Monastic and Spiritual-Knightly Orders of Western Europe in the Middle Ages. Monastic orders of the Middle Ages

10.10.2019

Augustine Order. Appeared in the second half of the 13th century and received the privileges of a mendicant order. The order united several hermit communities in Italy (Ioannbonites, Tuscan Eremites, Britinians, etc.) into one congregation. The charter of the order was not strict. In the 14th century, with an even greater weakening of the original strictness of the charter, the order was transformed into numerous new congregations, one of them was the Saxon one to which Staupitz and Luther belonged.

Franciscan order. The founder was the son of a merchant - Francis of Assisi. Francis, having taken a vow of perfect beggary, became in 1208 an itinerant preacher of repentance, apostolic poverty, asceticism and love of neighbor. Soon several disciples gathered around him, with whom he formed Order of the Lesser Brothers or minorites. Pope Innocent 3, to whom Francis appeared, although he did not approve the order, allowed him and his brothers to engage in preaching and missionary work. In 1223, the order was solemnly approved by the bull of Pope Honorius 3, and the minorites were given the right to preach everywhere and make confession. In 1212 Clara of Assisi founded the order clarissinian, to which in 1224 Francis gave a charter. After the death of Francis in 1226, the order spread throughout all the countries of Western Europe and numbered thousands of monks.

Order of the Dominican. The order was founded at about the same time as Francis, a priest and canon Dominican Republic. At the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries. many heretics appeared in the Roman Church, who found shelter in southern France and made great disturbances. Dominic, traveling through southern France, got acquainted with its heretical population, decided to establish an order specially designed for this purpose to convert heretics. Having received permission in 1215 from Pope Innocent, and from Pope Honorius, the charter - the order declared itself. The main occupation of the order, according to this charter, was to be the conversion of heretics. But Honorius, also for approval catholic faith, granted the order the right to engage in preaching and confession everywhere. From preaching, the Order of Dominic was originally called the Order brothers - preachers, later, in honor of the founder, he began to be called Dominican. In 1220, Dominic made a change in the charter of his order, adding, following the example of the Franciscans, begging to the main vows of the brethren. In principle, the Dominican order was very similar to the order of Francis. The difference lies in the fact that he, expedient to his task - to convert heretics and affirm the catalytic faith, took over the educational direction and acted as an order engaged in an in-depth study of theology among the upper classes. The Dominicans founded their own educational institutions. At the same time, the Franciscans were rivals and, in many dogmatic matters, opponents of the Dominicans. After the death of Dominic in 1221, his order spread throughout Western Europe.

The Franciscan and Dominican monastic orders were, like no other, of particular importance in the Roman Church, having the status of a beggar, except for the Jesuit order that subsequently appeared. The reason lies in the special, different from other orders, the nature and direction of their activities. The monks of other Western orders, in accordance with their vows, had to lead a life away from society and only care about their own salvation, they were not allowed to participate in church affairs. On the contrary, even pastoral activities, through which they could influence society, were forbidden by the popes. The Franciscan and Dominican orders were intended by their founders to promote the interests of the church among society, and the popes not only prevented this, but also made it easier for them to fulfill their assigned mission, giving the members of both orders an extensive right to widespread pastoral activity. The Franciscans and Dominicans constituted a specific hierarchy directly at the disposal of the papacy. Based on this state of affairs in the church, mendicant monks take an active part in all spheres of spiritual activity. They are preachers, confessors, learned theologians and philosophers, university professors and agents of the popes. The Franciscans were the confessors of the sovereigns of the 13th-16th centuries, enjoyed great influence in secular affairs, until they were supplanted by the Jesuits. Together with the Dominicans, the Franciscans served as the Inquisition, founded in the 13th century. It should be noted, however, that in the early days the Dominicans and Franciscans, when they observed the vow of poverty in all strictness, were representatives of a pious life. And all this taken together strengthened their importance in the Church. But the influence of a close connection with the papacy and serving its interests left its mark on the activities of the beggarly orders and, as a result, they more and more deviated from their original purpose - the salvation of human souls. They directed all their interests and activities to the distribution and approval of papal power. The main vow of both orders - apostolic poverty was forgotten, and strict discipline was replaced by licentiousness.

In addition to the monastic orders in the Western European Church in the Middle Ages, orders appeared partly monastic partly secular - spiritual knightly orders. Their appearance expressed the general trend of Western medieval life, when the Church, defending its interests, attracted to its service all classes of society, including the chivalry. The crusades served as a natural reason for the emergence of spiritual and knightly orders, in the conditions of the political situation of the current era. The most notable contribution to the history of the Middle Ages in general, and in particular to the history of the Crusades, was left by three orders - the Hospitallers, the Templars and the Teutons. The Knights Templar ceased to exist in the first half of the 14th century, the rest still exist today, but do not play a significant military and political role. The orders degenerated into charitable public organizations.

One of the first orders of this kind was the Order of the Johnites or Hospitallers. In 1048, long before the Crusades, the civilians of the city of Amalfi founded Host of Saint John the Baptist- a Christian organization or a hospital for the shelter of the poor and sick pilgrims, a brotherhood was also arranged at the hospital. Ioannity - Jerusalem, Rhodes and Malta Sovereign Military Hospice Order of St. John. In 1099, when a Christian kingdom was founded by the crusaders in Jerusalem during the first crusade, the members of this brotherhood adopted a monastic charter and the organization turned into a religious-military order. Initially, the main duty of the brothers of John was hospitality and care for the sick. Later, these duties were joined by the obligation to protect the pilgrims with weapons and concern for the protection of the Holy Land. The last duties soon became the main ones, and the Johnites devoted themselves exclusively to the fight against the infidels. A spiritual and knightly order was formed. Pope Innocent II approved it. The Johnites were divided into three classes: knights, priests and service brothers. The order was led by the Grandmaster. The formation of the order with the aim of fighting the infidels was met with sympathy in Europe, and as a result, large donations began to be made in favor of the Johnites. Solomon moved to Cyprus, and from there they migrated to Western Europe and lived on their rich estates, especially in France. The center of concentration was Paris. later, the French king Philip 4 the Beautiful, fearing the intention of the knights against the state and wanting to take away their huge wealth, began to raise terrible accusations against the order. Philip the Handsome over time confiscated the order's property and directed the Inquisition against the brotherhood. Members of the order were accused of a terrible heresy - in renunciation of Jesus Christ. Pope Clement 5, who at that time lived in Avignon and was completely dependent on Philip, was forced to contribute to the destruction of the order. In 1312, the order of the Templars was declared heretical by a papal bull and destroyed.

The history of religion tells of a spiritual quest different peoples in centuries. Faith has always been a companion of a person, gave meaning to his life and motivated not only for achievements in the field of the inner, but also for worldly victories. People, as you know, are social beings, and therefore often strive to find their like-minded people and create an association in which one could move together towards the intended goal. An example of such a community is the monastic orders, which included brothers of the same faith, united in understanding how to put the precepts of mentors into practice.

Monasticism did not originate in Europe; it originates in the expanses of the Egyptian deserts. Here, as early as the 4th century, hermits appeared, striving to approach spiritual ideals in a solitary distance from the world with its passions and fuss. Not finding a place for themselves among people, they went into the desert, lived under open air or in the ruins of some buildings. Often they were joined by followers. Together they worked, preached, prayed.

Monks in the world were workers different professions and each brought something of his own to the community. In 328, Pachomius the Great, who was once a soldier, decided to organize the life of the brothers and founded a monastery, the activities of which were regulated by a charter. Soon similar associations began to appear in other places.

Light of Knowledge

In 375, Basil the Great organized the first major monastic society. Since then, the history of religion has flowed in a slightly different direction: together the brothers not only prayed and comprehended spiritual laws, but also studied the world, comprehended nature, and the philosophical aspects of being. Through the efforts of the monks, the wisdom and knowledge of mankind passed through the dark ages of the Middle Ages without being lost in the past.

Reading and improvement in the scientific field was also the duty of the novices of the monastery at Monte Cassino, founded by Benedict of Nursia, considered the father of monasticism in Western Europe.

Benedictines

The year 530 is considered the date when the first monastic order appeared. Benedict was famous for his asceticism, and a group of followers quickly formed around him. They were among the first Benedictines, as the monks were called in honor of their leader.

The life and activities of the brothers were conducted in accordance with the charter developed by Benedict of Nursia. The monks could not change their place of service, own any property and had to completely obey the abbot. The regulation prescribed the offering of prayers seven times a day, constant physical labor, punctuated by hours of rest. The charter determined the time of meals and prayers, the punishments for the guilty, necessary for reading the book.

The structure of the monastery

Subsequently, many monastic orders of the Middle Ages were built on the basis of the Benedictine rule. The internal hierarchy was also preserved. The head was an abbot, chosen from among the monks and confirmed by the bishop. He became the representative of the monastery in the world for life, leading the brothers with the assistance of several assistants. The Benedictines were to submit completely and humbly to the abbot.

The inhabitants of the monastery were divided into groups of ten people, headed by deans. The abbot with the prior (assistant) monitored the observance of the charter, but important decisions were made after a meeting of all the brothers together.

Education

The Benedictines became not only an assistant to the Church in the conversion of new peoples to Christianity. In fact, it is thanks to them that today we know about the content of many ancient manuscripts and manuscripts. The monks were engaged in rewriting books, preserving monuments of philosophical thought of the past.

Education was compulsory from the age of seven. The subjects included music, astronomy, arithmetic, rhetoric and grammar. The Benedictines saved Europe from the pernicious influence of barbarian culture. Huge libraries of monasteries, deep architectural traditions, knowledge in the field of agriculture helped to keep civilization at a decent level.

Decline and revival

During the reign of Charlemagne, there is a period when the monastic order of the Benedictines experienced no better times. The emperor introduced a tithe in favor of the Church, demanded that the monasteries provide a certain number of soldiers, gave vast territories with peasants to the power of the bishops. The monasteries began to enrich themselves and represent a tasty morsel for everyone who is eager to increase their own well-being.

Representatives of the secular authorities were given the opportunity to found spiritual communities. The bishops broadcast the will of the emperor, more and more immersed in worldly affairs. The abbots of the new monasteries only formally dealt with spiritual matters, enjoying the fruits of donations and trade. The process of secularization brought to life a movement for the revival of spiritual values, resulting in the formation of new monastic orders. The center of association at the beginning of the X century was the monastery in Cluny.

Cluniacs and Cistercians

Abbé Bernon received an estate in Upper Burgundy as a gift from the Duke of Aquitaine. Here, in Cluny, a new monastery was founded, free from secular power and vassal relations. The monastic orders of the Middle Ages experienced a new upsurge. The Cluniacs prayed for all the laity, lived according to the charter, developed on the basis of the provisions of the Benedictines, but stricter in matters of behavior and daily routine.

In the 11th century, the monastic order of the Cistercians appeared, which made it a rule to follow the charter, which frightened away many followers with its rigidity. The number of monks increased greatly due to the vigor and charm of one of the leaders of the order, Bernard of Clairvaux.

great multitude

In the XI-XIII centuries, new monastic orders catholic church appeared in large numbers. Each of them has something to say in history. The Camaldulas were famous for their strict rule: they did not wear shoes, welcomed self-flagellation, did not eat meat at all, even if they were sick. The Carthusians, who also followed strict rules, were known as hospitable hosts, who considered charity to be the most important part of their ministry. One of the main sources of income for them was the sale of Chartreuse liqueur, the recipe of which was developed by the Carthusians themselves.

Women also contributed to the monastic orders in the Middle Ages. At the head of the monasteries, including men's, the brotherhood of Fontevraud were abbesses. They were considered vicegerents of the Virgin Mary. One of the distinguishing points of their charter was a vow of silence. Begins - an order consisting only of women - on the contrary, did not have a charter. The abbess was chosen from among the followers, and all activities were directed to a charitable channel. Beginks could leave the order and marry.

Knightly and monastic orders

During the Crusades, associations of a new kind began to appear. The conquest of Palestinian lands proceeded under the call of the Catholic Church to free Christian shrines from the hands of Muslims. Headed to the eastern lands a large number of pilgrims. They had to be guarded in enemy territory. This was the reason for the emergence of spiritual and knightly orders.

Members of new associations, on the one hand, made three vows monastic life: poverty, obedience and abstinence. On the other hand, they wore armor, always had a sword with them, and, if necessary, took part in military campaigns.

Knightly monastic orders had a triple structure: it included chaplains (priests), brothers-warriors and brothers-servants. The head of the order - the grandmaster - was elected for life, his candidacy was approved by the Pope, who had supreme power over the association. The head, together with the priors, periodically collected a chapter (a general meeting where important decisions were made, the laws of the order were approved).

The spiritual and monastic associations included the Templars, the Ionites (Hospitallers), the Teutonic Order, and the swordsmen. All of them were members historical events whose importance can hardly be overestimated. The crusades, with their assistance, significantly influenced the development of Europe, and indeed the whole world. The sacred liberation missions got their name thanks to the crosses that were sewn on the robes of the knights. Each monastic order used its own color and shape to convey the symbol and thus outwardly differed from the others.

Fall of prestige

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Church was forced to deal with a huge number of heresies that had arisen. The clergy lost their former authority, the propagandists spoke of the need to reform or even abolish the church system, as an unnecessary layer between man and God, condemned the huge wealth concentrated in the hands of ministers. In response, the Inquisition appeared, designed to restore the people's respect for the Church. However, a more beneficial role in this activity was played by the mendicant monastic orders, who made the complete renunciation of property a mandatory condition for service.

Francis of Assisi

In 1207, the Franciscan order began to take shape. Its head, Francis of Assisi, saw the essence of his activity in sermons and renunciations. He was against the founding of churches and monasteries, he met with his followers once a year at a designated place. The rest of the time the monks preached to the people. However, in 1219, a Franciscan monastery was nevertheless erected at the insistence of the Pope.

Francis of Assisi was famous for his kindness, ability to serve easily and with full dedication. He was loved for his poetic talent. Canonized two years after his death, he gained a lot of followers and revived reverence for the Catholic Church. In different centuries, offshoots were formed from the Franciscan order: the order of the Capuchins, the Tercians, the Minims, the Observants.

Dominique de Guzman

The Church also relied on monastic associations in the fight against heresy. One of the foundations of the Inquisition was the Dominican order, founded in 1205. Its founder was Dominique de Guzman, an implacable fighter against heretics, who revered asceticism and poverty.

The Dominican Order has chosen the training of preachers as one of its main goals. high level. For organization suitable conditions for training, the initially strict rules that prescribed the brothers poverty and constant wandering around the cities were even softened. At the same time, the Dominicans were not obliged to work physically: all their time, therefore, they devoted to education and prayer.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Church again experienced a crisis. The adherence of the clergy to luxury and vices undermined their authority. The successes of the Reformation forced the clergy to look for new ways to restore their former veneration. Thus the order of Theatines was formed, and then the Society of Jesus. Monastic associations sought to return to the ideals of medieval orders, but time took its toll. Although many orders still exist today, little remains of their former glory.

In Catholicism, monasticism, organized in congregations and brotherhoods, occupies an important position. There are currently about 140 monastic orders run by the Vatican Congregation for Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life. The most influential monastic orders are the Dominican, Franciscan and Jesuit orders. Each of them has its own specifics and its own history of development.

Benedictines

Founder of a Benedictine monastery - Benedict of Nursia(480-547) became the founder of the first monastic charter. He organized in 530 a monastery in Monte Cassino, in which he established strict orders. This charter became the basis, an example for the monks of other monasteries. The main rule was community life away from worldly fuss. Monasteries were built in remote places, away from the influence of the world. Initially, there was no central organization, each monastery had independence. The monasteries became centers of education and training. The Benedictines were engaged in missionary activities in the Slavic lands and in the Baltic states. Currently, the Benedictine order unites over 10 thousand monks and 20 thousand nuns.

Monastic orders appeared in 910, after the abbot Obo from the monastery Cluny undertook a reform of the monastic organization. He proposed to unite the many monasteries performing common tasks into orders, which should be subordinate to the central authority. The purpose of such an association was a return to strict observance of the rules, the deprivation of monasteries of autonomy and subordination to the pope, bypassing the bishops, the independence of the church from secular power.

Carmelites

Founder - Berthold of Calabria, head of the crusaders. The order was founded in 1155 after the victorious crusade. It got its name from its location - at the foot of the mountain Carmel in Palestine. After the crusaders were defeated, in the XIII century. the order moved to Western Europe. In the XVI century. The Carmelite Order was divided into several branches. In Spain there was a women's order barefoot Carmelites and then masculine. The features of the order include a reclusive lifestyle, existence on alms. Carmelite monks are mainly engaged in missionary activities, upbringing and education of children and youth.

Carthusians

A monastery arose in 1084 in the province Chartreuse(lat. - cartusia). It was officially approved in 1176. There is a female branch of the order, which was formed in 1234. A feature of the monastery is the presence of large landed property. The main source of wealth is the production and sale of Chartreuse liqueur.

Cistercians

First appeared in 1098 in a desert area Sieve (Cito). From the 14th century operate nunneries. In 1115 the order was reformed Bernard of Clairvaux and was called Bernardine. The monks of the order actively participated in the Crusades, supported the pope in his struggle with the secular authorities.

Franciscans

The monastery organized Francis of Assisi in 1207-1209 in Italy near Assisi. Francis of Assisi spoke out against the money-grubbing of papal hierarchs, against the distribution of positions by the pope to his relatives, against simony (buying and selling church positions). He preached the benevolence of poverty, the rejection of all property, sympathy for the poor, a cheerful poetic attitude towards nature. His mysticism was permeated with love for people. These ideas became very popular and a short time received recognition in other European countries. Francis of Assisi created "Order of the Lesser Brothers" - religious and moral community. Minorites- “the smallest of all people” - they lived not in monasteries, but in the world, wandered, preached in the language of the common people, and did charity work.

The renunciation of property aroused the suspicion of the pope. First, Francis of Assisi was forbidden to preach, then in 1210 he was allowed, but demanded to abandon the call to poverty. Francis did not obey. After his death, the order split. Extreme followers of Francis fratinelli(brothers) were declared heretics, many were burned. The remaining moderate followers became the pope's mainstay. In 1525, the Franciscans stood out capuchins(pointed hoods) to counter the Reformation. Since 1619, the Capuchins have become an independent order.

Dominicans

The order was founded in 1216 by a Spaniard Dominique de Guzman. The purpose of the order was the fight against heresy Albigensians spread in France, Germany and Italy. The Albigensians opposed the Catholic Church, which prevented the development of cities. A crusade was declared against the Albigensians, which ended in the defeat of the heretics. The Dominicans also fought against the heresy of the Cathars and other movements opposed to the Catholic Church, while showing particular cruelty and uncompromisingness.

Dominicans take a vow of poverty, abstinence and obedience, they are forbidden to eat meat. The requirement of poverty applies only to individuals, not to congregations. The emblem of the order is a dog with a lit torch in its mouth. They themselves call themselves "dogs of the Lord" (lat. - dominicanes). In 1232 they were given leadership of the Inquisition. They become censors of Catholic orthodoxy. In their activities, the Dominicans used torture, executions, prisons. They abandoned physical labor in favor of teaching and research. Prominent Catholic theologians emerged from the ranks of the order, including Thomas Aquinas, as well as several popes.

Knight brotherhoods

Spiritual and knightly orders began to emerge on the territory of Palestine, conquered during the first Crusade to protect the conquered lands. The knights took three monastic vows: chastity, poverty and obedience. Unlike ordinary monks, members of the orders had to fight for the faith with weapons in their hands. They were subordinate only to the pope and order authorities - the chapter and the grand masters.

Hospitallers

Around 1070 a hospice was built in Jerusalem ( hospitalis) for the wounded and sick pilgrims. The house was named after St. John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria. Soon the monks who cared for the wounded began to take part in the fighting themselves. In 1113, the pope approved the charter of the Order, according to which the Hospitallers, or Johnites, were called upon to fight the infidels. After the conquest of Palestine by Muslims in 1309, the Joannites captured the island of Rhodes, and then, when the Ottomans captured it in 1522, they moved to the island of Malta, after which the order received the name Maltese. The distinction of the order was a red cloak with a white cross.

Templars or Templars

The order of the Templars or Templars arose at the beginning of the XII century. It was named after the location of his residence near the Temple of King Solomon. The distinction of the order was a white cloak with a red cross. The Order has accumulated significant cash. After the fall of Jerusalem, the order moved to Cyprus, then to France. King Philip IV the Beautiful, seeking to seize the wealth of the order, accused the Templars of Manichaeism (a synthesis of Zoroastrianism and Christianity). In 1310, the knights were burned, the property passed to the king, and the order was abolished.

Warband

In the XII century. In 1190, the German crusaders created a military-monastic order in Palestine, based on the hospital of the Holy Virgin Mary - the Teutonic Order - after the name of the Germanic tribe. At the beginning of the XIII century. he was transferred to the Baltic states, where he launched military activities in Prussia. The order pursued a policy of feudal-Catholic expansion in the Baltic states and the northwestern Russian principalities. The difference between the Teutons was a white cloak with a black cross.

Jesuits

The name comes from lat. SocietasJesu- Society of Jesus. The order was formed in 1534, approved by the pope in 1540. The founder is a Spanish Basque, a nobleman, a former brave officer, crippled in battles, Ignatius Loyola(1491-1556). The purpose of the order is the fight against the Reformation, the spread of Catholicism, unquestioning obedience to the pope. The Jesuits are characterized by a strictly hierarchical structure headed by a general subordinate to the pope. The Order is engaged in worldwide missionary activities.

And from a certain time, some Protestants also have a community of monastics, whose members observe the general charter of the monastery and take solemn vows (unlike the monastic congregation, in which only simple vows are made). Depending on the specifics, they differ:

Orders of Canons Regular
Orders of Regular Clerics

In the Eastern Catholic Churches there are also monastic orders, called in Slavic ranks (Basilians - the Order of St. Basil the Great, etc.).

- (Ordo sanctae Clarae), along with minorites and tertiaries, is considered the second order of St. Francis. The founder and first abbess of the order was the pious Clara Sciffi (1193-1253), originally from Assisi. She left her father's house to ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

catholic monastic order- Dominicans (Catholic order). Franciscans. minorites. capuchins. cordillera. hospitallers. templars. Jesuits. Cistercians. Augustinians. Benedictines. Maurists. Carmelites. | ursulines ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

Dominicans (monastic order)- DOMINICANS, members of the mendicant order, founded in 1215 by the Spanish monk Dominic. In 1232 the papacy transferred the Inquisition to the Dominicans. After the founding of the Jesuit order (16th century), the importance of the Dominicans declined. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Spain ... Wikipedia

Jesuit Order- The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu), or the Order of the Jesuits, is a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Church, founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) and approved by Pope Paul III in 1540. Healthy people, with good ... ... were accepted into the order. Encyclopedia of newsmakers

Books

Walking, Igor Kolosov. The warriors of the Ruler and the powerful monastic Order of the Talhas are hunting for the boy Dini, who heals any ailments. Only the Council of the Order - its top - knows about the Prophecy and that before the Great ... electronic book

MONK ORDERS - in-sti-tu-you mo-na-she-st-vou-shchi in the Roman-ca-to-personal church.

Monastic orders ob-e-di-nya-yut mo-na-hov, who brought eternal ones, or “tor-same-st-vein-nye”, mo-na-she-both-you ( whole-wisdom, in-listening and poverty), in contrast to other forms of ka-to-personal mo-on-she-st-va (kon-gre -ga-tion re-li-gi-oz-nye, se-ku-lyar-ny institutes-tu-tu-you, general-st-va apo-stol-sky life), pre-du- smat-ri-vayu-shchih at-not-se-ing of temporal, or "simple", both. For the Orders of monastic ha-rak-ter-na, a special structure-tu-ra, representing the ob-e-di-non-niya communities (mo-na-sta-rey, pri-ora-tov, bo-ha-de-len, etc.), members of someone are connected with a common mouth, ut-ver-was-pa - sing Roman-skim, under-chi-nya-yut-sya through their heads (su-per-io-ditch), passing dio-caesal-nyh bishops, not-by- medium-st-ven-but to the Holy Pre-sto-lu. Orders of monastics from-whether-cha-ut-xia are especially-ben-no-stya-mi in divine service and spiritual tradition. Members of the Orders of monastics have a special from-li-chi-tel-ny ha-bit (robe).

In the modern Catholic Church, in my opinion, the Orders of monastics in the narrow sense, acting on the basis of the ancient mo-na-she-mustache -ta-vov [be-not-dik-tin-tsy and you-de-liv-shie-sya of them or-de-na, as well as uni-at-sky (see Uni-at-st-vo ) or-de-na an-to-ni-an, wa-si-li-an and mkhi-ta-ri-stov], in the understanding of the Orders of monastics in a broad sense (ho -ty and not exactly from the point of view of the Catholic ka-but-no-thing-th-right right) can turn on the same or-de-na re -gu-lyar-nyh ka-no-ni-kov (av-gu-stin-tsy, pre-mon-st-ran-you and others; see also Ka-no-nick), ni-shchen-st -vu-schi or-de-na (do-mi-ni-kan-tsy, fran-qi-scan-tsy, av-gu-stin-tsy-ere-mi-you, kar-me-li-you and etc.) and or-de-na re-gu-lyar-nyh kli-ri-kov (ie-zui-you, etc.). In the Middle Ages, su-sche-st-vo-va-li and other different-type-no-sti of the Monastic Orders, for example, spirit-hov-no-ry-royal-or-de-na ( io-an-ni-you, there-pliers, Tev-ton-sky or-den, etc.), members of someone-ryh, in my opinion, when-not-se-niya usual nyh mo-na-she-sky vows, they were obligated to defend christ-sti-an-st-vo with a weapon in their hands. Ti-po-lo-gi-che-ski these monastic Orders from-no-syat-sya to re-gu-lyar-nym ka-no-ni-kam (Tev-ton order-den) or-bo to ni-shchen-st-vuyu-shchim or-de-nam (for example, io-an-ni-you).

The first attempt to create a special battle of the mo-on-the-sh-or-ga-ni-za-tion, embracing the separate mo-on-stay-ri , from-no-sit-sya to the beginning of the 9th century - re-form-ma Be-ne-dik-ta Ani-an-sko-go, striving to create a network of mo-na- a hundred-rays, united-nyon-nyh ideas-her number-of-you is-half-not-niya mustache-ta-va of the Monk Be-ne-dik-ta Nur-siy-go. The center of this mo-on-she-or-ga-ni-za-tion became ab-bat-st-vo In-den (near Achen, os-no-va-no in 814 or 817 year), created by Emperor Liu-do-vi-kom Bla-go-ches-ti-vym for Be-ne-dik-ta Ani-an-sko-go, and the head is Be-ne himself -dict. In 817, he convened a council of ab-ba-tov in Akh-ne, on some rum they re-sha-lied su-gu-bo mo-on-styr-ski questions-pro-sy, without direct participation of the epi-sko-pa-ta. Re-form-ma Be-ne-dik-ta Ani-an-sko-go is not yet sub-ra-zu-me-wa-la iz-i-tiya mo-na-sta-rey from juris-diction local bishops, and the main thing is Be-ne-dik-ta ba-zi-ro-va-elk on his personal auto-to-ri-te-te and support-ke them-pe-ra-to-ra and didn’t have yuri-di-che-ski for-cre-p-lyon-ny foundations. We made similar re-forms in the 10th century in Lo-ta-ring-gii by Ger-khar-dom Bronsky and Io-an-nom from Gor-tse, also creating-give-shi-mi ob-e-di-non-niya re-for-mi-ro-van-nyh by them mo-on-stay-rei. These movements didn’t have a further development and went down with the death of their breath-but-vi-te-lei. Os-no-howl be-not-dik-tin-sko-go-or-de-na-sta-la re-for-ma bur-gund-sko-go ab-bat-st-va Klu-ni, in-lu -chiv-she-go (in 909 or 910) papal e-zemp-tion (my direct sub-chi-non-nie to Ri-mu). All joined-di-nyav-shie-sya to the Klyu-ny-sky re-for-me mo-on-sta-ri so you-di-lised from the jurisdiction of the me-st- nyh bishops, and their on-standing-whether under-chi-nya-lis ab-ba-tu Klu-ni and through no-go - pa-pe. Ab-bat Klu-ni was the head of the whole layer-alive-she-go-sya around Klu-ni ob-e-di-non-niya mo-na-sta-rei. One-to-one-to-so-di-nyav-shie-sya to Klu-no mo-to-stay-ri, if-whether-che-st-in-something-not-uk-lon-but grew -lo with races-pro-country-not-ni-em re-form-we for the pre-de-la of France and Bur-gun-dia, had our own customs (consuetu-di-nes), different from the tradition of Klu-ni. The tortures of the Roman popes in the XIII-XIV centuries to create a center-tra-li-zo-van-ny or-den be-not-dik-tin-tsev fak-ti-che-ski do not come did we carry us-pe-ha and bring to ras-pa-du be-not-dik-tin-tsev (XV-XVII centuries) to a number of internal sub-raz-de-le-ny - end gree-ga-tion, from-whether-a-cheating-s-swarm-st-vom (in-life or temporary position of ab-ba-ta) and spirit-hov- noy on-right-len-no-stu (ak-cent on mo-lit-vu or scientists for-nya-tia).

One-but-time-men-but-na-chi-naya from the 11th century from be-not-dik-tin-tsev began a number of monastic orders, members of some str -we-went to the pain-she-mu as-ke-tiz-mu and strictly-go-mu with-me-not-niyu be-not-dik-tin-sko-go-us-ta-va. So, in the 1st half of the 11th century in Italy, within the framework of the be-not-dik-tin-tra-di-tion, the or-den ka-mal-du-lov (ka-mal -du-lena-sky ere-mi-tov), ty-go-tev-shih to the hermit and creative way of life, - in pro-ti-vo-weight klyu-nii-sky general-living-tel-nym be-not-dik-tin-tsam with their ideal of general-st-ven-noy mo-lit-you. Or-den ka-mal-du-lov was os-no-van by the holy Ro-mu-al-dom (died in 1027) and in-lu-chil raz-vi-tie b-go-da-rya Pet- ru Da-mia-ni. Its center became the ab-bat-st-vo Font-the-Avel-la-na near Ra-ven-na. Similar ideas are used-on-ve-do-va-li and members of the or-de-na kar-tu-zi-an-tsev, folded-alive-she-go-sya at the end of XI - the first 1st half of the 12th century.

In the 2nd half of the 11th century, from be-not-dik-tin-tsev from-de-lil-sya or-den cis-ter-tsi-an-tsev, after ab-bat-st-va Si-to [lat. Tsis-ter-tsi-um (Cistercium)] in Sham-pa-ni, becoming their first abode. Special-fighting races-pro-country-non-nie or-den po-lu-chil in the middle of the 12th century . Tsis-ter-tsi-an-tsy you-stu-pa-li for the voz-ro-zh-de-nie su-ti be-not-dik-tin-sko-go us-ta-va, someone- I see them in the physical labor de mo-na-hov and their co-qi-al-nom service and mis-sio-ner-st-ve. The order was based on a strict structure of internal management. In the New Age, from cis-ter-ci-an-tsev from-de-li-lis or-de-na fel-yan-tin-tsev (1577, up-divided at the end of the 18th century) and trap-pi-stov (1664), distinguished by tre-bo-va-ni-em more strict as-ke-tiz-ma.

By the 18th century, there were basically the same or-ga-ni-za-tions of eastern-ka-to-personal (uni-at-sky) mo-na-khovs: mkhi-ta-ri-stov ( ar-mya-not-unia-you), va-si-li-an (unia-you of the Greek ob-rya-da) and an-to-ni-an (ma-ro-ni-you).

The pain-shin-st-vo of the Orders of the monastics also have a female line, an auto-nom-ny, but on-ho-dya-schau-sya in the op-re-de-leon-noy legal dical for-vi-si-mo-sti from the male.

To the Orders of monastics in the narrow sense, close to, we-ka-yut re-gu-lyar-ka-no-ni-ki, the basis of new life for some-ry services -lives the mouth of the blessed Av-gu-sti-na. Tra-di-tion of cli-ri-kov, leading the mo-na-she-sky way of life, goes back to the 4th century. In 816, it would be-la-la-na-to-torture-ka ob-e-di-thread in-to-biya mo-on-styr-sky communities of ka-pi-tu-ly so-bor- nyh churches. This ini-tsia-ti-va brought the first fruits at the end of the 11th century. By this time-me-no from-no-sit-sya rise-nick-but-ve-or-de-on re-gu-lyar-nyh ka-no-no-kov-av-gu-stin -tsev. Already in the XII century, among the av-gu-stin-tsev, various con-gre-ga-tions appeared (ka-no-ni-ki ab-bat-st-va Saint-Victor in Pa- ri-same; see Saint-Victor-School-la) and local ka-pi-tu-ly. Av-gu-stin-tsy didn’t have a single management, and only at the local level did it os-sche-st-in-la-elk -ra-ni-eat ka-pitu-lov. In pro-ti-in-in-falsity im pre-mon-st-ran-you (or-den os-no-van by the saint Nor-ber-t Xan-ten-sky in the 1st half of the XII century in Northern France) for-im-st-in-wa-whether the cis-ter-ci-an-tsev has a strict sys-te-mu center-tra-li-call. count-le-gi-al-no-go management.

By the 13th century, from-no-sit-sya ras-color of the poor-st-vuu-ing or-de-news (they from-ka-zy-va-li from all their own-st-ven-but- sti and su-sche-st-in-va-li only due to mi-lo-stay-ni): do-mi-ni-kan-tsev (os-no-van in the 1st quarter of the 13th century) , franc-tsi-skan-tsev (ut-verzh-den in 1209), ser-vi-tov (1233), av-gu-stin-tsev-ere-mi-tov (risen in 1244, ut -verzh-den in 1256), three-ni-ta-ri-ev (1198) and others. she-sky (male and female) and lay people, leading as-ke-tic life, the so-called ter-tsia-ri-ev (“third order-den”). Most clearly, this structure is pro-followed by do-mi-no-kan-tsev. The French-Ci-Scans would-st-ro pro-isosh-lo times-de-le-nie (windows-cha-tel-but for-cre-p-le-no in 1517) at con-ven -tua-lov, to-pus-kav-shih softened-th-ne-thre-bo-va-niy or-den-go-us-ta-va, and ob-ser-van-tov, on-flock- wav-shih on their strict co-blue-de-nii. Or-den kar-me-li-tov arose in the 12th century in Pa-le-sti-ne as or-ga-ni-za-tion ere-mi-tov (from-shel-ni-kov), od -on-to-later there was a re-for-mi-ro-van as a poor-st-vuu-ing or-den (1247), ho-tya and with an ac-cen-tom on a strict ud- le-nii from the world and contemplative life, in pro-ti-in-weight to other beggar-st-vuu-schi or-de-us, some active- but for-no-ma-lis pro-ve-due hri-sti-an-st-va and pas-tyr-sky activity-tel-no-stu. Members of the or-de-na tri-ni-ta-ri-ev in the first place in the first place in the first place over christia-na-mi, on-ho-dya-schi-mi-sya in the captivity of the foreigners. A similar goal is pre-sle-to-va-li and members of brother-st-va mer-se-da-ri-ev.

Or-de-na re-gu-lyar-nyh kli-ri-kov na-cha-whether voz-no-kat in the epo-hu Counter-re-for-ma-tion (the first of them is or-den thea-tin-tsev, 1524; the most-bo-lea of the best - ie-zui-you). Their members, who are not connected, as opposed to mo-on-hov, are obligated to be in-for-your-re and make about -shchi-ny-tur-giya of hours, in-holy-ti-by-pas-tyr-sky activity-tel-no-sti, about-ra-zo-va-nia and de-lam mi -lo-ser-dia.

Du-hov-no-ry-royal or-de-na, risen in the XI-XIII centuries in Pa-le-sti-ne, Pri-bal-ti-ke and Pi-re-her -sky peninsula, played an important role in the co-be-ty-yah of the cross-walks and Re-con-ki-sta. One-by-one, by New-time-me-neither, all of them would-whether they were up-divided-not-us (there-plier-ry), or-be-bo-vra-ti-lied into cor-on-ra-tion of the secular ari-sto-kra-tia (Spanish and portuguese or-de-na), or-bo re-re-key-chi-lied to a charitable activity (io-an-ni-you, Tev-ton-sky or-den).

With the development of the Re-for-ma-tion, the activity of the Monastic Orders in Northern Europe was co-created, one-on-one blah-go-da-we -whether-kim-geo-gra-fi-che-skim from-open-ti-holes of the Order monastic races-pro-countries in other districts of the world, first of all in Ama -ri-ke, where they became the main force of the christian-an-sky mission. For-a-met-ing role both in mis-sio-ner-sky activity-tel-no-sti, and in pro-ti-in-standing Re-for-ma-tion of the game-ra-li ie-zui -you, as well as beggar-st-vuyu-shchie or-de-na-do-mi-ni-kan-tsev and franc-qi-skan-tsev. In the 18th century, such activity brought the monastic Orders to conflicts with the rulers of many states, as a result ta-te-th row of or-de-nov was up-razd-nyon (some-one-rye rose-ro-di-lied in the 19th century). In the era of Enlightenment and in the 19th century, members of the Orders of monastics began to pay more and more attention to scientists for-nya-ti-yam and pub-li- ca-tion of the ancient christ-sti-an-sky pa-myat-nik-kov (for example, mav-ri-sta), so-chi-al-noy ra-bo-te, creation of various blessings -go-creative school-re-g-de-ny. Re-form-ma of ka-no-nicheskogo pra-va (1983), whether-to-vi-di-ro-vav a number of for-mal-features-ben-no-stay, characteristic for Orders of monastics, bringing them together with other types of religious institutions of the Roman-ca-to-personal church.

Additional literature:

Kar-sa-vin L.P. Mo-on-she-st-in the middle of the century. SPb., 1912. M., 1992;

Dizionario degli institutei di perfezione / Ed. G. Pellicia, G. Rocca. Roma, 1974-2003. Vol. 1-10;

Leyser H. Her-mits and the new monasticism: a study of reli-gious communities in Western Europe 1000-1150. L., 1984;

Dall'ere-mo al cenobio... Mil., 1987;

Lesegretain C. Les grands ordres re-li-gieux: hier et aujord'hui. P., 1990;

Jor-dan Omann O.R. Christ-sti-an-sky spirit-ness in some-li-che-tra-di-tion. Rome; Lublin, 1994;

Lawrence C.H. The friars: the impact of the early mendicant movement on Western society. L., 1994.