Speech. Analysis of expressive means.

It is necessary to distinguish between tropes (figurative and expressive means of literature) based on figurative meaning words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Lexical means.

Usually, in the review of task B8, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.

synonyms(contextual, linguistic) - words that are close in meaning	soon - soon - one of these days - not today or tomorrow, in the near future
antonyms(contextual, linguistic) - words that are opposite in meaning	they never said to each other you, but always you.
phraseological units- stable combinations of words close in lexical meaning one word	at the edge of the world (= “far away”), missing teeth (= “frozen”)
archaisms- obsolete words	squad, province, eyes
dialectism- Vocabulary common in a certain area	chicken, goof
book, colloquial vocabulary	daring, associate; corrosion, management; squander money, outback

Trails.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

Types of trails and examples for them in the table:

metaphor- transferring the meaning of a word by similarity	dead silence
personification- likening an object or phenomenon to a living being	dissuadedgolden grove
comparison- comparison of one object or phenomenon with another (expressed through unions as, as if, as if, comparative degree adjective)	bright as the sun
metonymy- replacement of the direct name with another by adjacency (i.e. based on real connections)	The hiss of foamy glasses (instead of: foamy wine in glasses)
synecdoche- the use of the name of the part instead of the whole and vice versa	a lonely sail turns white (instead of: a boat, a ship)
paraphrase– replacing a word or group of words to avoid repetition	author of "Woe from Wit" (instead of A.S. Griboyedov)
epithet- the use of definitions that give the expression imagery and emotionality	Where are you going, proud horse?
allegory- expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images	scales - justice, cross - faith, heart - love
hyperbola- exaggeration of the size, strength, beauty of the described	in a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned
litotes- underestimation of the size, strength, beauty of the described	your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble
irony- the use of a word or expression in the reverse sense of the literal, with the aim of ridicule	Where, smart, are you wandering, head?

Figures of speech, sentence structure.

In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

epiphora- repetition of words at the end of sentences or lines following one another	I would like to know. Why am I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor?
gradation- construction of homogeneous members of the sentence by increasing meaning or vice versa	came, saw, conquered
anaphora- repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or lines following one another	Ironthe truth is alive with envy, Ironpestle, and iron ovary.
pun- play on words	It was raining and two students.
rhetorical exclamation (question, appeal) - exclamatory, interrogative sentence or an offer with an appeal that does not require a response from the addressee	Why are you standing, swaying, thin mountain ash? Long live the sun, long live the darkness!
syntactic parallelism- the same construction of sentences	young everywhere we have a road, old people everywhere we honor
polyunion- repetition of an excess union	And a sling, and an arrow, and a crafty dagger Years spare the winner ...
asyndeton- construction of complex sentences or a series of homogeneous members without unions	Flickering past the booth, women, Boys, benches, lanterns ...
ellipsis- omission of implied word	I'm behind a candle - a candle in the stove
inversion- indirect word order	Our amazing people.
antithesis- opposition (often expressed through the unions A, BUT, HOWEVER or antonyms	Where the table was food, there is a coffin
oxymoron- a combination of two contradictory concepts	living corpse, ice fire
citation- transmission in the text of other people's thoughts, statements indicating the author of these words.	As it is said in the poem by N. Nekrasov: “You have to bow your head below the thin bylinochka ...”
questionable-reciprocal the form statements- the text is presented in the form of rhetorical questions and answers to them	And again a metaphor: "Live under minute houses ...". What do they mean? Nothing lasts forever, everything is subject to decay and destruction
ranks homogeneous members of the proposal- enumeration of homogeneous concepts	He was waiting for a long, serious illness, leaving the sport.
parceling- a sentence that is divided into intonation-semantic speech units.	I saw the sun. Above your head.

Remember!

When completing task B8, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it the semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc.

It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.

Parsing the task.

(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun through the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingenious that it is constantly self-renewing and thus keeps billions of passengers traveling for millions of years.

(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through space deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, cutting down forests, spoiling the oceans. (5) If on a small spaceship astronauts will fussily cut the wires, unscrew the screws, drill holes in the skin, then this will have to be qualified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) It's only a matter of size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) Wound up, multiply, swarm microscopic, on a planetary, and even more so on a universal, scale of being. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry, multiply, do their work, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations.

(13) Unfortunately, just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of the so-called technical progress, are such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between man and nature, with the beauty of our land. (14) On the one hand, a man twitched by an inhuman rhythm modern life, crowding, a huge flow of artificial information, weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this external world brought to such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual communion with him.

(15) It is not known how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?

(According to V. Soloukhin)

“The first two sentences use a trope like _______. This image of the "cosmic body" and "cosmonauts" is the key to understanding the author's position. Discussing how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that "humanity is a disease of the planet." ______ (“they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations”) convey the negative deeds of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said by the author is far from being indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence ________ "original" gives the argument a sad ending, which ends with a question.

List of terms:

1. epithet
2. litotes
3. introductory words and insert structures
4. irony
5. extended metaphor
6. parceling
7. question-answer form of presentation
8. dialectism
9. homogeneous members of a sentence

We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first - epithet, litote, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second - introductory words and plug-in constructions, parcelling, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.

It is better to start the task with passes that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission #2. Since the whole sentence is given as an example, some syntactic means is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations” rows of homogeneous members of the sentence are used : Verbs scurry, multiply, do business, gerunds eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb "transfer" in the review indicates that the place of the gap should be the word in plural. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and plug-in constructions and homogeneous member sentences. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without losing their meaning are absent. Thus, at the place of pass No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.

In pass number 3, the numbers of sentences are indicated, which means that the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parceling can be immediately “discarded”, since the authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. There are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in sentences: in my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.

In place of the last gap, it is necessary to substitute the masculine term, since the adjective “used” must agree with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms - epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here, the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, so we have an epithet in front of us.

It remains to fill only the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences, where the image of the earth and us, people, as an image of a cosmic body and astronauts is rethought. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only thing left possible variant- a metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.

Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.

Practice.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, chirped on his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher strictly told him: “Valery Petrovich, higher!” (Z) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose always had a beet red color, like that of a clown. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

(6) And at first in the kindergarten, and then at school, I carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know who has any fathers!), But it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. (8) I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! (9) Often straying, he sighed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to sink into the ground with shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous person with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in the third grade when I had a bad cold. (12) I have otitis media. (13) In pain, I screamed and pounded my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver shrillly, like a woman, began to shout that now we will all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) The father asked how much was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, repeated: “What a fool I am!” (19) The father thought and quietly said to his mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain circled me like a snowflake blizzard. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me that a huge monster, with a clanging jaw, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow was falling on the frosty windows with a rustle. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomed into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I don’t know how much time has passed, but suddenly the night was lit up with bright headlights, and a long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and through my eyelashes I saw my father. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time later he was ill with bilateral pneumonia.

(32) ... My children are perplexed why, when decorating a Christmas tree, I always cry. (ZZ) From the darkness of the past, a father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if stealthily wants to see his daughter among the dressed up crowd of children and smile at her cheerfully. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start to cry.

(According to N. Aksyonova)

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.

This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in place of the gap, write the number 0.

The sequence of numbers in the order in which they are written by you in the text of the review at the place of the gaps, write down in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number B8, starting from the first cell.

“The use by the narrator to describe the blizzard of such a lexical means of expression as _____ ("terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives expressive power to the depicted picture, and such paths as _____ ("pain circled me" in sentence 20) and _____ ("the driver began to scream shrillly, like a woman" in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A technique such as _____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.

TROPE

Trope is a word or expression used figuratively to create artistic image and achieve greater expressiveness. Pathways include techniques such as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes referred to as hyperbolas and litotes. No work of art is complete without tropes. The artistic word is polysemantic; the writer creates images, playing with the meanings and combinations of words, using the environment of the word in the text and its sound - all this makes up the artistic possibilities of the word, which is the only tool of the writer or poet.
Note! When creating a trail, the word is always used in a figurative sense.

Consider different types trails:

EPITHET(Greek Epitheton, attached) - this is one of the tropes, which is an artistic, figurative definition. An epithet can be:
adjectives: gentle face (S. Yesenin); these poor villages, this meager nature ... (F. Tyutchev); transparent maiden (A. Blok);
participles: edge abandoned(S. Yesenin); frantic dragon (A. Blok); takeoff radiant(M. Tsvetaeva);
nouns, sometimes together with their surrounding context: Here he is, leader without squad(M. Tsvetaeva); My youth! My dove is swarthy!(M. Tsvetaeva).

Each epithet reflects the uniqueness of the author's perception of the world, therefore it necessarily expresses some kind of assessment and has a subjective meaning: a wooden shelf is not an epithet, so there is no artistic definition, a wooden face is an epithet that expresses the impression of the interlocutor speaking about the facial expression, that is, creating an image.
There are stable (permanent) folklore epithets: remote burly kind well done, clear the sun, as well as tautological, that is, epithets-repetitions that have the same root with the word being defined: Oh you, grief is bitter, boredom is boring, mortal! (A. Blok).

IN work of art An epithet can perform various functions:

• characterize the subject: shining eyes, eyes diamonds;
• create atmosphere, mood: gloomy morning;
• convey the attitude of the author (narrator, lyrical hero) to the subject being characterized: "Where will our prankster"(A. Pushkin);
• combine all previous functions in equal proportions (in most cases, the use of the epithet).

Note! Everything color terms in a literary text are epithets.

COMPARISON- this is an artistic technique (tropes), in which an image is created by comparing one object with another. Comparison differs from other artistic comparisons, for example, similes, in that it always has a strict formal feature: a comparative construction or a turnover with comparative conjunctions. as, as if, as if, exactly, as if and the like. Type expressions he looked like... cannot be considered a comparison as a trope.

Comparison examples:

Comparison also plays certain roles in the text: sometimes authors use the so-called extended comparison, revealing various signs of a phenomenon or conveying one's attitude to several phenomena. Often the work is entirely based on comparison, as, for example, V. Bryusov's poem "Sonnet to Form":

PERSONALIZATION- artistic technique (tropes), in which inanimate object, a phenomenon or concept is given human properties (do not confuse, it is human!). Personification can be used narrowly, in one line, in a small fragment, but it can be a technique on which the whole work is built (“You are my abandoned land” by S. Yesenin, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Violin and a little nervously” by V. Mayakovsky and others). Personification is considered one of the types of metaphor (see below).

Impersonation task- correlate the depicted object with a person, make it closer to the reader, figuratively comprehend the inner essence of the object, hidden from everyday life. Personification is one of the oldest figurative means of art.

HYPERBOLA(Greek Hyperbole, exaggeration) is a technique in which an image is created through artistic exaggeration. Hyperbole is not always included in the set of tropes, but by the nature of the use of the word in a figurative sense to create an image, hyperbole is very close to tropes. A technique opposite to hyperbole in content is LITOTES(Greek Litotes, simplicity) is an artistic understatement.

Hyperbole allows the author to show the reader in exaggerated form the most character traits depicted subject. Often, hyperbole and litotes are used by the author in an ironic vein, revealing not just characteristic, but negative, from the author's point of view, sides of the subject.

METAPHOR(Greek Metaphora, transfer) - a type of so-called complex trope, speech turnover, in which the properties of one phenomenon (object, concept) are transferred to another. Metaphor contains a hidden comparison, a figurative likening of phenomena using the figurative meaning of words, what the object is compared with is only implied by the author. No wonder Aristotle said that "to compose good metaphors means to notice similarities."

Metaphor examples:

METONYMY(Greek Metonomadzo, rename) - type of trail: a figurative designation of an object according to one of its signs.

Examples of metonymy:

When studying the topic "Means of artistic expression" and completing tasks, pay special attention to the definitions of the above concepts. You must not only understand their meaning, but also know the terminology by heart. This will protect you from practical mistakes: knowing for sure that the comparison technique has strict formal features (see theory on topic 1), you will not confuse this technique with a number of other artistic techniques that are also based on a comparison of several objects, but are not a comparison .

Please note that you must start your answer either with the suggested words (by rewriting them), or with your own version of the beginning of the full answer. This applies to all such assignments.

Recommended literature:

• Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
• Polyakov M. Rhetoric and Literature. Theoretical aspects. - In the book: Questions of Poetics and Artistic Semantics. - M.: Sov. writer, 1978.
• Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.

Trope - the use of words and expressions in a figurative sense in order to create an artistic image, which results in an enrichment of meaning. Tropes include: epithet, oxymoron, comparison, metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, pun, irony, sarcasm, paraphrase. No work of art is complete without tropes. The literary word is multi-valued, the writer creates images, playing with the meanings and combinations of words, using the environment of the word in the text and its sound.

Metaphor - the use of a word in a figurative sense; a phrase that characterizes a given phenomenon by transferring to it the features inherent in another phenomenon (due to one or another similarity of the converging phenomena), which is so. arr. replaces him. The peculiarity of a metaphor as a type of trope is that it is a comparison, the members of which have merged so much that the first member (what was compared) is displaced and completely replaced by the second (what was compared).

"A bee from a wax cell / Flies for tribute in the field" (Pushkin)

where honey is compared with tribute and a beehive with a cell, with the first terms replaced by the second. Metaphor, like any trope, is based on the property of the word that in its meaning it relies not only on the essential and general qualities of objects (phenomena), but also on all the wealth of its secondary definitions and individual qualities and properties. For example, in the word "star" we, along with the essential and general meaning (heavenly body) we also have a number of secondary and individual signs - the radiance of a star, its remoteness, etc. M. and arises through the use of "secondary" meanings of words, which allows us to establish new connections between them (a secondary sign of tribute is that it is collected ; cells - its tightness, etc.). For artistic thinking, these "secondary" signs, expressing moments of sensuous visualization, are a means of revealing through them the essential features of the reflected class reality. M. enriches our understanding of this subject, attracting new phenomena to characterize it, expanding our understanding of its properties.

Metonymy is a kind of trope, the use of a word in a figurative sense, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, as a metaphor, with the difference from the latter that this substitution can only be made by a word denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object (phenomenon), which is denoted by the replaced word. The meaning of metonymy is that it singles out a property in a phenomenon that, by its nature, can replace the rest. Thus, metonymy essentially differs from metaphor, on the one hand, by a greater real relationship of substitute members, and, on the other hand, by greater limitation, the elimination of those features that are not directly given in this phenomenon. Like metaphor, metonymy is inherent in language in general, but it is of particular importance in artistic and literary creativity, receiving in each specific case its own class saturation and use.

"All flags will visit us", where the flags replace the countries (a part replaces the whole). The meaning of metonymy is that it singles out a property in a phenomenon that, by its nature, can replace the rest. Thus, metonymy essentially differs from metaphor, on the one hand, by a greater real interconnection of substituting members, and, on the other hand, by greater limitation, by the elimination of those features that are not directly noticeable in this phenomenon. Like metaphor, metonymy is inherent in language in general (cf., for example, the word "wiring", the meaning of which is metonymically extended from action to its result), but it has a special meaning in artistic and literary creativity.

Synecdoche is a type of trope, the use of a word in a figurative sense, namely, the replacement of a word denoting a known object or group of objects with a word denoting a part of a named object or a single object.

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Synecdoche is a technique that consists in transferring meaning from one object to another on the basis of quantitative similarity between them.

"The buyer chooses quality products." The word "Buyer" replaces the entire set of possible buyers.

"Stern moored to the shore." The ship is meant.

Hyperbole is a technique in which an image is created through artistic exaggeration. Hyperbole is not always included in the set of tropes, but by the nature of the use of the word in a figurative sense to create an image, hyperbole is very close to tropes.

"I've said it a thousand times"

"We have enough food for six months"

"For four years we have been preparing an escape, we have saved three tons of grubs"

Litota is the inverse of hyperbole, stylistic figure explicit and intentional understatement, belittling and destruction, with the aim of enhancing expressiveness. In essence, the litote is extremely close to hyperbole in its expressive meaning, which is why it can be considered as a type of hyperbole.

"A horse the size of a cat"

"A person's life is one moment"

"Waist, no thicker than the neck of a bottle"

Personification - an expression that gives an idea of ​​​​a concept or phenomenon by depicting it in the form of a living person endowed with the properties of this concept (for example, the image of the Greeks and Romans of happiness in the form of a capricious goddess-fortune, etc.).

Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features, "revived":

"the sea laughed"

"... The Neva rushed to the sea all night against the storm, not overcoming their violent dope ... and arguing

it became too much for her... The weather became more and more fierce, the Neva swelled and roared... and suddenly, like a wild beast, it rushed at the city... Siege! Attack! evil waves, like thieves, climb through the windows, etc.

Allegory is a conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue. Thus, the difference between allegory and related forms of figurative expression (tropes) is the presence in it of specific symbolism, subject to abstract interpretation; therefore, the rather common definition of allegory as an extended metaphor (J.P. Richter, Fischer, Richard Meyer) is essentially incorrect, since the metaphor lacks that logical act of reinterpretation, which is inherent in allegory. Of the literary genres based on allegory, the most important are: fable, parable , morality. But allegory can become basic artistic device any genre in cases where abstract concepts and relationships become the subject of poetic creativity.

"He tangled up such allegories and equivocations that, it seems, a century would not have succeeded"

Antonomasia - a turn of speech, expressed in the replacement of the name or name by indicating some essential feature of the subject (for example: the great poet instead of Pushkin) or its relationship to something (the author of "War and Peace" instead of Tolstoy; Peleus son instead of Achilles). In addition, anthonomasia is also considered to be the replacement of a common noun with a proper name (Aesculapius instead of a doctor).

Epithet - refers to tropes, this is a figurative definition that gives an artistic description of an object or phenomenon. An epithet is a hidden comparison and can be expressed both as an adjective and as an adverb, noun, numeral or verb. Due to its structure and special function in the text, the epithet acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness.

Nouns: "Here he is, the leader without squads," "My youth! My swarthy dove!"

Paraphrase is a syntactic-semantic figure that consists in replacing a one-word name of an object or action with a descriptive verbose expression. School and classical style distinguishes several types of paraphrases:

I. As a grammatical figure:

• a) the property of the object is taken as a control word, while the name of the object is taken as a controlled word: "The poet used to amuse the khans with rattlesnakes" (a paraphrase of the word "verses");
• b) the verb is replaced by a noun formed from the same stem with another (auxiliary) verb: "an exchange is made" instead of "is exchanged".

II. As a stylistic figure:

c) the name of the object is replaced by a descriptive expression, which is an expanded path (metaphor, metonymy, etc.): "send me, in the language of Delisle, twisted steel piercing the tarred head of the bottle, i.e. a corkscrew"

Comparison is a comparison of one object or phenomenon with another, which gives the description a special figurativeness, visibility, pictoriality.

Examples: trope artwork

"There, like a black iron leg, ran, galloped poker"

"A white snowdrift rushes along the ground like a snake"

trails

- Trope- allegory. In a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, artistic expressiveness speech.

The main types of trails:

- Metaphor

- Metonymy

- Synecdoche

- Hyperbola

- Litotes

- Comparison

- paraphrase

- Allegory

- personification

- Irony

- Sarcasm

Metaphor

Metaphor- a trope that uses the name of an object of one class to describe an object of another class. The term belongs to Aristotle and is associated with his understanding of art as an imitation of life. Aristotle's metaphor is in essence almost indistinguishable from hyperbole (exaggeration), from synecdoche, from simple comparison or personification and likening. In all cases, there is a transfer of meaning from one to another. The extended metaphor has spawned many genres.

An indirect message in the form of a story or figurative expression using comparison.

A figure of speech consisting in the use of words and expressions in a figurative sense on the basis of some kind of analogy, similarity, comparison.

There are 4 “elements” in the metaphor:

An object within a specific category,

The process by which this object performs the function, and

Applications of this process to real situations, or intersections with them.

Metonymy

- Metonymy- a type of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object, which is indicated by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa, etc.), and the metaphor is "by likeness". Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy.

Example: "All flags are visiting us", where the flags replace the countries (the part replaces the whole).

Synecdoche

- Synecdoche- a trope consisting in naming the whole through its part or vice versa. Synecdoche is a type of metonymy.

Synecdoche is a technique that consists in transferring meaning from one object to another on the basis of quantitative similarity between them.

Examples:

- "The buyer chooses quality products." The word "Buyer" replaces the entire set of possible buyers.

- "The stern moored to the shore."

The ship is meant.

Hyperbola

- Hyperbola- a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said, for example, “I said this a thousand times” or “we have enough food for six months.”

Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them the appropriate coloring: hyperbolic comparisons, metaphors, etc. (“the waves rose like mountains”)

Litotes

- Litotes , lithotes- a trope that has the meaning of understatement or deliberate mitigation.

Litota is a figurative expression, a stylistic figure, a turnover, which contains an artistic understatement of the size, strength of the meaning of the depicted object or phenomenon. Litota in this sense is the opposite of hyperbole, therefore it is called differently inverse hyperbole. In litotes, on the basis of some common feature, two heterogeneous phenomena are compared, but this feature is represented in the phenomenon-means of comparison to a much lesser extent than in the phenomenon-object of comparison.

For example: “A horse the size of a cat”, “A person’s life is one moment”, etc.

Here is an example of a lita

Comparison

- Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement.

Night is a well without a bottom

In comparison, they distinguish: the compared object (object of comparison), the object with which the comparison takes place. One of distinguishing features comparison is the mention of both compared objects, while the common feature is not always mentioned.

paraphrase

- Paraphrase , paraphrase , paraphrase- in the style and poetics of tropes, descriptively expressing one concept with the help of several.

Periphrase - an indirect reference to an object by not naming, but describing (for example, "night luminary" = "moon" or "I love you, Peter's creation!" = "I love you, St. Petersburg!").

In paraphrases, the names of objects and people are replaced by indications of their characteristics, for example, “writer of these lines” instead of “I” in the author’s speech, “fall into a dream” instead of “fall asleep”, “king of beasts” instead of “lion”, “one-armed bandit” instead of "slot machine", "Stagirite" instead of Aristotle. There are logical paraphrases (“the author of Dead Souls”) and figurative paraphrases (“the sun of Russian poetry”).

Allegory

- Allegory- conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

As a trope, allegory is used in fables, parables, morality; in the visual arts it is expressed by certain attributes. Allegory arose on the basis of mythology, was reflected in folklore, and was developed in the visual arts. The main way of depicting allegory is a generalization of human concepts; representations are revealed in the images and behavior of animals, plants, mythological and fairy-tale characters, inanimate objects, which acquire a figurative meaning

Example: the allegory of "justice" - Themis (a woman with scales).

Allegory of time controlled by wisdom (W. Titian 1565)

The qualities and appearance attached to these living beings are borrowed from the actions and consequences of what corresponds to the isolation contained in these concepts, for example, the isolation of battle and war is indicated by means of military weapons, the seasons - by means of the flowers, fruits or occupations corresponding to them, impartiality - by means of scales and blindfolds, death through clepsydra and scythes.

personification

- personification- kind of metaphor, transfer of properties animate objects to the inanimate. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features, for example:

And woe, woe, grief!
And the bast of grief was girded ,
Feet are entangled with bast.

Or: the personification of the church =>

Irony

- Irony- a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems.

According to Aristotle, irony is “a statement containing mockery of those who really think so.”

- Irony- the use of words in a negative sense, directly opposite to the literal. Example: “Well, you are brave!”, “Smart-smart ...”. Here positive statements have a negative connotation.

Sarcasm

- Sarcasm- one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a harsh mockery that can open with a positive judgment, but in general it always contains a negative connotation and indicates a lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to what it is happening.

Like satire, sarcasm involves the fight against hostile phenomena of reality through ridiculing them. Ruthlessness, sharpness of exposure - distinguishing feature sarcasm. Unlike irony, sarcasm expresses the highest degree of indignation, hatred. Sarcasm is never a characteristic trick of a comedian who, revealing the funny in reality, depicts it always with a certain amount of sympathy and sympathy.

Example: You have a very smart question. Are you a true intellectual?

Tasks

1) Give short definition word trope .

2) What kind of allegory is shown on the left?

3) Name as many types of trails as you can.

Thanks for attention!!!