Other motives are therefore in the case. Motivated behavior as a personality characteristic

Motivation of behavior is the desire for actions caused by a specific stimulus. In psychology, it is used in a broad sense and is included in all sections:

• Pedagogical uses to create enthusiasm for learning, attraction to work.
• Management - setting up employees for the work process, getting a good result from the activity.
• Family - for the successful fulfillment of the conditions by the child of the assigned task, the maintenance of interpersonal relationships within the family for the sake of the assigned tasks.
• In the clinical - to stimulate the client to solve their problems, interest in consultation.

All the actions of the individual are emotionally colored and are reflected in the life of a person.

Kinds:

Interest plays a huge role in a person's life. Expressed as an increase in the amount of attention paid to the provoking object, it responds only to unchanging needs. Stimulates the processes of the psyche, influencing the mental functions and sensations characteristic of it.

An individual cognizes the world around him, forming his idea of ​​it in a holistic way: he feels, examines, touches.

All the child's behavior at the beginning of life is focused on this stimulus, forcing him to develop and improve his skills and abilities. Having matured further, he takes as a basis the usual scheme for cognizing reality.

Varieties:

• bodily;
• sexual;
• material;
• long;
• transient;
• versatile;
• targeted;
• permanent.

Having satisfied the needs in the directed sphere, new ones are formed, with a more branched system.

An individual cannot do work without being interested in it. By creating landmarks, she controls his behavior and forms new incentives for subsequent movement.

Mental traits: demeanor, character, lifestyle, temperament are reflected in the creation of interests. For example, a mercantile person will be interested in gaining useful connections when meeting, in improving the state of their financial situation, capital accumulation, in profitable investments in relationships and work affairs. Selfish individual - attention is directed only to himself, the creation of all conditions for a comfortable existence in reality, does not think about other people.

Intention- intentional striving in designing one's actions. A person sets an exact goal for the expected result.

The motive has dynamics and duration of passage. Often this term is used by lawyers, lawyers to describe criminal cases. It can be used to explain why a person acted in a certain way in certain circumstances.

Wish- a mature state that has a need with its own meaning and a developed plan of action.

Divided into:

• important for supporting the body in normal health (eating, sleeping, drinking);
• physical (sexual attraction);
• to raise self-esteem (leadership, power, glory, superiority).

It can cross the line of what is permitted, accepted in society and absorb the entire mind of a person. Thought and consciousness are not responsible for the sensual side.

Passion- this is a purposeful action focused on a selected subject or object, performed in a state of passion. Moves people in all ages, is not amenable to regulation, taking a leading place over current needs.

The motive is characterized by irascibility with a change of mood, determines the strong-willed features of the character.

The negative form is manifested in an excessive passion for casino games, dependence on alcohol or drugs. This type leads to the destruction of the individual as a social unit of society. May lead to crime.

A positive form promotes development, helps to achieve significant goals in creative, scientific and labor activity.

If a person takes a neutral position, not experiencing joy and passion in any act, then this quickly causes "emotional dullness" and apathy.

A person achieves significant results when applying motivational actions in behavior consciously or unconsciously, acting on him or under the influence of someone else.

When a person experiences a surge of strength, a willingness to act, to do everything that is required to achieve his goal, this is called the motive of behavior. Each person has his own system of motives, which he forms himself, under the influence of the social environment, as well as education. In the process of realizing one's motives, an activity is performed that is aimed at realizing these motives.

Absolutely any action of the site reader psychological help the site is determined by it. It is one thing when a person understands his motives, so he can change them if he considers them objectionable, or control his behavior if it is better to postpone the implementation of motives. Another thing is when a person not only does not control his motives, but also does not notice how he performs the actions to which they induce him. Then he usually acts first, and then laments the wrongness of his behavior.

Every action has a motive. A person simply may not be aware of it or not recognize it in himself, since not all motives are socially acceptable, but desirable by the person himself. Often a person resorts to such a method as motivation - when he justifies his own behavior, which he did unconsciously.

What is important - an act or a motive for action? Modern man pays more and more attention to what happens to him during outside world, completely forgetting that there is still an inner one. And some experts in reading gestures and facial expressions say that the same posture can carry different meaning, since a person can cross his arms over his chest, not only because he closes himself from the interlocutor, but simply because he is cold. One and the same act can carry a different meaning, although outwardly it is interpreted unambiguously.

Responsibility means being responsible for one's own decisions, actions and results that a person has come to. This does not mean that he is responsible for the decisions and actions of other people. This is responsibility only for yourself and your life.

A valuable gift that can be given to other people is to give them the right to be responsible for their own actions. Even parents are not responsible for the actions of their children. While the parent is trying to impose his opinion on the child and is responsible for any consequences, the child resists, does everything in defiance and gets into dangerous situations, plays with bad habits etc. But as soon as a parent gives his own child the right to decide and be responsible for the consequences, the child quickly learns, matures and treats his parents with gratitude and respect.

Children are responsible for themselves, like all people are responsible for what they do and what results they get. Let others take responsibility for everything that happens to them.

In God's judgment, a person is judged according to the motives for which he did something - out of love or out of love. The main thing is not actions, but the motives with which a person did something. Therefore, it is important not what you do, but how you do it, with what goals and motives.

What are personal motives?

It is difficult to say exactly what a motive is, since the personality is driven by many forces. The motive could be:

1. Goal or desire - what does a person want to achieve?
2. Beliefs and attitudes are ready-made stereotypes that make a person ready for a certain action or behavior.
3. Fears and complexes - when a person tries to run away from something, for which he spares no effort.
4. Interests and inclinations - when a person shows interest in something, wants to try it.
5. Ideas - when a person does not yet know where it will lead, but he sees in this a certain sense of satisfying his desires.
6. Needs are internal or instinctive desires that will bother a person until they are satisfied.

The motive of a person is a certain inner force, which he feels as a surge of energy that prompts him to perform a certain action and achieve a specific result. A person does not feel tired and lazy. He is ready to act.

Motives can be controlled. Of course, some motives are basic and basic, aimed at saving a person's life, so even they cannot be completely eliminated. They can only be delayed. However, there are social motives - acquired in the process of life. If you recognize them, you can easily change or correct them.

Why don't your desires always give you the energy you want to achieve them? The answer here is quite simple: external motives, which are formed by a person consciously and even under the influence of society, are much weaker than internal motives, which are given to a person at a physiological level or in the process of life, have gone into the subconscious. If a person, trying to achieve a goal, contradicts his internal motives with his external motives, then he will stop achieving his desire, since internal motives will stop him and act more strongly than external ones.

Personal behavior motives

At all times, people have tried to answer the question "Why does a person act in one way or another?". Even modern man always trying to understand the motives of another individual, when his behavior excites, is not consistent with personal interests and desires.

At the heart of any behavior of the individual are motives. They often occur in combination. Among them there are leading motives and secondary ones. The leading motives will tell how a person should act, and the secondary ones will make adjustments to the behavior, modifying it slightly.

To understand the actions of another person and even influence them, you need to understand what drives an individual, and change his motives, make them leading. That is what psychology does.

Motives of personality activity

Personal activity is always dictated by motives. Every action has a motive. A person doesn't just act like that. First you need to understand what goal a person sees in front of him, since all his actions will be directed precisely towards its achievement in order to satisfy himself.

• Motives can be functional - aimed at cultural development. Here a person will rest, develop, improve in a certain way.
• Biological motives indicate what needs a person has at the level of the body: hunger, thirst, sex, etc.
• Material needs are what a person wants to surround himself with in order to feel complete, successful.
• The need for respect, recognition, love also arises in all people.
• Spiritual motives - the desire for self-knowledge, self-improvement and development of one's inner qualities.

Motivation encourages a person to perform certain actions in order to achieve specific goals. It is the motive that drives a person who wants to receive and become the owner of a certain category of values. And knowing what is necessary and valuable for each individual person, you can encourage him to perform certain actions or achieve a certain goal.

It is very good to consider motivation on working examples, since it is there that this area of ​​psychology is openly and deeply studied. What does a person work for? To receive wealth. It is thanks to money that its owner can fulfill all his needs. And they are physiological needs (food, clothing, home) and security (physical health, security), the need for love and social recognition, as well as the need for self-realization. Satisfying all your needs, starting from the most necessary and ending with self-realization, a person can be encouraged to take specific actions related to each of them.

So, how can you motivate your employee? Of course, salary increases, promotions, percentages depending on the work performed or the results achieved. It is always very important for an employee that his work is not only noticed, but also well appreciated. And only such an employee is ready to work for the benefit of your company, so that you once again outline his merits.

AT personal life a person's motives can be love, recognition and sex. Of course, you should not explicitly play with these needs, as is the case in the workplace, but tacit motives are permissible. For example, in order to make love to you, your man must give you a massage. Thus, he will make you pleasant, relax and prepare for physical contact.

Managing a person's motivation is quite easy, if you only know the psychology of people well, be aware of the goals of a particular person and are ready to build certain schemes for inducing an individual to act.

Needs and motives of the individual

A need is a certain need within a person, which causes tension, pushing the individual to eliminate it, which is possible only when certain actions are taken to satisfy it. The needs, as well as the motives of the individual, can be:

• Organic, functional, material, social, spiritual.
• Individual and group.
• Psychological and intellectual.
• Daily and annual.

In one situation, a person can be driven by several needs at once. Depending on the importance of needs, a person satisfies the most important first, and then the secondary ones. Sometimes a person gives up some needs in order to satisfy others.

The hierarchy of needs was shown by A. Maslow in his pyramid:

1. He put physiological needs first.
2. Then there are the needs for protection.
3. In third place are social needs - a person wants to have a relationship with someone and receive certain feelings for himself.
4. Then there are aesthetic needs.
5. Last but not least are the spiritual needs. A person comes to them only when all the previous levels are satisfied in the way that a person needs.

A person lives in a circle of other people, so social motives are one of the main ones. A person not only wants to contact other people, but also seeks to receive certain feelings, attitudes from them - respect, love, recognition.

However, social needs are not easy to satisfy, since conflicts, quarrels, and problems often arise in interpersonal relationships. Desired relationships and feelings are not obtained all the time, so a person periodically returns to the need to achieve them.

Special attention should be paid to the human need to have power over other people.

The system of personality motives as a result

Each person is driven simultaneously by several needs, which creates a system of personality motives. In each situation, several motives can be traced at once, some of which are suppressed or excluded in order to satisfy others.

To understand a person, you need to see his system of motives, where there are main and secondary needs.

Motivation- this is the excitation of certain nervous structures (functional systems) due to the actualized need, causing the directed activity of the body. (So, for example, food, sexual, cognitive, protective and other types of motivation may arise.)

The admission to the cerebral cortex of certain sensory excitations, their strengthening or weakening depends on the motivational state. The effectiveness of an external stimulus depends not only on its objective qualities, but also on the motivational state of the organism. (A well-fed organism does not react to the most attractive food.) External stimuli become stimuli, that is, signals for action, only when the organism is in an appropriate motivational state. The brain at the same time models the parameters of the objects that are necessary to satisfy the need, and the schemes of activity for mastering the required object. These patterns - programs of behavior - can be either innate, instinctive, or based on individual experience.

Motivation of behavior is always emotionally saturated. What we aspire to is emotionally exciting. At the same time, some emotions perform a strategic function - they are an indicator of needs, the significance of a certain class of objects, others are associated with determining the significance of individual conditions that ensure the achievement of the object of need. Being a direct "determinant" of the significance, usefulness or harmfulness of certain phenomena, emotions provide the appropriate energy mobilization of the body for the appropriate interaction of the individual with these objects.

Motivational states

The motivational states of a person differ significantly from the motivational states of animals in that they are regulated by the second signal, generalized system of value orientations of the individual. All motivational states are modifications of need states.

Motivational states of a person include interests, desires, aspirations, intentions, drives, passions, attitudes.

Interest- emotionally saturated focus on objects associated with stable human needs (from Latin interest - matters). Interest is shown in increased attention to an object of stable significance.

“If the physical world is subject to the law of motion, then the spiritual world is no less subject to the law of interests. On earth, interest is an all-powerful magician that changes the appearance of any object in the eyes of all beings.

Interest is a motivational-regulatory mechanism human behavior determined by the hierarchy of formed needs.

However, the connection of interests with needs is not straightforward, sometimes it is not realized. Interests are direct and indirect, arising in connection with the means of achieving goals.

Interest as a mental state significantly affects mental processes, activates them. In accordance with the needs, interests are divided into content (material and spiritual), breadth (limited and versatile) and sustainability (short-term and sustainable).

Satisfaction of interest not only does not extinguish it, but forms an even more ramified system of interests.

Acting as the orientation basis of the behavior of the individual, interests become the main psychological mechanism behavior. Interests not only stimulate a person to activity, but they themselves are formed in it.

The breadth and depth of a person's interests determine the usefulness of his life. The interests of an asocial personality are distinguished, as a rule, by narrowness, selfish orientation, mercantilism, and utilitarianism. Characteristics of a person includes determining the range of interests of a given person. His desires, passions and inclinations are closely connected with the interests of a person.

Wish - a motivational state in which needs are correlated with a specific subject of their satisfaction. Desire is a certain stage in the maturation of a need, its correlation with a goal and an action plan. Epicurus divided all human desires into three groups:

1. natural and necessary (desire for food, drink, sleep, rest, etc.),
2. natural, but not necessary (for example, sexual desires),
3. desires are neither natural nor necessary.

The list of this, third, group of desires is immense: desires associated with ambition, a thirst for fame, power, leadership, superiority, superiority over other people, etc. However, the first two groups of human desires are not perfect - they can be hypertrophied, excessively intense who do not know the limits of their satisfaction. Desire is associated with aspiration - an increased emotional attraction to the object of desire.

Passion- a very persistent affective desire for a specific object, the need for which dominates over all other needs and gives an appropriate direction to all human life.

Passion integrates volitional and emotional drives; it can be positive or negative, depending on the social value of what a person is striving for. Many negative passions (for acquisitiveness, gambling, etc.) lead to the degradation of the individual and are often a prerequisite for criminal behavior. Positive passions mobilize a person's strength to achieve socially significant goals (for example, a passion for art, science, certain types of labor activity, etc.). “The complete absence of passions, if such could be achieved, would lead to complete stupefaction, and a person is the closer to this state, the more impartial he is. Indeed, passions are a heavenly fire that enlivens the moral world, science and art owe discoveries to passions, and the soul - nobility."

The state of compulsive attraction to a particular group of objects is called attraction. Attractions can be natural and formed in social conditions.

Natural inclinations are not always realized. They are associated with organic processes and only to a small extent can be regulated by consciousness. The drives themselves can significantly influence the organization and orientation of consciousness. "The attraction sets tasks for the intellect for its satisfaction and uses it as a working apparatus. It puts pressure on thinking, chains it to finding ways to satisfy itself and makes it work until a successful outcome is found."

In a series of instinctive, organic drives, the following sequence is established in order of increasing strength of their tension:

1. orientation reactions.
2. sex drive,
3. hunger (food craving)
4. thirst,
5. motherhood attraction.

Human instincts, in contrast to the instincts of animals, are socially determined. The more deeply a person is socialized, the more disciplined are his drives. The weakening of the psyche, mental degradation lead to the strengthening of instinctive urges. (So, in the structure of crime, a significant place is occupied by unbridled sexual desires, satisfied in a criminal, violent way.)

One of the main features of a developed human consciousness is the ability to make a reasonable choice among one's own drives. To do this, the individual must rise above his drives and, distracted from them, make a choice between them. This choice is made by the hierarchically organized value system of the individual.

Human motivation can be conscious or subconscious.

Conscious motivation associated with intent. Intention (in legal terminology - "intention") is a consciously made decision to achieve a certain goal with a clear idea of ​​the means and methods of action.

AT intention the impulse to action and its conscious planning are combined. Intentions, like needs, have dynamic properties - strength, tension, etc. Intentions organize human behavior, ensure the arbitrariness of his actions, act as a conscious act of behavior. The conscious justification of intention is the motive.

The term "motive" in Latin means motivation, but not every impulse is a motive; behavior can be motivated by feelings, attitudes. Some impulses are recognized, others are not. motive- this is a conscious motivation to achieve a specific goal, understood by the individual as a personal necessity.

If the concept of motivation includes all types of motives of human behavior (including little-conscious and subconscious), then the motive is consciously formed, conceptually formulated motives.

Human activity is usually motivated by several motives - a hierarchy of motives. At the same time, certain motives acquire a leading role.

Leading motives give personal meaning to activity, its objects and conditions. meaning.

Motives may come into conflict with the objective possibilities of their implementation, with the social regulation of behavior. In such cases, the socialized personality either suppresses the motive, or changes it - the search for new, socially acceptable goals of activity. (Motives should be distinguished from motivation - justifying statements about committed action. They may not coincide with the actual motives, mask them.) All little conscious impulsive actions are performed on the basis of a setting (sometimes erroneously interpreted as "unconscious motives").

Installation- a state of readiness for a certain way of behavior in certain situations; it is a neurodynamically encoded stable pattern of behavior. Installation is the most constant, stable basis of human behavior.

There are two types of installation- general and differentiated (fixed). General installation arises in relation to large classes of phenomena; differentiated - in relation to individualized objects.

The setting underlies the integrity and consistency of human behavior, unites his conscious and subconscious spheres, determines the measure of a person’s possible behavior in various life situations, "the rate of his reaction".

The attitude underlies behavioral stereotypes that stabilize the behavior of the individual, freeing him from the need to make decisions and arbitrarily control the implementation of activities in standard situations for him (generalized in the experience of this individual) given changes in the environment, people act in a pattern.

Installations can be associated with various activity components. Semantic, target and operational installations differ.

Semantic attitudes determine the personal meaning of specific objects, phenomena, readiness to act in relation to a significant object in a certain way. The semantic attitudes of the individual are especially intensively formed in the reference (significant) microenvironment for him. In tense situations, attitudes begin to dominate.

Having arisen within the framework of one activity, attitudes pass into other spheres of activity, determine the interaction of subjects with similar objects in a wide range of situations of the same type.

Target settings provide a stable direction of action, they are expressed in a tendency to complete the action under any circumstances, which sometimes leads to rigidity, inflexibility of behavior.

Operating installations provide the psycho-physiological pre-adjustment of the individual to perform an action in certain ways, a consistent system of habitual operations using the means familiar to the individual.

In a complex mechanism of behavior regulation, its conscious components (goals, motive, decisions, programming, choice of means of implementation) continuously interact with subconscious, attitudinally stereotyped components.

So, the motivating and goal-forming mechanism of human behavior consists of a complex set of interrelated personal factors - the orientation of the personality, its needs, the modification of which are interests, desires, aspirations, passions, drives and subconscious attitudes. The conscious component of volitional, purposeful behavior is the motives of behavioral acts that integrate the general orientation of the personality

The orientation of a person largely determines his abilities and character.

The motive (from the Latin movere - set in motion, push) is an internal stimulus of activity. The motive belongs to the subject of behavior itself, it is its stable property that induces to perform certain actions. This is the reason that prompts a person to set a goal and organize activities to achieve it.

A motive is an "objectified" need.

There are the following types of motives:

1. In relation to motives for activity:

> external (the motives that motivate this activity are not related to it (for example, the desire to get a high salary));

> internal (motives directly related to the activity itself (for example, interest in drawing)).

2. By direction:

> ideological;

> patriotic;

> political;

> moral;

> aesthetic;

> professional.

3. According to the degree of impact on the personality:

> strong;

> moderate;

> weak.

4. According to the degree of updating:

> real (prompting to action at the moment);

> potential (formed, but insufficiently manifested at the moment).

5. According to the degree of awareness:

> conscious;

> unconscious.

In the process of formation of a motive, several stages can be distinguished:

> the emergence of a need for something, accompanied by emotional anxiety and displeasure;

> awareness of the motive (first, it is realized what the cause of emotional discomfort is, then a desire is formed (the object that meets this need and can satisfy it is realized), then it is realized how to achieve the desired);

> implementation of the energy component of the motive in real actions.

Characteristics of the motives of human activity:

1. Motives are formed in the process of individual development as relatively stable personality traits.

2. There are as many different motives as there are "individual-environment" relationships.

3. People differ in character, strength and hierarchy of motives.

4. Human behavior at a certain point in time is motivated by the highest motive in the hierarchy (i.e., the strongest).

5. The motive remains effective, i.e., participates in the motivation of behavior until:

> the purpose of the activity has not been achieved,

> the achievement of the goal will become unrealistic,

> there will be no other, more significant motive.

Any of the above conditions blocks the action of the motive.

Motivation is a set of reasons that explain human behavior, its orientation and activity. It includes such concepts as needs, motives, goals, intentions, aspirations. The term "motivation" is used in modern psychology and in a narrower sense - as a characteristic of a process that provides and maintains behavioral activity at a certain level. This process is called motivation.

The motivational sphere of the personality is formed by a set of needs, goals and types of motives, which is formed in the ontogenesis of a person.

A need is a person's need for something.

The goal is a product of his activity that is significant for a person, the possession of which he aspires to. This is what a person is doing. The motive refers to the need that prompts the activity, and the goal refers to the subject to which the activity is directed.

The motivational sphere of a person is characterized by the following parameters: breadth, flexibility, hierarchy.

The breadth of the motivational sphere is the qualitative diversity of motives, needs and goals. The more diverse needs, goals and motives a person has, the more developed is his motivational sphere.

The flexibility of the motivational sphere is determined by the ability of a person to use a variety of means to satisfy the same motive. The more diverse the means, the more flexible the motivational sphere of the personality.

Hierarchization reveals the structure of the levels of organization of the motivational sphere; subordination of motives, needs, goals.

Many motivational factors that characterize a person ensure the formation of the corresponding features of his personality. These include: achievement motivation, or motivation to avoid failure; the motive of affiliation (the desire to communicate with people), or the motive of rejection; prosocial motives (altruism), power motive, aggressive motives, etc.

The concept of motivation for achieving success in various activities was developed by American scientists D. McClelland, D. Atkinson and German researcher X. Hekhauzen. According to their theory, a person has two different motives associated with activities aimed at achieving success. This is the motive for achieving success and the motive for avoiding failure. People who are motivated to succeed usually set a positive goal in their activities, the achievement of which can be regarded as success. They clearly show the desire to achieve success in their activities, choose means and prefer actions aimed at achieving the goal. Individuals motivated to avoid failure tend not to succeed, but to avoid failure.

Motives can be different: interest in the content and process of activity, duty to society, self-affirmation, etc. So, the following motives can encourage a scientist to scientific activity: self-realization, cognitive interest, self-affirmation, material incentives (monetary reward), social motives (responsibility, desire to benefit society).

If a person strives to perform a certain activity, we can say that he has motivation.

Motives are relatively stable manifestations, attributes of a person. For example, arguing that a cognitive motive is inherent in a certain person, we mean that in many situations he manifests cognitive motivation.

The motive cannot be explained by itself. It can be understood in the system of those factors - images, relationships, actions of the individual, which make up the general structure of mental life. Its role is to give impulse and direction to the behavior towards the goal.

Motivating factors can be divided into two relatively independent classes:

§ needs and instincts as sources of activity;

§ motives as reasons that determine the direction of behavior or activity.

The need is necessary condition any activity, but the need itself is not yet able to set a clear direction for the activity

Thus, the need induces to activity, and the motive - to directed activity. It can be said that a motive is an incentive to activity associated with the satisfaction of the needs of the subject.

Some motives are basic, leading, others are secondary, secondary, they do not have independent significance and are always subordinate to the leaders.

achievement motive- the desire to achieve high results and excellence in activities; it manifests itself in the choice of difficult tasks and the desire to complete them. Success in any activity depends not only on abilities, skills, knowledge, but also on achievement motivation. Man with high level achievement motivation, striving to get significant results, works hard to achieve the set goals.

Achievement motivation (and behavior that is aimed at high results) even for the same person is not always the same and depends on the situation and the subject of activity. Someone chooses difficult problems in mathematics, while someone, on the contrary, limiting himself to modest goals in the exact sciences, chooses complex topics in literature, striving to achieve high results in this particular area. What determines the level of motivation in each specific activity?

Scientists identify four factors:

1. the importance of achieving success;

2. hope for success;

3. subjectively assessed probability of success;

4. subjective standards of achievement.

Activity motives can be very different:

§ organic - aimed at meeting the natural needs of the body and are associated with the growth, self-preservation and development of the body;

§ functional - satisfied with the help different kind cultural forms of activity, such as playing sports;

§ material - encourage a person to activities aimed at creating household items, various things and tools;

§ social - generate different kinds activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect;

§ spiritual - underlie those activities that are associated with self-improvement of a person.

Organic and functional motives together constitute the motivation for the behavior and activities of the individual in certain circumstances and can not only influence, but change each other.

Motives not only encourage a person to act, but also give his actions and actions a personal, subjective meaning. In practice, it is important to take into account that people, performing actions that are identical in form and objective results, are often guided by different, sometimes opposite motives, attach different personal meanings to their behavior and actions. In accordance with this, the assessment of actions should be different: both moral and legal.

Motivation and personality.

Personality motives - this is the need (or system of needs) of the individual in the function of motivation. Internal mental urges to activity, behavior are due to the actualization of certain needs of the individual.

Types of personality motives

To consciously justified motives should include values, beliefs, intentions.

Value

Value is a concept used in philosophy to indicate the personal, socio-cultural significance of certain objects and phenomena. Personal values ​​form a system of its value orientations, elements of the internal structure of the personality, which are especially significant for it. These value orientations form the basis of the consciousness and activity of the individual. Value - a personally colored attitude to the world, arising on the basis of not only knowledge and information, but also one's own life experience. Values ​​give meaning human life. Faith, will, doubt, ideal are of lasting importance in the world of human value orientations. Values ​​are part of the culture, received from parents, family, religion, organizations, schools and the environment. Cultural values ​​are widely held beliefs that define what is desirable and what is right. Values ​​can be:

§ self-oriented, which concern the individual, reflect his goals and general approach to life;

§ oriented by others, which reflect the desires of society regarding the relationship between the individual and groups;

§ oriented environment, which embody society's ideas about the desired relationship of the individual with his economic and natural environment.

Beliefs

Beliefs - these are the motives of practical and theoretical activity, justified by theoretical knowledge and the whole worldview of a person. For example, a person becomes a teacher not only because he is interested in passing on knowledge to children, not only because he loves working with children, but also because he knows very well how much in the creation of society depends on the education of consciousness. This means that he chose his profession not only out of interest and inclination to it, but also because of his convictions. Deeply grounded beliefs persist throughout a person's life. Beliefs are the most generalized motives. However, if generalization and stability - characteristics personality traits, then beliefs can no longer be called motives in the accepted sense of the word. The more generalized the motive becomes, the closer it is to a personality trait.

Intention

Intention- a conscious decision to achieve a certain goal with a clear idea means and methods of action. This is where motivation and planning come together. Intention organizes human behavior.

The considered types of motives cover only the main manifestations of the motivational sphere. In reality, there are as many different motives as there are possible human-environment relationships.

Theories of motivation

From the point of view of the classification of H. Scholz, it seems appropriate to divide theories of motivation - depending on the subject of analysis - into three main areas:

· Theories based on a specific picture of the worker - these theories come from a certain image of the worker, his needs and motives. These include Douglas McGregor's XY Theory, William Ouchi's Z Theory.

· Process theories - go beyond the individual and study the impact on motivation of various environmental factors. Theories of this type include D. Atkinson's theory of labor motivation, S. Adams' theory of justice, V. Vroom's theory of motivation, Porter-Lawler's theory, Ritchie and Martin's theory of 12 factors.

In his work Motivation and Personality (1954), Maslow suggested that all human needs are innate or instinctive and that they are organized in a hierarchical system of priority or dominance. This work was continued by other scientists.

Hierarchy of human needs diagram by Abraham Maslow.
Steps (bottom to top):
1. Physiological
2. Security
3. Love/Belonging to something
4. Respect
5. Cognition
6. Aesthetic
7. Self-actualization
Moreover, the last three levels: “cognition”, “aesthetic” and “self-actualization” are generally called “Need for self-expression” (Need for personal growth)

The concept and types of communication.

Communication - a complex process of interaction between people, which consists in the exchange of information, as well as in the perception and understanding of each other by partners. The subjects of communication are living beings, people.

In principle, communication is characteristic of any living beings, but only at the human level the process of communication becomes conscious associated with verbal and non-verbal acts. The person who transmits information is called the communicator, and the person who receives it is called the recipient.

There are several aspects to communication: content, purpose and means. The content of communication is information that is transmitted from one living being to another in interindividual contacts.

Purpose of communication- answers the question "For the sake of what does a creature enter into an act of communication?".

For a person, these goals can be very, very diverse and represent a means of satisfying social, cultural, creative, cognitive, aesthetic and many other needs.

Means of communication- ways of encoding, transmitting, processing and decoding information that is transmitted in the process of communication from one being to another.

Encoding information is a way of transmitting it. Information between people can be transmitted using the senses, speech and other sign systems, writing, technical means recording and storing information.

Communication process(communications). First of all , it consists directly of the very act of communication, communication, in which the communicants themselves participate, communicating. And in the normal case, there should be at least two of them. Secondly, communicants must perform the action itself, which we call communication, i.e. do something (speak, gesticulate, allow a certain expression to be "read" from their faces, indicating, for example, the emotions experienced in connection with what is being reported). Thirdly, it is necessary, then, to determine the communication channel in each specific communicative act.

Communication structure I. The structure of communication can be approached in different ways, in this case, the structure will be characterized by highlighting three interrelated parties in communication: communicative, interactive and perceptual.

Communicativeside communication consists in the mutual exchange of information between a partner between partners in communication, transmission and reception of knowledge, ideas, opinions, feelings. There are two types of information - incentive and ascertaining.

Interactiveside communication consists in the exchange of actions, that is, the organization of interpersonal interaction, which makes it possible for them to realize some communicants to realize some common activity for them.

Perceptual the side of communication is the process of education, knowledge and understanding of each other by people with the subsequent establishment on this basis of certain interpersonal relationships and means the process of education of "social objects".

In communication, they distinguish: content, purpose, means, functions, forms, sides, types, barriers.

Material- the exchange of products and objects of activity, which in turn serve as a means of meeting the actual needs of the subjects. - cognitive -knowledge Exchange.

Active- exchange of actions, operations, skills, skills. Conditioning- exchange of mental or physiological states. Motivational - exchange of motives, goals, interests, motives, needs.

Purpose of communication- this is what a person has this type of activity for. According to the goals, communication is divided into biological and social .

biological- this is communication necessary for the maintenance, preservation and development of the body.

Social communication is for the purpose expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts, establishing and developing interpersonal relationships, personal growth of the individual. There are as many private types of communication as there are biological and social needs. Let's name the main ones:

Businesscommunication is usually included as a private moment in any joint productive activity of people and serves as a means of improving the quality of this activity.

personalcommunication, on the contrary, is concentrated mainly around psychological problems of an internal nature, those interests and needs that deeply and intimately affect the personality of a person.

instrumental- communication, which is not an end in itself, is not stimulated by an independent need, but pursues some other goal, in addition to obtaining satisfaction from the very act of communication.

Target- this is communication, which in itself serves as a means of satisfying a specific need, in this case, the need for communication.

Four main functions of communication: instrumental function characterizes communication as a social mechanism for managing and transmitting information necessary to perform an action; integrative function reveals communication as a means of bringing people together; self-expression function defines communication as a form of mutual understanding of the psychological context; translational function acts as a function of transferring specific methods of activity, assessments, etc.

specific property interpersonal communication - its two-tier organization . In the process of communication, the exchange of information between its participants is carried out as verbal , and non-verbal level.

on verbal, level, human speech is used as a means of transmitting information. To the non-verbal communications are perceived appearance and expressive human movements - gestures, facial expressions, postures, gait