Hemoglobin says. Decreased hemoglobin

02.07.2020

Hemoglobin- an iron-containing protein in human blood that provides oxygen transport to tissues. Level hemoglobin v blood essential for the diagnosis of many diseases. To find out if you are ok hemoglobin in the blood, you need to take a general blood test.

It is very important that the level of hemoglobin in the blood is normal. Since low hemoglobin threatens with dizziness and fainting, increased hemoglobin is a symptom of many fairly serious diseases.

Hemoglobin(from other Greek αἷμα - blood and lat. globus - ball) - a complex iron-containing protein of blood-containing animals that can reversibly bind to oxygen, ensuring its transfer to tissues.

Hemoglobin (Hb, Hemoglobin)
Hemoglobin is the respiratory pigment of the blood, which is contained in red blood cells and is involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The content of hemoglobin in the blood in men is slightly higher than in women and is the norm. In children of the first year of life, a physiological decrease in hemoglobin concentration can be observed, this is the norm. A pathological decrease in blood hemoglobin (anemia) may be the result of increased losses during various types of bleeding, the result of an accelerated destruction of red blood cells, and a violation of the formation of red blood cells. Anemia can be both an independent disease and a symptom of a chronic disease.
Hematocrit (Ht, Hematocrit)
Hematocrit is the percentage of all formed elements (quantitatively, mainly erythrocytes) of the total blood volume.

The norm of hemoglobin in the blood

WHO criteria for diagnosing anemia in men:
erythrocytes< 4,0х1012/л, Гемоглобин (Hb) < 130 г/л, Гематокрит (Ht) < 39 %
WHO criteria for diagnosing anemia in women:
erythrocytes< 3,8х1012/л, Гемоглобин (Hb)< 120 г/л, Гематокрит (Ht) < 39 %
hemoglobin normal. (hemoglobin in the blood)

Hemoglobin (Hb, hemoglobin) - definition of the norm

Units: g/dl.

Conversion factor: g/l x 0.1 ==> g/dl.

Indicator norm hemoglobin v blood indicates iron content v blood, the optimal level of which for different age categories has long been determined:

Age, gender		Hemoglobin level, g/dl
Children
1 day - 14 days		13,4 - 19,8
14 days - 4.3 weeks		10,7 - 17,1
4.3 weeks - 8.6 weeks		9,4 - 13,0
8.6 weeks - 4 months		10,3 - 14,1
4 months - 6 months		11,1 - 14,1
6 months - 9 months		11,4 - 14,0
9 months - 12 months		11,3 - 14,1
12 months - 5 years		11,0 - 14,0
5 years - 10 years		11,5 - 14,5
10 years - 12 years		12,0 - 15,0
12 years - 15 years	Women	11,5 - 15,0
	Men	12,0 - 16,0
15 years old - 18 years old	Women	11,7 - 15,3
	Men	11,7 - 16,6
18 years old - 45 years old	Women	11,7 - 15,5
	Men	13,2 - 17,3
45 years - 65 years	Women	11,7 - 16,0
	Men	13,1 - 17,2
65 years old<	Women	11,7 - 16,1
	Men	12,6 - 17,4

Hemoglobin norm differs in analyzes for women and men in general, and the norm of hemoglobin for children and adults is not the same. In infancy, the norm of hemoglobin increases, then with age it begins to recover to normal. Increase in hemoglobin level:

erythremia.

Decreased hemoglobin:

anemia of various etiologies;
hyperhydration.

Hematocrit (Ht, hematocrit)
Units: %.
Reference values

Age, gender		Hematocrit, %
Children
1 day - 14 days		41,0 - 65,0
14 days - 4.3 weeks		33,0 - 55,0
4.3 weeks - 8.6 weeks		28,0 - 42,0
8.6 weeks - 4 months		32,0 - 44,0
4 months - 9 months		32,0 - 40,0
9 months - 12 months		33,0 - 41,0
12 months - 3 years		32,0 - 40,0
3 years - 6 years		32,0 - 42,0
6 years - 9 years		33,0 - 41,0
9 years - 12 years		34,0 - 43,0
12 years - 15 years	Women	34,0 - 44,0
	Men	35,0 - 45,0
15 years old - 18 years old	Women	34,0 - 44,0
	Men	37,0 - 48,0
18 years old - 45 years old	Women	35,0 - 45,0
	Men	39,0 - 49,0
45 years - 65 years	Women	35,0 - 47,0
	Men	39,0 - 50,0
65 years - 120 years	Women	35,0 - 47,0
	Men	37,0 - 51,0

Increase in hematocrit:

dehydration (with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis);
physiological erythrocytosis (in residents of the highlands, pilots, athletes);
symptomatic erythrocytosis (with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease);
erythremia.

Decreased hematocrit:

anemia of various etiologies;
hyperhydration.

red blood cells Units of measure: ppm/µl (10 6 /µl). Alternative units of measurement: 10 12 cells/l. Conversion factors: 10 12 cells / l = 10 6 cells / μl = million / μl.
Reference values

Age, gender		Erythrocytes, mln/µl (x10 6 /µl)
Children
1 day - 14 days		3,90 - 5,90
14 days - 4.3 weeks		3,30 - 5,30
4.3 weeks - 4 months		3,50 - 5,10
4 months - 6 months		3,90 - 5,50
6 months - 9 months		4,00 - 5,30
9 months - 12 months		4,10 - 5,30
12 months - 3 years		3,80 - 4,80
3 years - 6 years		3,70 - 4,90
6 years - 9 years		3,80 - 4,90
9 years - 12 years		3,90 - 5,10
12 years - 15 years	Women	3,80 - 5,00
	Men	4,10 - 5,20
15 years old - 18 years old	Women	3,90 - 5,10
	Men	4,20 - 5,60
18 years old - 45 years old	Women	3,80 - 5,10
	Men	4,30 - 5,70
45 years - 65 years	Women	3,80 - 5,30
	Men	4,20 - 5,60
65 years - 120 years	Women	3,80 - 5,20
	Men	3,80 - 5,80

Increasing the concentration of red blood cells:

dehydration (with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis);
physiological erythrocytosis (in residents of the highlands, pilots, athletes);
symptomatic erythrocytosis (with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease);
erythremia.

Decrease in the concentration of erythrocytes:

anemia of various etiologies;
hyperhydration.

MCV (Mean Red Cell Volume)

Method of determination: calculated value.
Units of measurement: fl (femtoliter).
Reference values

Age, gender		Average volume erythrocytes, MCV, fl
Children
1 day - 14 days		88,0 - 140,0
14 days - 4.3 weeks		91,0 - 112,0
4.3 weeks - 8.6 weeks		84,0 - 106,0
8.6 weeks - 4 months		76,0 - 97,0
4 months - 6 months		68,0 - 85,0
6 months - 9 months		70,0 - 85,0
9 months - 12 months		71,0 - 84,0
12 months - 5 years		73,0 - 85,0
5 years - 10 years		75,0 - 87,0
10 years - 12 years		76,0 - 90,0
12 years - 15 years	Women	73,0 - 95,0
	Men	77,0 - 94,0
15 years old - 18 years old	Women	78,0 - 98,0
	Men	79,0 - 95,0
18 years old - 45 years old	Women	81,0 - 100,0
	Men	80,0 - 99,0
45 years - 65 years	Women	81,0 - 101,0
	Men	81,0 - 101,0
65 years - 120 years	Women	81,0 - 102,0
	Men	83,0 - 103,0

Increasing MCV values:

aplastic anemia;
liver disease;
hypothyroidism;
autoimmune anemia;

Decreasing MCV values:

Iron-deficiency anemia;
thalassemia;

It should be borne in mind that the MCV value is not specific, the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators. general analysis blood and biochemical blood tests.

RDW (Red cell Distribution Width, distribution of erythrocytes by size)

Method of determination: calculated value

Units: %

Reference values

< 6 мес. - 14,9 - 18,7

> 6 months - 11.6 - 14.8

Increasing RDW values:

anemia with heterogeneity in erythrocyte size, including those associated with nutrition; myelodysplastic, megaloblastic and sideroblastic types; anemia accompanying myelophthisis; homozygous thalassemias and some homozygous hemoglobinopathies;
a significant increase in the number of reticulocytes (for example, due to successful treatment of anemia);
condition after transfusion of erythrocyte mass;
interference　 - cold agglutinins, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (high white blood cell count), hyperglycemia.

There are also a number of anemias that are not characterized by an increase in RDW:

anemia of chronic diseases;
anemia due to acute blood loss;
aplastic anemia
some genetically determined diseases (thalassemia, congenital spherocytosis, the presence of hemoglobin E).

It should be borne in mind that　 the value of the RDW indicator is not specific, the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators of a general blood test and a biochemical blood test.

MCH (mean amount of hemoglobin in 1 erythrocyte)

Method of determination: calculated value.

Units of measurement and conversion factors: pg (picogram).

Reference values

Age, gender		Average content hemoglobin in 1 erythrocyte, MSN, pg
Children
1 day - 14 days		30,0 - 37,0
14 days - 4.3 weeks		29,0 - 36,0
4.3 weeks - 8.6 weeks		27,0 - 34,0
8.6 weeks - 4 months		25,0 - 32,0
4 months - 6 months		34,0 - 30,0
6 months - 9 months		25,0 - 30,0
9 months - 12 months		24,0 - 30,0
12 months - 3 years		22,0 - 30,0
3 years - 6 years		25,0 - 31,0
6 years - 9 years		25,0 - 31,0
9 years - 15 years		26,0- 32,0
15 - 18 years old	Women	26,0 - 34,0
	Men	27,0 - 32,0
18 - 45 years old	Women	27,0 - 34,0
	Men	27,0 - 34,0
45 - 65 years old	Women	27,0 - 34,0
	Men	27,0 - 35,0
65 years - 120 years	Women	27,0 - 35,0
	Men	27,0 - 34,0

Increasing MCH values:

B 12 - deficiency and folic acid deficiency anemia;
aplastic anemia;
liver disease;
hypothyroidism;
autoimmune anemia;
smoking and drinking alcohol.

MCH Down:

Iron-deficiency anemia;
anemia of chronic diseases;
some types of hemoglobinopathies.

It should be borne in mind that the MCH value is not specific, the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators of a general blood test and a biochemical blood test.

MCHC (mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration)

Method of determination: calculated value

Units: g/dl.
Alternative units of measurement: g/l.
Conversion factor: g/l x 0.1 ==> g/dl.

Reference values

Age, gender		Average concentration hemoglobin in erythrocytes, MCHC, g/dL
Children
1 day - 14 days		28,0 - 35,0
14 days - 4.3 weeks		28,0 - 36,0
4.3 weeks - 8.6 weeks		28,0 - 35,0
8.6 weeks - 4 months		29,0 - 37,0
4 months - 12 months		32,0 - 37,0
12 months - 3 years		32,0 - 38,0
3 years - 12 years		32,0 - 37,0
12 years - 15 years	Women	32,0 - 36,0
	Men	32,0 - 37,0
15 years old - 18 years old	Women	32,0 - 36,0
	Men	32,0 - 36,0
18 years old - 45 years old	Women	32,0 - 36,0
	Men	32,0 - 37,0
45 years - 65 years	Women	31,0 - 36,0
	Men	32,0 - 36,0
65 years - 120 years	Women	32,0 - 36,0
	Men	31,0 - 36,0

Increasing MCHC values: hereditary microspherocytic anemia.
Decreasing MCHC values:

Iron-deficiency anemia;
anemia of chronic diseases;
some types of hemoglobinopathies.

It should be borne in mind that the MCHC value is not specific, the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators of a complete blood count and a biochemical blood test. platelets

Method of determination: conductometry using the method of hydrodynamic focusing.

Method of determination: conductometry using the method of hydrodynamic focusing. Units of measurement: thousand/µl (10 3 cells/µl).
Alternative units of measure: 10 9 cells/l.
Conversion factors: 10 9 cells / l = 10 3 cells / μl = thousand / μl.
Reference values:

Age	platelet concentration, thousand/µl (10 3 cells/µl)
Children	boys	girls
1 day - 14 days	218 - 419	144 - 449
14 days - 4.3 weeks	248 - 586	279 - 571
4.3 weeks - 8.6 weeks	229 - 562	331 - 597
8.6 weeks - 6 months	244 - 529	247 - 580
6 months - 2 years	206 - 445	214 - 459
2 years - 6 years	202 - 403	189 - 394

Age	platelet concentration, thousand/µl (10 3 cells/µl)
6 years - 120 years	150 - 400

Increasing the concentration of platelets:

physical stress;
inflammatory diseases, acute and chronic;
hemolytic anemia;
anemia due to acute or chronic blood loss;
conditions after undergoing surgical interventions;
condition after splenectomy;
oncological diseases, including hemoblastoses.

Decreased platelet concentration:

pregnancy;
B12 deficiency and folate deficiency anemia;
aplastic anemia;
reception medicines that inhibit the production of platelets;
congenital thrombocytopenia;
splenomegaly;
autoimmune diseases;
conditions after undergoing massive blood transfusions.

Leukocytes
Method of determination: conductometry using the method of hydrodynamic focusing. Units of measurement: thousand/µl (10 3 cells/µl).
Alternative units of measurement: 10 9 cells / l.
Conversion factors: 10 9 cells/l = 10 3 cells/µl = thousand/µl.
Reference values:

Increasing the concentration of leukocytes:

physiological leukocytosis (emotional and physical stress, exposure to sunlight, cold, food intake, pregnancy, menstruation);
inflammatory processes;
viral and bacterial infections;
conditions after undergoing surgical interventions;
intoxication;
burns and injuries;
heart attacks internal organs;
malignant neoplasms;
hemoblastosis.

Decrease in the concentration of leukocytes:

viral and some chronic infections;
taking medications (antibiotics, cytostatics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, etc.);
autoimmune diseases;
impact ionizing radiation;
wasting and cachexia;
anemia;
splenomegaly;
hemoblastosis.

Save to social networks:

The concentration of hemoglobin is changeable and is influenced by various factors. A decrease in the level of blood pigment is characteristic of a third of the entire female population. How to find out the causes and understand the clinical symptoms of low hemoglobin? What pathological processes are indicated by signs of low hemoglobin? What are the ways to improve it?

Hemoglobin - what is it?

Vital blood protein , which is a pigment for erythrocytes (red cells), is called hemoglobin.

It has a complex structure containing:

ions of iron-porphyrin (heme), giving the blood a characteristic rich red color;
colorless protein component (globin).

The main function of hemoglobin is the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. between the lungs, organs and tissues of the human body, ensuring a stable metabolism.

About low hemoglobin on video

Norms of hemoglobin in women

Changes in hormonal status affect the content of hemoglobin in the female body. That is why it is very important to monitor the content of this essential protein.

Age	Norm (g/l)
newborns	134 — 195
1 month	116 — 175
2 months	95 — 135
half a year	100 — 140
1 year	105 — 145
5 years	110 — 135
12 years old	114 — 150
15 years	112 — 145
From 18 years old	119 — 140
After 65 years	130 — 155

Symptoms and signs of low hemoglobin in women

A true clinical sign of anemia is considered to be the presence of pale or blue earlobes and lips in a woman.

You can also notice other changes in appearance:

dry, pale (sometimes with yellowness), scaly skin;
angular stomatitis (colloquially "zaedy");
fragility of the nail plates;
hair loss;
pastosity (puffiness) of the face.

In addition, a decrease in hemoglobin concentration is manifested by:

asthenia (general weakness);
tinnitus;
drowsiness;
increased fatigue;
anxiety, depression;
dizziness and frequent headaches;
the presence of dyspnea (shortness of breath at rest) - a violation of the depth and frequency of breathing, which is accompanied by a feeling of lack of air;
low blood pressure;
increased heart rate (tachycardia);
decreased attention and memory;
lack of coordination;
distortion of taste (there is a desire to eat chalk, sand, raw dough, meat) and smell (they are attracted to the smell of paint, gasoline, acetone);
itching in the groin;
disorder of the menstrual cycle;
decreased libido (sex drive);
hypotrophy.

What does low hemoglobin mean in women?

Anemia is a group of pathological syndromes consisting of laboratory data and clinical manifestations. This condition is based on a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin, a decrease in the number of red blood cells, and tissue hypoxia.

Clinical symptoms of anemia can develop both gradually and at lightning speed - it depends on the causes causing a decrease in hemoglobin.

chronic course The pathological process is characterized by the adaptation of the female body to a reduced level of hemoglobin. Acute course causes damage to the heart muscle and brain, since these organs are most sensitive to oxygen starvation.

How can women increase hemoglobin?

With anemia, it is important for women to follow a special diet, which must be oriented towards getting the body enough foods containing vitamins B-6 and B-12, folic acid and iron.

These include:

beef liver, pork kidneys, chicken, eggs;
buckwheat, legumes;
tomatoes, new potatoes, pumpkin, carrots, beets, Beijing cabbage;
apples, pomegranates, persimmons, strawberries, apricots, black currants, bananas, cranberries;
lettuce, parsley, celery, spinach, onion, dill;
seafood;
walnuts;
chocolate.

Hemoglobin is the main component of red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The concentration of this element is considered one of the most important biochemical indicators of blood. Depending on how high or low the level of hemoglobin in a woman is, one can judge the causes of internal trouble in her body.

What is the normal level of hemoglobin in women?

According to a separate scale, doctors evaluate the level of hemoglobin in the blood of pregnant women. The lower limit of the norm in the I and III trimester of pregnancy is 110 g / l, in the II - 105 g / l. The upper value throughout the entire period of expectation of the child should not exceed 120 g / l.

The significant difference in normal parameters in pregnant and non-pregnant women is explained by the physiological changes that occur in the body of the expectant mother. During gestation, the volume of circulating blood increases by 50%, so it becomes increasingly difficult for the bone marrow to supply hemoglobin in sufficient quantities. In addition, additional iron consumption is required for the formation of the placenta and the growing embryo.

The reasons for the increase in hemoglobin in women can be both physiological and pathological. The former include intense physical activity and prolonged exposure to hypoxia (for example, living in a high mountainous area). At the same time, the body begins to experience an acute lack of oxygen, which it compensates for by the “overproduction” of red blood cells. Such deviations from the norm, as a rule, are always insignificant - within 10-20 g / l. They do not alarm doctors and do not require medical intervention.

The situation is much more serious if hemoglobin rises for no apparent reason. This can be a sign of dangerous pathologies, in particular, intestinal obstruction or cardiopulmonary insufficiency.

The most dangerous is when the hemoglobin concentration reaches 180-190 g/l. At the same time, an increase in blood viscosity is observed, microcirculation processes are disrupted, and delivery of oxygen to organs becomes more difficult. Such patients are diagnosed with blue fingertips and toes, fatigue, loss of appetite, absent-mindedness and irritability.

Prolonged circulatory disorders lead to the development of thromboembolism (blockage of blood vessels). Therefore, excessive high level hemoglobin is a condition requiring immediate treatment.

How to lower hemoglobin in women?

To reduce hemoglobin, the following measures can be used:

Diet therapy. The patient is asked not to abuse foods high in iron: red meat, animal by-products (liver, kidneys, etc.). Limit the consumption of foods that increase cholesterol levels and blood viscosity ( butter, pork, caviar, confectionery). The diet is recommended to be filled with protein foods: legumes, white meat, fish. Fast food, carbonated drinks, canned food and semi-finished products are completely excluded. Also, during the period of treatment, it is forbidden to take vitamin-mineral complexes containing Vit. B12, folic acid and iron.

taking antiplatelet agents. These drugs thin the blood and reduce the risk of blood clots. However, you should not use them yourself without the appointment of a specialist - you can harm your health. The reasonableness of the use of antiplatelet agents should be consulted with your doctor.

Search for the underlying disease. An increase in hemoglobin indicates a malfunction in the body. To identify the cause of the problem, the doctor must prescribe a comprehensive medical examination.

A condition in which hemoglobin drops below normal is called iron deficiency anemia (or anemia). An experienced doctor is able to detect pathology even before passing laboratory tests, barely looking at the patient who turned to him. Pale face, dry skin, "seizures" in the corners of the mouth, dull hair and sluggish movements are the main symptoms of low hemoglobin. And if, in addition to this, a woman complains of increased fatigue, “flies” in her eyes and frequent dizziness, then the diagnosis does not raise any doubts at all.

In pregnant women, anemia is often accompanied by eating and smell disorders. The desire to eat chalk, coal, sand, sniff whitewash or gasoline is by no means a “cute whim” of a future mother, but a reason to see a doctor.

The danger of anemia lies in the insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues. On the early stages disease, the body tries to cope with the lack of vital important element, depriving them of the least significant organs from his point of view (hair, nails, teeth). However, over time, oxygen deficiency increases and everyone has to “starve”, including the brain and heart. In order to prevent serious complications, it is important to identify and eliminate the cause of the disease for another early stage its development.

Causes of low hemoglobin in women

Anemia can be caused by:

Not proper nutrition. In order for hemoglobin to be synthesized in the right amount, a sufficient amount of iron must be supplied to the woman's body with food. Its main source is animal products: meat, liver, kidneys. Plants also contain iron, but in a form that is absorbed much worse. This is why vegetarianism and low-meat diets are one of the most common causes of anemia. Excess consumption of foods that inhibit iron absorption can also lead to a decrease in hemoglobin: coffee, tea, chocolate, cereals.

Flaw folic acid, vit. C or vit. B12 in the body. All these elements play an important role in the formation of hemoglobin. Deficiency of vit. B12 is most often caused by helminthic invasion, and a lack of vit. C and folic acid - an unbalanced nutritional diet.

Loss of blood. They can be both obvious (with systematic donation, heavy prolonged menstruation, uterine bleeding), and hidden (blood loss associated with hemorrhoids, ulcerative lesions of the digestive tract, polyps in the large intestine, etc.).

Hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone - thyroxine - regulates the absorption of iron in the intestine. Its deficiency entails a lack of hemoglobin.

Diseases of the digestive system. , or intestines lead to thinning of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, as a result of which iron practically ceases to be absorbed.

Premature death of red blood cells. This condition may be caused by prolonged infectious diseases(, etc.) or immune disorders (for example, rheumatoid).

Sedentary lifestyle. Physical activity- one of the factors affecting the synthesis of red blood cells. If the blood is not accelerated intensively enough throughout the body, the brain receives signals that there are “enough” erythrocytes and their additional synthesis is not required.

Stress. They can cause a decrease in appetite and, as a result, insufficient intake of iron from food.

What to do if the hemoglobin is 60-80 in a woman?

A hemoglobin level below 80 g/l is considered severe anemia. Correction of the state is carried out taking into account the factor that caused it. To find out the cause of the pathology, a woman is asked to take a series of tests and go through specialists: a gynecologist, a gastroenterologist, an endocrinologist, a nutritionist. After identifying the underlying disease, the patient is selected a set of therapeutic measures aimed at combating it.

These include:

beef, lamb, white rabbit meat,

liver, tongue, kidneys,

egg yolk,

dried apricots, raisins, prunes, figs,

apple and pomegranate juice,

buckwheat soups and cereals,

sprouted grains of wheat,

plums, green apples,

The body itself is able to regulate the amount of iron absorbed from food - with a shortage, it increases and vice versa.

It is very useful for low hemoglobin to drink plenty of water. Plain water and juices, doctors advise taking 1/4 cup every 30 minutes.

Sample menu for patients with anemia:

1st breakfast

Millet porridge with dried apricots, prunes and nuts, 1 tbsp. apple juice, wheat bun.

2nd breakfast

sandwich from white bread with cheese, 1 tbsp. rosehip decoction.

Salad from fresh vegetables with pieces of meat, vegetable soup on beef broth, dried fruit compote.

Fruit or fruit and berry salad, croutons, fresh

Education: In 2013, he graduated from the Kursk State Medical University and received a diploma in General Medicine. After 2 years, the residency in the specialty "Oncology" was completed. In 2016, she completed postgraduate studies at the Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center.

Comments

Irina 2015-12-11

Evgenia Vladimirova 2015-12-12

Elena 2015-12-14

Evgenia Vladimirova 2015-12-14

Elena 2016-01-02

Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-01-02

Zulya 2016-01-04

Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-01-04

Nodira 2016-01-11

Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-01-11

Elena 2016-01-23

Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-01-23

Sofia 2016-02-01

Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-01

Natalia 2016-02-02

Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-02

Victoria 2016-02-06

Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-06

Maria 2016-02-11

Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-11

Serge 2016-02-11

Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-11

Irina 2016-02-11

Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-11

Olga 2016-02-18

The most important indicator of a blood test, a diagnostic criterion for various diseases is hemoglobin. It is from its normal characteristics that the well-being and well-coordinated work of all systems of the human body depends. Why is it so important to a person? How much of it is the norm and how to improve performance if there are deviations?

What does hemoglobin do

In erythrocytes, red blood cells, lining up around the iron atoms of the heme group, the globin protein forms the most complicated connection responsible for respiration and oxygen supply to cells is hemoglobin. When a person breathes, it captures oxygen in the lungs, adapts it into a digestible form and carries it through the blood to organs and tissues, to every cell of our body, to ensure their vital activity and normal oxidative process. The hemoglobin then picks up the carbon dioxide accumulated there and transports it back to the lungs for later removal. This process is continuous, almost all the oxygen that enters the human body is carried by hemoglobin, only 2% of it remains in the blood plasma.

When the amount of iron-containing protein is reduced, the cells receive insufficient oxygen, oxygen starvation occurs, and this leads to degenerative processes in the tissues. There is an increase in the acidity of cells, which negatively affects the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, respiration and all organs. Therefore, hemoglobin is one of the guarantors of respiration and vital activity of the human body.

Types of hemoglobin

There are several types of hemoglobin, as its composition changes due to the ability to attach molecules of other substances. If in natural reactions this process is reversible and is part of it functional purpose, such as the addition of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules, then in other situations, changes in the structure of the molecules may indicate the presence of diseases or poisoning. Such changes can seriously harm the body, even death.

When there is too much glucose in the blood, it attaches to the globin protein, and glycated hemoglobin is formed. This means that the amount of this form of hemoglobin in the blood has increased, and we can talk about the presence diabetes in a person.

There is another type of hemoglobin - fetal. Its structure and properties are somewhat different from the usual. It is present in the blood of newborns, and there is a lot of it, up to 80%. After 100 days, the amount decreases markedly, and by the year it almost completely disappears. And if in infants such hemoglobin in the blood is the norm, then its presence in an adult body indicates serious health problems.

In case of poisoning carbon monoxide, medicines, nitrates, excessive smoking, secretions of dead cells, organ diseases, irreversible processes occur and pathological types of hemoglobin are formed that can lead to intoxication, tissue hypoxia.

Hemoglobin norm

In young children, up to 5 years, the norms are underestimated, and it is considered sufficient if the indicators correspond to 110-130 units. Subsequently, they increase by 5 units every 4 years. Until the age of 12, there is no difference in numbers for boys and girls, and with the onset of puberty, the standards for women decrease by about 10% compared to men.

Typically, the level of hemoglobin in the blood of a man is from 135 to 160 g / liter, and for a woman - 120-140 g / liter. In elderly people, this value should also be preserved, and its fall needs to be corrected.

Hemoglobin in pregnancy

Pregnant women have their own hemoglobin standards, because the changes that occur during this period affect the whole body.

At the beginning of pregnancy, the analysis may show a sharp decrease in hemoglobin. But in fact, its amount remains the same, it’s just that the woman’s blood volume has increased due to the plasma, and there are few red blood cells in it. A little later, the test results will be normal. Such a decrease in hemoglobin is also called falsely low.

But things are different in the second trimester. The fetus, which is formed in the womb, begins to take iron from the mother's body, and there is a threat of anemia. Here you should constantly monitor and maintain the level of hemoglobin, otherwise the consequences are unpredictable. The reason for the sharp decrease can be pathologies in a woman, and the baby’s brain experiences a lack of oxygen, because of this, its development slows down, and if the lack is too great, then the body cannot cope with the stress, and the likelihood of a miscarriage is a real threat.

Diagnostics

Analysis of hemoglobin is an indispensable stage in the diagnosis of many diseases. Naturally, only from these data it is impossible to determine exactly what specific ailment is taking place, but they indicate possible malfunctions in the functioning of the physiological system and the need for further examinations.

Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed based on the analysis of glycated hemoglobin, which is the most effective way diagnosis of this disease. They give it every 3 months - that is how long such compounds live in the blood.

With the help of an analysis for the presence of fetal hemoglobin, blood diseases and oncological diseases are determined.

More modern and accurate types of analyzes are able to indicate hemoglobin in red blood cells, which is suitable to carry oxygen, as well as a significant amount of its altered forms. This information is very helpful to the doctor in finding the causes of various ailments of patients.

Symptoms of anemia

How to determine that it is time to do a hemoglobin test? Even a slight decrease in it manifests itself as tinnitus, dizziness, general weakness, loss of appetite. Among women menstrual cycle becomes irregular, and men have problems with potency. This is the body's reaction to tissue hypoxia and acid imbalance.

Dystrophic changes also affect the hair: they split, become dry and fall out. Nails change their structure, become thinner, break, sometimes affected by a fungus. The skin turns pale and acquires a bluish tint, the mucous membrane of the mouth is covered with reddish spots in places and reacts painfully to the touch of the tongue and spicy food. Disturbed by tingling in the feet and frequent convulsive muscle contractions.

On examination, the doctor determines a decrease in blood pressure, tachycardia, heart murmurs, and an increase in its tremors.

Fall factors

Why does hemoglobin in the blood fall? There are many reasons for this:

It is known that it is formed from iron, and if it does not come with food, then the level of protein dependent on it decreases sharply.

Sometimes enough iron is supplied with nutrition, but a catalyst is needed to convert it into hemoglobin, and if it is absent or too small, then a full-fledged reaction will not work: protein cannot be formed in sufficient quantities. This happens due to a lack of the vitamin group B (B1, B, B9, B12), C, PP. AT 9.

This is due to the low activity of stomach and intestinal enzymes.

Kidney disease, when the hormone erythropoietin, which is responsible for the production of red blood cells, decreases.

Serious diseases of the liver and thyroid gland.

With sufficient iron intake and synthesis, anemia is also possible. Blood loss is to blame for this - these are hidden ulcers and erosion in the intestines and stomach, non-healing wounds on the body or in the mouth, heavy menstruation, blood transfusions, and operations.

How to increase hemoglobin

When forming nutrition with reduced hemoglobin, it is important to know that the iron present in food is divided into heme and non-heme. The first comes from meat, and 20% is absorbed from it, and the second comes from plants, its digestibility is lower - 6% or less. Also at heat treatment iron is oxidized and is unsuitable for the production of hemoglobin. You should pay attention to food containing vitamins C and PP, B.

Food suitable for food:

Veal and pork liver.
Offal.
Red meat.
Egg yolk.
Hard cheeses.
Brewer's yeast.
Green salads.
Potato.
Black bread.
Citrus.

With low hemoglobin, it is better to give up tea and coffee - they contain free radicals that interfere with the absorption of iron, it is better to replace them with cocoa.

Sometimes it is forbidden to drink milk at a low level of hemoglobin, and indeed, calcium is not “friends” with iron, but milk and cottage cheese, especially for pregnant women and children, should not be abandoned, so it is best to use them separately from products that correct hemoglobin.

Causes of increased hemoglobin, treatment

Reduced hemoglobin is common, but what if it is significantly increased in the blood? Should we be afraid of this phenomenon, or, on the contrary, should this factor please? What does high hemoglobin mean? If the upper threshold of the norm in women is 140, and in men - 160 g / liter of blood, then everything above 150 and 170 is an increase.

A high level of hemoglobin indicates dysfunction of some organs and systems in the body:

Destruction of red blood cells and entry into the blood plasma (hemoglobinemia).
An increase in red blood cells in the blood serum (erythrocytosis).
Difficulties in intestinal patency.
Pulmonary insufficiency.
Excess vitamins B9, B12.
Cancer tumors.
High glucose content.
A sharp increase in physical activity.

In pilots after flights, in climbers, when climbing, hemoglobin also increases. This can also happen from a long stay on fresh air. And for residents of the highlands, the condition when hemoglobin is elevated is the norm. This compensates for the lack of oxygen in the air.

Excessive hemoglobin negatively affects the genitourinary system, vision deteriorates, constantly sleepy, skin integuments turn pale, a person gets tired quickly, eats poorly. The danger is also that the blood becomes thick and viscous, it circulates poorly through the veins, and the organs lack nutrition. Added to this is the fact that plaques and blood clots form in this state, and this is a direct road to heart attacks and strokes.

To lower hemoglobin, you need to properly treat your diet. The first thing to do is to remove from it foods that are high in iron. First of all, it is liver and meat, then red fruits and berries. You should not take vitamins of group B, as well as C, be sure to exclude fatty foods that promote the formation of cholesterol, otherwise the threat of blockage of blood vessels increases - this is fatty milk and butter, sweets and smoked foods.

It is preferable to eat seafood, lean fish, white chicken meat, legumes, salads, drink more fluids, it will help dilute thick blood, and the doctor will prescribe medications that thin it.

Also, motor activity and walks in the fresh air, classes in the pool will help restore the functions of the bone marrow, which is responsible for the production of hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that carries blood to body tissues. A decrease in its level causes oxygen depletion of all body cells and a weakening of the immune system. To prevent a decrease in hemoglobin, you need to know what to do with a lack of iron in the body. Let's see in what cases the level of hemoglobin in the blood decreases, what are its norms in different people and how to make up for the lack of this substance.

Symptoms and signs of low hemoglobin in the blood

Outwardly, without tests, low hemoglobin in the blood cannot be determined. Long time signs iron deficiency anemia may be completely absent and only after a large decrease in substances become noticeable. The most striking symptoms of a lack of hemoglobin include:

dizziness, weakness, apathy, tinnitus;
shortness of breath, fatigue, rapid heartbeat, feeling short of breath;
headache, drowsiness, fainting;
dryness, pallor;
hair loss or fading;
frequent thirst;
cracked lips;
insomnia;
taste disturbance or poor appetite (with iron deficiency anemia, people often refuse vegetables, meat dishes, using only cereals and milk);
brittleness, fragility and foliation of nails, the appearance of white spots on the nail plate;
frequent migraines, headaches;
severe muscle weakness, pain during physical exertion;
increased sweating;
addiction to non-standard odors (begins to attract the aroma of acetone, exhaust gases, paint).

The norm of hemoglobin in the blood

The state of the whole organism depends on the level of hemoglobin, so it is necessary to monitor it. The unit of measurement of this substance is considered to be grams per liter (g / l). The normal value of hemoglobin in the blood depends on the gender, age of the person:

For women, the normal amount of iron-containing protein should correspond to 117-161 g / l. Depending on the amount and duration of menstrual flow, this indicator may vary.
For men, the norm of hemoglobin in the blood varies from 132-174 g / l. Males are subject to constant physical activity, more often go in for sports, have an increased concentration of the sex hormone testosterone, so their level of red blood cells will be slightly higher.
In pregnant women, the hemoglobin rate ranges from 110 to 150 g / l.
For children, the normal amount of iron-containing protein depends on age. In newborns, it ranges from 145 to 220 g / l, then hemoglobin decreases and by 1-2 months it is 90-135 g / l, and by the end of 1 year it reaches 105-145 g / l. The same norm is maintained at the age of 2 years, by six it rises slightly and becomes 110-150 g / l. Further (by the age of 14-15), the normal level of hemoglobin is considered to be 115-155 g / l.

Causes of low hemoglobin levels in the blood

Iron deficiency anemia doesn't just happen. It is a symptom of a number of different diseases or provoked by a number of reasons. The most common are:

A side effect of certain medications (such as aspirin or ibuprofen).
Regular blood donations.
Pregnancy, accompanied by frequent toxicosis.
Consequence of uterine bleeding after childbirth, with breastfeeding, menstrual cycle.
Wrong nutrition. For example, people who are vegetarians or who are on a diet that does not eat animal products may be deficient in iron.
Stress.
Smoking.
Physical exercise.

Diseases accompanied by low hemoglobin in the blood:

Replenishing the lack of iron in the blood is not an easy task. When treating, it is necessary to take into account the causes of anemia, its severity, the general health of the patient. Depending on the level of hemoglobin in the blood, there are 4 stages of anemia:

Easy degree. Hemoglobin is slightly reduced, by 10-15% of the norm.
Average degree. Hemoglobin is 70-90 g / l.
Severe degree. Hemoglobin is reduced to 40-50% of the required norm.
Extremely severe, which can lead to death. Hemoglobin falls below 50 g/l.

Before treating anemia, you need to do a blood test. First, for a speedy recovery, it is necessary to eliminate the cause, and then to restore the concentration of iron in the blood serum. For this, various medications, the right diet, folk tinctures and decoctions are prescribed. Let's look at the main methods of therapy for iron deficiency anemia.

Medical treatment. Now many drugs and iron injections have been developed that stabilize hemoglobin levels. But their dosage should not be high, so as not to cause the phenomenon of intolerance. daily rate iron varies from 110 to 300 mg. When taking the medication, it is likely side effects: diarrhea, dizziness, vomiting, nausea. The course of treatment and drugs should be prescribed by a doctor after the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia.

Nutrition. With low hemoglobin, our body does not get vitamins and iron. To increase their concentration, you need to eat foods containing these elements. Iron is divalent (found in meat) and trivalent (found in plant foods). With prolonged heat treatment of food, iron is oxidized, and it becomes unsuitable for the synthesis of hemoglobin. best products are considered:

meat - veal liver, boiled pork, lamb;
hard cereals, buckwheat, oatmeal;
greenery;
fish, seafood;
berries - mulberries, strawberries, blueberries;
raisin;
eggs;
fruits - pomegranates, bananas, apples, apricots, pears;
green vegetables, radish, beets, tomatoes;
milk products;
juices - pomegranate, carrot, plum, beetroot, apple;
mineral water.

Coffee, tea and foods that contain a lot of oxalates are forbidden to drink:

boiled beans;
chocolate;
spinach;
strong broths;
tangerines.

Folk remedies. There are many ways and recipes that have been tried by the people that help with mild stages of anemia, some foods help increase low hemoglobin. But such treatment should be agreed with the doctor. The most popular recipes for iron deficiency are as follows:

Every morning there are 100 grams of grated carrots with sour cream.
Three vegetables to boost low hemoglobin. Grate carrots, beets, radishes in equal proportions and add 1 teaspoon of oil to 200 grams of vegetables.
Rosehip infusion. Pour 1 tablespoon of crushed fruits with 250 grams of boiling water, let it brew for 6 hours, drink 1 glass a day.

How to increase hemoglobin during pregnancy and lactation

The baby in the mother's womb is actively growing and developing every day, he needs a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen. Load on the body future mother increases daily during pregnancy. During this period, every second woman suffers from anemia, which is mildly normal. But for the prevention of low hemoglobin, pregnant girls are advised to take vitamin preparations and the right amount of food containing animal protein, iron; cereals, vegetables and fruits.

Video: about the causes and consequences of iron deficiency anemia

Regardless of the causes of anemia, low hemoglobin in the blood negatively affects a person’s well-being and the functioning of the whole organism. Changes appearance, hormonal background, digestion is disturbed, the work of the cardiovascular system, brain cells. Timely identification of the causes of low hemoglobin, an integrated approach to treatment, proper nutrition will help correct the situation. Why it is important to maintain normal hemoglobin, what are the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia, what foods help to normalize the condition, see the video below.

Attention! The information provided in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment, based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Did you find an error in the text? Select it, press Ctrl + Enter and we'll fix it!

Discuss

Causes of low hemoglobin