The meaning of the trails. Major tropes and stylistic figures

A polysemantic word, except for its direct meaning, i.e., the primary one, directly related to the object or phenomenon of reality ( varnish- “lacquer”), can also have a figurative meaning, secondary, not directly related to the real object ( varnish- to embellish, to represent something in at its best than it actually is).

Tropes are turns of speech in which a word or expression is used in figurative meaning for greater artistic expressiveness, imagery.

Types of trails:

1. An epithet is a figurative definition that allows you to more clearly characterize the properties, qualities of objects or phenomena: deceived steppe, tanned hills, dissolute wind, drunken expression of a cloud(Chekhov).

General epithets are distinguished, constantly used ( bitter cold, quiet evening), folk poetic ( red girl, clean field, damp land), individually-author's: marmalade mood(Chekhov), globe belly(Ilf, Petrov), rough smell of naphthalene balls(Nabokov).

2. Metaphor - a type of path, which is based on the transfer of meaning based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, nature of action, quality, etc. It is customary to define a metaphor as a hidden comparison.

According to the degree of figurativeness, metaphors are erased, common language ( the prow of the ship, the gold of the hair, the speech flows) and original, individual author's, speech: I open the pages of my palms(Okudzhava); this vobla lives(about a human ) on his wife's estate(Chekhov).

According to the composition of words, metaphors are simple (see above) and complex, detailed, cf. metaphorical image of a storm: Here the wind embraces a flock of waves with a strong hug and throws them on a grand scale in wild anger on the cliffs, breaking emerald masses into dust and spray.(Bitter).

3. Metonymy is a type of path, which is based on the transfer of contiguity, contact of objects, phenomena, their close connection in space and in time. This is the relationship between a) an object and the material from which it is made: Not on silver - on gold ate(Griboyedov); b) content and containing: The theater is already full: the boxes are shining, the stalls and chairs, - everything boils(Pushkin); c) action and instrument of action: The pen of his revenge breathes(A.K. Tolstoy); d) the author and his work: I read Apuleius willingly, but I did not read Cicero(Pushkin), etc.

4. Synecdoche - transferring meaning from part to whole or vice versa: All flags will visit us(Pushkin); the use of the singular instead of the plural or vice versa: And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced(Lermontov).

5. Comparison - a figurative expression based on the likening of one object to another on the basis of a common feature. The comparison is expressed: a) by the instrumental case of the noun: Ippolit Matveyevich, who could not bear all the upheavals of night and day, laughed like a rat's laugh.(Ilf, Petrov); b) using the words "similar", "similar": crying song(Chekhov); c) turnovers with comparative conjunctions “like”, “as if”, “exactly”: Tables, chairs, creaky cabinets scattered around the rooms ... like the bones of a disassembled skeleton(Nabokov); Life was rough and low like a bass clef(Ilf, Petrov); d) shape comparative degree adjectives, adverbs: Under it, a stream of lighter azure(Lermontov).

6. Allegory - allegory, the image of an abstract concept using a specific image, for example, in fables, cowardice appears in the form of a hare, cunning - in the form of a fox, carelessness - in the form of a dragonfly, etc.

7. Hyperbole - a strong exaggeration: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(Gogol); Oh, spring without end and without edge - Without end and without edge dream!(Block).

8. Litota - an underestimation of the size, strength, significance of an object, phenomenon (this is an inverse hyperbole): Your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble(Griboyedov).

9. Irony is an allegory in which words take on the opposite meaning, denial and ridicule under the guise of approval and consent. Often used in fables: Otkle, smart, you wander, head(about a donkey)? (Krylov).

10. Personification - attributing to inanimate objects the properties of living beings: And the star speaks to the star(Lermontov); What are you howling about, night wind, What are you so madly complaining about?(Tyutchev); The steppe threw off the morning penumbra, smiled, sparkled(Chekhov).

11. Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words in meaning: Mum! Your son is beautifully ill(Mayakovsky); And the snow all around burned and froze(Parsnip).

Types of figures of speech

In addition to tropes, stylistic syntax techniques (figures of speech) can be used to increase the figurativeness and emotionality of artistic speech:

1. Antithesis - a sharp opposition of any phenomena, signs, etc. to give speech a special expressiveness: They agreed. Wave and stone, Poetry and prose, Ice and fire Not so different from each other…(Pushkin); I see sad eyes, I hear cheerful speech(A.K. Tolstoy).

2. Inversion - indirect word order, which has a certain stylistic and semantic meaning: The servants do not dare to die, waiting for you around the table(Derzhavin); Smooth horns rustle in the straw A sloping cow's head(Zabolotsky).

3. Repetitions (words, several words, whole sentences) - are used to enhance the utterance, to give speech dynamism, a certain rhythm.

There are repetitions:

a) at the beginning of sentences (anaphora):

I know the city will

I know the garden is blooming

When such people

In the Soviet country there is(Mayakovsky);

b) at the end of phrases (epiphora):

Dear friend, and in this quiet house

The fever hits me.

Can't find me a place in a quiet house

Near peaceful fire(Block);

c) at the junction of poetic lines (anadiplosis), which gives the effect of "enlarging" the overall picture of the depicted:

He fell on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine(Lermontov).

4. A rhetorical question that does not require an answer serves to emotionally affirm or deny something: What Russian does not like fast driving?(Gogol); Didn't you first so viciously persecute His free, bold gift?(Lermontov).

5. Rhetorical appeal - an appeal to an absent person, an inanimate object to enhance the expressiveness of speech: I greet you, a deserted corner, a haven of tranquility, work and inspiration.(Pushkin).

6. Gradation - alignment of homogeneous members according to the principle of strengthening (ascending gradation) or weakening (descending gradation) of a sign, action: You were, you are, you will be forever!(Derzhavin).

Tropes and figures of speech are used not only in fiction, but also in journalism, in oratorical speeches, as well as in proverbs and sayings, in works of oral folk art.

Tasks for self-study

1. Specify trails and stylistic figures used in this text.

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,

Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.

Withering gold embraced,

I won't be young anymore.

Now you won't fight so much

Cold touched heart

And the country of birch chintz

Not tempted to wander around barefoot.

Wandering spirit! You are less and less

You stir the flame of your mouth.

Oh my lost freshness

A riot of eyes and a flood of feelings.

Now I have become more stingy in desires,

My life, or did you dream of me?

Like I'm a spring echoing early

Ride on a pink horse.

All of us, all of us in this world are perishable,

Copper quietly pours from maple leaves ...

May you be blessed forever

That came to flourish and die.

(S. Yesenin)

2. Determine which functional style an excerpt from this text, justify your answer.

This day has been preserved in me as a memory of the gentle smell of dusty homespun rugs with a cozy, gaudy old-fashioned pattern, the feeling of warmth with which the recently whitewashed walls were soaked through and through, and the image of a huge stove, like a formidable black ship, rooted into one of the white walls.

We drank fragrant, village-smelling tea from dull glasses, mixed with the city cookies we had brought, and flowed down on the striped oilcloth of the table in thick bloody waterfalls. raspberry jam. The glasses clinked festively on the coasters, a freshly woven silver cobweb shone cunningly in the corner, and somehow natively floated into the room from the cold vestibule a dope of worn, frosted boots and wicker mushroom baskets.

We go to the forest, the winter forest frozen in crystal. I was given earflaps eaten by more than one generation of moths, felt boots that belonged to the once deceased Pooh's grandfather, and a cheburashka fur coat that belonged to Pooh himself. We walk along a drizzled path leading to Nowhere, since near the forest itself, ceasing to wind, it sticks into the snowdrift pulp. Further only on skis. Skis, too, Pooh, with one stick, in scales of peeling paint, like two flat skinny fish.

Frost burns bare hands, pitifully peeking out of the stubby, not the height of the quilted jacket. Shrouded in mirror blue, the branches tinkle above our heads like a theatrical chandelier. And silence. (S.-M. Granik "My Fluff")

trail view	Definition
1. Comparison	Figurative definition of an object, phenomenon, action based on its comparison with another object, phenomenon, action. Comparison is always binomial: it has a subject (what is being compared) and a predicate (what is being compared).	Under blue skies splendid carpets, Glittering in the sun snow lies(Pushkin). Seven hills as seven bells (Tsvetaeva)
2. Metaphor	The transfer of a name from one object, phenomenon or action to another based on their similarity. A metaphor is a convoluted comparison in which the subject and predicate are combined in one word.	At seven bells- bell towers (Tsvetaeva). Lit east dawn new (Pushkin)
3. Metonymy	Transfer of a name from one object, phenomenon or action to another based on their adjacency	Only heard on the street somewhere Lonely wanders harmonic(Isakovsky)
	Figurative (metaphorical, metonymic) definition of an object, phenomenon or action	Through wavy fogs The moon is sneaking, On sad glades liet sadly she is the light (Pushkin)
5. Personification	Such a metaphor in which inanimate objects are endowed with the properties of a living being or non-personal objects (plants, animals) with human properties	Sea laughed(M. Gorky).
6. Hyperbole	Figurative exaggeration	Tears the mouth of a yawn wider than the Gulf of Mexico(Mayakovsky).
	figurative understatement	Below a thin blade We must bow our heads (Nekrasov)
8. Paraphrase	Replacing a word with a figurative descriptive phrase	With a clear smile, nature meets through a dream morning of the year(Pushkin). Morning of the year Spring.
	The use of a word in a sense opposite to the literal, for the purpose of ridicule	breakaway, clever, are you heading? (referring to the donkey in Krylov's fable)
10. Allegory	Biplanar use of a word, expression or a whole text in a literal and figurative (allegorical) sense	"Wolves and Sheep" (the title of the play by A. N. Ostrovsky, implying the strong, those in power and their victims)

2.3 Figure is a set of syntactic means of speech expressiveness, the most important of which are stylistic (rhetorical) figures.

Stylistic figures are symmetrical syntactic constructions based on different kind repetitions, omissions and changes in the order of words in order to create expressiveness.

The main types of figures

Type of figure	Definition
1. Anaphora and epiphora	Anaphora (unity) - repetition of words or expressions at the beginning of adjacent fragments of text. Epiphora (ending) - repetition of words or expressions at the end of adjacent fragments of text.	US drove youth On a saber hike US abandoned youth On the Kronstadt ice. War horses carried away US, On a wide area Killed US(Bagritsky)
	A syntactic construction in which the beginning of the next fragment mirrors the ending of the previous one.	Youth is not lost Youth is alive! (Bagritsky)
3. Parallelism	The same syntactic structure of adjacent fragments of text	We have a road for young people everywhere, Old people are honored everywhere (Lebedev-Kumach).
4. Inversion	Breaking the normal word order	Discordant sounds were heard from calls (Nekrasov)
5. Antithesis	Contrasting two adjacent constructions, identical in structure, but opposite in meaning	I am a king, I am a slave I am a worm - I am God (Derzhavin).
6. Oxymoron	The combination in one construction of words that contradict each other in meaning	"The Living Corpse" (the title of the play by L. N. Tolstoy).
7. Gradation	Such an arrangement of words, in which each subsequent one strengthens the meaning of the previous one (ascending gradation) or weakens it (descending gradation).	Go, run, fly and avenge us (Pierre Corneille).
8. Ellipsis	Intentional omission of any implied member of the sentence in order to enhance the expressiveness of speech	We sat down - in the ashes, Cities to ashes In swords - sickles and plows (Zhukovsky).
9. Default	Intentional interruption of the statement, enabling the reader (listener) to independently think it out	No, I wanted ... maybe you ... I thought It was time for the baron to die (Pushkin).
10. Multi-union and non-union	Intentional use of repeated alliances (polyunion) or omission of alliances (non-union)	And snow, and wind, and night flight of stars (Oshanin). Either the plague will pick me up, Or the frost will ossify, Or a barrier will slam into my forehead A sluggish invalid (Pushkin). Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts (Pushkin).
11. Rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals	Questions, exclamations, appeals that do not require an answer, designed to draw the attention of the reader (listener) to the depicted	Moscow! Moscow! I love you like a son (Lermontov). What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? (Lermontov)
12. Period	Circularly closing syntactic construction, in the center of which is anaphoric parallelism	For everything, for everything you thank you I am: Per secret torments of passions, Per the bitterness of tears, the poison of a kiss, Per revenge of enemies and slander Per the heat of the soul, wasted in desert, Per everything that I deceive in life Stand only so that you I won't be long thanked (Lermontov).

three styles:

High(solemn),

Average(mediocre),

Short(simple)

Cicero wrote that the ideal orator is one who can talk about the low simply, about the high - importantly and about the average - moderately.

Speech. Analysis of expressive means.

It is necessary to distinguish between tropes (figurative and expressive means of literature) based on the figurative meaning of words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Lexical means.

Usually in the review of task B8, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.

synonyms(contextual, linguistic) - words that are close in meaning	soon - soon - one of these days - not today or tomorrow, in the near future
antonyms(contextual, linguistic) - words that are opposite in meaning	they never said to each other you, but always you.
phraseological units- stable combinations of words close in lexical meaning one word	at the edge of the world (= “far away”), missing teeth (= “frozen”)
archaisms- obsolete words	squad, province, eyes
dialectism- Vocabulary common in a certain area	chicken, goof
book, colloquial vocabulary	daring, associate; corrosion, management; squander money, outback

Trails.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

Types of trails and examples for them in the table:

metaphor- transferring the meaning of a word by similarity	dead silence
personification- likening an object or phenomenon to a living being	dissuadedgolden grove
comparison- comparison of one object or phenomenon with another (expressed through unions as, as if, as if, comparative degree of adjective)	bright as the sun
metonymy- replacement of the direct name with another by adjacency (i.e. based on real connections)	The hiss of foamy glasses (instead of: foamy wine in glasses)
synecdoche- the use of the name of the part instead of the whole and vice versa	a lonely sail turns white (instead of: a boat, a ship)
paraphrase– replacing a word or group of words to avoid repetition	author of "Woe from Wit" (instead of A.S. Griboyedov)
epithet- the use of definitions that give the expression imagery and emotionality	Where are you going, proud horse?
allegory- expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images	scales - justice, cross - faith, heart - love
hyperbola- exaggeration of the size, strength, beauty of the described	in a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned
litotes- underestimation of the size, strength, beauty of the described	your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble
irony- the use of a word or expression in the reverse sense of the literal, with the aim of ridicule	Where, smart, are you wandering, head?

Figures of speech, sentence structure.

In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

epiphora- repetition of words at the end of sentences or lines following one another	I would like to know. Why am I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor?
gradation- construction of homogeneous members of the sentence by increasing meaning or vice versa	came, saw, conquered
anaphora- repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or lines following one another	Ironthe truth is alive with envy, Ironpestle, and iron ovary.
pun- play on words	It was raining and two students.
rhetorical exclamation (question, appeal) - exclamatory, interrogative sentence or an offer with an appeal that does not require a response from the addressee	Why are you standing, swaying, thin mountain ash? Long live the sun, long live the darkness!
syntactic parallelism- the same construction of sentences	young everywhere we have a road, old people everywhere we honor
polyunion- repetition of an excess union	And a sling, and an arrow, and a crafty dagger Years spare the winner ...
asyndeton- construction of complex sentences or a series of homogeneous members without unions	Flickering past the booth, women, Boys, benches, lanterns ...
ellipsis- omission of implied word	I'm behind a candle - a candle in the stove
inversion- indirect word order	Our amazing people.
antithesis- opposition (often expressed through the unions A, BUT, HOWEVER or antonyms	Where the table was food, there is a coffin
oxymoron- a combination of two contradictory concepts	living corpse, ice fire
citation- transmission in the text of other people's thoughts, statements indicating the author of these words.	As it is said in the poem by N. Nekrasov: “You have to bow your head below the thin bylinochka ...”
questionable-reciprocal form statements- the text is presented in the form of rhetorical questions and answers to them	And again a metaphor: "Live under minute houses ...". What do they mean? Nothing lasts forever, everything is subject to decay and destruction
ranks homogeneous members of the proposal- enumeration of homogeneous concepts	He was waiting for a long, serious illness, leaving the sport.
parceling- a sentence that is divided into intonation-semantic speech units.	I saw the sun. Above your head.

Remember!

When completing task B8, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it the semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc.

It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.

Parsing the task.

(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun through the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingenious that it is constantly self-renewing and thus keeps billions of passengers traveling for millions of years.

(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through space deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, cutting down forests, spoiling the oceans. (5) If on a small spaceship astronauts will fussily cut the wires, unscrew the screws, drill holes in the skin, then this will have to be qualified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) It's only a matter of size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) Wound up, multiply, swarm microscopic, on a planetary, and even more so on a universal, scale of being. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry, multiply, do their work, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations.

(13) Unfortunately, just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of the so-called technical progress, are such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between man and nature, with the beauty of our land. (14) On the one hand, a man twitched by an inhuman rhythm modern life, crowding, a huge flow of artificial information, weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this external world brought to such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual communion with him.

(15) It is not known how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?

(According to V. Soloukhin)

“The first two sentences use a trope like _______. This image of the "cosmic body" and "cosmonauts" is the key to understanding the author's position. Discussing how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that "humanity is a disease of the planet." ______ (“they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations”) convey the negative deeds of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said by the author is far from being indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence ________ "original" gives the argument a sad ending, which ends with a question.

List of terms:

1. epithet
2. litotes
3. introductory words and insert structures
4. irony
5. extended metaphor
6. parceling
7. question-answer form of presentation
8. dialectism
9. homogeneous members of a sentence

We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first - epithet, litote, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second - introductory words and plug-in constructions, parcelling, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.

It is better to start the task with passes that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission #2. Since the whole sentence is given as an example, some syntactic means is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous departures” rows of homogeneous members of the sentence are used : Verbs scurry, multiply, do business, gerunds eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb "transfer" in the review indicates that the place of the gap should be the word in plural. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and plug-in constructions and homogeneous member sentences. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without losing their meaning are absent. Thus, at the place of pass No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.

In pass number 3, the numbers of sentences are indicated, which means that the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parceling can be immediately “discarded”, since the authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. There are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in sentences: in my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.

In place of the last gap, it is necessary to substitute the masculine term, since the adjective “used” must agree with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms - epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here, the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, so we have an epithet in front of us.

It remains to fill only the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences, where the image of the earth and us, people, as an image of a cosmic body and astronauts is rethought. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only thing left possible variant- a metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.

Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.

Practice.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, chirped on his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher strictly told him: “Valery Petrovich, higher!” (Z) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose always had a beet red color, like that of a clown. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

(6) And at first in the kindergarten, and then at school, I carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know who has any fathers!), But it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. (8) I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! (9) Often straying, he sighed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to sink through the ground with shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in the third grade when I had a bad cold. (12) I have otitis media. (13) In pain, I screamed and pounded my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver shrillly, like a woman, began to shout that now we will all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) The father asked how much was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, repeated: “What a fool I am!” (19) The father thought and quietly said to his mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain circled me like a snowflake blizzard. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me that a huge monster, with a clanging jaw, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow was falling on the frosty windows with a rustle. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomed into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I don’t know how much time has passed, but suddenly the night was lit up with bright headlights, and a long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and through my eyelashes I saw my father. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time later he was ill with bilateral pneumonia.

(32) ... My children are perplexed why, when decorating a Christmas tree, I always cry. (ZZ) From the darkness of the past, a father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if stealthily wants to see his daughter among the dressed up crowd of children and smile at her cheerfully. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start to cry.

(According to N. Aksyonova)

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.

This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in place of the gap, write the number 0.

The sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review at the place of the gaps, write down in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number B8, starting from the first cell.

“The use by the narrator to describe the blizzard of such a lexical means of expression as _____ ("terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives expressive power to the depicted picture, and such paths as _____ ("pain circled me" in sentence 20) and _____ ("the driver began to scream shrillly, like a woman" in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A technique such as _____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.

The concept of a rhetorical trope.

Def. A trope is a figure of speech, the use of a word or expression in a figurative sense.

The most important features of tropes and their significance in speech.

1) Rhetorical paths reflect the course of human cognitive activity.

2) Paths reflect a subjective view of the world, reflect its emotions,

moods, ratings.

3) The rhetorical trope has a semantic capacity, which helps to briefly convey complex content.

4) The figurative turnover is clear, it remains better in memory, it is better perceived.

5) Rhetorical paths provide an opportunity to enjoy the text and include the addressee in the creative process.

Expressions “a callous soul,” “a line of understanding of things,” “the capital immediately interrupted its studies,” “no Russian citizen is heard,” “and a sworduthe thunder of cannons is unable to occupy the world,” “the world is on the road, not at the pier, not at an overnight stay, not at a temporary station or rest” contain paths.

Many words of the language that we are used to using without much thought about their meaning have formed as tropes. We talk “electric current,” “the train has come,” “damp autumn,” but also “Word of God,” “mercy of God,” “into your hands I commit my spirit,” but in all these expressions the words are used in a figurative sense, although we often do not imagine how one could replace them with words in the proper sense, for such words may not exist in the language.

Metaphor- a word that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity in some respect of two objects or phenomena. Metaphor is a hidden comparison, which reveals itself as conjunctions "as", "as if".

There are two subject comparisons:

Object and subject

The third sign by which objects are compared.

1) Elements of comparison must be heterogeneous - a rule based on proportion.

2) The comparison term should reveal not any random, but an essential feature when compared.

3) The assessment of the subject of speech depends on the area of ​​comparison.

When a comparison is sought to improve the metaphor

When a comparison is sought for the deterioration of a metaphor

4) To get a fresh metaphor, you can use generic comparisons.

5) Metaphors can be short and detailed.

Brief metaphor- the words are compared in a new concept, the phrase “as if” is washed out.

Expanded metaphor- a phrase within a metaphor. Deepens the structure of the subject, turns into a frame of the text.

Metonymy- (renaming) transfer of the name of an object from one to another by adjacency or proximity.

Metonymy is often used to refer to:

1) an object according to the material from which it is made

2) by property

4) the subject is named after the subject, soder. his.

5) time is called by an object or phenomenon that characterizes this time (love to the grave)

6) a special case of metonymy is synecdoche

The name of a part of an object is transferred to the entire object.

The plural is replaced by the singular

7) a rhetorical device of paraphrases is built on the development of metonymy, when

the name of the item is replaced by a description of its attributes.

Other tropes and figures of speech and their use in the text.

Personification (animation)- endowment inanimate objects signs and properties of a person (most often used when describing nature).

Allegory(allegory, allusion - "hint") - the expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images. Used in fables, epics, fairy tales. ( cunning - fox)

allusion- the use in speech of a hint of well-known circumstances. (wash your hands)

Antimetabola- a play on words. where a serious situation is considered, as opposed to a pun.

Antonomasia(rename) - use famous name own in the sense of a common noun.

Epithet- figurative definition of an object or action.

Hyperbola- exaggeration of size, strength, beauty. (scared to death, the sea is hot)

Litota (simplicity) is an inverse hyperbole, an image. an expression deliberately downplaying size, strength, beauty ( interesting fact)

meiosis(same as litote) - a figure of speech that underestimates the properties, the degree of something.

Paraphrase(retelling) - a descriptive phrase that is used instead of any word, subject of speech.

Dysphemism- a trope consisting in replacing a normative, natural word with a more vulgar, familiar word.

Euphemism- polite, softening designation of something.

catahresis- a trope associated with the use of words in the sense that they do not belong, often acts as a hyperbolic metaphor.

Pun(play on words) - the use of different meanings of the same word or two similar-sounding words. (at the words “proposal” and “union”, the students modestly lower their eyes and blush)

Oxymoron- this is a figure of speech, consisting in the combination of two antonyms (words opposite in meaning), when a new semantic unity is born (eloquent silence, a living corpse).

Anaphora- a figure of speech consisting of repetition initial word in every offer.

Paradox- unexpected, sharply at odds with logic reasoning, conclusion, conclusion. (the quieter you go, the further you'll get)

Every word in Russian has a nominative meaning. This helps to correlate speech with reality and express thoughts. In addition to the main meaning, most words are included in a specific and have an additional symbolic meaning, which is most often portable. This lexical property is actively used by poets and writers to create a similar phenomenon in the Russian language was called and literary tropes. They give the text expressiveness and help to convey your idea more accurately.

Types of artistic and visual means

Among the tropes, metonymy, periphrase, synecdoche, litote, hyperbole are distinguished. The ability to see them in works allows you to understand the ideological intent of the author, to enjoy the richness of the magnificent Russian language. And the use of tropes in one's own speech is a sign of a literate, cultured person who can speak accurately and expressively.

How can one recognize in the text and learn to apply literary tropes on one's own?

Table with examples from fiction

Let's see how the recognized poets and writers do it.

Literary tropes	Property	Example
	An adjective, less often a noun, an adverb, a participle used in a figurative sense and denoting an essential feature of an object	"And blue eyes bottomless bloom ... "(A. Blok)
Comparison	Turnover with unions AS, AS IF, AS IF, AS LIKE or words SIMILAR, SIMILAR; noun in instrumental case; adjective or adverb in the comparative degree. The point is to liken	“The block seemed to me ... expensive ..., like a nightingale in a spring bush..."(K. Balmont)
Metaphor	Based on value transfer by similarity	«… the soul is full of fire"(M. Lermontov)
personification	Animation of natural phenomena, objects	« The azure of heaven laughs..."(F. Tyutchev)
Metonymy	Transfer value by adjacency	« Rugal Homer, Theocritus... "(A. Pushkin), i.e. their works
Synecdoche	It implies the transfer of meaning based on the ratio in quantity: singular instead of and vice versa	"To him … and the beast is gone... "(A. Pushkin)
Hyperbola	over exaggeration	« Man ... with a fingernail"(N. Nekrasov)
	An over-understatement	« From the wings of a mosquito he made himself two shirt-fronts"(K. Aksakov)
paraphrase	The name of an object or phenomenon through an essential, well-recognized feature	"Love you, petra creation... "(A. Pushkin), i.e. Saint Petersburg

Thus, literary tropes - the table fully reflects their essential features - can be determined even by a person who does not have a special education. It is only necessary to delve into their essence. To do this, let us consider in more detail those means of expression that usually cause the greatest difficulties.

Metaphor and personification

Unlike comparison, in which there are two objects or phenomena - the original and the one taken for comparison, these literary tropes contain only the second. In a metaphor, similarity can be expressed in color, volume, shape, purpose, etc. Here are examples of this use of words in a figurative sense: moon clock wooden», « noon breathes».

Personification differs from metaphor in that it is a more detailed image: The suddenly rising wind tossed and groaned all night».

Metonymy, synecdoche, paraphrase

These literary tropes are often confused with the metaphor described above. To avoid such mistakes, it should be remembered that the manifestation of adjacency in metonymy can be as follows:

• content and what it includes: eat a plate»;
• author and his work: remembered Gogol well»;
• action and the instrument for its accomplishment: " villages were doomed to swords»;
• object and material from which it is made: " porcelain at the exhibition»;
• the place and the people in it: the city didn't sleep».

Synecdoche usually implies a quantitative relationship between objects and phenomena: " here everyone aims at Napoleons».

paraphrase

Sometimes writers and poets, for greater expressiveness and imagery, replace the name of an object or phenomenon with an indication of its essential feature. Paraphrasing also helps to eliminate repetitions and connect sentences in the text. Consider these literary tropes with examples: shining steel"- dagger," author of Mumu"- I. Turgenev," old woman with a scythe" - death.