Let's discuss how to proceed:
How to act?
1. When you hear a hiss at the end of a word, recognize the part of speech.
2. If this is a noun in the initial form, determine the gender
3. If the word is feminine - b is written, masculine - b is not written.
If you don't know the gender of a noun, consult a dictionary.
hoop? - he, m.r., b is not written - hoop
bream? - he, m.r., b is not written - le
help? - she, female, at the end b - help
comrade? - he, m.r., b is not written - comrades
trifle? - she, female, at the end b - melo
bitter? - she, female, at the end of b - grief
The bream is a freshwater fish with a flat body.
We determine which words are written in the form of transcription:
What words are transcribed?
What spelling do you know at the end of words?
[dro w] [str'i w] [bro w] [pl'a w] [rόskash]
Spelling paired for deafness-voiced consonant.
[dro w] - drot, dro, she, f.r.
[str'i sh] - no stri, stri, he, m.r.
[bro w] - brochka, bro, she, f.r.
[pl’a w] - no beach, beach, he, m.r.
[rόskash] - (what?) luxurious, rόsko - she, zh.r., at the end b,
o - the letter of an unstressed vowel, w - the letter of a double consonant
We find words with spelling in poetic lines:
Determine which words have the spelling b after the letters hissing in nouns.
The old rook fell asleep in the nest.
His rook is sleeping...
You listen, as everywhere
Good and quiet.(E. Serova)
Who harms the trees?
Sharpens the tree bark beetle.
Heard the trees crying
He arrived at dawn
And tapped on the bark.(A. Chasovnikov)
pla - he, m.r., b is not written
vra - he, m.r., b is not written
I again dreamed of wilds,
The wilderness of deserts, the sunset is quiet.
Yellow lion sneaks up to zebra
Through grass and reeds.(V. Bryusov)
Russian speech is like music to me:
In it the word sounds, sings,
It breathes the Russian soul
Its creator, the people. (N. Brown)
glu - she, female, at the end b
ti - she, female, at the end b
kamy - he, m.r., b is not written
re - she, female, at the end b
In what fairy-tale words should a soft sign be placed after the hissing letter?
In what fairy tale words is it necessary (according to the rules of Russian spelling) to put a soft sign after the hissing letter?
Pyashlya kuzh ... Stormy poupolosh ... Meowing duch ...
Pyashlyaya (what?) kuzh (she, female, at the end of b).
Stormy (what?) poupolosh (he, m.r., b is not spelled).
Meow (what?) Duch (she, female, at the end of b).
We learn words by interpreting their meanings:
1. A person playing the violin - ...
2. Unsettled, uncultivated piece of land - ...
3. Influence, respect enjoyed by someone or something - ...
4. Thick opaque watercolor paint - ...
5. The number of published copies of a book, newspaper or magazine - ...
6. An old copper coin in half a penny - ...
1. violinist (he, m.r.)
2. empty (she, female)
3. presti (he, m.r.)
4. gua (she, female)
5. tira (he, m.r.)
6. gro (he, m.r.)
Zdorovyak - [crepes w], crepes, the letter of the double consonant w,
strong man, he, m.r., without b.
Strength - [mo sch '], mo-one, female, at the end b.
Young people - [young w], no young, the letter of the double consonant w,
young - she, female, at the end of b.
The call is [kli h'], he, m.r., kli, without b.
Nonsense, stupidity - [chu w], no chu, the letter of the double consonant sh,
chu - she, female, at the end b.
Spring - [key h ’], he, m.r., key, without b.
We solve spelling problems:
Remember the fairy tales of A. Pushkin and add nouns with letters of hissing consonants at the end.
You, ..., my savior, my mighty deliverer.
And the bridegroom was found by her, ... Elisha.
My golden cockerel will be true ... yours.
A fairy tale ... yes, there is a hint in it!
You, kings [h '], my savior, my mighty deliverer.
And the bridegroom was found by her, Queen [h’] Elisha.
My golden cockerel will be faithful to you.
Fairy tale lo [sh], but there is a hint in it!
kings - he, m.r., b is not written
queens - m.r., b is not written
side - m.r., b is not written, there is no side, the letter of the double consonant j
lo - she, female, at the end b, no l, the letter of the double consonant j
Guess the riddles and write the answers correctly.
Glad even for a bread crumb,
Because before dark
She hides in a burrow.
2. He eats firewood in winter and sleeps in summer.
We - she, f.r., at the end of b
Pe - she, female, at the end b
An interesting spelling task, how to write a word, with b or without?
Let's look at the dictionary.
Touch - a short solemn musical greeting.
Tu - he, m.r., b is not written.
Mascara - resistant paint for drawing, drawing, writing, cosmetic paint (mascara).
Tu - she, zh.r, at the end b.
Let's remember what kind of work a soft sign does:
Solve spelling problems. Write words with b in three columns:
denotes softness, helps to designate the sound [th '], indicates the form.
Beyond the river is the forest. Does it contain game?
Look into the syn? its lakes, cross the top?, bypass the sharp branches? How do the nightingales sing?
Build a hut ?, make a fire ?, fire? bread on rods? Listen to how sleepy trees creak, how an owl flies to hunt?
Di - she, female, at the end b, indicates the form of the word.
Sin - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
Swamp - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
Su - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Solo - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Shala - he, m.r., b is not written.
Fire - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
Fire - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
On pruh - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Dere - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Sy - he, m.r., b is not written.
The owl is a nocturnal bird of the owl order.
denotes softness helps to denote the sound [y’] indicates the form
blue bitch game
fire on the bars
Conclusion:
In the lesson, you learned that nouns in the initial form with hissing at the end always have a spelling, because we choose whether to write b or not.
After the letters of nouns hissing at the end, b is written only in feminine words. In masculine words, b is not written.
Bibliography
Homework
Read the riddle. Write down the answer. Prove the correct spelling of words with hissing letters at the end.
The river grows reeds.
The baby lives in the reeds.
He has green skin
And with a green face. (P. Sinyavsky)
Midnight?, thing?, cloak?, help?, knife?, floor?, dry?, ruff?
In this lesson, the spelling of a soft sign after adverbs hissing at the end is considered in detail, and a repetition of already studied spellings is also given.
A soft sign at the end of adverbs is always written after hissing h and sh.
After well soft sign is not written. An exception: wide open b .
For instance: (leave) about whose; (hit) backwards sh; (go out) deputy well; (open window) wide open b(excl.).
Table. Adverbs ending in sibilant
With a soft sign
No soft sign
other b
jump b
exactly to the point b
back b
unmuch b (colloquial)
at all b (colloquial)
backhand b
all over b
deputy well
at well ( in meaning already)
unbearable well (colloquial)
Repetition. Soft sign after hissing at the end different parts speeches
Verb
A soft sign is always written at the end of verbs after hissing. This applies to all verb forms:
- verbs in the 2nd person singular present tense: you read b, look b;
- verbs in the imperative mood: dir b, esh b, mazh b ;
- verbs in indefinite form: burn b, oven b, sterech b .
Adjective
adjectives in short form, ending in hissing, never have a soft sign at the end. For instance: can h, sve well, well sh .
Noun
A soft sign at the end of nouns after hissing is written only in feminine words of the 3rd declension. For instance: daughter b, lies b, thing b .
All other nouns ending in hissing are written without a soft sign:
- masculine nouns of the 2nd declension in the nominative case.
For instance: reed, comrade, lily of the valley;
- feminine nouns of the 1st declension in the plural in the genitive case: (many) pears, clouds, puddles.
Bibliography
- Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. – 13th ed. – M.: Bustard, 2009.
- Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. – 34th ed. – M.: Enlightenment, 2012.
- Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. – M.: Bustard, 2012.
- Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours - 8th ed. – M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
- Didactic materials. Section "Adverb" (Source).
- Adverb as a part of speech (Source).
- Parts of speech in Russian (Source).
- The culture of writing. Adverb (Source).
Homework
Exercise number 265. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. – M.: Enlightenment, 2012.
Task number 1. Determine what part of speech (in what form) the words belong to; insert, where necessary, a soft sign.
1. Linuch. hot fresh. odorous. good.
2. Dacha. tasks. clouds groves
3. Assign multiply smear
4. Stitch. oven burn, save
5. Husband. landscape. reeds.
6. Little things. quiet wilderness
7. You go. sleep keep quiet.
8. Jump. wide open married. unbearable
Task number 2. Rewrite, inserting missing letters where necessary.
1. Wide open. the gate is heavy (Bl.). 2. Already. how many times have they told the world that flattery is vile, harmful, but only not for the future (Kry.). 3. You at all. leave, stranger (Nar.). 4. Downhill jump. but as on a mountain - at least cry (Last). 5. The officer hit Ostap backhand. whip across the face (Paust.). 6. To the horizon, to the very edge, gray-gray, gray-green, solid. walks, playing with steep shafts, June rye (V. Bock.). 7. Some kind of beast jumped out of the thicket with one jump and lay down, playing, on its back. on the sand (L.). 8. We walked the road, all the time. covered with brown last year's leaves (Kupr.). 9. No matter how often the young woman had to be unbearable. grass fell under the scythe, rye burned under the sickle (N.).
Soft sign at the end of nouns after hissing
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In this lesson, you will learn the rule for spelling a soft sign at the end of nouns in the initial form after the sibilant letters. Remember what kind of work a soft sign does. You can practice using a soft sign
In ancient times, some nouns had a b at the end after the hissing letters, while other nouns ended in b. Then b disappeared, and b remained.
In the lesson, you will learn which nouns have a soft sign at the end after the hissing letters.
We observe nouns with hissing letters at the end:
Grandpa had a wonderful pencil. He could draw a moonlit night and a sunbeam, golden rye and a delicate white lily of the valley. A wonderful thing!(According to M. Ilyin)
The nouns from these sentences were written in two columns. What do the words in each column have in common?
These are nouns in the initial form (form I.p., singular), ending in the letters of hissing [h ', sh, sh'].
What makes them different from the words in the other column?
In the first column of the word female, and in the second - male.
Let's find out what work b does after the letters of hissing consonants at the end of nouns in the initial form:
In Russian, b often does not mean the softness of consonants at all. Sometimes he just indicates the form of the word.
This work is done by b at the end of nouns in the initial form after the letters of hissing consonants. He reports: This is a feminine noun.
After the letters of nouns hissing at the end, ь is written only in feminine words. In masculine words, b is not written.
[h ', u ', w]
Nouns in the initial form with hissing at the end always have an orthogram, because we choose whether to write b or not.
Let's discuss how to proceed:
How to act?
1. When you hear a hiss at the end of a word, recognize the part of speech.
2. If this is a noun in the initial form, determine the gender
3. If the word is feminine - b is written, masculine - b is not written.
If you don't know the gender of a noun, consult a dictionary.
hoop? - he, m.r., b is not written - hoop
bream? - he, m.r., b is not written - le
help? - she, female, at the end b - help
comrade? - he, m.r., b is not written - comrades
trifle? - she, female, at the end b - melo
bitter? - she, female, at the end of b - grief
The bream is a freshwater fish with a flat body.
We determine which words are written in the form of transcription:
What words are transcribed?
What spelling do you know at the end of words?
[dro w] [str'i w] [bro w] [pl'a w] [rόskash]
Spelling paired for deafness-voiced consonant.
[dro w] - drot, dro, she, f.r.
[str'i sh] - no stri, stri, he, m.r.
[bro w] - brochka, bro, she, f.r.
[pl’a w] - no beach, beach, he, m.r.
[rόskash] - (what?) luxurious, rόsko - she, zh.r., at the end b,
o - the letter of an unstressed vowel, w - the letter of a double consonant
We find words with spelling in poetic lines:
Determine which words have the spelling b after the letters hissing in nouns.
The old rook fell asleep in the nest.
His rook is sleeping...
You listen, as everywhere
Good and quiet.(E. Serova)
Who harms the trees?
Sharpens the tree bark beetle.
Heard the trees crying
He arrived at dawn
And tapped on the bark.(A. Chasovnikov)
gra - he, m.r., b is not written
pla - he, m.r., b is not written
vra - he, m.r., b is not written
I again dreamed of wilds,
The wilderness of deserts, the sunset is quiet.
Yellow lion sneaks up to zebra
Through grass and reeds.(V. Bryusov)
Russian speech is like music to me:
In it the word sounds, sings,
It breathes the Russian soul
Its creator, the people. (N. Brown)
glu - she, female, at the end b
ti - she, female, at the end b
kamy - he, m.r., b is not written
re - she, female, at the end b
In what fairy-tale words should a soft sign be placed after the hissing letter?
In what fairy tale words is it necessary (according to the rules of Russian spelling) to put a soft sign after the hissing letter?
Pyashlya kuzh ... Stormy poupolosh ... Meowing duch ...
Pyashlyaya (what?) kuzh (she, female, at the end of b).
Stormy (what?) poupolosh (he, m.r., b is not spelled).
Meow (what?) Duch (she, female, at the end of b).
We learn words by interpreting their meanings:
1. A person playing the violin - ...
2. Unsettled, uncultivated piece of land - ...
3. Influence, respect enjoyed by someone or something - ...
4. Thick opaque watercolor paint - ...
5. The number of published copies of a book, newspaper or magazine - ...
6. An old copper coin in half a penny - ...
1. violinist (he, m.r.)
2. empty (she, female)
3. presti (he, m.r.)
4. gua (she, female)
5. tira (he, m.r.)
6. gro (he, m.r.)
Zdorovyak - [crepes w], crepes, the letter of the double consonant w,
strong man, he, m.r., without b.
Strength - [mo sch '], mo-one, female, at the end b.
Young people - [young w], no young, the letter of the double consonant w,
young - she, female, at the end of b.
The call is [kli h'], he, m.r., kli, without b.
Nonsense, stupidity - [chu w], no chu, the letter of the double consonant sh,
chu - she, female, at the end b.
Spring - [key h ’], he, m.r., key, without b.
We solve spelling problems:
Remember the fairy tales of A. Pushkin and add nouns with letters of hissing consonants at the end.
You, ..., my savior, my mighty deliverer.
And the bridegroom was found by her, ... Elisha.
My golden cockerel will be true ... yours.
A fairy tale ... yes, there is a hint in it!
You, kings [h '], my savior, my mighty deliverer.
And the bridegroom was found by her, Queen [h’] Elisha.
My golden cockerel will be faithful to you.
Fairy tale lo [sh], but there is a hint in it!
kings - he, m.r., b is not written
queens - m.r., b is not written
side - m.r., b is not written, there is no side, the letter of the double consonant j
lo - she, female, at the end b, no l, the letter of the double consonant j
Guess the riddles and write the answers correctly.
Glad even for a bread crumb,
Because before dark
She hides in a burrow.
2. He eats firewood in winter and sleeps in summer.
We - she, f.r., at the end of b
Pe - she, female, at the end b
An interesting spelling task, how to write a word, with b or without?
Let's look at the dictionary.
Touch - a short solemn musical greeting.
Tu - he, m.r., b is not written.
Mascara - resistant paint for drawing, drawing, writing, cosmetic paint (mascara).
Tu - she, zh.r, at the end b.
Let's remember what kind of work a soft sign does:
Solve spelling problems. Write words with b in three columns:
denotes softness, helps to designate the sound [th '], indicates the form.
Beyond the river is the forest. Does it contain game?
Look into the syn? its lakes, cross the top?, bypass the sharp branches? How do the nightingales sing?
Build a hut ?, make a fire ?, fire? bread on rods? Listen to how sleepy trees creak, how an owl flies to hunt?
Di - she, female, at the end b, indicates the form of the word.
Sin - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
Swamp - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
Su - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Solo - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Shala - he, m.r., b is not written.
Fire - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
Fire - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
On pruh - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Dere - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Sy - he, m.r., b is not written.
The owl is a nocturnal bird of the owl order.
denotes softness helps to denote the sound [y’] indicates the form
blue bitch game
fire on the bars
Conclusion:
In the lesson, you learned that nouns in the initial form with hissing at the end always have a spelling, because we choose whether to write b or not.
After the letters of nouns hissing at the end, b is written only in feminine words. In masculine words, b is not written.
Bibliography
- M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- TV Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
- G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.
Homework
- Read the riddle. Write down the answer. Prove the correct spelling of words with hissing letters at the end.
The river grows reeds.
The baby lives in the reeds.
He has green skin
And with a green face. (P. Sinyavsky)
Midnight?, thing?, cloak?, help?, knife?, floor?, dry?, ruff?
- Internet portal Rus.1september.ru (Source).
- Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru (Source).
- Internet portal Therules.ru (Source).
- Internet portal Oldskola1.narod.ru (Source).
b after hissing in verbs, at the end of nouns and adverbs!
In the article, we will analyze in detail when written ь after hissing in the verb, nouns and adverbs. Also, using understandable examples, we will show typical spelling errors. soft sign after hissing.
There are only 4 hissing letters in the Russian language. These are the letters Щ, Ж, Ш and Ш. The main cases concerning the spelling of b after hissing are the writing of a soft sign after hissing in the verb, at the end of nouns and adverbs. Let's analyze each case separately.
When is b written after hissing in a verb?
“We ALWAYS write a soft sign after hissing in verbs!”
In textbooks, most often they list that “b” is written if the verb is in the infinitive (answers the question what to do? Or what to do?), in the second person singular (combined with the pronoun you) or in the imperative mood (there is an indication to action).
It is not necessary to memorize all this, since in all other forms, hissing at the end is not found.
Let's look at examples.
Infinitives: attract, burn, lie down.
Second person, singular: write, love, breathe.
Imperative form: cut, spread, eat!
By the way, a soft sign can stand not only at the end of verbs. When adding -sya and -te after the hissing letter "b" is preserved. For instance: cut, smear, fall in love.
The most common mistake with a soft sign in verbs is writing it between -t and -sya in different persons. If we write " to shave"(what to do? with a soft sign), then" shaves” (what does?) we write without b. The rule is simple: If the question is with “b” at the end, then we also write a soft sign between -t and -sya.”Remember that the letter T does not belong to hissing ones, so this rule is not entirely on the topic of the article.
We have looked at verbs. Let's move on to nouns!
Soft sign after hissing at the end of nouns
The rule is pretty simple:
“L after nouns hissing at the end is written ONLY if the noun is feminine singular!”
In all other cases b is NOT written after the hissing nouns at the end.
Let's look at examples.
With a soft sign after hissing:
Rye, night, lie, thing, daughter.
“The queen gave birth in the night to either a son or a daughter.” A.S. Pushkin.
The feminine singular can be determined by substituting the pronoun "my".
My daughter, my lie, my whim.
Without soft sign:
A doctor, a knife, a lot of clouds, a lot of pears, a brick, a kalach, a pug, Alexander Sergeevich.
As we can see, the soft sign is not written after singular masculine nouns, in plural nouns, at the end of masculine patronymics.
It is easier to remember when a soft sign in nouns is written than when it is not written 🙂.
Soft sign after adverbs hissing at the end
Here, too, everything is quite simple:
“L after adverbs hissing at the end is ALWAYS written, with the exception of adverbs: already, married, unbearable.”
Examples: away, completely, backhand, only, jump, wide open, backwards, exactly the same.
It is very important to understand what an adverb is, because a common mistake is to write a soft sign after hissing in short adjectives.
Good, handsome, hot, powerful, smelly, etc. are written no soft sign.
How to distinguish a short adjective from an adverb?
The adverb answers the questions: Where? When? Where? Where? Why? What for? …and most often: How?
The adverb denotes a sign of action, that is, to refer to the verb. Gone away. Refused outright. Repeated exactly.
A short adjective answers the question: What? And denotes the attribute of the subject. That is, refer to the noun. The house is good. The shower is hot. Wind, wind, you are mighty ...
In addition to verbs, nouns, adverbs and short adjectives b after sibilants is found in particles and pronouns. In them, most people write a soft sign intuitively correctly and remembering these cases, in our opinion, is not so important.
However, for reference:
In particles with hissing endings, a soft sign is always WRITTEN. These are particles: ouch, only, I mean, ouch.
Examples of using particles in sentences:
That is, it is. Look what you found. It's just thunder.
There are only two pronouns: OUR and YOUR. In them SOFT SIGN IS NOT WRITTEN.
Here, in fact, are all the main cases of using b after hissing.
To consolidate, we also bring to your attention a scheme that combines all of the above on writing a soft sign after hissing.
If you have any questions about when it is written ь after hissing in nouns, verbs, adverbs or other parts of speech, be sure to write them in the comments.
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Website for children and their parents
Soft sign after hissing nouns in nouns
Let's look at the drawing. Why are these nouns arranged in different columns?
Please note that in the second column, nouns have a soft sign at the end after the sibilants, while in the first column there is no soft sign. Why?
In the first column all nouns are masculine, and in the second - feminine.
Soft sign after hissing spelled at the end of nouns feminine in the singular. This is a spelling.
So, let's determine whether to write a soft sign at the end of the following nouns:
Trembling(?) (what?) n. zh.r. - shiver
broch(?) (what?) n. zh.r. - brooch
rich man(?) (who?) n. m. - rich
knife(?) (what?) n. m. - knife
youth(?) (who?) n. well. R. - youth
At the end of nouns male after hissing soft sign is not written.
A soft sign after the hissing at the end of some nouns can help to recognize the gender of this noun.
ink(feminine) for writing
Thank you for being with us.
- Soft sign In this article we will talk about a soft sign. For what.
- Declension of adjectives Today we will talk about the declension of adjectives. For those, who.
- Declension of nouns Changing a word in numbers and cases is called declension. In this one.
- Plural Nouns We continue to study nouns and the topic of this article is nouns.
- Spelling of unstressed case endings of nouns of 3 declensions Let's continue the topic of declension of nouns. We have discussed in previous articles.
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Soft sign at the end of feminine nouns
Spelling. Total dictation 2014
"After well, sh, h, SCH letter b traditionally written in the following grammatical forms:
a) at the end of the forms to them. p. units h. nouns wives. gender of the 3rd declension, for example: rye, whim, mouse, falsehood, night, trifle , thing, help;
b) at the end of the 2nd person singular. hours of present and future tense verbs (after sh), for example: carry, laughing, see, give, rushing;
c) in the forms of the imperative mood of verbs, for example: smear, eat, hide, cut, console yourself, hide yourself, don't wince;
The purpose of the lesson: remember the rules for writing a soft sign for verbs and nouns in hissing, be able to distinguish nouns of the 3rd declension from nouns of the 2nd declension and nouns plural. part 1st declension in r.p.; repeat dictionary words; be able to compose phrases according to a given scheme.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Organizational moment.
2. Vocabulary work.
I will call you the words, and you will make phrases with them according to the scheme “verb + noun. with a suggestion."
One student works at the blackboard, the rest - in a notebook.
Underline the spellings.
3. Work to find patterns.
The words are written on the board:
cut, gear, brick, sleep, speech, protect, daughter, garage, hide, burn, lay.
1. Look carefully at the words written on the board. What groups can they be divided into? What classification principle did you apply?
Words can be divided in different ways:
- into parts of speech: verbs and nouns;
- according to the principle: with a soft sign and without.
2. Let's combine both classifications. What can we do?
4. Consolidation exercise (work at the blackboard, each student writes 5 words).
Write down the words, orally explain the conditions for writing a soft sign or its absence, using the diagram above.
5. My riddles are your clues.
I will give you riddles. Write the answers in your notebook. Whoever solves all 5 riddles gets 5.
1. An angry touchy person lives in a deaf forest. There are a lot of needles, but not a single thread. (Hedgehog.)
2. They beat him, but he does not cry, he just jumps, he just jumps. (Ball.)
3. The bird waved its wing, covered the whole world with a black feather. (Night.)
4. Black Ivashka, wooden shirt, where he leads his nose, he puts a note there. (Pencil.)
5. A small ball fumbles under the bench, wiggles its tail, frightens the whole house. (Mouse.)
Spare:
6. A child of a father and mother, but not a son to anyone. (Daughter.)
6. Punched card (for quick control).
Words for work:
beach, cut, nap,
thing, ski, oven,
beam, landscape, groves,
thousand, do not save, reportage.
7. Independent work.
Distribute the words according to the principle “with a soft sign at the end after hissing” and “words without a soft sign at the end”.
Quiet_, reeds_, brag_, ivy_, eat_te, rag_, smear_, broch_, mouse_, telecast_, rejoice_, birth_, hot_, burn_, sword_, hide_, knife_, candle_, kalach_, cut, tornado_, heal_, stop_, shoulder_, cry_.
8. Results of the lesson, explanation of homework.
9. Homework. Pick up 20 of your examples on the topic of today's lesson.
CM. VOVK,
settlement Sofrino,
Moscow region
Sometimes we think about whether it is necessary to put a soft sign after hissing ones. We will lay down the rules for you when it should not be done and when it is strictly necessary to do it.
These rules are based on what part of speech is being discussed, in what declension and in what part of the word.
Soft sign after hissing - setting rule
We put a soft sign:
Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.
Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth on the night of either a son or a daughter.
2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense at the endings after the sibilants.
Example in a word: you will, you will become, you cook, you remember, you believe, you will do.
Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving.
– sya, the soft sign is preserved. Example: returning, straining, intending.
3. In singular verbs in the imperative mood in endings after sibilants.
Example in a word: Cut! Eat! Hide!
Addition: If the ending is added to these verbs – sya, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't fool around!
Examples in sentences: Vadik, don't be foolish and don't hide!
4. In plural and imperative verbs before endings - those, - those.
Example: smear - smear - smear.
Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!
5. In verbs of an indefinite person, including before the ending -sya.
Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.
Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.
6. In adverbs, it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.
Example: Entirely, jump, backhand, wide open.
Example in a sentence: He started the horse at a gallop, and hacked at the air with his sword.
Exceptions: Oh, unbearable, married.
7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you only.
Example words: that is, only.
In a sentence: Look what a bully!
Why sometimes a soft sign is not written after hissing ones?
Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.
Sentence: A swift flew up to our window.
2. In plural and genitive nouns.
Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grish, between, puddles.
Suggestion example: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.
Example: powerful, hot, good, flying, melodious, comely.
Sentence: He was good-natured and good-looking...
4. In pronouns with hissing at the end.
Given the above, the spelling of a soft sign after hissing differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.
Elementary teachers give their students rhyming versions of the rules - for easier memorization.
Soft sign at the end of adverbs after hissing: rule, examples
Why are you sad, princess? Why sad look?
And why are the antics of buffoons not amusing?
- Ah, I dreamed of the prince, he was so handsome,
And something happened to me: I can't bear to get married.
Such a conversation could take place in the magical Far Far Away, but for us this dialogue is interesting primarily because it contains examples in which there is no soft sign at the end of adverbs after hissing ones. 
Spelling is studied in the 4th grade
A very complex spelling associated with hissing at the end and b is to be studied in primary school. Children go through this topic throughout their education in elementary school: first during the study of the verb, then - the noun and adjective. And adverbs are studied in Last year primary education.
Therefore, studying the spelling of the spelling "soft sign at the end of adverbs after hissing" Grade 4. GEF provides for familiarity with the spelling of the most common words in which this spelling is present, these include exceptions:
Formation of the skill of distinguishing parts of speech
It is very important to develop in children the ability to distinguish words various parts speech, since their spelling vigilance depends on it. Without such a skill, students will not be able to correctly choose the desired spelling, including the soft sign at the end of adverbs after hissing.
It will be most convenient to divide the words into groups by parts of speech, this will help the table, in which, in addition to the part of speech and questions, you need to indicate the conditions for choosing the use or non-use of a soft sign.
answers the questions:
answers the questions: what?
answers the questions: what to do?
answers the questions: how?
not 3 cl. - not written
it is written (lawsuit: married, already, unbearable)
Soft sign at the end of adverbs after hissing
The rule for writing a soft sign in this case is formulated quite simply. As examples of adverbs, we give words ending in hissing and answering the question: how?
As can be seen from these examples, a soft sign at the end of adverbs after hissing is written, this rule does not apply only to words: married, unbearable, really.
vocabulary work
It is very important that children understand the meaning of adverbs, otherwise they simply will not remember them. So, it is necessary to carry out vocabulary work. Synonyms can be used for this:
1. Set up correspondences between words that can be related in meaning:
- The moon between the clouds timidly looked out for a moment, and again disappeared away.
- A golden ray stretches in the spring, falls on the meadow, enlivens everything around.
- The sand of the Sahara is burning, it is merciless and combustible.
- With a whistle past our roofs, like lightning, a swift swept past.
- Backhand hit the sea with a wave of my poor boat.
- The reed grows near the bank, the baby tears it for his mother.
- The oak has grown tall and mighty, there are many puddles under it today.
- The father will ask the daughter to help, she cannot cope on her own.
- The night fades away with the dawn.
- My pencil is good, he will draw me a drawing.
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Dictations on the topic "Soft Sign"
Dictations will allow you to consolidate the topic you have covered and work out writing a soft sign. The first theme is a soft sign as an indicator of softness. Children go through this topic in both the first and second grade. In addition, a soft sign can also be a separator, the topic is a little more complicated and, as a rule, is dealt with in the second grade. But in any case, both the teacher and parents can use such texts at home to study with the child as dictations or for control cheating. Spelling with a soft sign must be underlined.
Soft sign - an indicator of softness at the end of a word
b is written at the end of a word when it is necessary to show the softness of the preceding sound. For example: horse.
Igor goes to collect sorrel. To the hotel. There is no grass here. This is ash. Greenery grows here. Igor sat on a stump and began to eat sorrel. (22)
It's June now. It's a hot day. A little wind is blowing. He drives the dust. Here comes the bumblebee. I took the stalk and chase the bumblebee. And the horse is eating sorrel. (26)
June and July have passed. August passed too. September is out. Autumn has come again. The teacher brought the children to class. Each student brought a portfolio. There is a notebook and a primer. (27)
It's July now. Worth a good day. An elk comes out of the bowl. He nibbles greens. The bushes are cracking. It could be a bear. The elk runs into the thicket. (22)
There are spruce and ash trees in the yard. They provide shade. It's nice to sit here on a hot day! A stump sticks out nearby. There was a tree here. The whirlwind broke her. (24)
The goose walks around the yard all day. He gets tired of walking. The goose goes to rest under the spruce. There lies a shadow. The goose steps over the root. (21)
It's been raining. There are puddles and mud everywhere, Oleg put on rubber shoes. He can now walk everywhere. Dampness doesn't scare him. (nineteen)
Has come New Year. He brought joy to people. Then January and February passed. March and April banished the cold. Here are the greens. (twenty)
Autumn colors the green yellow. October brings leaf fall. A bright tablecloth lies on the ground. It often rains. November is here, December is coming. Winter will come again. (26)
November has passed. December has come. Everywhere there is a snow tablecloth. Here is the trail of the wolf. He came looking for prey. The fire frightened him. The beast ran into the thicket. (23)
Cost February. There is a blizzard outside the window. The wind shakes the ash and poplar. The bullfinch sat down on the ledge. He pecks at the cracker. Here the wind began to subside. (21)
It's seven o'clock now. It's time to feed the chickens again. They run and squeak. We must again pour them water and give them food. And the rooster is pecking at the cracker. (23)
Five o'clock in the morning. Such early! Beginning to light up. Part of the sky turned pink. The horse woke up in the stall. But the rooster is in a hurry to meet the sunrise and wake everyone up. (24)
The horse is pulling the cart. There is coal on the cart. Dust flies from it. Here is the corner of the house. Here it is necessary to lay down the coal from the cart. (twenty)
July and August have passed. September has come. Here is autumn. The greens began to turn yellow and red. The month of October replaces the brother. November follows him. (22)
It's a cloudy day. It started to rain. The drip hits the roof. The downpour poured down. He nailed the dust to the ground. The air became clear. (twenty)
The dog chews on a bone. He opened his mouth wide. The dog has a thick coat. The bangs hang over the eyes. The dog is cheerful. Where is the sadness? Because he has a bone! (24)
The ship ran aground. He cannot swim. He must be saved. The tugboat will pull the ship. He will soon be able to continue on his way. (twenty)
Igor opened the notebook. He made a note. Igor wrote seven words. Now we need to check. Read in syllables. Don't be lazy, check the dictation! (twenty)
The rain stopped. The cloud disappeared. Dirt dries. The nightingale sang again. The drake hid in the greenery. The dove stretches its beak. He will drink from a puddle. (22)
Carp and gudgeon live in the lake. There are tench and perch here. Now the surface of the lake is covered with ripples. There is a wild goose swimming. And there the drake dived into the reeds (26)
The elk runs into the depths of the forest. There is a swamp here. The animal goes without fear. Dirt flies and stains the wool. Here is the coast. (21)
April has come. It's time to dig a garden. We need to plant carrots and potatoes. So eight beds are ready. Don't be lazy to water them! (nineteen)
It rained all day yesterday. And then the rain came down again. Again, the yard is damp and muddy. Now we can't play football. (22)
Igor went to the meadow. He hit a nettle stalk. Pain burned his leg. A blister popped up. Igor will not cry. But don't rub the blister. (21)
The teacher finished the lesson. Maxim put a notebook and a pencil case in his briefcase. There is a primer on the desk. Maxim opened the primer and began to read. (twenty)
Behind February. Now it's March. The frost is gone. The blizzard has subsided. The snow began to melt. Drops knock. Then April came. The greenery began to grow. (21)
Soft sign - an indicator of softness at the end and in the middle of a word
b, denoting the softness of a consonant, is written at the end or in the middle of a word when it is necessary to show the softness of the previous sound. For example: role, ferrets.
The sky began to darken. Big clouds are floating. Will pour heavy rain. I went out onto the porch. You need to take an umbrella. (17)
My grandfather loves to fish. He sits with a fishing rod all day. The float twitched slightly. This is carp. Then came the perch. (twenty)
The boy Vitya goes for a walk in the spruce forest. The light rain began to fall again. Vitya will take an umbrella. (14)
Schoolboy Igor spends June at the dacha. There are good days. Igor writes a letter to his mother. Then the boy runs for a walk. (17)
Petya and Kostya go to the garden to look at the flowers. Here are the cornflowers. And this is a tulip. Lilac grows on the porch. (17)
July. The days are warm. We went for a walk in the spruce forest. They began to collect cornflowers. Olga found a sorrel. (15)
The ship sailed to distant lands. He ran aground. The sailors must get it out of the water. (15)
September has come. School time. My brother Kuzma put a notebook in his briefcase. The boy went to school. Kuzma is met there by the teacher. The teacher will teach Kuzma to write and count. Kuzma already knows how to read. (29)
Poplars grow on the bank of a large river. Behind them is a large mill. Weeping willow looks sadly into the water. Fry flit in the water column. The sound of a bulldozer can be heard in the distance. Small drops of rain fell. Waves run through the water. A heavy downpour poured down. He nailed the stems to the ground. (43)
So much work in the garden! We need to water, fertilize, weed. Here are carrots, sorrel and bitter radish. And this is a potato. (17)
July. Hot day. Noon. Poplar and ash provide shade. The horse hid in the shadows. Small animals run in the grass. These are ferrets. A bunny sits on a stump. Hare has long ears.(28)
The little boy left the house. The dog Vulka runs after him. Here hang long icicles. The boy taps on them with his finger. They ring like bells. The puddles were covered with a thin layer of ice. (28)
There is a stump in the clearing. An ash tree grows next to the stump. Olga likes to sit on a stump and read. A birdhouse hangs on an ash tree. It's June now. The starlings already have chicks. They are gray and very pretty. (32)
Frosty days. At the porch is a large snowdrift. Embers are smoldering in a stone oven. The cat Vaska is sleeping in the corner. Little mice squeak. But Vaska is too lazy to get up. Olga writes a letter to her brother. Little Igor draws in the album. (32)
Autumn. It is raining slightly. Small droplets knock on the porch. Little Nastenka draws in the album. Here is a deer, a lynx. This is a big bear. Gotta get another album. This one is over. (25)
September days. The sun heats up less. It will soon be heavy rain. Students need to spend more time studying. Less time left for play. (21)
The severe cold has passed. Icicles appeared. Sick Victor is sitting by the window. The boys are playing on the porch. They want to please Vitya. The boys are sculpting a big woman out of snow. She has a carrot nose and charcoal eyes. (31)
Now Igor is visiting Kuzma. The boys name the dog Palma. It's time to walk. Igor took little Olga by the hand. Cornflowers turn blue in the rye. Bluebells grow in the meadow. The children sat down to rest under the spruce. There is a shadow. (33)
The summer days are gone. Autumn came. The day got shorter. The grass began to turn yellow. Only the spruce is green. duet strong wind. It has been raining all day. Dampness everywhere. The streets are dirty. Potatoes and carrots were harvested in the fields. (34)
In winter, the hare was white. Warm days have arrived. In the spring, the animal began to molt. He became grey. Here is a scythe running into a distant spruce forest. Its large ears flicker among the grasses. (27)
Severe frost. Olga put on her coat. The girl took the skates. She goes to the school skating rink. There, the boys quickly glide across the ice. The big frost does not scare them. Alder and spruce near the skating rink. A bullfinch sits on an alder tree. (33)
Winter. The boys took the skates and run in a crowd to the skating rink. They slide on ice. The children rode for a long time. Kuzma froze his big toe. Very painful! Little Olga took Kuzma home. (29)
January. Very coldy. Olga put on her coat and went out onto the porch. Everywhere big snowdrifts. You can't walk for a long time. Olga returned to the house. Embers are smoldering in the oven. The little puppy Bulka is nibbling a bone in the corner. (31)
Olga loves tulips. They are like lights. The porch has large flower beds. A girl can sit and look at tulips for an hour. And Mashenka loves cornflowers. They are blue and dove. They are very funny. (32)
Teacher Olga Lvovna asks schoolchildren to open albums. They started painting. Boy Sasha draws a bulldozer. Kolya draws ship masts. In Masha's drawing, a deer is running. In Dasha's drawing, the crane flies to distant lands. (31)
hit hard frost. Small icicles decorated our cornice. Around the porch lie large snowdrifts. You can't go out without a coat. Time to get the skates out. And in the stove firewood crackles and embers smolder. (28)
Warm July days. Semyon and Mitya got up early. The dawn just started. The boys went to the river to fish for perch. They go through the spruce forest. The road is long. Here is a small river. The boys have a big catch. They are happy. (33)
Grandfather Kuzma Petrovich guards the garden. There are many apple trees here. At night, sometimes the grandfather should sit on the porch or walk in the garden. When the wind is strong, grandfather puts on a coat. Next to Kuzma Petrovich is the faithful bulldog Altair. (32)
Separating soft mark
The dividing b shows that the consonant does not merge with the vowel. It is written after the consonant and before the vowels E, E, I, Yu, I. For example: a dress, a spear, ants, a blizzard, a monkey.
We are on duty. Natalya Solovyova will water the flowers. Ilya Vasilyev will wash the board. Marya Vorobyova will sweep the floor. Our teacher Daria Alekseevna Ulyanova will be happy. (21)
The beetle lives in the desert. He has a serious defense against enemies. The bone tail of the beetle is a real gun. Only it does not shoot shots. The beetle hits the offender with poisonous sprays. (26)
The earth pig lives in Africa. This animal is like a pig. But it applies to anteaters. At night, the pig digs out ant settlements. She catches ants with her tongue. (23)
Revival on the sunny rock. Urticaria have fun. Butterflies love the warmth. The winter was stormy and fierce. Her cold penetrated the dwelling of butterflies. Their wings have faded. But the "old ladies" are full of fun and play hide and seek! (32)
Ilya Kopyev has a dog Bianca. They are great friends. Ilya often walks with Bianca. Bianca has good instincts. Here the hare tracks stretched out in a chain. And here are the foxes. Where is the fox's home? Bianca looks seriously at Ilya. (34)
Demyan goes to the forest. Beautiful forest in autumn. Leaves fall to the ground in a golden stream. Only under the spruce needles. Rowan berries hang in clusters. A jumping squirrel flickers among the trees. Here is a spring. Demyan greedily drinks water. (33)
A blizzard raged at night. Snow flakes now hang on the branches of the trees. Ilya with the dog Bindweed went into the forest. Bird voices are not heard. Only near human habitation can one hear sparrow chirping. Here under the spruce Foxy burrow. And there are wolf tracks. (38)
It often rains in autumn. Leaves fell from the trees. Nightingale singing is not heard. Animals are preparing for the winter storm. The hedgehog insulates his home under the spruce. Ants close anthills. Sparrows and magpies settle closer to people's homes. (34)
Boar and fox tracks are visible in the snow. And a hare ran along this animal path. Oblique hid from predatory enemies among the trees. And here are the bird feathers. It was the fox that caught the prey and tore it to shreds. (34)
Hunters go to the forest for game. The hunting dog runs after them. Friends see wolf tracks on the trail. They lead into a ravine to a stream. And here are the bear tracks. But friends are looking for flocks of birds. (33)
The winter storms have gone. Birds carry spring on their wings. Birds' voices delight us. Heard spring drops. Following the drop, the trees woke up. Soon the leaves will turn green on the bare branches of the trees. The streams are already ringing. What fun and expanse for the kids! (35)
It's raining. My sister Natalya sews a dress for Aksinya doll. Grandmother Ulyana makes jam. Aunt Marya is preparing a very tasty meal. Little Sophia is a minx. She grabs Vyun's dog by the tail. I call Vyun and go out onto the porch. (36)
It often rains in autumn. The leaves on the trees are turning yellow. Bird flocks fly south. There are frosts at night. Snow flakes are falling. Winter comes with blizzards and blizzards. (25)
There was a strong wind at night. And in the morning it's raining. The paths in the garden were covered with mud. Streams flow in the grooves around the house. But the cock in the poultry yard sings with joy. And in the shed, the pig greedily eats from the trough. (36)
We hear birds chirping outside the window. This flock of sparrows flew to the feeder. And under the spruce, behind a low hedge, a flock of crows is visible. At the top of a pine tree, a woodpecker beats the trunk with its beak. (29)
It rained heavily during the night. Forest paths and paths were covered with mud. There are bear tracks on this trail. They reached out to the hives. The bear wanted to get the honey from the bee housing. But dogs have great instincts. They chased off the robber. (35)
In autumn it rains in torrents. The leaves have fallen. The wind shakes the bare branches of the trees strongly. Bird singing is not heard in the forests. All singers and singers flew away from the winter storm to the south. In autumn, the bees do not fly out of the hives. Ants hid. Winter will come soon. The blizzards are noisy. (41)
Lucky hamster. He found a bird's nest in the leaves. There are two big eggs. Famous food. Drag in the hole and feast on health! Just don't grab the egg with your paws. Slippery! Do not carry away behind the cheeks. And it's a shame to quit. The hamster rested his forehead on the egg and happily rolled into his hole., (47)
Owls are birds of prey. The powerful claws of an owl are like the teeth of a trap. The claws are connected into one paw. Owls see better at night. Owls have delicate ears. They are hidden on the head under feathers. These birds have soft feathers on their wings. They allow you to make the flight very quiet. (42)
The bear saw an ant pile. She wanted to eat Muravyov and treat her son. She began to rake the ant dwelling with her paw. She dug up and stuck out her tongue. Curious ants stuck around the tongue. The bear then swallowed them. The baby is looking at the bear. Teddy bear wants to try this dish. Learn! (40)
There are different types of bird houses. Most big nest at the eagle. The eagle makes it from thick branches. The most beautiful house near the chiffchaff. She weaves it on birch branches. Chiffchaff often decorates her home with colored paper. (33)
Not all seeds have flying wings. He who does not have his own wings - he hopes for others. There would be squiggles. The Kamenka bird crouches on weeds. Seeds cling to feathers. The lark will run into the weeds. And the seeds will fall on the back, and the seeds will fly on other people's wings to new places. (44)
Last night I heard a noise outside my window. In the morning I found bear tracks there. They pulled out of the forest in a chain. The bear came to human habitation! Serious case. Luckily he didn't hurt us. I put on my hunting boots and took my gun. The dog Polkan took the trail. Here are broken stakes in the fence. Behind the hedge weeds. The beast walked through it. There were tufts of wool left in the weeds. (60)
Brothers Oleg and Osip went for a walk to the mouth of a large stream. There the stream flows into our river. Field nearby. It is sown with rye. Spring is now. The trees are covered with leaves. Birds make nests. Nightingales sing at night. There is a black grouse beating its wings. And here on the ground are bird feathers and footprints. Similar to cats. But too big. This black grouse met with a lynx. She is a good jumper. Sorry bird! (61)
Revival in the poultry yard. The hostess poured oatmeal. The rooster is brave. He fluffed up his feathers and shook the turkeys and geese. The rooster has made its way to the tub and is eating greedily. Eat, Petya, to your health. The big goose beats its wings. Two geese are fighting. Down from feathers flies in shreds. Two hens drink water. The third is watching a small mouse. The turkey has left his dwelling and importantly goes to the meal. Behind the hedge, a fat pig stands and looks at the birds with sadness. (72)
Soft sign after hissing
In feminine nouns, b is written after the hissing at the end of the word. In masculine nouns, after the hissing words at the end, the word b is not written. For example: daughter, garage.
A lynx is warming under a pine tree. And her baby catches a forest mouse. The night is coming. The lynx leaves for prey. The predator does not break the silence of the night. Lynx catches timid hares and heavy capercaillie for lunch. (thirty)
In early autumn I like to wander through the forest. I especially like to climb into the wilderness. Beautiful landscape of a forest lake in the wilderness. Reeds filled the banks. Silence. Only sometimes splash ruff. From under the roots of a fallen tree beats a key. He barely audibly murmurs. (39)
The road went through dense rye. Here comes a mouse. Weeping was heard in the grove. This owl sang its sad song. A cold spring beats under the roots of an old birch. We went to the river and set up a hut. Night has come. Quiet all around. The reed whispered softly to the river. First came across a trifle. But soon I came across a ruff, and my uncle had a fat bream on the line. That's midnight. The night landscape was amazingly beautiful. In the morning the first ray of the sun woke us up. We went home. (74)
Can a mouse fit in a teaspoon? Maybe. But not a simple gray mouse. The species of this mouse lives in Africa. She has water at home - a great luxury. The night is coming. The mouse stacks pebbles in front of the entrance to the mink. What for? So she prepares her drink for the morning. The heat from the mink clashes with the chill of the night. Dew appears on the stones. Her mouse drinks. (56)
Throughout July, there is a terrible heat and dryness. The sun is beating down mercilessly. Wheat and rye may die. And people are having a hard time. Saves a bath or shower. Young people go to the beach. Bathing is now a luxury. My friend Kolya climbed into the wilderness and built a hut there. Nature has come to our aid. At midnight starry sky clouds covered. The storm began. It was as if a hole had been pierced in the firmament of heaven, and he let it leak. (65)
The ruins of the castle on the hill evoked sad thoughts. Collapsed towers and a gap in the wall. Many years ago, the landscape was very different. Wealth and luxury reigned in the castle. There was a guard at the gate. Flags fluttered from the towers. A valiant knight lived in this castle. It was important that he entered his castle. The sun played on the armor of the knight. The squire carried his shield, sword and spear. The trumpeter announced the surroundings with a powerful sound of a trumpet. (66)
The kangaroo was born blind. He is looking for his mother's bag. The kid clung to the fur with his claws. Nobody will come to help. The baby crawls on the mother's stomach and turns its head. The mouth is wide open. The cub is very strong. The baby is more like a worm. But his energy is in full swing. A mother does not help her child. She lies on her back or on her side. Here is the bag. The baby grabbed the nipple and fell silent. (66)
The spring rush has begun. The sun melted the snow on the fields. A black rook is walking along the beds in search of something to eat. But on the edge lies an ugly snowdrift. It looks like a ship that has leaked. The crew has already gone ashore. We go out into the wasteland and see a wonderful landscape. On the rise to the top of the hill there is a group of oaks, maples, birches. Under big trees visible wood chips. These are forest youth. It's good now to climb into the wilderness, listen to the silence of the forest. (71)
It was a long frosty night. A trumpeter and a violinist came out onto the beach covered with a snowy tablecloth along the highway. They walked. Before them was a beautiful landscape. The icy sea darkened under the starry firmament. The stars looked like a mysterious blueprint. The moon was like a round ball. The wave splashed against the brick of the embankment. Frost, like a hedgehog, caused a slight shiver. On the shore, like a cake, stood a mountain with a flat top. The beacon's beam cut through the darkness. The lighthouse is a sea guard. The crew of the ship sees it from afar and finds the shore. (74)
After the cold of winter, early spring is a luxury. The sun is starting to shine brighter. Its beam, like a sword, makes a breach in the winter cold. A frosty night comes to the aid of winter. Starry cold light replaces the sun in the firmament. The moon appears as the guardian of winter. Sometimes frost starts its crackling speech during the day. We are sad. We feel bitter. There are no spring days. But this is a lie! The landscape is changing more and more. And here is the first rook looking for an edible trifle on the ground. Like a wonderful doctor, the sun heals nature from winter. (82)
Night threw a beautiful starry cloak over the vault of heaven. In it, like a gap, the moon shines. It looks like a wonderful kalach or Easter cake. At midnight, the earth is silent. Sometimes a mouse rustles in last year's leaves. The night watchman will throw firewood into the stove. The large wasteland near the village is already free of snow. Grayish snow lies in the forest like old stuffing. It's completely redundant. At night, frost comes to the aid of winter. He thinks he can stop the spring warmth. It's a lie! (75)
Winter night in the forest. What a silence! We pass through the wasteland and climb into the wilderness. Dry reeds can be seen in the swamp under the snow. And there is a hut of twigs. A snow cape is thrown over him. Large and small spruces look like mother and daughter. There is a hut at the end of the alley. The caretaker lives there. He fires up the stove. At midnight we knock on his door. The old man is happy with us. He puts the cake and goulash on the table. The Russian stove is simply a luxury! (76)
Doctor Sergei Kirillovich Lebedev watched a hockey match. It was already midnight. Sergei Kirillovich ate borscht and kalach with appetite. His daughter Alla was sitting in the next room. Suddenly she saw a mouse. The animal was carrying a bread crumb. The girl was trembling. She called for help. Sergei Kirillovich heard Alla's crying and came. The mouse escaped through a small gap in the wall. The father comforted his daughter. It's all petty! Alla took a warm shower and went to bed. (73)
The watchman Gennady Ivanovich came out of his hut. A slight shiver swept over him. It was cold outside. Near midnight. The watchman locked the door with a key and turned on the flashlight. The long beam cut through the darkness like a knife. He made a hole in the darkness. The watchman took a bundle of firewood and went to heat the stove. Suddenly a loud voice broke the silence. Who climbed into such a wilderness on a frosty night? These are young people from the village. They went out for a walk in the wilderness. There is a big lift there. It is good to move out of it on a sled. (76)
My friend and I went to the neighboring wasteland. It stands there an old house. Thick ivy wraps around him. Near the swamp, reeds grow. Here is the old house. It's cool and quiet inside. We feel a slight tremor. A brick fell off the wall, and a gap appeared. The house is in darkness. The mouse squeaks. We walk around the first floor. I found a dusty thing on the floor. This is an old worn brooch. My friend picked up a rusty key from the floor. We go up the stairs to the second floor. Previously, luxury reigned here. Now it's complete bullshit. There is a torn plush, rusty knife and broken horse harness. We look through the window at the landscape around the house. (95)
Ivan Tsarevich went in search of adventure. Tired of him the luxury of the palace. He attached a sword to his belt and mounted his horse. The king went out on the stairs to say goodbye to his son. A trumpeter played a march on the fortress wall. The gatekeeper lowered the drawbridge. The road goes through the fields. Around wheat, rye. How long, how short Ivan rode. To meet him, the prince from the neighboring kingdom. Knight at least where, with a barbel, strong man. The heroes decided to go together. Friends drove into the wilderness. The night has fallen. The surrounding landscape was plunged into darkness. It's time to rest. We chose a small wasteland. A pond blackens nearby, reeds rustle. Ivy entwined the trees on the shore. Friends found a hut and climbed into it. The prince has a cake and a roll with him. The prince took out lavash. That's all their luggage. A key sprang from the ground nearby. They took water. On the road again in the morning. (122)
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