Semirechye Cossacks guarded the borders Russian Empire from raids from China and Turkestan, participated in military campaigns. Their history is indicative and instructive.
The new Cossack army was originally located in the Semirechensk region, which is currently located on the territory of two independent states - Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.
Cossacks have appeared in these steppe regions since 1847, when the mass creation of Cossack settlements in the Kyrgyz steppe began in order to secure the borders of the state from bandit raids from Turkestan and China. For these purposes, the 9th and 10th Siberian Cossack regiments were quartered.
Soon the local population (Kara-Kyrgyz) accepted Russian citizenship, which made it possible for the Cossack formations to move deep into Semirechye. On the new border line of the Trans-Ili line, the Siberian Cossacks quickly built defensive fortifications, which soon formed the city of Verny (the future city of Alma-Ata). The Siberian regiments were forced to be far from the capital of the Siberian army - Omsk, which created problems with the administrative and military control of the remote regiments. In 1967, the Semirechensk Cossack Army was organized, in which the 9th and 10th Siberian regiments began to be referred to as the 1st and 2nd Semirechensk Cossack regiments. Major General Gerasim Kolpakovsky became the first ataman of the Semirechensk people.
So, the Siberian Cossacks created a new Cossack army. And this was especially important, because already during the reign of Alexander II, the Cossack troops came close to the borders of China. By 1868, the entire military Cossack population of Semirechye amounted to just over 14,000 thousand people. The resolution on the organization of the army stated that the main tasks were to secure territories for Russia, protect the eastern borders and Russian colonization of the farthest edges of the empire.
The well-known historian E. Savelyev noted that “the Cossacks knew how to get along with the nomads and even to fraternize and intermarry with some; this is probably why the Asians, who feared and hated the “Russians”, treated the Cossacks with great respect.
But this did not prevent the local natives from waging a constant struggle against the colonialists: in 1871, the Cossacks went on a campaign against the city of Gulja, located in the Chinese part of Turkestan, and in 1873, the inhabitants of Semirechye participated in the famous Khiva campaign. As a result, the local khanates, with the help of Cossack weapons, were annexed to the Russian Empire. In 1879, following the example of the Don Army, a new provision for military service was introduced in the army.
Now the service staff was divided into youngsters, Cossacks of three stages and a reserve; the entire Cossack service was supposed to be: 3 years for youngsters, 12 years in the field service and 5 years in the reserve. In addition, the militia included all Cossacks capable of equestrian service.
Thus, in peacetime the Semirechensk Army fielded 1 cavalry regiment in 4 hundreds, and in wartime 3 regiments. That is, as in the Siberian army, the Cossacks were almost completely deprived of the opportunity to conduct subsidiary farming, because the Cossacks still have to perform a number of duties, including providing their apartments to visitors, maintaining roads and bridges, escorting convicts, transporting mail, etc. While not getting decent pay. All this did not prevent the Cossacks from participating in military campaigns.
In 1900, the inhabitants of Semirechye participated in the Chinese campaign to pacify the Yihetuan rebels. Following the example of the Orenburg Cossacks, the inhabitants of Semirechye served in the capital of Russia, St. Petersburg. The inhabitants of Semirechye did not participate in the Russian-Japanese war due to the fact that at that time they were pacifying the rebellion in Turkestan. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the Cossack population of the army reached 45 thousand people who lived in 19 villages and 15 settlements. Moreover, the Cossack settlements were scattered over a vast border area, where the Cossacks' neighbors were the Chinese, Kazakhs and Kirghiz. However, with the constant expansion of the borders to the east, the Cossack troops were not able to cover more and more new spaces. To help the people of Semirechye, the Transbaikal and Amur Cossack troops were soon organized.
During the First World War, the inhabitants of Semirechye fielded 3 cavalry regiments and 13 separate (special) hundreds.
After the First World War and the Civil War, the Semirechye Cossacks were forced to abandon their service and lifestyle. In the new country, the courage and valor of the Cossacks was no longer needed. Yes, and the Cossacks could not serve the regime, which in the very first years set in motion the bloody mechanism of decossackization.
In 1920, most of the inhabitants of Semirechye were forced to emigrate to Western China. After the crash Soviet Union emigrant Cossacks could not find their lands, now it is the territory of independent states - Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where they no longer remember that Russian Cossacks stood at the origins of the former capital of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata.
The story about the uniform of the Semirechensky Cossack Army of the early XX century will be incomprehensible if we do not briefly touch on the topic of the uniform of the entire Russian Imperial Army, which had its own long history and traditions, regulated by the Highest approved orders from the Military Department and circulars of the General Staff.
After the end of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. the reform of the Russian Army was launched, including changes in the form of clothing. In addition to some return to the uniform of the era of Emperor Alexander II, these changes affected the widespread introduction of a protective (greenish-gray) color in the marching uniforms of infantry, cavalry, artillery and Cossacks.
Dress was divided into a form of peacetime and a form of wartime, i.e. hiking outfit. In turn, the form of peacetime was divided into front, ordinary, official and everyday. Forms front, ordinary and service were of two types - for building and out of order. Forms front and ordinary were also winter and summer.
The dress uniform was worn in the following cases:
When presented to Their Majesties, members of the Imperial Family, Field Marshals, the Minister of War, Commander of the Imperial Main Apartment, to his boss, inspector generals, heads of main departments and commanders of military districts;
- when congratulating persons of the Imperial Family and at the Highest exits in the palace;
- at solemn meetings of persons of the Imperial Family and commanding persons and at guards of honor;
- at official receptions with foreign ambassadors and envoys;
- at reviews and parades, unless ordered to be in a different uniform;
- at church parades during the holidays of parts;
- at the consecration of banners, standards and banner flags;
- when taking an oath of allegiance to the service;
- when presented to all direct superiors on the occasion of arrival at the service in the unit;
- on highly solemn days: the accession to the throne of the Sovereign-Emperor, the coronation, birth and name day of Their Majesties and the Heir Tsesarevich; on solemn days (New Year's Day, Holy Easter Day and the first day of the Nativity of Christ): at church parades and services (at the Bright Matins), on duty under the Emperor, on internal guards in the palaces of Their Majesties, when congratulating the authorities, at official meetings , dinners, balls and concerts;
- with participation in the marriage ceremony: by the groom, best men and planted fathers;
- at the burial of generals, staff and chief officers, both in the service and in the reserve, and retired, as well as lower ranks.
When dress uniform was out of order, the officers did not have a revolver.
ordinary dress was, in fact, a kind of front door, only somewhat more democratic than it and was used on less solemn occasions. According to modern concepts, it was, as it were, a parade-output uniform. They wore it:
- upon the appearance in the palaces of Their Majesties and persons of the Imperial family in the capitals;
- when carrying guards in the palaces of Their Majesties;
- upon presentation of banners, standards and banner flags in the Highest Presence;
- when you appear on business or on your own need to the persons of the Imperial Family, field marshals, the Minister of War, the commander of the Imperial Main Apartment, his boss, inspector generals, heads of main departments and commanders of military districts, as well as to high-ranking officials of a non-military department ;
- upon arrival at the service in the unit, upon presentation to all officers of the unit, except for direct superiors;
- at church parades on Sundays and holidays;
- during official prayers, during the laying and launching of military courts, during the laying and consecration of churches and government buildings, at public solemn meetings, acts, exams and noble elections;
- during worship on church holidays, the communion of the Holy Mysteries, during the marriage ceremony, during the removal and burial of the Holy Shroud;
- those present at the Imperial theaters and in noble assemblies (Moscow and St. Petersburg) on highly solemn days: at the accession to the throne of the Emperor, the coronation, birth and namesake of Their Imperial Majesties and the Heir Tsesarevich;
at official meetings, dinners, balls, concerts and masquerades;
- at the burial of civil officials of all departments, civilians, at official memorial services.
With an ordinary form out of order, instead of shortened bloomers and high boot long harem pants were worn loose and low boots, while missing a scarf and a revolver. On full dress uniforms, officers wore epaulettes, and on an ordinary shoulder straps(the lower ranks had a front door as an ordinary dress ).
Service uniform worn:
- when entering service for training, when performing guard duty, except for guards in the palaces of the Emperor;
- with all service outfits (on duty in all parts of the troops, departments, institutions and institutions);
- when presented to superiors (with the exception of cases when dress uniform was worn) and local military authorities;
- on business, on the occasion of promotion to the next rank, receiving awards, a new appointment or transfer within a unit, a business trip or going on vacation or returning back from a business trip or vacation to a unit;
- when nailing banners and standards not in the Highest Presence;
- during meetings of cavalier dumas and councils;
- during hearings in military courts.
With service uniforms, instead of a double-breasted uniform, they wore a marching uniform. Outside the service, elongated trousers with low boots were worn.
Daily dress worn only outside the ranks and outside the outfits and service activities. With this form, it was possible to wear a double-breasted uniform or a frock coat, a marching uniform or tunic, bloomers short or long, boots high or low. In everyday uniforms, it was allowed to wear epaulettes on a frock coat and uniform, but with long trousers.
Since 1906, the Russian Army began to introduce summer marching uniforms of a protective color, and since 1909 the Cossacks of all Cossack troops received it. Here it should be noted that, unlike other lower ranks of the army, the Cossacks, when entering the service, had to purchase uniforms, a drill horse, equipment, and in some parts even edged weapons at their own expense.
Wartime uniform, i.e. military uniforms of a protective color, with a few exceptions, were the same for all types and branches of the troops of the Russian Army. It was worn by all military personnel in the combat area or in units mobilized to be sent to the front. Her kit included cap with a cockade and chin strap, single-breasted marching uniform (in summer - tunic) with patch pockets on the chest and sides (the Cossacks received tunic the cavalry model is an inch (4.5 cm) shorter than that of the infantry, and with cuffs cut to the toe), trousers (grey-blue trousers with colored piping were left in the cavalry, and the Cossacks had gray-blue trousers with stripes according to the color of the troops ), boots with high ankles.
Shoulder straps on the marching uniform it was supposed to have two-color: one side of the color assigned to the unit, the other - protective. Buttons on the marching uniform it was also supposed to have a protective color - leather, bone or covered with cloth.
In 1912, by order of the Military Department No. 218, for the lower ranks of all military units, instead of a marching uniform, a Russian-style cloth shirt (kosovorotka) of a protective color was introduced. It was without pockets, with a stand-up collar fastened at the left shoulder from right to left for two buttons. The camp of the shirt was not hemmed from below, but cut off according to the pattern. Sleeves with straight cuffs fastened with two buttons. On the shoulders of the hiking shirt fastened removable double-sided shoulder straps, one side of which was made of instrument cloth, and the other side was made of khaki cloth. In wartime uniform shoulder straps worn with the protective side up, and in peacetime - up with the instrument cloth. Design shoulder strap was such that it provided for their turning over in case of fading of the instrument cloth.
The armament of the Cossacks consisted of a Cossack-style checker (without a bow on the hilt), a Cossack-modified rifle (lightweight), which the Cossacks wore over their right shoulder (throughout the left in the entire army), and a tubular metal lance painted in khaki color with a khaki lanyard and belt. The officers had checkers and revolvers of the Nagant system, but they were allowed to buy and carry pistols of the Browning, Parabellum, Mauser and others systems at their own expense.
Cossack troops in Russia were divided into steppe and Caucasian. The steppe troops at that time included: Don, Astrakhan, Ural, Orenburg, Siberian, Semirechensk, Transbaikal, Amur and Ussuri, and Caucasian: Kuban and Tersk.
This was primarily reflected in their uniforms. All steppe troops had a uniform of a single pattern and cut and differed from each other in the color of their ceremonial uniform and instrument cloth. Dress in the Russian troops was considered and approved by the Emperor, as a rule, for each regiment separately.
When forming units or separate teams, along with general organizational issues, proposals were also prepared for the newly formed on the form of clothing. Sometimes drawings of even individual items of uniform were presented to the Tsar for approval. With the royal approval of the form, the drawing was signed by the Minister of War and the date of its Highest approval.
Dress Steppe Cossacks consisted of a hat, caps, uniform, chekmen (for officers), bloomers, boot, equipment and outerwear (for officers - coat, overcoat, cape, short fur coat, at the lower ranks - an overcoat). The Don, Orenburg, Astrakhan, Siberian and Semirechensk Cossacks wore a tall hat in the form of a truncated cone with short black fur, and the Ural, Transbaikal, Amur and Ussuri Cossacks wore a hat of a smaller height, cylindrical shape and with long black fur. Above hat it was covered with a cap made of colored instrument cloth in a color corresponding to the color of the shoulder strap (crimson in the Semirechye army). For officers, the cap was sheathed at the base and crosswise with a silver galloon (corresponding to the color of the metal device: in the Cossack cavalry regiments and individual hundreds it was silver; in the Cossack artillerymen and scouts - gold).
The Cossack dress uniform was single-breasted, without buttons and had a hook-and-loop fastener. The collar of the uniform was rounded, standing, the color of uniform cloth, edged with an edging of instrument cloth. On the collar buttonholes (coils) without buttons. Cuffs - figured in the form of a cape, matched the color of the uniform and also had a piping and buttonholes (coils). The uniform was detachable at the waist and with assemblies at the back of the skirt. With the same silver metal device in all Cossack troops (with the exception of artillerymen and scouts), the color of the uniform differed by troops. In the Don, Astrakhan and Ural troops it was dark blue, and in Semirechensk and the rest it was dark green.
Epaulets(for officers) - cavalry model. The color of the instrument cloth for piping, shoulder strap, papa caps, bands of caps, stripes and buttonholes on overcoats for the Semirechye Cossacks, crimson was installed.
Equipment Cossacks consisted of a black bandolier with the image of the state emblem on the top flap and a brown leather belt. Officers in dress uniform wore a silver belt with black and orange stripes.
Cossacks served as everyday headdress caps with a crown of uniform cloth and a band of color for the troops. On the band in front was placed cockade .
Due to the fact that almost every military unit in the Russian Empire had its own individual differences in the form of clothing, it is necessary to clarify what the Semirechensk Cossack Army was in terms of military and administrative (since the ranks of the military administration, not being in active military service, nevertheless wore the uniform of the SMKV).
In peacetime, one military unit was in permanent service from the Semirechensky Cossack Army - the 1st Semirechensky Cossack General Kolpakovsky Regiment. He was a four-hundred-strong and deployed in the city of Katta-Kurgan, Samarkand region. The 2nd and 3rd Semirechensky Cossack regiments were on privilege, i.e. having their own staff of officers, they were in reserve, periodically recruiting Cossacks of the second and third stages of conscription for retraining.
In 1906, a new guards unit appeared in the Russian Army - the Life Guards Consolidated Cossack Regiment of four hundred, stationed in the city of Pavlovsk, St. Petersburg province. The first hundred consisted of the Ural Cossacks, the second of the Orenburg Cossacks, the third of the Siberian, Semirechensk and Astrakhan Cossacks, the fourth of the Transbaikal, Amur and Ussuri Cossacks. In the Consolidated Cossack Regiment, the dress uniforms were crimson, light blue, red and yellow - depending on which Cossack army a hundred, fifty or a separate platoon, which consisted of a consolidated regiment, belonged to.
Thus, by the beginning of the war of 1914, the Semirechensk Cossack Army was fielding in the ranks of the Russian Army:
Semirechensky platoon of the 3rd hundred of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment;
-1st Semirechensky Cossack General Kolpakovsky Regiment.
During the Great (First World) War, the Semirechensk Cossack Army fielded the following units and separate units that were not part of the regiments, with a total number of 4.6 thousand people:
Semirechensky platoon of the Life Guards Consolidated Cossack Regiment;
-1st Semirechensky Cossack General Kolpakovsky Regiment;
-2nd Semirechensky Cossack regiment;
-3rd Semirechensky Cossack regiment;
-1st Semirechensk separate Cossack hundred;
-2nd Semirechensk separate Cossack hundred;
-3rd Semirechensk separate Cossack hundred;
-4th Semirechensk separate Cossack hundred;
-1st Semirechensk special Cossack hundred;
-2nd Semirechensk special Cossack hundred;
-3rd Semirechensk special Cossack hundred;
-1st Semirechensk Cossack militia hundred;
-2nd Semirechensk Cossack militia hundred;
-3rd Semirechensk Cossack militia hundred;
-4th Semirechensk Cossack militia hundred;
- Spare hundred of the 3rd Semirechensky Cossack regiment.
In administrative terms, the Semirechensk Cossack Host was subordinate to the Nakazny Ataman with a residence in the city of Verny and the Military Board, headed by the Chairman. At the head of the villages and settlements were stanitsa and settlement atamans with stanitsa and settlement boards.
In connection with the privileged position of the guard in the army of the Russian Empire, the uniform of the guard units differed significantly from the uniform of the army units. This fully applies to the Semirechensky platoon of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment, whose dress uniform differed sharply from other Semirechensky units.
On the color tables attached to this article, uniforms of the Russian Army issued in 1910-1911. Colonel V.K. Shenk in St. Petersburg, we clearly see all the elements of the uniform of the Cossacks and officers of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment. The first table shows the uniforms of the lower ranks of the regiment: on the left side - front, and on the right side - an ordinary uniform. Below are the elements of the overcoat collar with buttonholes, the collar and cuff of the marching uniform and protective shoulder strap wartime.
By design, the uniform of the Cossack guards Semirechensky platoon was uniform (Cossack cut) with all other regiments: single-breasted, without buttons, with a standing collar and figured (cape) cuffs. It was fastened with hidden hooks and loops, at the ends of the collar there were two buttonholes(for the lower ranks - yellow), cuffs were decorated with columns (coils) of the same color as buttonholes. In dress uniform instead of shoulder strap worn silver epaulettes with yellow countertops. The uniform itself was crimson (military) color. In the ordinary form, they put on exactly the same uniform, only dark blue and with shoulder straps. Color shoulder strap was instrumental cloth, i.e. crimson, but unlike all other Semirechensk Cossack units, it had a white edging along the edges. Shoulder strap was clean, ie. without encryption or monogram (in the 1st Ural Hundred of His Majesty the L.-Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment epaulettes and shoulder straps were with the cypher of Emperor Nicholas II). Shoulder straps and epaulettes fastened to the uniform with a button of silver (instrument metal) color with the image of the Double-headed Eagle.
As a ceremonial headdress in 1906 for the guards Cossacks was approved hat with long fur, later replaced by a low merlushka hat, similar to a hussar's, with a guards sultan. We see her image in the drawings attached here. St. Andrew's star was placed on the front of the hat, on the left - cockade with a white sultan and tassels fastened above it, on the right hung a raspberry cloak and an etiquette cord from under it, and braided kutases fell in front and behind in a festoon. Kutas, brushes and etiquette cord at the lower ranks were yellow. In the usual form, a merlushka hat was worn without a sultan, kutas, tassels and an etiquette cord.
Bloomers, both in full dress and in ordinary uniforms, were of a gray-blue color traditional for horsemen, but without stripes.
Belt ammunition for the lower ranks consisted of a white leather waist belt with a metal single-pin buckle.
The Cossacks were shod in high black leather boots, without spurs.
AT winter time a gray overcoat was worn with shoulder straps and raspberry-colored buttonholes with a dark blue edging and without buttons .
AT summer time guards Cossacks wore caps, also noticeably different from the usual Cossack. The crown was crimson with a dark blue edging, and the band was dark blue. There was no visor on the cap of the lower ranks.
The wartime uniform of the Semirechensky Guards practically did not differ from the general army marching uniform, with the exception of the white edging of the toe of the cuffs of the marching uniform and white belt ammunition. Shoulder straps on the marching uniform were also khaki with crimson edging and without encryption.
The uniform of the officers of the Semirechensk platoon of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment was slightly different from the uniform of the lower ranks. The image attached here shows the officer uniform of the Ural hundred regiment. The Semirechensk uniform was identical to the Ural one, with the exception of small differences in epaulettes, shoulder straps and buttonholes.
So, the ceremonial uniform of the sevenrek guards officers was of the same traditional Cossack cut and the same crimson color. Its difference from the uniform of the lower ranks was that buttonholes on the collar were silver, as well as coils on cuffs. Officers' silver epaulettes without a monogram with silver counter-epaulettes were worn on the uniform. On an ordinary dark blue uniform, there were the same differences, but it was worn with shoulder straps. An officer's shoulder strap is essentially the same shoulder strap of the lower ranks, but of a slightly different shape and covered with galloon in the color of the device, with stars and gaps corresponding to the rank. The epaulette of a seven-man officer was with a silver galloon, crimson gaps and crimson-white piping along the edges. On shoulder straps, as well as at the lower ranks, there were no monograms or encryption.
On the cap of the officers was an officer's cockade on the left, and the kutas, brushes and etiquette cord were silvery. AT summer time worn cap, the same colors as the Cossacks, but with a black lacquered visor.
Blue harem pants with piping and double "general's" raspberry-colored stripes were worn in dress uniform, and without stripes in ordinary uniform. 
The officer's ammunition consisted of a silver belt and a silver sash over the left shoulder with a silver carcass, on the top cover of which the St. Andrew's star was fixed.
AT winter time was worn by an officer coat gray with shoulder straps and valves (buttonlets) of crimson color with a dark blue piping and silver buttons on them.
The marching uniform of the officers differed from the uniform of the lower ranks by the presence of pockets with flaps on the chest and sides of the uniform, shoulder straps and brown leather belt ammunition.
Semirechensky platoon of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment, together with the entire regiment, participated in the hostilities of the Great
war, and lasted until the spring of 1918, when, upon arrival from the front in city Faithful was disbanded.
It should be noted that from July 10 (23), 1911, in the lists of the L.-Guards. The Consolidated Cossack Regiment was listed as the Nakazny Ataman of Semirechensky
Cossack Army and the Military Governor of the Semirechensk region, General M.A. Folbaum (1866-1916), i.e. he wore the uniform of the Semirechensk platoon of this regiment, naturally with the distinctions of a general due to his rank. Thus, this form was also the form of the highest official of the SMKV - the Punishment Ataman.
The parade uniform of the numbered regiments of the Semirechensky Cossack Host was simpler than the uniform of the guards. I must say that, unlike the 1st Semirechensky Cossack regiment, the 2nd and 3rd regiments were on benefits until the July mobilization of 1914, i.e. The full dress uniform of these regiments could only be worn by officers who were permanently on the staff. The Cossacks, called up in connection with the mobilization, immediately put on marching uniforms and were soon sent to their places of service - the 2nd regiment in Persia, and the 3rd remained in Semirechye. During the war of 1914-1918. the entire Russian Army wore only marching uniforms, and they had to forget about the front and even ordinary uniforms.
On the drawings of the dress uniform of the 1st Semirechensky Cossack gene attached here. The Kolpakovsky regiment from the second issue of the album of Colonel V.K. Shenk shows the uniform of officers (left) and lower ranks (right). As you can clearly see, the uniform of both officers and Cossacks is still the same traditional Cossack uniform on hooks, made of dark green cloth. On the collar and cuffs of the uniforms of the lower ranks - single white buttonholes granted to the regiment on December 6 (19), 1908. The officers have the same, but silver. Collar and cuffs in the form of a cape, edged with raspberry piping.
Bloomers, both for officers and Cossacks, are gray-blue in color with crimson stripes up to 4-5 cm wide. hat- in the form of a truncated cone with short black fur and crimson top. For officers, the top of the hat is at the base and crosswise sheathed with silver galloon. In the 1st hundred of the regiment on a hat, above cockades, a distinction was worn on headdresses with the inscription "For distinction in the Khiva campaign of 1873", granted to the hundred on April 17 (29), 1875. It was a stylized image of a ribbon of instrumental (silver) color.
Ammunition - the officers have a silver belt with a bandage and a black casket with the image of the state emblem - the Double-headed Eagle, the lower ranks - belt from brown leather.
AT summer time the Cossacks wore caps with raspberry band and dark green tulle with raspberry piping.
The drawing from the album of Colonel V.K. Shenk shows cap lower ranks without a visor, but, judging by the surviving photographs, already in 1911 the bulk of the Cossacks wore caps with visors.
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Particular attention should be paid to the description of the epaulette and shoulder strap . Epaulets the officers were of a silver color, of a cavalry pattern with silver counter-epaulettes. On the epaulette there is a golden cipher "1.", denoting the number of the regiment. Shoulder straps crimson Cossacks with a stenciled yellow regiment number - "1." and a silver button at the top. The clerks, sergeants and sergeants have badges white color corresponding to the rank. Shoulder straps officers - with silver galloons and crimson piping and gaps. On shoulder straps - encryption, colors opposite to the device, i.e. golden number"one." and stars assigned by rank.
By order of the Military Department No. 228 of 1911, the encryption of some Cossack units was changed. So in the Semirechensk Cossack regiments, after the regiment number, the letters “Sm.”, i.e. ciphers for all three regiments became of the following form: "1Sm.", "2Sm." and "ZSm."
The color of encryption in the Cossack cavalry and artillery units of officers and ensigns is the opposite of the device, with large letters and numbers, 3/4 inches high, and small, 3/8 inches high, printed font, both on shoulder straps and on officers epaulettes, at a height of 1/2 inch from the bottom edge of the shoulder strap.
To the first world war ciphers on shoulder straps have become the same form, i.e. "1", "2", "3".
Shoulder straps the marching uniform of the lower ranks were of a khaki color and with the same encryption, made in light blue paint, as in the entire Russian cavalry. buttonholes(valve) on the overcoats of officers and lower ranks were crimson, traditional for Semireks.
With a marching uniform, common to all Russian cavalry, the Semireks were distinguished by the presence of crimson stripes on gray-blue trousers. In winter, gray was relied on for marching uniform. hat with protective color cap.
Probably in 1913, in the Semirechensky Cossack Army, as in many parts of the Russian Army, a new full dress uniform was introduced, consisting of a dark green tunic with crimson cuffs trimmed with silver braid at the toe, a crimson collar with the same braid along the upper and lower edges, raspberry-colored, false figured lapel with a braid on the chest and raspberry-silver gazyrs-patrons (such gazyrs were worn by the Semirechensk Cossacks as early as the end of the 19th century). We see this form in the photo of the Cossacks, published on page 12 of the Semirechensky Cossack Bulletin No. 5 (8) for 1998, in the well-known, many times published photo of the last Semirechensky Ataman, General A.M. Ionov, as well as in some other pictures including during the Civil War.
However, most of the Semirek Cossacks did not have to wear it for long ... In 1914, they all had to say goodbye to this uniform and put on soldier's cloth overcoats, protective tunics and tunics. Instead of galloon silver epaulettes, the officers had to put on field ones - also of a khaki color with asterisks and ribbons of the same color to indicate gaps (though it should be noted that many officers continued to wear galloon uniforms in marching uniforms). shoulder straps). A special period began in the history of Russia (from 1914 to 1924), when marching army uniforms, due to the harsh circumstances of the war and revolution, became the most common, almost folk clothing ...
In this marching uniform, in addition to the Life Guards Semirechensky platoon and three numbered Cossack regiments, all individual and spare hundreds of SMKV were equipped. Shoulder straps these hundreds were also crimson or camouflage, nude, in contrast to the numbered regiments - without encryption. As for the special and militia hundreds, formed at that time in Semirechye from Cossacks of older ages and youngsters, apparently their uniform combined various elements of uniform and everyday Cossack clothing.
In their daily life in the villages and settlements, the Semirechensky Cossacks continued to wear uniforms without shoulder strap, often combining it with a regular civilian one. But papakhas, caps with a raspberry band and trousers with stripes were an indispensable attribute of the Semirek Cossacks, thus distinguishing them from other strata of the Russian population. This is clearly seen, both in surviving photographs and in the memoirs of contemporaries. The famous writer, Donskoy Ataman, General P.N. Krasnov (1869-1947), who served in Semirechie, left us a lot of testimonies about this. Here are a couple of them to illustrate the above...
“The air smelled strongly of apples. They lay everywhere in the gardens in huge pyramids. Often came across Semirechensk Cossacks. They rode on horseback in white and pink shirts, in caps with a raspberry band, with scythes and rakes on their shoulders, to shoot the third mowing ”(Krasnov P.N. “Fallen Leaves”, Munich, 1923). 
“A ditch ran through the desert, fields and life appeared - this is the village of the Semirechensky Cossacks of Chondzha. It was Sunday and colorfully dressed Cossack women were sitting on the logs near the rubble, young people in trousers with a raspberry stripe poured out into the street ... ”(Krasnov P.N. “Along the foothills of the Tien Shan” // “Russian Invalid” No. 120, 1912, C .-Petersburg).
The administration of the SMKV, which included the ranks of the Troop Board, stanitsa and settlement boards headed by atamans, wore the uniform of the Semirechensky Host with shoulder straps and all the distinctions due to rank.
A few words about the procedure for wearing awards in the Russian Army. The awards were worn on a block on the left side of the chest - with a single-breasted (including Cossack) uniform and in the center - with a double-breasted one. On the block medals were placed after the Russian orders, and foreign orders - after the Russian medals. All order stars (except for the Order of St. Anna) were placed on the left side of the chest. The insignia of the orders of St. George and St. Vladimir of the 2nd and 3rd degrees were worn around the neck. St. Anna of the 2nd degree and St. Stanislav of the 2nd degree, as well as the White Eagle and Alexander Nevsky. Signs of all orders of the 3rd and 4th degrees were worn on a block or in a buttonhole. Ribbons of the orders of St. Anna, St. Alexander Nevsky and the White Eagle were worn over the left shoulder, and the rest of the orders over the right. Graduation marks from military academies and universities were worn on right side chest, and the signs of cadet corps, military schools, regimental and military signs (including the sign of the SmKV) - on the left. To this it must be added that the orders of St. George and St. Vladimir were not supposed to be removed under any circumstances. Unlike other orders, they were worn with any form of clothing - from ceremonial to marching.
During the Civil War 1918-1922. The Semirechye Cossacks continued to wear their traditional uniform. Of course, then there was no time for such subtleties as thorough observance of the statutory rules for wearing uniforms - they wore marching, full dress, and ordinary uniforms - who had what, and what commanders could get in those conditions. The death of the Semirechye Cossack Army was inevitably approaching... And it is probably symbolic that since 1918 black tones in uniforms and the emblem of "Adam's head" (skulls with bones) appear in Semirechye. This was due to the actions of the Annenkov partisans - officers, Cossacks and volunteers of the Separate Semirechye Army. But that's another topic, not within the scope of this article...
Literature:
1. "Tables of uniforms of the Russian Army", comp. regiment. V.K.Shenk. issue 1.2, St. Petersburg, 1910, 1911.
2. "Cossack troops", ed. V.K.Shenka, compiled by V.Kh.Kazin, St. Petersburg, 1912.
3. "Cossack dictionary-reference book", volume II, San Anselmo, California, USA , 1968.
4. "Military clothes Russian Army", team of authors, Moscow , 1994.
5. Begunova A.I. "Sabers are sharp, horses are fast...". Moscow , 1992.
6. Begunova A.I. "From chain mail to uniform", Moscow , 1993.
7. “Russian Army. 1917-1920". compiled by O.V. Kharitonov, V.V. Gorshkov, St. Petersburg, 1991.
8. Volkov SV. "Russian officer corps" Moscow , 1993.
9. "Bulletin of the Mikhailovsky Voronezh Cadet Corps", issue I, Voronezh, 1996.
10. "Military History Journal", No. 6, 1990, Moscow .
11. "Semirechensky Cossack Bulletin", No. 5 (8), 6 (9), 1998, Alma-Ata.
12. Pokrovsky S.N. "Victory of Soviet power in Semirechye", Alma-Ata, 1961.
13. "Victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution in Kazakhstan", a collection of documents and materials, Alma-Ata, 1957.
14. Kolesnikov N.P. “Memoirs of a participant in the Civil War”, manuscript, b.g., archive of the author.
15. "White Guard", almanac, No. 5, 2001. Moscow ..
16. Krasnov P.N. Fallen Leaves, Munich, 1923.
17. Krasnov P.N. “On the foothills of the Tien Shan”, “Semirechensky Cossacks” / / “Russian Invalid” No. 120, 51, 1912, St. Petersburg.
July 27, 2002
"Semirechensky Cossack Bulletin" No. 2 (24), 2003
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Officers of the Cossack troops, who are under the Office of the Military Ministry, full dress and festive uniforms. May 7, 1869. The Life Guards Cossack Regiment marching uniform. September 30, 1867. Generals in the army Cossack units full dress. March 18, 1855 Adjutant General, listed in the Cossack units in full dress. March 18, 1855 Adjutant wing, listed in the Cossack units in full dress. March 18, 1855 Chief officers
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THE EMPEROR, on the 22nd day of February and the 27th day of October of this year, the Highest command deigned to 1. Generals, Headquarters and Ober-officers and lower ranks of all Cossack troops, except for the Caucasian, and except for the Guards Cossack units, as well as civil officials, consisting in the service in the Cossack troops and in the regional boards and administrations in the service of the Kuban and Terek regions, named in articles 1-8 of the attached list, Appendix 1, to have a uniform according to the attached hereto
Cossack ranks are the ranks of the rank personally assigned to military personnel and those liable for military service, including Cossacks on benefits, in accordance with their military and special training, official position, merit, length of service, belonging to the Cossack army. History The first ranks of the position among the Cossacks, the so-called Cossack foreman of the Don, Zaporozhye, and so on, ataman, hetman, clerk, kantary, centurion, foreman were elected. Late appearance of ranks in
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1. Officer of the Cossack regiment of the Don army. 2. Cossack of the Wolf Hundred gene. Skin of the Kuban Cossack army. 3. Patch of the Wolf Hundred, shoulder straps of the Kornilov Cavalry Regiment of the Kuban Cossack Army. 4. Officers of the Kornilov cavalry regiment of the Kuban Cossack army and the 1st Volga Cossack regiment of the Terek Cossack army. 5. Shoulder straps of the ranks of the Standing Army First row, first pair of colored shoulder straps of cavalry regiments, second pair of protective shoulder straps
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On June 28-30, 1990, the 1st Constituent Big Circle Congress of the Union of Cossacks of the NC was held. November 29-December 1, 1990, the Council of Atamans of the Union of Cossacks adopted the Declaration of the Cossacks, and the Banner of the Union of Cossacks was also adopted, consisting of horizontal white, blue and red stripes with the emblem of the Union in the center. Now the Union of Cossacks of Russia TFR has a black-yellow-white flag with an image in the center on a blue circle. On the front side is the emblem of the TFR, and on the back is the face of Christ.
Today, entering the hall of the Military Gallery of the State Hermitage, one involuntarily stops at the monumental painting by P. Hess The Battle of Tarutino on October 6, 1812. The picture depicts the attack of the Cossacks on the French cavalry. We see the famous Life Cossacks, fearless hundreds of Donets, dashing Cossack artillery rushing into battle. The horsemen, their uniforms, equipment and weapons are brilliantly drawn. But for some reason, the feeling of embellishment of what is happening does not leave. Really,
Since 1883, the Cossack units began to favor only standards that fully corresponded in size and images to the cavalry standards, while the cloth was made according to the color of the uniform of the army, and the border was the color of the instrument cloth. From March 14, 1891, the Cossack units were granted banners of reduced size, that is, the same standards, but on black banner poles. Banner of the 4th Don Cossack division. Russia. 1904. Sample 1904 is fully consistent with a similar model of cavalry
On July 25, 1867 (according to the new style), the Semirechensk Cossack Army was formed, one of the eleven Cossack troops of the Great Russian Empire.
His formation was preceded by very dramatic events. In the middle of the nineteenth century, this region became the site of a struggle between the Chinese, who completely slaughtered the population of the Dzungar Khanate, and practically the same cruel Kokand people. The only difference between the opponents was that the Chinese took into account the fact that the Kazakhs who lived on these lands were under Russian citizenship. Behind the backs of the Kokand rulers stood the British, who supported everyone who could prevent the advance of the Russians into Central Asia.
Despite the fact that the Kazakh clans were under Russian citizenship, at the beginning of the nineteenth century there were neither Russian troops nor settlements in these places. The only way out for the locals, when they were attacked by Khivans, Bukharans or Kokands, was the opportunity to retreat under the protection of the fortifications of the Siberian Line, built back in the eighteenth century. However, this method of protection was not suitable for the Kazakhs in South-East and South Kazakhstan, many of them lived settled and could not leave their houses and fields overnight. It was these tribes that the Kokandans sought to capture in the first place.
Semirechye is a region in Central Asia, bounded by lakes Balkhash, Alakol, Sasykol and the ridges of the Dzungarian Alatau and the Northern Tien Shan. The name of the region comes from the seven main rivers flowing in this region: Karatal, Ili, Aksu, Bien, Lepsa, Sarkand and Baskan.
In the end, the Russian authorities got tired of looking at the suffering of their steppe subjects, it was decided to move the line of Russian fortifications to the south. The main stage was the formation of the Ayaguz outer district. In the northeast of Lake Balkhash, the first hundred Cossacks settled with their families in the village of Ayaguz. Their appearance became a guarantee against Kokand raids on the Kazakh lands lying north of Balkhash.
However, in 1841, Khan Kenesary Kasimov took control of several Kazakh clans. Being a Chingizid, as well as the grandson of Ablai, the last all-Kazakh Khan, Kasymov announced the withdrawal of the Kazakhs from the citizenship of the Russian Empire. Russian troops limited themselves only to strengthening the protection of caravans heading to Central Asia and China, and the defense of fortresses, near which Kazakhs began to gather, who wished to remain faithful to the Russian Tsar. Soon the Russians erected two more fortresses - Turgai and Irgiz. The despotism of Kasymov, his imposition of Islamic laws, never revered by the Kazakhs, as a result, caused discontent among the local population. In 1847, a tribe of wild-stone Kirghiz rebelled, took Kenesary prisoner, beheaded and sent the head of the khan to the governor-general of Siberia Gorchakov.
In 1847, in response to the intensified hostile actions of the Kokand people, a detachment of Yesaul Abakumov founded the Kapal fortress six hundred miles south of Semipalatinsk. And in 1848, Major Baron Wrangel took over the post of bailiff of the Great Horde, who took over the administration of the entire region and the troops stationed here. The place of residence of the bailiff was just the Kapal fortress. Between Ayaguz and Kapal, for the convenience of communication, they were ordered to establish twelve pickets. And during the 1848-1850s, Cossacks from the ninth Siberian regimental district were resettled to the fortress, who later founded the village of the same name here.
On April 4, 1850, a detachment was sent from Kapal, consisting of two hundred Cossacks and two guns, led by Captain Gutkovsky. Their goal was to capture the Tauchubek fortress, the main stronghold of the Kokand people in the Trans-Ili region. On April 19, the Cossacks began the siege of the fortress, which was a redoubt forty sazhens long in each side and had one hundred and fifty garrison men. However, three thousand reinforcements came to the aid of the defending troops. Gutkovsky's detachment was forced to retreat with a fight and on April 25 he returned back. But even despite the failed task, the skillful and brave actions of the Russian Cossacks managed to make a huge impression on the Kokand people. A year later, on June 7, 1851, a new detachment appeared under the walls of Tauchubek under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Karbyshev, the father of the famous Soviet general. His army included four hundred Cossacks, an infantry battalion, six guns and groups of the Kazakh militia. Having decided that it was useless to fight the Russian units, the garrison of the fortress simply fled. The fortress was destroyed to the ground, and already on July 30 the detachment returned to Kopal.
These successes led to the fact that some of the high-ranking Kyrgyz manaps began to ask for Russian citizenship. To strengthen the influence on July 2, 1853, a new detachment was sent to the Trans-Ili Territory, consisting of Cossacks of the Siberian regiments numbering four and a half hundred people. It was headed by the new bailiff of the Great Horde, Major Przemyslsky.
The local population, namely the Kapal Kazakhs, who delivered food and mail to the Przemyslsky detachment, did not recognize any banknotes. At the request of the major, they began to receive salaries not in paper money, but in silver coins. They were highly valued by local women, using them as decoration for their clothes. This tradition survived until Soviet times, even in the seventies of the last century one could find elderly Kazakh women with chapans decorated with copper-nickel Soviet coins.
At the end of July 1854, Przemyslsky, together with the engineer-lieutenant Alexandrov, inspected the valley of the Malaya Almatinka River and decided to lay a new fortification here called Zailiyskoye, from which the city of Verny later grew (now it is called Alma-Ata).
On July 1, 1855, under the command of the next bailiff of the Great Horde, Shaitanov, the first Cossack settlers came to Zailiyskoye and laid a village around it. Starting from 1856, every year a hundred Cossacks with their relatives and two hundred families from the inner provinces of the Russian Empire were sent here.
In 1860, the Cossacks under the command of Major Gerasim Alekseevich Kolpakovsky organized an expedition to the Chu River and captured the Kokand fortresses of Tokmak and Pishpek. After their return from the campaign, on October 21, a three-day Uzun-Agach battle took place, during which the small forces of the Cossacks (about a thousand people) utterly defeated the sixteen thousandth army of the Kokand commander-in-chief Kanaat-Sha. And on July 11, 1867, the Semirechensk region was officially established, which became part of the Turkestan governorship. Gerasim Kolpakovsky became its first governor. And on July 13 (according to the old style) of the same year, an independent Semirechensk army was created from the ninth and tenth regimental Cossack districts of the Siberian army.
Gerasim Alekseevich Kolpakovsky commanded the Semirechensky troops for almost fifteen years, although he was not a Cossack at all by origin. He was born in the Kharkov province in a noble family. At the age of sixteen, he joined the Modlin Infantry Regiment as a private. All his further biography is the clearest example of selfless service to the Fatherland. He was a true warrior and defender of Russia. Suffice it to say that Gerasim Alekseevich is one of the few full Russian generals who rose to such a high rank, starting with a private and not having any special military education. Imbued with the spirit of the Cossacks, he played a huge role in the formation and development of the Semirechye troops. Not being an elected ataman, all the Seven Rivers unanimously recognized him as such. At the end of his life, he worked in St. Petersburg as a member of the Military Council. He was awarded many Russian orders, including the order of St. Alexander Nevsky, studded with diamonds. On January 12, 1911, after his death, Gerasim Kolpakovsky was enrolled as the Eternal Chief of the first Semirechensky regiment.
The Semirechye Cossacks included four districts and twenty-eight villages. The city of Verny became the military center. The army grew rapidly, initially consisting only of Siberian Cossacks, at the end of the nineteenth century it began to be replenished with Kubans, who left whole kurens on a voluntary-compulsory basis to develop new lands. In peacetime, the Cossack army had one cavalry regiment with thirty-two officers and seven hundred horses, in wartime - three cavalry regiments with forty-five officers and two thousand horses. Since 1906, a platoon of the Semirechensky Cossacks was part of the third hundred of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment.
The leadership was carried out by the Main Directorate of the Cossack troops through the commander of the Semirechensk region. The commander, in turn, was the chief ataman and was subordinate to the Turkestan Governor-General. The Semirechensk Cossacks were distinguished by their developed self-government; almost complete self-government was carried out in the stanitsa societies. The main body of self-government - the gathering, included even non-military class people who had any real estate in the area of \u200b\u200bthe villages. However, they had the right to vote only in matters relating only directly to them.
The main tasks of the Semirechye army were security and guard services, the defense of the eastern borders of Turkestan and the performance of certain police functions. Unlike, for example, the Donskoy, the army did not have a permanent territory and was stationed in villages with land adjacent to them. Semireki Cossacks actively participated in expeditions to conquer Central Asia. In particular, together with the Siberians, the newly formed army under the command of Kolpakovsky was noted in the famous Kuldzha campaign of 1871. The inhabitants of Semirechye did not participate in the Japanese war, but they were mobilized and sent to suppress the unrest that broke out in Turkestan.
It is curious that the villages of Sofiyskaya, Lyubavinskaya and Nadezhdinskaya, founded to protect the trade routes from Xinjiang to Russia and the original place of service of the Siberian Cossacks, were named after the daughters of the Governor-General Gerasim Kolpakovsky.
After the active peasant colonization of the region began in 1869, a passive confrontation began between the Cossacks, aborigines and peasants. The Semireki Cossacks tried to separate themselves from other settlers, first of all, with clothes that carried not only distinctive features, but also demonstrated to civil society who the true master of this region. The everyday clothes of the Semirechye Cossacks were top shirts made of brown maleskin and trousers, similar to those popular at the same time among the Siberian Cossacks. Uniforms or jackets with fastening hooks were short in length, but later they were replaced by long-skirted ones. Under the uniform, the Cossacks wore quilted wadded "teplushas" of dark color. The hats of the Semireks were made from the skins of lambs of the Karakul breed of a trapezoidal shape. In the summer they wore caps with a cap instead. On the top shirt it was allowed to wear cylindrical pencil cases - gas cartridges for cartridges, sheathed with braid. It was obligatory to have a forelock, which was often curled with a nail heated on fire. They said: "A Cossack is not a Cossack without a forelock." Kubans in the early twentieth century were allowed to wear their own uniforms.
Cossack women wore wide sundresses and skirts, shirts with cuffs. The blouses had puffed sleeves and were tight-fitting to the body. They were trimmed with lace or tulle. On their heads, women wore shawls, scarves, or okolniks sewn from expensive fabric, somewhat similar to berets. The hair was braided and wrapped around the head. Of the jewelry, the Cossacks preferred beads and earrings, they wore boots on their feet. In 1909, the inhabitants of Semirechensk (as well as in other Cossack troops, except for the Caucasian ones) introduced a single marching outfit: tunics and tunics of a protective color, blue trousers. Semirechensk Cossacks received crimson colors - stripes, bands of caps and shoulder straps were crimson.
The service life of the Semirechensky Cossack was eighteen years, and then for another ten years he was a member of the village militia. At the age of twenty, the young man was enrolled for one year in the preparatory category. He had to comprehend the course of basic military training, complete uniforms, ammunition and a saber, and purchase a riding horse. At twenty-one, a matured Cossack fell into the military rank for twelve years. If the time was peaceful, then for the first four years he served in the field in the first priority regiment, and the rest of the years - preferential service in the second and third order regiments. With benefits back to the field service, the Cossack could only be sent by the autocrat. At thirty-three, a Cossack went to the reserve for five years. From that time on, he was respectfully called "the old man." At thirty-eight, he retired, but was in the militia. He was already called "Mr. Old Man." Only at forty-eight years did the final completion of the service come. Thus, military training in the villages never stopped, training camps were held three times a year, in which three or four full-time hundreds took part. More than a quarter of men between twenty and forty-eight years of age were in constant combat readiness.
The decline of the Semirechensky Cossack army is closely connected with their struggle with the Soviet regime. The 1917th year in the life of the Semirechye Cossacks turned out to be extremely difficult. Almost the entire army was "under arms". The main forces - the first regiment, named after General Kolpakovsky - fought on the European front as part of the army, the second regiment went to carry out occupational service in the Persian state. In Semirechye itself, the Cossacks were forced to eliminate the consequences of the Kyrgyz rebellion of 1916, and in July of the following year, revolutionary riots began in the region, organized by the Russian population. In addition to this, the Cossacks could not legitimately hold elections for the chieftain in order to concentrate all power in one hand. Finally, on July 14, the Provisional Government appointed Lieutenant General Andrei Kiyashko to this role. The new commander of the troops tried to restore order in the region, disbanded the Bolshevik-minded infantry and artillery units, arrested the main instigators of the unrest, but the revolutionary wave rolled inexorably on Semirechye.
At the end of October, the Bolsheviks in Tashkent supported the demonstrations in Petrograd, and the Semirechye Cossacks had to openly oppose the new government. In all villages, the formation of volunteer hundreds of Cossacks capable of wearing began. In order to suppress "Bolshevik-hooligan actions" martial law was introduced in the region. Also, the Military Government decided to withdraw all the Semirechye units from the active army and made an attempt to join the South-Eastern Union formed in Ekaterinodar. At the same time, the Soviet of Soldiers' Deputies continued to conduct Bolshevik agitation among the population, which was dissolved only by December 26. The measures taken by the Cossacks were not enough. Kiyashko was captured, brought to Tashkent and killed. November 30, 1917 Soviet authority was established in Omsk, and on February 4 in Semipalatinsk. Semirechye fell into isolation. Products from the outside ceased to arrive, the telegraph and mail did not work.
The Semirechye army was the owner of vast land (more than seven hundred thousand hectares). Therefore, it is not surprising that arable farming was the most important and profitable subject of the economy. In addition, the Cossacks were engaged in horse breeding, cattle breeding, beekeeping, and, very slightly, fishing. Contrary to popular belief, drunkenness among the Seven Rivers was never cultivated or encouraged.
On January 31, the second Semirechensky regiment arrived in the city of Verny from Persia. However, even on the way, the regiment was subjected to Bolshevik propaganda, many young soldiers, who believed the promises of the Bolsheviks to save the Cossack lands, laid down their arms in Samarkand. On February 13, new elections were held, and the commander of the second regiment, Colonel Alexander Mikhailovich Ionov, was elected to the post of Army Ataman. But on the night of March 3, revolutionary-minded Cossacks made an uprising in Verny and dispersed the Military Circle. After the coup, a Military Revolutionary Committee was formed, which arrested the ataman of the Semirechye army and dissolved the Soviet. Even the return of the first Cossack regiment and the Semirechensky platoon of the Life Guards from the active army did not change the situation. Partially disarmed front-line soldiers went back to their homes. However, the Civil War soon broke out, and many of them, led by Alexander Ionov, took part in it on the side of the white movement.
In May, Red Guard detachments approached the city of Verny, during the fighting the villages were taken: Lyubavinskaya, Malaya Almatinskaya, Sofia, Nadezhdinskaya. Ruthless terror was carried out in them, the Cossacks were publicly shot, their property, livestock and inventory were requisitioned. And at the beginning of the summer of 1918, a whole series of decrees of the Soviet government appeared on the permanent annulment of the Cossack estate, as well as their institutions and officials, confiscation of property and sums of money, deprivation of voting rights, and much more. Such a policy was popularly called "decossackization". At the same time, detachments of the defeated and demoralized Semireks, together with Ataman Ionov, retreated to the Northern Semirechye and to the Chinese border. However, on July 20, reinforcements came from Semipalatinsk from the White troops, and the Cossacks attacked. Soon Sergiopol was liberated by them, and uprisings broke out in many villages. In a number of places, old-timer peasants and Kazakhs began to join the detachments of the Cossacks. In the liberated villages, self-protective hundreds and militia detachments began to form, and forces were accumulated for a decisive march to the south. In response, the Soviet government decided to create the Semirechye Front.
The policy of genocide of the Cossacks began to wane only in December 1919, after the arrival of the former commander-in-chief of the troops of Turkestan, Ivan Belov. In particular, he forbade shooting captured Cossacks, as well as raping, robbing and killing in the villages - "... do not rape, do not mock, do not mock ...". Frunze noted: “For two years now, a fierce war has been going on in the lands of Semirechye. Burnt auls, villages and villages, a devastated and impoverished population, turned into a cemetery, a once flourishing land - this was its result.
By the autumn of 1918, the Semirechensk Front was holding along the line Kopal - Abakumovka - Aksu - Symbyl-Kum. Of course, there was no continuous front, military units were located in settlements, sending horse patrols to the most key places. The Semirechye Cossacks used the respite between battles to arm and reorganize the spontaneously arisen military units. In particular, the first Semirechensky Cossack regiment was recreated, however, due to the lack of local officers, Siberian officers were sent to it.
After the Semirechensk Cossack army was liquidated, and the Cossacks who remained on their lands were subjected to "decossackization", it was even forbidden to use the word "Cossack" itself. In the official biography of Panfilov's Nikolai Ananiev, for example, it is written in black and white that he comes from a poor peasant family. In fact, the hero is a generic Cossack from the village of Sazanovskaya, which stood on the coast of Issyk-Kul. And his family became poor just after the “decossackization”.
At the end of 1918, Major General Ionov came up with the idea of a wholesale "providing" the population of the region. In his opinion, this event was necessary in order to smooth out all the contradictions between the peasants and the Cossacks, as well as to increase their army. However, ordinary people were afraid of hardships military service and reluctantly went to the Cossacks, and those who actually signed up aroused the reciprocal hatred of their fellow tribesmen. In December, with the order to liberate Semirechye from the Reds, the elusive ataman of the Siberian Cossacks Boris Annenkov arrived in the region, who received the command of the second Steppe Corps. From the same moment, his enmity with Alexander Ionov begins.
In the spring and summer of 1919, the fighting subsided and were conducted mainly around the Cherkasy defense zone. Despite the stubborn resistance of the Bolsheviks, in July the White troops captured most of the territory, and also repelled a number of attacks by the troops of the Northern Front, aimed at breaking through and connecting with the Cherkasy defenders. In turn, the Reds managed to repulse attacks on their flanks in the area of Koldzhat, Dzharkent and Przhevalsk. In October 1919, Kolchak recalled Ionov to Omsk, replacing him with Major General Nikolai Shcherbakov, a Semirechye Cossack, who managed to find mutual language with Annenkov. However, at the end of the year in Siberia, the situation for the whites became threatening, Omsk fell, Semipalatinsk was lost. The Semirechye army was cut off from the main forces, and the region itself was flooded with hungry, typhoid and frostbite remnants of the Orenburg troops. After the Bolsheviks took the Sergiopol village, the northernmost stronghold of the Semireki, on January 12, 1920, the White Army was squeezed in a vise from the south, west and north. In the east, in the rear, they had a Chinese border. However, Boris Annenkov decide to gain a foothold and hold the position. For this, the existing units were reorganized and divided into the Northern (the remnants of the Orenburg army), the Central (headed by Annenkov himself) and the Southern groups.
After the arrival of heat, hostilities resumed. By this time, the Cossacks had almost run out of ammunition and food. Requisitions from the locals led to unrest and discontent not only among the inhabitants, but also within the army. When it became clear that it was impossible to hold the front, Annenkov gave the order to retreat to the border. However, not all commanders complied with it, many preferred to capitulate (almost the entire Southern Group), surrendering along with the remnants of the troops after receiving security guarantees and preventing reprisals. The detachments of the Northern Group managed to overcome the Kara-Saryk pass, after which they were interned. The last to leave Russia was Annenkov's Central Group.
One funny and tragic fact. In 1924, the Bolsheviks founded the newspaper Semirechenskaya Pravda. However, the name very sharply reminded the inhabitants of the Semirechensk Cossacks. In addition, the very name of the region - "Seven Rivers" - was invented by the Cossacks. Shortly after the publication of the first issues, it was decided to rename the newspaper to "Dzhetysuyskaya Pravda" (in Kazakh, Dzhety Su just means seven rivers).
After the defeat of the Whites, the war in Semirechye, unfortunately, did not end, only the forms and scales changed. Instead of large-scale battles, the actions were reduced to the underground work of Cossack groups and small sorties of partisan detachments. The new government flirted with the Kirghiz, Uighurs, Dungans, tried to create national units from the Muslim population. All this, with the incessant requisitions of food and cleansing of the villages, served as a pretext for unrest among the Russian population, which resulted in the Vernensky rebellion.
Some of the Semirek Cossacks who emigrated went further to the Far East, the other settled in the Xinjiang region of China. Soon the remaining Cossacks resumed the armed struggle against the Bolsheviks. They made swift raids on the territory of Russia, crushing and destroying small detachments of the Reds. The border between Western China and Semirechie began to resemble a front line. In turn, the Bolsheviks carried out propaganda campaigns among the emigrant Cossacks for the return, repeatedly bribed the authorities of Xinjiang in order to obtain permission to bring large punitive detachments into the province, carrying out raids on Cossack settlements. In 1921, trade missions of the RSFSR appeared in many cities of Xinjiang, and under their cover agents of the Cheka flooded the country, starting the hunt for the leaders of the white movement. Underestimating the work of the Soviet special services, the main leaders of the resistance died: the ataman of the Orenburg Cossacks Alexander Dutov and Colonel P.I. Sidorov, was lured into a trap and taken to the USSR for execution by Boris Vladimirovich Annenkov. Semirechensky ataman Nikolai Shcherbakov, without waiting for the arrival of hired killers, moved with a small detachment to the east. However, in the Gobi desert, he caught spotted typhus and died in September 1922. Cossacks from his detachment reached Shanghai, where they founded the Semirechensk Cossack village.
One of the few surviving leaders of the Semirechensky Cossacks was Ataman Alexander Ionov. Evacuated from Vladivostok, he ended up in New Zealand, then in Canada and, finally, in the USA, where he lived until the end of his life. Ionov died on July 18, 1950 in New York City.
The result of the fratricidal Civil War was the reduction of the Cossack population of Russia from four million people to two. Thousands of them, fleeing death, left their homeland forever. After the final elimination of its enemies, having risen to its feet, the Soviet government again began to destroy potential opponents. Starting from 1928, arrests began again in Semirechye, the extermination of the Cossack way of life, forced resettlement from the lands of their ancestors, dispossession. Now the Russian peasants, who were enemies of the Cossacks in the past, have also come under a common brush. The new government eradicated even the memory of the Cossack Semirechie, the original names of settlements, villages and cities disappeared from geographical maps. Historical facts are distorted, everything connected with the stay of not only Cossacks, but also Russians on this earth is etched from the memory of the people ...
Sources of information:
http://skook-kazkurer2.ucoz.ru/index/semirechenskoe_kazache_vojsko/0-21
http://cossaks7rivers.narod.ru/main/atamany.htm
http://russiasib.ru/semirechenskoe-kazache-vojsko/
http://passion-don.org/tribes/tribes_29.html
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Semirechye Cossacks- a group of Cossacks living in Semirechye, in the southeast of modern Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan. In the past, they were united into a separate Cossack army.
Seniority since 1582.
Control.
At the head of the army was the chief ataman, whose residence was in the city of Verny. Under the ataman, there was a Troop Board headed by the Chairman. At the head of the villages and settlements were stanitsa and settlement atamans with stanitsa and settlement boards. The villages were united into counties.
In peacetime, the inhabitants of Semirechye were organized into 1 regiment, consisting of 4 hundreds. Hundreds were divided into platoons. A hundred was led by a captain, and a platoon was led by a centurion or a cornet. In wartime, the number of regiments increased to 3.
Military holiday and military circle - April 23, the day of the Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious.
Clothing. 
Papakhas, caps with a raspberry band and trousers with stripes were an indispensable attribute of the Semirek Cossacks. Gray-blue bloomers with crimson stripes up to 4-5 cm wide. Hat - in the form of a truncated cone with short black fur and a crimson top. In the summer, the Cossacks wore caps with a raspberry band and a dark green crown with a raspberry edging. Since 1911, the letters "Sm." appeared on the shoulder straps of the Cossacks.
Cossack women wore wide sundresses and skirts, shirts with cuffs. The blouses had puffed sleeves and were tight-fitting to the body. They were trimmed with lace or tulle. On their heads, women wore shawls, scarves, or okolniks sewn from expensive fabric. The hair was braided and wrapped around the head. Of the jewelry, the Cossacks preferred beads and earrings, they wore boots on their feet.
Symbolism.
The flags of the regiments of the Semirechye army were crimson with a white oblique ("Andreevsky") cross.
Story.
Russian Semirechie (at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century)
One of the first settlements of the Cossacks in Semirechie was the village of Kapalskaya, founded in 1847 by Yesaul Abakumov. This village became an important Russian bridgehead in the Russian-Kokand war, which secured the Semirechye for Russia. In 1854, the Verny fortification was founded, and in 1855, the village of Verkhne-Lepsinskaya. In another way, this area was called the Trans-Ili region.
July 14 (July 25 NS) 1867 No. 9 and No. 10 Siberian Cossack regiments are allocated to a special Semirechensk Cossack army and named Semirechensky Cossack No. 1 and No. 2 regiments. Major General Gerasim Kolpakovsky became the first ataman of the Semirechensk people. Since the Semirechensk Cossacks are descended from the Siberian, the army has retained seniority since 1582. The Semirechye Cossacks took an active part in the Khiva campaign of 1873, for which the army received appropriate awards. In 1900, the inhabitants of Semirechye participated in the Chinese campaign to pacify the Yihetuan rebels.
At the end of January 1918, the 2nd Semirechensky Cossack Regiment arrived from Iran in the city of Verny, the capital of the Semirechensky Cossack army, which brought the Bolsheviks to power. However, the new government brought down its repressions on the Cossacks, which led to splits, unrest and civil confrontation. In June, the Cossack Host was abolished and dissenting Cossacks emigrated to China. However, soon Ataman Dutov appeared in Semirechye and the Civil War broke out with renewed vigor. On July 21, 1918, armed detachments of the Semirechye Cossacks captured Sergiopol (a detachment of Colonel Yarushin), a number of cities and villages of the Circassian region of Semirechye, including Lepsinsk (08/29/1918). The Bolshevik power was finally established in the region in 1920, after which the remnants of the Semirechensky Cossacks were evacuated to Gulja and later formed the basis of the Xinjiang troops and took part in the Xinjiang war of 1933. 
Number.
By 1868, the entire military Cossack population of Semirechie (including women and children) amounted to just over 14 thousand people. As of the beginning of 1914, the Semirechensky Cossack army included 19 villages and 15 settlements (34 settlements), with a population of 22473 people, of which only 6 thousand were adult men fit for military service. In 2007, there were about 10 thousand Cossacks in Kazakhstan, despite the fact that along with the Semirechensk Cossacks, Ural and Siberian Cossacks also live in Kazakhstan.
Modernity.
The Cossacks in Semirechye declared themselves in 1989 from the moment of the creation of the Union of Cossacks of Russia. However, after the collapse of the USSR, the Semirechye Cossacks were separated from Russia and divided among themselves by the Kazakh-Kyrgyz border.
In Kazakhstan.
The descendants of the Semirechensk Cossacks of Kazakhstan were actively involved in the revival of the Cossacks. In addition to the Semirechensk Cossacks, the descendants of the Ural and Siberian Cossacks lived on the territory of Kazakhstan. "Fellowship of the Semirechye Cossacks" was created in Alma-Ata in early 1991. In July 1992, the organization was renamed the "Union of Semirechie Cossacks". In November 1993, Nikolai Gunkin was elected ataman. In November 1994, under his leadership, an attempt was made by the Semirechye Cossacks to hold a rally calling for unification with Russia and giving the Russian language the status of a state language. In January 1995, Gunkin organized unauthorized rallies and processions of Cossacks through the streets of Almaty. In November 2007, an anniversary celebration of the 140th anniversary of the formation of the Semirechye Cossack Host was held.
In Kyrgyzstan.
In 1993, the organization "International Cossack Cultural and Economic Center" was registered in Kyrgyzstan. An ancestral Cossack, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Mikhail Ivanovich Buchnev was elected ataman. At the request of the Ministry of Justice of Kyrgyzstan in 2003, the organization was re-registered. It became known as the "Cossack cultural and economic center" Renaissance "". In November 2005, a large military circle took place, at which Babichev Valentin Konstantinovich was elected ataman. Having retained tribal Cossacks in his ranks in three dozen villages of the Chui and Issyk-Kul regions, in In March 2006, the Cossacks registered the Republican organization "Union of Semirechie Cossacks in Kyrgyzstan", which has 1800 active Cossacks in its ranks.
Program for the repatriation of Cossacks to Russia.
Under the program for the return of compatriots to Russia in 2014, plans were announced for the resettlement of Cossack families from Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan to the Stavropol Territory of Russia. In total, the program is planned to involve up to 10 thousand Cossacks.
Historical settlements of Semirechensky Cossacks.
As of 1917, 34 Cossack villages and settlements:
- stanitsa Bolshe-Almatinskaya
- stanitsa Golubevskaya (Borokhudzir)
- the village of Kaskelenskaya (Lubavinskaya, now the city of Kaskelen, Almaty region of Kazakhstan)
- stanitsa Koksuyskaya
- the village of Kopalskaya (Kapalskaya, Almaty region of Kazakhstan)
- stanitsa Lepsinskaya (Verkhlepsinskaya, Almaty region of Kazakhstan)
- stanitsa Malo-Almatinskaya
- the village of Nadezhdinskaya (now the city of Esik, Almaty region of Kazakhstan)
- village Nikolaevskaya (Nikolskaya)
- stanitsa Sarkanskaya (Sarkand, Almaty region of Kazakhstan)
- stanitsa Sergiopolskaya (Ayaguz)
- stanitsa Sofia (Talgar, Almaty region of Kazakhstan)
- stanitsa Urdzharskaya (Urdzhar)
- stanitsa Samsonovskaya (Burundai)
- stanitsa Dzhalanashskaya (Polivanovskaya)
- stanitsa Podgornenskaya (Kyrgyz-say)
- stanitsa Folbaumovskaya (Associated, Aral-Tube)
- stanitsa Topolevskaya (Terekty, Kotur-Kala)
- stanitsa Karabulakskaya (Karabulak is the center of the Eskelda region)
- settlement Zanarynsky (Belotsarskaya, Kulanak)
- Okhotnichy settlement (Narynkol)
- settlement Chundzhinsky
- settlement Iliysky
- Khorgos settlement
- settlement Nikolaevsky (Bash-kunchan)
- settlement Kugalinsky
- settlement Tsaritsinsky (Budyonnoye)
- Shcherbakovsky settlement (Dzhangyz-Agach)
- settlement Karatalsky
- settlement Arasansky (Teploklyuchensky)
- settlement Aksuysky
- settlement Abakumovsky (Tas-Piket)
- settlement Baskansky
- settlement Kargaly (Blagodatny)
At one time there were Cossack settlements (later they were liquidated):
- Sarybulak settlement
- settlement Chingildinskiy
After the defeat of the Kyrgyz uprising (1916), Semirechye villages were formed in Semirechye:
- stanitsa Kegetinskaya
- stanitsa Mariinskaya (Svobodnenskaya)
- stanitsa Tastakskaya
At the end of 1918, in the Northern Semirechye (on the military territory controlled by the Semirechensky Military Government), as a result of the policy of "Providing" the peasant old-timer population, the Cossack villages were elevated to the level of Cossack villages:
- stanitsa Zakharyevskaya (Bakhty)
- Stanitsa Stefanovskaya (Uch-Aral)
- stanitsa Romanovskaya (Kok-Terek - a village of which district? Which region?)
- the village of Ivanovskaya (now the village of Makanchi, East Kazakhstan region)
Initially (from 1854 to 1867) the Ayaguz, Semirechensk and Zailiysky krais were part of the Semipalatinsk region, from 07/13/1867 the Semirechensk region was formed as part of the Turkestan governor-general. The military center - Verny, the villages - Nadezhdinskaya, Lyubavinskaya and Sofiyskaya were named after the daughters of the Governor-General Kolpakovsky G.A. Initially, these villages were the place of service of the Siberian Cossacks and were built to protect trade routes from Xinjiang (China) to Russia. Over time, part of the Siberian Cossacks began to settle in their former place of service, which was supported in every possible way by the administration of Semirechye.
Notes.
- ill. 474. Cossack and Head Officer of the Semirechensky Cossack Army, July 18, 1867. (Ceremonial uniform). // Changes in the uniform and armament of the troops of the Russian Imperial Army since the accession to the throne of the Sovereign Emperor Alexander Nikolayevich (with additions): Compiled by the Highest Command / Comp. Alexander II (Russian Emperor), ill. Balashov Petr Ivanovich and Piratsky Karl Karlovich. - St. Petersburg. : Military printing house, 1857−1881. - up to 500 copies.
- ill. 483. Siberian and Semirechensk Cossack troops, October 21, 1867. (Ceremonial and festive uniforms). // Changes in the uniform and armament of the troops of the Russian Imperial Army since the accession to the throne of the Sovereign Emperor Alexander Nikolayevich (with additions): Compiled by the Highest Command / Comp. Alexander II (Russian Emperor), ill. Balashov Petr Ivanovich and Piratsky Karl Karlovich. - St. Petersburg. : Military printing house, 1857−1881. - up to 500 copies.- Notebooks 1-111: (with drawings No. 1-661). - 47 × 35 cm.
- ill. 123. Cossack Troops. 1 and 2) Chief Officers: Orenburg and Semirechensk troops (dress uniform and chekmen). 3) Officer of the Trans-Baikal Army (dress uniform) and 4) Private of the Amur Army (in overcoat). (Order on the military department of 1892 No. 305) // Illustrated description of changes in uniforms and equipment of the troops of the Imperial Russian Army for 1881-1900: in 3 volumes: in 21 issues: 187 figs. / Comp. in Techn. com. Ch. Quartermaster - St. Petersburg. : Cartographic institution of A. Ilyin, 1881-1900.
- Jump to: 1 2 SYMBOLS OF THE SEMIRECHENSKY COSSACK ARMY
- Jump to: 1 2 The heyday and decline of the Semirechensk Cossack army
- Genocide of the Semirechye Cossacks in Kazakhstan. How it was
- Love, Cossacks!
- Cossacks in the modern history of Kazakhstan
- Revival of the Semirechye Cossacks
- About 400 Semirechensk Cossacks will move to the Stavropol Territory, Stavropol Territory - KMVSITI
- Stavropol region accepts compatriots resettling from abroad
- Stavropol will begin the resettlement of the Cossacks from Central Asia
- http://www.stapravda.ru/20120817/o_pereselenii_kazachikh_semey_iz_kirgizii_i_kazak
Semirechensk Cossacks guarded the borders of the Russian Empire from raids from China and Turkestan, participated in military campaigns. Their history is indicative and instructive.
The new Cossack army was originally located in the Semirechensk region, which is currently located on the territory of two independent states - Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.
Cossacks have appeared in these steppe regions since 1847, when the mass creation of Cossack settlements in the Kyrgyz steppe began in order to secure the borders of the state from bandit raids from Turkestan and China. For these purposes, the 9th and 10th Siberian Cossack regiments were quartered.
Soon the local population (Kara-Kyrgyz) accepted Russian citizenship, which made it possible for the Cossack formations to move deep into Semirechye. On the new border line of the Trans-Ili line, the Siberian Cossacks quickly built defensive fortifications, which soon formed the city of Verny (the future city of Alma-Ata). The Siberian regiments were forced to be far from the capital of the Siberian army - Omsk, which created problems with the administrative and military control of the remote regiments. In 1967, the Semirechensk Cossack Army was organized, in which the 9th and 10th Siberian regiments began to be referred to as the 1st and 2nd Semirechensk Cossack regiments. Major General Gerasim Kolpakovsky became the first ataman of the Semirechensk people.
So, the Siberian Cossacks created a new Cossack army. And this was especially important, because already during the reign of Alexander II, the Cossack troops came close to the borders of China. By 1868, the entire military Cossack population of Semirechye amounted to just over 14,000 thousand people. The resolution on the organization of the army stated that the main tasks were to secure territories for Russia, protect the eastern borders and Russian colonization of the farthest edges of the empire.
The famous historian E. Savelyev noted that “The Cossacks knew how to get along with the nomads and even to fraternize and intermarry with some; this is probably why the Asians, who feared and hated the “Russians”, treated the Cossacks with great respect..
But this did not prevent the local natives from waging a constant struggle against the colonialists: in 1871, the Cossacks went on a campaign against the city of Gulja, located in the Chinese part of Turkestan, and in 1873, the inhabitants of Semirechye participated in the famous Khiva campaign. As a result, the local khanates, with the help of Cossack weapons, were annexed to the Russian Empire. In 1879, following the example of the Don Army, a new provision for military service was introduced in the army.
Now the service staff was divided into youngsters, Cossacks of three stages and a reserve; the entire Cossack service was supposed to be: 3 years for youngsters, 12 years in the field service and 5 years in the reserve. In addition, the militia included all Cossacks capable of equestrian service.
Semirechye Cossacks
Thus, in peacetime the Semirechensk Army fielded 1 cavalry regiment in 4 hundreds, and in wartime 3 regiments. That is, as in the Siberian army, the Cossacks were almost completely deprived of the opportunity to conduct subsidiary farming, because the Cossacks still have to perform a number of duties, including providing their apartments to visitors, maintaining roads and bridges, escorting convicts, transporting mail, etc. While not getting decent pay. All this did not prevent the Cossacks from participating in military campaigns.
In 1900, the inhabitants of Semirechye participated in the Chinese campaign to pacify the Yihetuan rebels. Following the example of the Orenburg Cossacks, the inhabitants of Semirechye served in the capital of Russia, St. Petersburg. The inhabitants of Semirechye did not participate in the Russian-Japanese war due to the fact that at that time they were pacifying the rebellion in Turkestan. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the Cossack population of the army reached 45 thousand people who lived in 19 villages and 15 settlements. Moreover, the Cossack settlements were scattered over a vast border area, where the Cossacks' neighbors were the Chinese, Kazakhs and Kirghiz. However, with the constant expansion of the borders to the east, the Cossack troops were not able to cover more and more new spaces. To help the people of Semirechye, the Transbaikal and Amur Cossack troops were soon organized.
Atamans of the southern villages of the Semirechensky Cossack army
at the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, 1913
During the First World War, the inhabitants of Semirechye fielded 3 cavalry regiments and 13 separate (special) hundreds.
After the First World War and the Civil War, the Semirechye Cossacks were forced to abandon their service and lifestyle. In the new country, the courage and valor of the Cossacks was no longer needed. Yes, and the Cossacks could not serve the regime, which in the very first years set in motion the bloody mechanism of decossackization.
In 1920, most of the inhabitants of Semirechye were forced to emigrate to Western China. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, emigrant Cossacks could not find their lands, now it is the territory of independent states - Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where they no longer remember that Russian Cossacks stood at the origins of the former capital of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata.
Alexander Gavrilov
Mikhail Efremovich Ionov (1846-?) - Russian general,
participant Turkestan campaigns, chief ataman of the Semirechensky Cossack army
Cossack st. Nadezhdinskaya - Konon Dmitrievich Vinikov,
participant in the Persian campaign of 1909, with his wife and daughter
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