Russian political party "United Russia"- Russian political party, the largest party in Russia. Following the results of the 2003 elections, United Russia formed a parliamentary majority in the State Duma, in 2007 - a constitutional majority, but in 2011 lost the constitutional majority. The leader of the party, who headed the party's electoral list in the 2007 Duma elections, is the current Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin.
Composition: 26% of party members are pensioners, students and temporarily unemployed, 21.2% work in education, 20.9% in industry, 13.2% are in the civil service and work in government, 8% work in health care, 4% are entrepreneurs, about the same number of party members work in the field of art.
According to the decisions of the XII Congress of "United Russia", adopted on September 24, 2011, in the Duma elections, the party's pre-election list was headed by the current President of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev, and in the 2012 elections, Vladimir Putin became the presidential candidate from "United Russia".
Created on December 1, 2001 at the founding congress of the socio-political associations "Unity" (leader - Sergei Shoigu), "Fatherland" (Yuri Luzhkov) and "All Russia" (Mintimer Shaimiev) as the All-Russian political party "Unity and Fatherland - United Russia" . On December 2, 2006, the 7th Party Congress was held in Yekaterinburg. As a result of the congress, the program statement “The Russia We Choose” was approved, which outlined a development strategy based on the principles of sovereign democracy. Also in the period 2006-2007, United Russia initiated the creation of a number of new organizations: the Young Guard of United Russia, the Union of Pensioners of Russia, the Pedagogical Society of Russia, the All-Russian Council of Local Self-Government - allowing to create more favorable conditions for the public realization of the interests of their members.
The 8th Party Congress was held in two stages. On October 1-2, 2007, the first stage took place in Moscow. President Vladimir Putin took part in its work. The first day was devoted to discussing the program with which United Russia went to the Duma elections, the so-called Putin Plan. On the second day of the congress, the federal electoral list of the party was approved. On December 17, 2007, the second stage took place in Moscow. President Vladimir Putin and First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev took part in its work. Party chairman Boris Gryzlov, opening the congress, said that its main task is to prepare for the presidential election campaign. The congress officially nominated Dmitry Medvedev, First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, as a candidate for the post of President of Russia. 478 delegates voted for his candidacy, 1 against.
On May 7, 2008, Boris Gryzlov was replaced as party leader by Vladimir Putin. Earlier, at the IX Congress of United Russia (April 15, 2008), President Vladimir Putin accepted an offer to head the United Russia party.
On November 20, 2008, the 10th Congress of United Russia took place in Moscow. Party chairman Vladimir Putin spoke at its opening. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev took part in the congress.
On September 28, 2010, the dismissed mayor of Moscow, Yuri Luzhkov, left the post of co-chairman of the Supreme Council of United Russia and left the party.
At the XII Party Congress on September 24, 2011, Medvedev supported Prime Minister Putin's candidacy in the 2012 presidential election. The President accepted Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's offer to lead the United Russia party in the Duma elections and said that, in his opinion, Vladimir Putin should run for president in 2012. The delegates gave this statement a standing ovation and they unanimously supported his candidacy for the presidency. Medvedev reacted immediately, saying that the applause was proof of Putin's popularity among the people. About ten thousand participants of the meeting listened to Medvedev's speech. In total, the congress was attended by about 12 thousand participants, guests and journalists, which is unprecedented for such political meetings.
Also at the congress on September 24, the pre-election list of candidates from the party for the December elections to the State Duma was approved. The list includes 416 party members and 183 non-party members, 363 of them are running for the first time. On September 29, 2011, the list was submitted to the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. The list of the party was headed by the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev. 582 congress delegates voted for the list, one voted against.
The pre-election program of "United Russia" were the speeches of Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin delivered at the congress. Medvedev identified seven strategic government policy priorities, and Putin proposed writing off 30 billion rubles in erroneous tax debts of 36 million Russians and raising salaries for public sector workers by 6.5% from October 10. Vladimir Putin also noted that taxes for wealthy citizens should be higher than for the middle class, and suggested raising housing and communal services tariffs only in excess of the established norm. Among other priorities, Putin named the complete rearmament of the army and navy in 5-10 years, doubling the pace of road construction in 10 years, creating or updating 25 million jobs in 20 years, and Russia becoming one of the five largest economies in the world.
Communist Party of the Russian Federation(abbreviated The Communist Party listen)) is a left-wing political party in the Russian Federation.
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation was formed at the II Extraordinary Congress of Communists of Russia (February 13-14, 1993) as the restored Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The number of regional branches is 81, the number of members is 154,244. The party was represented in the State Duma of all convocations, and also has representation in government bodies at the regional level.
His strategic goal in the long term calls the construction of "renewed socialism" in Russia. In the short term, he sets himself the following tasks: the coming to power of "patriotic forces", the nationalization of mineral resources and strategic sectors of the economy while maintaining small and medium-sized businesses, strengthening the social orientation of state policy.
supreme body- Party Congress, elects the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and its chairman. Since 1993 G. A. Zyuganov has been the chairman of the central executive committee of the party (CEC of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, since 1995 - the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation), V. A. Kuptsov was the first deputy chairman of the CEC of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation until 2004. Deputy chairmen of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (for 2011) - I. I. Melnikov - first deputy since 2004 and V. I. Kashin. The controlling body is the Central Control and Auditing Commission (CCRC) of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the chairman of the CCRC is V. S. Nikitin.
In the new edition of the party program, adopted in 2008, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation is declared as the only political organization that consistently defends the rights of people of wage labor and national-state interests. The program indicates the strategic goal of the party - the construction in Russia of "renewed socialism, socialism of the 21st century."
The program of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation states that the party is guided by the Marxist-Leninist teaching and creatively develops it, relies on the experience and achievements of domestic and world science and culture. However, a significant place in the program documents and works of the party leaders is occupied by the "confrontation between the new world order and the Russian people" with its thousand-year history, with its qualities - "catholicity and sovereignty, deep faith, indestructible altruism and a resolute rejection of the commercial baits of the bourgeois, liberal-democratic paradise”, “Russian question”.
According to its program, the Communist Party considers it necessary to reform the country in three stages. At the first stage, it is planned to achieve the power of the working people (at the moment, according to the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, they do not have such power) in the form of a coalition led by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. Achieving this goal will help eliminate the catastrophic, from the point of view of the party, consequences of the reforms carried out in recent decades, in particular, through the nationalization of property privatized in the 1990s. At the same time, however, small commodity producers will remain, and, moreover, their protection from robbery by "big capital, officials and mafia groups" will be organized. It is also planned to carry out a management reform by creating councils at various levels.
At the second stage the role of councils and trade unions will increase even more. The economy will undergo a gradual transition to socialist forms of management, but small private capital will still remain. Finally, at the third stage, the construction of socialism is planned.
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation, according to Gennady Andreevich Zyuganov, is in favor of cooperation with Orthodox Church, for example, together with the Russian Orthodox Church advocated the adoption of a law against the penetration of foreign sects into the country.
The party also has its own position on national history, and considers the position taken by official historians to be false: for example, regarding the famine in Ukraine, the events in Katyn, collectivization. At the same time, the party recognizes individual violations of "socialist legality" in the 1930s and 1940s and condemns them. Assessing the role of Stalin, representatives of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation propose to take into account economic achievements, victory in the Great Patriotic war and the post-war reconstruction of the country with the creation of a "nuclear shield". In 2009, Zyuganov noted: “As for repressions, back in the 1950s, the party declared their inadmissibility and swore that they would never happen again.” At the same time, Zyuganov often tries to compare the repressions with the decline in the Russian population and the negative consequences of the reforms carried out since the early 1990s.
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation builds its work on the basis of the program and charter. The party is a legal entity from the moment of state registration and carries out its activities in accordance with the statutory goals throughout Russia, having regional branches in 81 subjects of the federation. Each regional branch is governed by a regional (regional, city, etc.) committee headed by a first secretary.
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation creates its own regional, local and primary party organizations throughout the Russian Federation. The location of the permanent governing body of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation is Moscow. The creation of factions is prohibited in the party. Friendly youth organization - Union of Communist Youth.
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (Liberal Democratic Party listen)) is a political party in the Russian Federation. Created December 14, 1992. He is the direct successor of the Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union. The chairman of the party is Vladimir Zhirinovsky. On April 12, 1991, the Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union was registered by the Ministry of Justice of the USSR - the only opposition CPSU party at that time that had existed unofficially since December 1989. On August 10, 1992, the Russian Ministry of Justice annulled the registration of the LDPSS, since it was made "with gross violations of the law, according to falsified documents." The united party broke up into the liberal democratic parties of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine and other CIS countries.
According to the official program of the LDPR, the party stands for liberalism and democracy, but the actual ideology of the party is national liberalism. The LDPR categorically denies communist ideology and Marxism in general. At the same time, it is believed that the main spokesman for the interests of people and society is the state and that all the interests of citizens should be subordinated to it. Personal freedom is also recognized to the extent that it does not conflict with state and public interests. The LDPR calls for the restoration of Russia as a great power without dividing it into national republics. The LDPR advocates a parliamentary form of government and the liquidation of the Upper House, for reducing the number of deputies in the State Duma and introducing restrictions on the constitutional majority of any one party (the party that wins the parliamentary elections should not receive more than 40% of seats in parliament). The position of the Liberal Democratic Party in relation to corporate property is that the state should exercise strict control over it. Despite its name, the LDPR is generally described as a nationalist party. In 2011, the Liberal Democratic Party spoke in favor of raising the so-called "Russian Question" and held a round table to discuss it, to which the leaders of nationalist organizations were invited: Georgy Borovikov (RfO Memory), Dmitry Demushkin (Slavic Union), Dmitry Bobrov (NSI) and Alexander Belov-Potkin (ex-leader of the DPNI). This event caused a wide public outcry and attracted Russian nationalists to the LDPR, and also strengthened the position of the LDPR as a patriotic and nationalist party.
From 1994 to 2011, the Liberal Democratic Party submitted 1095 bills to the State Duma, 18% of all submitted to the State Duma, 961 bills from the LDPR party were considered. From 2008 to 2011, 924 bills were submitted to the State Duma, 241 of them from the LDPR party. During the same period, the State Duma adopted 360 laws, 80 of them from the LDPR party.
"Fair Russia" (SR, Socialist-Revolutionaries) is a center-left political party in Russia that adheres to the ideology of social democracy and modernized socialism.
It was created on October 28, 2006 as a result of the merger of the Rodina party, the Russian Party of Life and the Russian Party of Pensioners. The former structure of the Russian Party of Life became the main base.
Initially, the party cooperated with the ruling United Russia party and supported the political course pursued by Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev, but since 2011 the party began to position itself as a rigid opposition to the current government.
The official name of the party is "Political Party Just Russia". In political slang, party members are often called "Socialist-Revolutionaries" (from the initials of the name), just like members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, they also use the name "Right Russians".
Since 2007, he has been a member of the supervisory board of the international organization Socialist International.
In 2008, at its XV Congress, the Russian Ecological Party "The Greens", which at one time was an ally of the "Russian Party of Life", also joined the "Fair Russia" party, later the Social Democratic Party of Russia and the Socialist United Party of Russia joined the party.
The party chairman since 2011 is Nikolai Levichev, the head of the faction in the State Duma is Sergei Mironov, who can cancel any decision of any party body, including the party chairman.
On August 29, 2006, the first document was signed in the press center of the Arguments and Facts weekly, which laid the foundation for the creation of a new party - the Agreement on the Basic Principles of the Union of the Rodina Party, the Russian Party of Life and the Russian Party of Pensioners. The agreement was signed by party leaders: Sergei Mironov, Alexander Babakov and Igor Zotov.
On October 28, 2006, the VII Congress of the Rodina party took place, which decided to rename it into the Just Russia: Motherland/Pensioners/Life party. On the same day, almost simultaneously at the congresses of the Russian Party of Life and the Russian Party of Pensioners, decisions were made to terminate the activities of the parties and their entry into the party "Fair Russia:" Motherland / Pensioners / Life "".
The VII Congress of the Rodina Party became the Constituent Congress of the Political Party A Just Russia: Motherland/Pensioners/Life. At the congress, the governing bodies of the new party were elected, the Manifesto and the Program Statement were adopted.
By the decision of the Chairman of the party, the date of October 28, 2006 was recognized as the birthday of the A Just Russia Party.
On February 26, 2007, the 1st congress of the Just Russia party was held in St. Petersburg, at which the Party's political platform was adopted.
During the first half of 2007, A Just Russia was joined by two more political parties: the People's Party of the Russian Federation (leader Gennady Gudkov) and the Socialist United Party of Russia (leader Vasily Shestakov).
On September 24, 2011, the VI Congress of the Just Russia party was held, concerning the Duma (2011) and presidential (2012) elections, which was interrupted. It was continued after the Duma elections. The main outcome of the Congress was the adoption of the Pre-election program of the SR (directed this time against United Russia) and the approval of the lists of candidates for deputies of the State Duma of the sixth convocation (600 people), and the federal list ("fair eight") included: Sergei Mironov, Nikolai Levichev and others. It was also announced that Mironov would be nominated as a presidential candidate to participate in the 2012 elections.
On December 4, 2011, in the Duma elections, the party received 13.24% of the vote, thereby being able to get 64 representatives into the Duma.
Mikhail Dmitrievich Prokhorov(born May 3, 1965, Moscow) - entrepreneur, billionaire, president of the private investment fund ONEXIM Group, president of the Russian Biathlon Union. Since 2011, he has been engaged in political activities. In June - September 2011, the chairman of the Right Cause party. Candidate for President of Russia in the elections on March 4, 2012. On June 25, 2011, at an extraordinary congress of the Just Cause party, Prokhorov joined the party and was elected its leader for a period of four years. Prokhorov intended to spend 100 million dollars of personal money on the party's election campaign and expected to take the same amount from his colleagues in the business community.
In early September 2011, shortly before the start of the Right Cause congress (scheduled for September 14-15), information appeared in the press about the dissatisfaction of some regional branches of the party with Prokhorov's activities as leader. On September 14, on the first day of the congress, which was held at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prokhorov's opponents received the majority of seats in the credentials committee. At an urgently convened briefing on the evening of September 14, Prokhorov announced the termination of the powers of the head of the executive committee, Andrei Dunaev, and the executive committee in full force. Prokhorov also expelled Andrei Bogdanov and the Ryavkin brothers from the party, with the wording "for causing political damage to the party", and accused Radiy Khabirov of attempting to "raider takeover of the party".
On the morning of September 15, on the air of the Ekho Moskvy radio station, Prokhorov called on his supporters to leave the party and announced his intention to create a new party. On September 15, Prokhorov's opponents gathered at the World Trade Center (WTC) on Krasnaya Presnya, where they raised the issue of Prokhorov's resignation. Andrei Dunaev, whom Prokhorov removed from the post of head of the executive committee on September 14, announced at the congress at the WTC: “Information has come through the media that Prokhorov is creating his own party. After the Right Cause scandal, Prokhorov disappeared from public politics for three months.
On December 12, 2011, Prokhorov announced his desire to run for president of Russia. Prokhorov called this decision "perhaps the most serious decision In my life". Prokhorov considers his electorate "the middle class in the broadest sense of the word." Prokhorov told reporters that he would still think about the candidacy of the prime minister: "I have a large selection of candidates, let them defend their place." Prokhorov also announced his intention to create a "long-term" new party, which he wants to start "building from the bottom."
According to the law, Prokhorov had to collect 2 million signatures in order to nominate himself in the elections. On January 18, Prokhorov submitted 2,100,000 signatures to the Central Election Commission. On January 23, the preliminary results of the verification of signatures by the Central Election Commission became known. Prokhorov's signatures were found to be less than 5% defective and he was registered as a presidential candidate.
If elected president of Russia, Prokhorov promised to sell his business and send the proceeds to charity. On the air of the Dozhd TV channel, Prokhorov, in particular, said: “If I become president, I will sell all my assets and give most of the money to charity. The country is dearer to me, but it’s a pity for the bee.
Prokhorov sees beneficial for Russia "integration into the economic space of Europe and alliance with its democratic states". According to Prokhorov's plan, the visa regime should be abolished throughout the entire territory of "Greater Europe", which will include Russia, and vice versa introduced with the countries of Central Asia.
Conclusion.
The analysis of this work allowed us to draw the following conclusions:
1) according to the current legislation, a political party is “a public association created for the purpose of participation of citizens of the Russian Federation in political life society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political actions, in elections and referendums, as well as in order to represent the interests of citizens in state authorities and local self-government bodies.
2) a political public association is a public association whose charter should include participation in the political life of the society by influencing the formation of the political will of citizens, participation in elections to bodies of state power and local self-government by nominating candidates and organizing their election campaign campaigning, participation in the organization and activities of these bodies.
3) in the Russian Federation there are five main parliamentary parties: "United Russia", "LDPR", "KPRF", "Fair Russia" and the party of Prokhorov Mikhail Dmitrievich.
Thus, without the effective functioning of a multi-party system, the democratic development of modern Russia is impossible.
Political Science Abstract
on the topic of
"The main political parties of modern Russia"
Correspondence students
Faculty of Economics
Groups ES-4F-09
Antonenko Mila Viktorovna
Teacher Kopanev V.N.
G. Murmansk
Introduction………………………………………………………………….....
1. United Russia…………………………………………………………
2. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation………………...
3. Liberal Democratic Party of Russia……………………….
4. "Patriots of Russia"………………………………………………………
5. Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko"…….
6. "Fair Russia"……………………………………………….
7. “Just Cause”………………………………………………………….
Introduction
There are many parties in Russia; democratic, communist-socialist, nationalist, etc. All of them protect someone's interests.
Parties are right, left, centrist. Some defend the interests of some class or classes, others are the defenders of nations and peoples, there are top parties, there are grassroots parties.
Having considered the main parties in Russia, let's try to deal with the ideology and goals of the Russian parties.
For a better understanding of the ideologies of the parties, let's take a few definitions, they will help to more clearly present the political orientation of the parties:
1. Political party- a special public organization (association), directly setting itself the task of seizing state power, keeping it in its hands, using the state apparatus to implement the programs announced before the elections.
2. Centrism in politics - the political position of a political movement or group, intermediate between right and left movements or groups, rejection of left and right extremism.
3. Social conservatism- the policy of centrism aimed at preserving the values of the 1990s.
Social conservatism has an analytical character, the constants of which are primarily order and freedom. Freedom in the understanding of social conservatives does not imply exemption from responsibility for economic, political, moral and other crimes.
4. In politics left traditionally, many directions and ideologies are named, the purpose of which is (in particular) social equality and the improvement of living conditions for the least privileged sections of society. These include socialism, social democracy. Radical left (or ultra-left) trends include, for example, communism and anarchism. The opposite is the right.
5. Liberalism(fr. liberalism) is a philosophical, political and economic theory, as well as an ideology that proceeds from the position that individual human freedoms are the legal basis of society and the economic order.
6. Democracy(Greek δημοκρατία - “power of the people”, from δῆμος - “people” and κράτος - “power”) - a type of political structure of the state or the political system of society, in which its people are recognized as the only legitimate source of power in the state.
7. Etatism (statism)(from fr. Etat- state) - a worldview and ideology that absolutizes the role of the state in society and promotes the maximum subordination of the interests of individuals and groups to the interests of the state, which is supposed to stand above society; a policy of active state intervention in all spheres of public and private life.
8. Nationalism(fr. nationalism) - ideology and policy direction, basic principle which is the thesis about the value of the nation as the highest form of social unity and its primacy in the state-forming process. It is distinguished by a variety of currents, some of them contradict each other. As a political movement, nationalism seeks to protect the interests of the national community in relations with state power.
9. Patriotism(Greek πατριώτης - compatriot, πατρίς - fatherland) - a moral and political principle, a social feeling, the content of which is love for the fatherland and the willingness to subordinate its private interests to its interests. Patriotism implies pride in the achievements and culture of one's Motherland, the desire to preserve its character and cultural characteristics and identification with other members of the people, willingness to subordinate their interests to the interests of the country, the desire to protect the interests of the motherland and their people.
10 . Conservatism(fr. conservatism, from lat. conservo- I keep) - ideological adherence to traditional values and orders, social or religious doctrines. In politics, a direction that upholds the value of the state and social order, the rejection of "radical" reforms and extremism.
11 . Populism(from lat. populus- people) - a political position or style of rhetoric that appeals to the broad masses of the people.
According to the website Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation , as of August 15 2009 year , in accordance with Federal law“On political parties”, 7 political parties were registered.
one. " United Russia »
Leader Story by: Vladimir Putin
Headquarters: Moscow
Ideology: centrism, social conservatism
Number of members : 1 931 667
Seats in the lower house: 315 out of 450
Party Seal: United Russia newspaper (closed in 2008)
Site: edinros.er.ru/er/
"United Russia" is a Russian centre-right political party. It was created on December 1, 2001 at the founding congress of the socio-political associations "Unity" (leader - Sergei Shoigu), "Fatherland" (Yuri Luzhkov) and "All Russia" (Mintimer Shaimiev) as the All-Russian political party "Unity and Fatherland - United Russia".
The symbol of the party is an inverted marching bear. The party congress, held on November 26, 2005, adopted decisions on changes in the symbolism of the party: instead of a brown bear, the bear became the symbol of the party white color, outlined in blue. Above the image of the bear is a fluttering Russian flag, below the image of the bear is the inscription "United Russia". The semantics of the bear is actively used by the party, including through various allusions. So one of the sections of the official website of the party is called "B ep log".
Ideology: centrism, social conservatism.
Goals: 1. Ensuring the compliance of state policy, decisions taken by state authorities of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, with the interests of the majority of the population of the Russian Federation.
2. Formation of public opinion in the Russian Federation in accordance with the main provisions of the Party Program, political education and upbringing of citizens, expression of citizens' opinions on any issues of public life, bringing these opinions to the attention of the general public, state authorities and local governments, and influence on the formation of their political will, expressed by them in voting in elections and referendums.
3. Nomination of candidates (lists of candidates) of the Party in the elections of the President of the Russian Federation, deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, to the legislative (representative) bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, elected officials of local self-government and to the representative bodies of municipalities, participation in these elections, as well as in the work of elected bodies.
Story: The All-Russian Party "Unity and Fatherland - United Russia" was created on the basis of the unification of the All-Russian Union "Unity" and "Fatherland" and the socio-political Movement "All Russia".
On October 27, 2001, the Third Congress of the Unity Party and the second Congress of the Unity and Fatherland Union were held in Moscow, at which the All Russia movement joined this Union.
During the work of the Congress, amendments were made to the Charter, which provided a legal basis for the further transformation of the Union into a party.
In parallel with the preparation of the Congress, specialists from Unity and Fatherland worked on two important documents that determined what the newly created Party would be like. This is the Program and the Charter.
Prior to being submitted to the Constituent Congress of the "Unity and Fatherland" party, which was held on December 1, 2001 in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, both documents were widely discussed in the regions, including the Novgorod region.
As a result, on December 1, the delegates to the Congress of the new party adopted the Program and the Charter, and also voted for the transformation of the Union "Unity" and "Fatherland" into the All-Russian Party. The governing bodies of the new party were also elected.
The "Unity and Fatherland" party has become a fundamentally new political structure, which included three political forces on equal terms. Pursuing common goals and upholding common interests, "Unity", "Fatherland" and "All Russia" formed a single party, sharing responsibility for its future.
The main task of the party was "the conquest and retention of power in a democratic way." The requirements for the level of training of managerial personnel and specialists have changed, the bulk of which have been selected and have undergone special training. Party building was actively carried out, the ranks of the party grew, and new primary organizations were created. By the end of 2003, the regional branch consisted of about 2 thousand members of the Party.
* this work is not a scientific work, is not a final qualifying work and is the result of processing, structuring and formatting the collected information intended for use as a source of material for self-study educational work.
Introduction 2
Characteristics of the main parties of the Russian Federation 5
United Russia. 5
Communist Party of the Russian Federation. eight
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. eleven
Social Patriotic Party "Motherland". thirteen
"A Just Russia: Motherland/Pensioners/Life" 16
"Apple" 18
Conclusion 26
References 27
Introduction
The political life of modern society is complex, contradictory and diverse. It employs a huge number of participants (subjects of politics), among which one of the most prominent places belongs to political parties. Today it is difficult to imagine a state without at least one political party. In the vast majority of states modern world there are two- or multi-party systems.
A political party is one of the important achievements of civilization, a political institution necessary for a normal life. The party is perhaps the most political of all public organizations: its goal is to conquer and retain power, to establish direct and feedback links between society and the state. Feedback helps the party to fulfill a unique role - harmonization, bringing to the political level of real and diverse interests that exist or are newly emerging in society. Parties are an essential element of the political system of society, they are important structures of politics. They express the needs of the interests and goals of certain classes and social groups, take an active part in the functioning of the mechanism of political power, or have an indirect influence on it. The principal side of the activity of political parties is their ideological impact on the population, they play a significant role in the formation of political consciousness. In the modern era, the leading and often decisive role in the organization and in the course of the struggle for power is played by political parties that enjoy authority in society.
A political party is an organized group of like-minded people representing and expressing the political interests and needs of certain social strata and groups of society, sometimes a significant part of the population, and aiming to implement them by conquering state power and participating in its implementation.
Political parties are a relatively young institution of public power, if we mean mass parties, since associations of people in the struggle for power or for direct influence on it have always been an important element of political relations. Such associations have a long historical tradition. Modern parties operating in the mass environment were formed in Europe in the second half of the 19th century. In this sense, political parties can be viewed as a political institution that emerged in the sphere of European culture and then spread to all other cultural regions of the modern world.
The formation of the political system of Russia took place in a specific way. It was not the bourgeois parties that arose here first, which would have been natural given the rapid industrial development of Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Peasant Party (Socialist-Revolutionaries) was formed in 1901, but it also did not become the first. Earlier than others in Russia, in 1898, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) arose, which played a special role in the further political development of the country. It was this party that was ruling in Russia from 1917 to 1991.
The party system of Russia has gone through three main stages in its development. The first (1905 - 1917) was characterized by a multi-party system under the conditions of the Duma monarchy. The second (1917 - 1990) was characterized by a one-party system (the government bloc of "Bolsheviks" and left-wing socialist revolutionaries lasted only until the summer of 1918 - until the "Left-SR conspiracy"). The third (modern) stage, which began with the abolition of monopoly domination in the political system of society by one party (CPSU), is characterized by the rapid formation and development of a multi-party system in the Russian Federation.
The process of formation of modern parties and socio-political movements in Russia actually began in 1989-1990 during the preparation and holding of elections on a democratic, alternative basis. With the adoption of the new edition of Art. 6 of the Constitution of the USSR (1990) and the entry into force on January 1, 1991 of the USSR Law “On Public Associations”, political parties received an official right to exist and operate. The membership base of the new parties and movements consisted mainly of activists from debating clubs, voter associations, popular fronts that arose during the years of perestroika, supporters of various trends that had developed within the CPSU, and well-known politicians who left it. Paragraph 3 of Article 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states: “Political diversity and multi-party system are recognized in the Russian Federation.” Paragraph 4 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that “public associations are equal before the law”.
Characteristics of the main parties of the Russian Federation
On December 7, 2003 elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the 4th convocation were held. 44 political parties registered in accordance with the Federal Law “On Political Parties” could take part in the elections. Four parties passed the 5% barrier: United Russia (22776294 votes - 37.56%), Communist Party of the Russian Federation (7647820 - 12.61%), LDPR (6944322 - 11.45%) and Rodina (5470429 - 9.02%).
United Russia.
The process of creating the All-Russian political party "United Russia" was initiated by a joint political statement by the leaders of the OPOO - the Party "Unity" and the OPOO "Fatherland" - S.K. Shoigu and Yu.M. Luzhkov dated April 12, 2001. For the practical implementation of the integration process, the coordination of positions on substantive and organizational issues, a Coordinating Council was formed. The main result of the activities of the Coordinating Council and its commissions was the development of proposals for a model for further interaction between "Fatherland" and "Unity".
On July 12, 2001, the Constituent Congress of the All-Russian Union "Unity" and "Fatherland" was held. The Union was headed by two Co-Chairs: Sergei Shoigu and Yuri Luzhkov. In accordance with the process of consolidation of centrist political forces in the State Duma, an Advisory Council of four deputy associations was formed: the factions "Fatherland-All Russia" and "Unity", as well as deputy groups - "Regions of Russia" and "People's Deputy".
On October 27, 2001, the second congress of the Union of public associations "Unity" and "Fatherland" was held, at which a decision was made to transform the Union into the All-Russian public organization "Union "Unity and Fatherland". At the congress, the movement "All Russia" joined the Union. The delegates adopted an Appeal to the members of the organizations "Unity", "Fatherland" and "All Russia" with a call to start work on transforming the Union into a political party, forming party organizations in all regions of Russia, discussing the draft Charter and Program of the party, attracting the most active and active fellow citizens.
On December 1, 2001, the third congress of the Union took place. At it, the delegates unanimously decided to transform the All-Russian public organization "Union" UNITY and FATHERLAND "into the All-Russian party" UNITY and FATHERLAND "- United Russia. Sergei Shoigu, Yuri Luzhkov and Mintimer Shaimiev were elected co-chairs of the Supreme Council of the party.
President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin spoke at the Constituent Congress of the Party.
In November 2002, Boris Vyacheslavovich Gryzlov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Party.
On March 29, 2003, the II Congress of the All-Russian Party "UNITY and FATHERLAND" - United Russia - took place in Moscow. The congress approved the Political report, which was delivered by the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Party B.V. Gryzlov, adopted the Manifesto of the United Russia Party "The Path of National Success" and approved amendments and additions to the Charter of the Party, adopting it in a new edition.
The congress approved the decision on the development of the election program of "United Russia" and made changes to the composition of the governing bodies of the Party. Bogomolov Valery Nikolayevich was elected Secretary of the General Council of the Party, Volkov Yury Nikolayevich was appointed Head of the Central Executive Committee.
On September 20, 2003, the III Congress of the Party took place, at which the Election Program of the United Russia Party was adopted.
On December 24, 2003, the IV Congress of the Party took place, at which the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Party B.V. Gryzlov. The congress approved the main provisions and conclusions of the report, as well as the activities of the United Russia Political Party during the election campaign for the election of deputies to the State Duma of the fourth convocation.
The IV Congress of the United Russia Party adopted a unanimous decision to support the candidacy of Vladimir Putin in the presidential elections in the Russian Federation and adopted a corresponding appeal to the citizens of Russia.
The IV Congress decided to rename the All-Russian political party "UNITY and FATHERLAND" - United Russia into the All-Russian political party "United Russia". This decision became a party normative act that completed the period of ideological, political and organizational formation of the United Russia Party.
On closer examination of the United Russia election program, among the standard tried-and-true clichés, one can single out the following: in the event United Russia comes to power, a presidential republic will be preserved, and the scope of the president’s powers, if any, will most likely be expanded (which we and we see in this situation - the strengthening of the vertical of power, the appointment of governors); nomenklatura capitalism remains unchanged; a complete revision of the results of privatization is not expected; with some liberalization of the economy (tax cuts, encouragement of small producers), state control, in particular, tax control, is tightened, etc.
In the internal issues of Russia, United Russia takes a weak nationalist position. However, many believe that United Russia may represent the basis for a general tightening of state control over the lives of citizens in Russia, in which the rights and freedoms of citizens will be limited. Completely loyal to a strong president, the party will not defend young Russian parliamentarism if it is threatened with restriction. In this case, the party will become authoritarian and lose nothing. Many Russian liberals are already talking about the complete lack of independence of the ruling party, its control over the bureaucracy and support for all presidential initiatives. Moreover, in the 2003 elections, United Russia won the majority of votes, and together with single-mandate deputies, its faction makes up about half of the State Duma, which allows the party to lobby its interests and adopt laws pleasing to it and the president almost without hindrance.
The social base of “Unity”, that is, those strata whose interests it expresses, is undoubtedly the main part of the governors, and their apparatus, large businessmen associated with these governors, part of a major crime, in particular, the Uralmash organized crime group, and associated with “ Uralmash” Islamic Cultural Center (part of the “Refah” movement). Since United Russia was supported by more than a quarter of all those who voted in the 2003 elections, it can be said that the party's electorate is very heterogeneous - from part of the intelligentsia and state-connected entrepreneurs to skilled workers and employees.
Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
On February 13, 1993, the II Extraordinary Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation opened in a boarding house near Moscow. After almost a year and a half of the ban, the congress announced the resumption of the activity of the party, which became known as the "Communist Party of the Russian Federation." Already in March of the same year, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation was officially registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (registration certificate No. 1618).
At the congress, the Party's Program Statement was adopted, and its Charter was approved. The resolutions of the congress "On the relationship of the communists of Russia with the communist parties and movements of the former Soviet republics", "For the rights of the communists and freedom of political opinion", "On the property of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation", "For the unity of action of the communists" became the basis for the restoration and creation of primary, district , city, district, regional, regional and republican organizations of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the mobilization of communists to fight against the hated regime.
Today, primary organizations operate in all regions and cities of Russia. The network of local party organizations has been almost completely restored. City and district committees of the Communist Party exist in 1979 administrative units. Regional organizations of the party have been restored in all subjects of the federation, including all the republics within Russia. The vertical structure of the party is supported by horizontal structures, consisting of councils of secretaries of primary, district and city, as well as regional organizations.
During the period after the restoration of the party, its membership increased to 547,000 members of the Communist Party. There are more than 20,000 primary organizations in the party, including 7,500 territorial-production organizations, 14,869 territorial-professional organizations, 421 territorial-professional organizations, and 1,470 mixed primary organizations.
At the Fourth Party Congress, the Central Committee of the Party was elected, consisting of 147 members and 38 candidate members of the Central Committee. Of these, 14 permanent working commissions have been formed. The Central Control and Audit Commission was elected in the amount of 33 people.
The strategy and tactics of the party's actions were worked out at congresses and conferences, and were specified at the Plenums, meetings of the Presidium and the Secretariat of the Central Committee. The main areas of activity over the past five years have been: the organizational development and strengthening of the party, the formation of its new image in the mass consciousness, the strengthening of the influence of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in various social strata and population groups, the organization of a mass movement of workers for a change in the political and socio-economic course of the ruling regime, protection interests of working people, propaganda and agitation-mass work, creation and development of their own information base, participation in elections.
The implementation of the political course of the party was developed in resolutions, appeals and statements of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation on various topical issues in the life of the country and the party, including the events in Chechnya, on the attitude towards the current regime, in defense of workers and others.
Much attention was paid to organizational and personnel work, the theoretical development of problems of party building, the preparation of instructions and methodological recommendations, the generalization of the experience of regional committees of the Communist Party, the implementation of constant communication and assistance to party committees.
An important place in the activities of the party is occupied by ideological work, substantively aimed at the political education of Russian citizens and counter-propaganda; political study of party activists; development of forms and methods of agitation-mass work; development of party positions in matters of state building, national and regional policy. Much attention is paid to questions of the creative development of theoretical thought in the Party. On the initiative of the party, an organization of Russian scientists of socialist orientation was created. The magazines "IZM" and "Dialogue" are published.
In 1996, the public organization "All-Russian Women's Union" was created, the regional branches of which were created in all subjects of Russia.
The party and its Central Committee are in the field of view of the socio-economic situation of the country, the development of a general policy of the party and specific proposals for changing the economic course, implementing emergency measures of state control over the activities of commercial banks and other financial institutions, various funds, and stimulating domestic producers , social improvement of the population.
One of the main activities of the party is participation in elections.
In 1996, the People's Patriotic Union of Russia was created, which included the main opposition parties and movements of the country, but the core of which is the Communist Party.
Important for the party in political terms is the work of the faction "Communist Party of the Russian Federation" in the State Duma. Since it is through her that the Communist Party implements its program provisions for defending the interests of its voters. The faction is the political mouthpiece of the entire party, the most stable channel of everyday communication between communists and the population of all regions of Russia.
Much attention is paid to the development of ties with communist parties in the CIS countries. Meetings with the leaders of the parties of Armenia, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine and others, their participation in the events held by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation have become a constant practice. Regular consultations are held on various issues and problems.
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation interacts with communist and socialist parties from far abroad. Delegations of the Central Committee took part in the congresses of the Communist Parties of Vietnam, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Syria, Slovakia, Finland, France, Yugoslavia and others.
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia.
In June 1991, in the presidential elections in Russia, the party nominated its leader, Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky.
In August 1991, party members supported the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP). After that, the activity of the party on the territory of Moscow was temporarily banned.
The LDPR opposed the Belovezhskaya accords.
In 1992, the Liberal Democratic Party fought with the Government of Ye. Gaidar against the voucherization of the country and privatization.
In 1993, the Liberal Democratic Party took part in the Constitutional Conference.
In October 1993, the party condemned the shooting of the White House.
In December 1993, in the first elections to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party received 23 percent or 13 million of the country's votes.
In February 1994, the Liberal Democratic Party held the first political amnesty in Russian history. All political prisoners of 1991-1993 were released.
The Liberal Democratic Party constantly advocates a tough solution to problems in the North Caucasus.
In 2002, the Liberal Democratic Party called for the storming of the Dubrovka Palace of Culture in order to free the hostages. In connection with the assault, 129 spectators died.
On certain issues, the LDPR cooperates with the Communist Party.
The party leadership claims that the LDPR is in constructive opposition to United Russia as a pro-government structure.
For 13 years in the State Duma, the LDPR faction has submitted for discussion many laws and resolutions, protocol instructions. Most of them were not accepted and implemented.
A study of the election results by regions found a correlation between United Russia and the Liberal Democratic Party. In those regions where United Russia gained more than the average Russian figure, the Liberal Democratic Party also “grew”, and often by the same percentage. Accordingly, the low performance of United Russia inevitably meant a low level of the Liberal Democratic Party. While it is impossible to speak with certainty about the electorate of the current “party of power” or about the size of this electorate, it can be assumed that in some respects it is similar to the electorate of the Liberal Democratic Party. These are the people who vote for strong hand”, for national-populist slogans, are more opponents than supporters of reforms, however, teenagers and young men aged 20-33 get to the share of the LDPR from this group (they guarantee the Liberal Democratic Party at least 3% of the votes in all elections).
The pre-election theses of the Liberal Democratic Party are the theses of United Russia, only more exaggerated. Initially, the LDPR was a radical left party. However, since 1994, the party has increasingly turned into a commercial structure, respectively, with an opposition image, its views have drifted to the right.
In general, we can conclude that the LDPR electorate is a potential leftist and radical nationalist electorate (it is not by chance that the National Bolshevik Party left the LDPR), which is not “covered” by the corresponding propaganda. The Liberal Democratic Party is often accused of links with crime, while this is typical for many parties. But it is easier to work with the Liberal Democratic Party for middle-class criminals, while only major criminals can get into United Russia - there a place or an opportunity to influence is much more expensive and is not always calculated in monetary terms.
Social Patriotic Party "Motherland".
The RODINA party was created on the basis of the Party of Russian Regions (PRR), which was formed in 1998 in the form of a public organization, and in 2002 it was transformed into a political party. The main founders of the party were representatives of student and youth organizations, territorial trade union associations, regional medium and small businesses, and the scientific community of Russian regions. In accordance with the program provisions of the "Party of Russian Regions" the main direction of the party's activities in 1998-2002. it was not considered participation in election campaigns, but "the formation of the required public opinion." In September 2002, five co-chairmen of the RODINA Party were elected at the Congress: Skokov Yu.V., Denisov O.I., Kutafin O.E., Sultanov Sh.Z., Chistyakov V.V.
In 2003, well-known political figures, Dmitry Rogozin and Sergey Glazyev, also became co-chairs of the party. On September 14, 2003, at the initiative of the "Party of Russian Regions", a joint conference of three political parties was held - the PRR (at that time - 25 thousand members), the Socialist United Party of Russia (11 thousand members, chairman - Hero of the Soviet Union A.I. Vatagin ) and the National Revival Party "People's Will" (11 thousand members, chairman - Sergey Baburin). The joint conference of the three parties decided to form an electoral bloc "Motherland" (People's Patriotic Union) to participate in the elections to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in December 2003.
On October 21, the CEC of the Russian Federation registered lists of candidates for deputies of the Rodina electoral bloc. The first three were formed by Sergey Glazyev, Dmitry Rogozin (head of the election headquarters) and General of the Army, Hero of the Soviet Union Valentin Varennikov. In addition to members of the parties that make up the bloc, the electoral lists included: leading researcher at the MEIMO RAS Institute, Doctor of Historical Sciences Natalia Narochnitskaya, ex-Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation Viktor Gerashchenko, Doctor of Political Sciences, publicist Andrey Savelyev, author of the TV program "Our version: Under the heading SECRET Mikhail Markelov, editor-in-chief of the Russian House magazine Alexander Krutov, head of the Russian Association of Student Trade Unions (RAPOS) Oleg Denisov and many others. Three co-chairs of the Party of Russian Regions - Dmitry Rogozin, Yuri Skokov, Sergei Glazyev - and head of the Narodnaya Volya party Sergei Baburin were elected co-chairs of the Supreme Council of the Rodina bloc.
In the elections to the State Duma, held on December 7, 2003, the Rodina electoral bloc won a sensational victory, gaining more than 9% of the vote. On the basis of the electoral association, the third largest association of deputies in the State Duma, the Rodina faction, was formed. In accordance with the law, the Rodina electoral bloc ceased to exist after the December 7 elections. The body empowered to make decisions on behalf of the former bloc is Supreme Council. In addition, a number of rights of the electoral bloc were inherited by the parties that formed it - Rodina, SEPR and Narodnaya Volya.
On December 30, 2003, the Supreme Council decided on the participation of the Rodina bloc in the elections of the President of the Russian Federation. Viktor Gerashchenko became a candidate from the "Party of Russian Regions", but the CEC of the Russian Federation decided to refuse Gerashchenko's registration. Sergei Glazyev was also registered as a self-nominated candidate; he was supported only by one of the parties that formed the bloc, Narodnaya Volya. On February 15, at the third Extraordinary Congress, the "Party of Russian Regions" was renamed "Motherland", and decided to support Vladimir Putin as a candidate for the President of the Russian Federation. In addition, due to repeated violations of the Charter, Sergey Glazyev was unanimously removed from his position as co-chairman.
At the congress held on July 6, 2004, the RODINA Party adopted a new edition of the Charter of the Party, as well as a manifesto "For the Motherland and Justice". Dmitry Rogozin, head of the Motherland faction in the State Duma, was elected the sole chairman of the party. The Presidium of the party was formed, with Alexander Babakov elected as chairman, and the composition of the Political Council was expanded, with Yuri Skokov elected as its Secretary. More than half of the deputies of the Rodina faction are currently members of the Rodina Party.
On January 21, 2005, five deputies of the Party - Dmitry Rogozin, Andrei Savelyev, Oleg Denisov, Ivan Kharchenko and Mikhail Markelov - announced the start of a hunger strike within the walls of the State Duma demanding to suspend the law on benefits, dismiss the Minister of Health Mikhail Zurabov, and also with the aim of force United Russia to take into account the opinions of the parliamentary opposition - Rodina, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and independent deputies. When it became clear that the government was refusing to make concessions, the RODINA Party announced that it was moving into opposition to the course of the current government.
On June 11, 2005, the Fifth Extraordinary Congress of the Motherland Party took place in Moscow. For the first time in history, a large delegation from ideologically similar foreign political parties participated in the work of the congress of a Russian political party. At the suggestion of the Political Council, the Rodina Party Congress decided to start negotiations on joining the Socialist International, an organization that unites the world's leading socialist, social democratic and labor parties. At the Congress, the Party Development Strategy was adopted as the basis of its ideological position, an economic platform was presented containing answers to questions about what kind of economy the party is going to build if it comes to power, and its position on issues of national policy is indicated. Reports were made by party chairman Dmitry Rogozin, party presidium chairman Alexander Babakov, party member, former mayor of Grozny Bislan Gantamirov, and other prominent members and supporters of the party.
The Rodina party is a Kremlin project created on the eve of the elections to the State Duma of the 4th convocation in order to take votes from the Communist Party. In this regard, the ideology of "Motherland" is very similar to the ideology of the Communist Party. The difference lies in the fact that Rodina, unlike the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, is a nationalist-minded party.
"A Just Russia: Motherland/Pensioners/Life"
On October 30, 2006, the Motherland party, together with the Russian Party of Life and the Russian Party of Pensioners, created a new party, A Just Russia: Motherland/Pensioners/Life. Rodina became the core of this party, with Sergei Mironov, speaker of the Federation Council, at the head of the party.
“A Just Russia considers the restoration of social justice in society and the creation of conditions for social security for all citizens of Russia to be its main goal.
For this, in their opinion, it is necessary:
Legislate for decent wages. The party advocates the introduction of a minimum hourly wage that guarantees a decent income for a working person and the rejection of a minimum wage below the subsistence level.
Recognize the merits of the older generation to society and the country. A Just Russia is in favor of raising the level of pensions to the level of two-thirds of the previous salary and the implementation of a system of worthy social support and care from the state for pensioners.
State and business income from the sale natural resources put under the control of society. The party is in favor of the state becoming the sole owner of natural resources in the country. According to the leadership of the party, maintaining control over natural resources in modern conditions is one of the foundations for maintaining Russia's sovereignty.
To create equal conditions for all citizens, regardless of social status: the creation of a system of affordable housing, high-quality, free education and medical care. Migration policy should be directed, first of all, to protecting the interests of Russian citizens in the labor market.
To make a tough and uncompromising fight against corruption, arbitrariness and lawlessness of officials part of the national policy. A Just Russia stands for the adoption of a direct action anti-corruption law.
Raise the cultural and moral level of society: active support and state propaganda of Russian culture and the traditional Russian system of values in society.
Ensure citizen participation in decision making. The party claims that it will contribute to the development of a democratic movement at the grassroots level, capable of controlling the state bureaucracy, conducting independent examinations, participating in decision-making on the most pressing issues of the development of our country and society. No significant decision on the development of education, healthcare, science and culture should be made without taking into account the opinion of public organizations, professional associations, and the scientific community of the country.
In the elections to the State Duma of the 4th convocation, the right-wing liberal bloc was defeated. Of this bloc, the Yabloko party won the most votes - 4.3% of the votes.
"Apple"
The YABLOKO party, which initially emerged as an electoral association, was created on November 11, 1993 after the September-October political crisis. The electoral association was named after three of its then leaders: the well-known economist Grigory Yavlinsky, as well as prominent politicians of the first "democratic wave" - Yuri Boldyrev, a former member of the Interregional Deputy Group in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and scientist Vladimir Lukin, who managed to work as an ambassador of Russia in USA. Almost immediately, this pre-election association began to be called "YABLOKO" - according to the initial letters of the names of the leaders.
The bloc included several political parties: Republican Party Russian Federation, the Social Democratic Party of the Russian Federation and the Russian Christian Democratic Union. The participants in the newly created electoral association differed significantly both in political experience and in their views on the events taking place in the country. Some, like, for example, Shostakovsky, had long years of work in the party apparatus of the CPSU, while others, like Borshchov, participated in the dissident movement. Some of the politicians who joined the association (Lysenko, Sheinis) supported the actions of the president and the government during the September-October crisis of 1993, aimed at the armed defeat of the Supreme Council, since they considered this a necessary measure. Others, on the contrary, sharply criticized Yeltsin, believing that he bears a huge responsibility for the tragedy.
Grigory Yavlinsky, a well-known politician in the country, became the leader of the new bloc from the very beginning of its creation.
The December elections to the State Duma in 1993 were the first multi-party elections in the history of modern Russia.
In its election platform, prepared by the EPIcenter (the center for economic and political research - the “think tank” of the Yabloko party), Yabloko proclaimed its opposition to the existing government, declaring itself as a democratic opposition. This situation actually remained for the next decade 1 .
Analyzing the activities of the authorities in the country on the eve of the elections, the authors of the program noted that in Russia people feel cut off from the institutions of power, there are no guarantees of individual rights and freedoms in the country, and there is no political stability. All this can lead to the fact that our society will turn into a country of failed democracy.
The draft Constitution and the procedure for its discussion and adoption were sharply criticized in the bloc's program. The bloc suggested that the draft be submitted for broad public discussion to the Federal Assembly, after which both branches of government would be re-elected (in about 2 years). Parliament, therefore, was originally supposed to be of a transitional, temporary nature.
Critically evaluating the current socio-political and socio-economic situation in the country and remaining true to democratic ideals, YABLOKO expressed confidence that Russia needed a different path of development. His vision was set out in the election platform.
In the field of economics, the party proposed to carry out a hard and as fast as possible destruction of the monopolies, which continued to play a key role in economic life even after Gaidar's reforms. At the same time, YABLOKO advocated the creation of legal and economic conditions for the development of competition, for the expansion of the private sector of the economy and the beginning of a gradual land reform. The protection and development of preschool medicine and the general education school were proclaimed as a priority in social policy.
In the field of state building, the pre-election platform focused on the problems of strengthening the federal foundations of Russian statehood. This issue at that time was one of the main ones on the agenda of domestic politics. Many subjects of the Federation adopted local laws that contradicted the general federal laws, and ethnic and regional separatist tendencies gained strength in a number of regions of the country. In order to strengthen the unity and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation, YABLOKO proposed to abandon the idea of a treaty federation for Russia, and build a constitutional federation instead. For the same purposes, the party proposed introducing uniformity in the distribution of the budget between the federal center and the regions, developing inter-regional integration, and implementing national policy on the basis of extraterritorial cultural autonomy. The Yabloko platform named the development of the system of local self-government as an important task of state building.
The choice of Yabloko's political priorities largely predetermined the circle of people who were ready to vote for this association. First of all, these were highly educated sections of the population, oriented towards democratic values, but critical of the policy of reforms pursued by the authorities and the social order that developed as a result of it. Among them were representatives of mass "intelligentsia" professions: doctors, teachers, other public sector workers, but there were small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, freelancers, and workers. Even the first elections showed that YABLOKO's electorate is concentrated mainly in large cities.
On December 12, 1993, elections to the State Duma were held. 4,233,219 people voted for the federal list of YABLOKO. This amounted to 7.86% of the total number of voters and made it possible to get 20 deputies into the State Duma. Another 7 people were elected by the majority system in single-member constituencies. In the Duma itself, YABLOKO won two important posts. Vladimir Lukin headed the International Affairs Committee, and Mikhail Zadornov became chairman of the Budget Committee.
The legislative activity of the party was built on the basis of several priorities that determined the specific areas of work of the party faction in the Duma. Among these priorities are the following:
the desire to bring Russian legislation as close as possible to the European one, meaning Russia's accession to the European Union within 15–20 years;
efforts aimed at building in Russia a liberal economic system based on low taxes, simple economic legislation that will create an open competitive environment and give impetus to the development of small and medium-sized private property;
it is the building in Russia of a democratic legal state, the creation of legal and political guarantees for the observance of human rights and freedoms, enshrined in the Constitution.
The activity of the faction in the field of economic and social legislation turned out to be the most fruitful. Yabloko was among the main developers of the budget, tax, forestry, air and land codes of the Russian Federation, and was one of the initiators of the introduction of a flat income tax rate. The Yabloko faction made a significant contribution to the development and adoption of the most important laws for the Russian financial system "On Banks and Banking Activity" (1995) and "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation" (in a new edition adopted in 2002). In the last law, thanks to the efforts of Mikhail Zadornov, it was possible to find the necessary balance of interests between the desire of the country's government to strengthen control over the Central Bank and the latter's desire to maintain traditional independence from the executive branch.
Among the economic laws developed by the Yabloko faction and approved by the parliament, the Legislation on Production Sharing Agreements (PSA) occupies a special place. The work on the system of PSA laws was carried out in accordance with Yabloko's policy statement "Reforms for the Majority", developed on the eve of the 1995 parliamentary elections. 2 The faction persistently pushed the Law "On Production Sharing Agreements" through the State Duma for 5 years. In parallel, a lengthy work was underway to bring federal legislation in line with the adopted law.
Among other laws of the economic bloc, one should mention the Law “On State Support for Small Business in the Russian Federation” (1995, revised version 2002), which has declared legal all methods of supporting small businesses known in the world (guarantees, preferential loans, etc.) and introducing the declarative nature of the registration of enterprises.
Of great importance were the amendments made to the Law “On State Regulation of the Production and Circulation of Ethyl Alcohol, Alcoholic Products and Alcohol-Containing Products” (2001), which legally regulates the production and circulation of alcoholic products, which protected both the consumer and the state from the consequences of the development of uncontrolled alcohol market. The law introduced a state monopoly on the production and circulation of edible ethyl alcohol, from which the main excise payments should be levied.
In the field of social policy, it is worth highlighting the development and adoption of the Law “On streamlining the remuneration of employees of organizations in the public sector” (1998), which provided for a gradual increase wages in the public sector before the wages of workers employed in industry. At the suggestion of YABLOKO, from April 1, 1999, the tariff rate of the first category of the Unified Tariff Scale was set at 110 rubles.
At the initiative of YABLOKO, a law was developed “On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment in Russia” (1999).
With the active participation of YABLOKO, state guarantees were established for financing the general education system. In the Duma of the third convocation, the faction became one of the main developers of the Law "On the State Standard of General Education", which passed 2 readings in the lower house of parliament (2002-2003).
Part of the laws developed at the initiative of YABLOKO was aimed at supporting socially vulnerable groups of the population. These are laws on supporting victims of radiation at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the Mayak production association, at the Semipalatinsk test site (2000-2002), changes in legislation aimed at improving the financial situation of the widows of servicemen who died in World War II (2000) . In addition, with the active participation of YABLOKO, laws were adopted that protected the rights of certain categories of pensioners (2000–2002).
The faction made significant changes aimed at developing programs for the protection of motherhood and childhood and the reconstruction of the burn center of the Institute of Surgery. Vishnevsky in the law "On the budget of the Federal Medical Insurance Fund for 1997".
One of the main and at the same time the most successful areas of Yabloko's legislative activity in the sphere of formation and strengthening of the democratic foundations of the Russian statehood was the work on creating a regulatory framework for reforming the judicial system. From the point of view of the party, this reform should be based on such principles as humanity and transparency of justice, protection of individual rights, adversarial and equal rights of the parties in court, fair and public hearing of the case within a reasonable time, legality and validity of each judicial act, strict subordination of judges law, organizational strengthening of the judicial system, improvement of its financing.
Yabloko actively participated in the development of the Law "On Justices of the Peace in the Russian Federation" (1998), which should operate at the level of local government and relieve the courts of general jurisdiction from a huge number of small cases. This Law came into force in December 1998. As part of the improvement of legal legislation, Yabloko developed the Law “On Enforcement Proceedings in the Russian Federation” (1997) adopted by the State Duma, which regulates the procedure for the execution of court decisions. The contribution of the faction to the development and adoption of the Law “On the Status of Judges” and amendments to it (1995–2001) aimed at strengthening the independence of the judiciary was noticeable.
The contribution of the Yabloko faction to the legislative support of the second stage of the federal reform turned out to be significant, primarily in legal regulation issues related to the strengthening of local governments (2003).
When the Duma considered the Law “On Political Parties” (2001), it was largely thanks to the efforts of Yabloko that it was possible to limit the possibilities for administrative interference by state bodies in the activities of parties.
In terms of legal support for the constitutional rights of citizens, the most successful for Yabloko was participation in the development of one of the most important laws aimed at creating legislative guarantees and real mechanisms for the observance of civil rights and limiting arbitrariness on the part of state bodies - the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Commissioner for Human Rights "(1997).
The Yabloko faction actively participated in the development of the Code of Criminal Procedure (2001) and the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation (2002).
Being in opposition to the governments, "Yabloko" in the Duma of the first and second convocations regularly voted against the country's budget drafts submitted by the Cabinet of Ministers for parliamentary approval. YABLOKO participated in two attempts to express a vote of no confidence in the government in the Duma (October 1997 and June 2003). Such attempts took place in the Duma of all three convocations. In a number of cases, Yabloko acted as the main initiator of such attempts.
In October 2003, after the Russian security forces stormed the building of the Theater Center on Dubrovka in Moscow, seized by Chechen terrorists, as a result of the negligence of officials and inconsistency in the actions of the authorities, 129 hostages died. Yabloko also called for the creation of a parliamentary commission to investigate these tragic events. Just as in 1994-1995, when the party advocated the creation of a commission to investigate the events of 1993, the parliamentary majority did not express a desire to find out the reasons for what had happened.
In the elections to the State Duma of the 4th convocation, Yabloko failed to overcome the five percent barrier, gaining 4.3% of the vote. In this regard, the interests of the liberal-minded part of society are not represented in the lower house of parliament.
Conclusion
The Russian multi-party system is still in its infancy. Some parties appear and others disappear. Some parties are merging to form larger blocs. For example, the union of "Motherland", RPZh and RPP in "Fair Russia".
There are parties of various orientations (democratic, liberal, conservative, pro-communist). They are constantly evolving, leading each other political struggle, there is their development, unification and development of joint positions. To increase influence on state structures and to nominate their representatives to power structures.
The formation of a multi-party system in the country is difficult and contradictory. It is still far from the civilized framework of Western democracy. Most often it happens that parties appear, register, sometimes even disappear, but no one knows who is behind them, who supports them. And this is the main trouble of many parties.
But one thing is clear - the development of Russia requires not just the interaction of parties, but also the interaction of simply political forces on reasonable terms.
Bibliography
Reforms for the majority. M. 1995, p. 323–324
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation is preparing to become an "irreconcilable opposition" / Nezavisimaya Gazeta / 129 (2439) July 18, 2001
Yavlinsky G.Ya. Fake democracy / G.Ya. Yavlinsky// Nezavisimaya Gazeta. - 2004. - No. 7. - P. 16
http://www.edinros.ru
http://www.kprf.ru/
http://www.ldpr.ru/
http://www.yabloko.ru/
http://www.rodina-nps.ru/
http://www.cikrf.ru/
2 Reforms for the majority. M. 1995, p. 323–324
Russia is a politically free country. This is evidenced by a considerable number of registered various political parties. However, according to the Constitution, parties that promote the ideas of fascism, nationalism, call for national and religious hatred, deny universal human values and undermine moral standards. But even without that there are enough parties in Russia. A little lower we will announce the entire list of political parties in Russia and give brief information about them.
Features of parliamentarism in Russia
Unfortunately, democracy historical development our country is an atypical phenomenon. Monarchism and totalitarian socialism are something else. The entire experience of parliamentarism in Russia is reduced to a short period from the creation of the State Duma (1905) to the October Revolution of 1917. In the USSR, parliamentarism under the conditions of a one-party system (there was no Communist Party in principle. In the transition to democratic lines, this "legacy" manifests itself in the form of methods of struggle, intolerance towards opponents. The purely Russian concept of "party of power" seems to have become a legacy from the CPSU.
Administrative resource
The experience of the one-party system in Russia is the richest. It is not surprising that, remembering the past, government officials and the highest echelons of power are interested in creating a party that supports the current government. Its main members are state officials, state and municipal employees, to a certain extent, the so-called administrative resource (power support) is used in the activities of the party. Guided by these signs, political scientists include "United Russia", as well as the former "Our Home - Russia", "Unity" from the list of political parties in Russia.
The oldest party
Such, probably, should be recognized as the direct successor of the CPSU. Political changes forced modern communists to shift their views much more to the right and reorganize, but still, no matter how indignant other left-wing parties are, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation is the "daughter" of the CPSU.
Regulars of the Duma
Only two parties received mandates in all seven convocations of the State Duma. This is the Communist Party and the Liberal Democratic Party. Such a result in the former is due to the traditional popularity of socialist ideas in Russia, the "critical" position towards the Russian government, which is a win-win in a country that is not without problems. The achievements of the "liberals" are reduced by political scientists to the personal charisma of the founder and permanent leader of the party, Vladimir Zhirinovsky.
It must be noted, however, that there have always been representatives of the "party of power" in the Duma. "United Russia" is their direct continuation, but legally it can be considered a lie. "United Russia" are present in the Duma only the last four convocations.
Political poles
Modern parties in Russia (in the list below), at least the leading ones, serve as spokesmen for popular ideas and peculiar leaders in their promotion:
- Thus, "United Russia" is a striving for balanced right-wing centrism, propaganda for the strengthening of state power and respect for it, patriotism, internationalism, and harmony in society.
- The Communist Party of Russia (KPRF) - social justice, patriotism, respect for history.
- Liberal Democratic Party (LDPR) - radicalism in the pursuit of social justice.
- "Fair Russia" - the ideals of social democracy, including the European persuasion. In this sense, the SR follows the once influential, but lost authority Yabloko association.
There is no strong separate party in the list of political parties in Russia that expresses the interests of business and liberalism of the pro-Western type. The Union of Right Forces went bankrupt politically, and the Civic Platform remained small. The last attempt so far is the Party of Growth, but it seems that in a country where the income gap between the rich and the poor is large, and the poor are many, the interests of the rich are alien to the majority of the population. The situation on the political "market" is changeable. For example, it has always been difficult to imagine that the popular Yabloko would lose seats in parliament. However...
All registered political parties in Russia: list and their leaders
Let's take a look at the table.
| The consignment | Year of foundation | Ideology | Creators | Leader |
| "United Russia" | 2001 | Right-wing democratic centrism | Sergei Shoigu, Mintimer Shaimiev | Dmitry Medvedev |
| The Communist Party | 1993 | left centrism | Valentin Kuptsov, Gennady Zyuganov | Gennady Zyuganov |
| Liberal Democratic Party | 1989 | It declares liberalism, but if you pay attention to the leader's statements, it is ultra-right. | ||
| "Patriots of Russia" | 2005 | left centrism | Gennady Semigin | Gennady Semigin |
| Democratic Party "Yabloko" | 1995 | social democracy | Grigory Yavlinsky, Vladimir Lukin | Emilia Slabunova |
| 2005 | social democracy | Sergei Mironov | Sergei Mironov | |
| "Growth Party" | 2008 | Right conservative | Boris Titov | Boris Titov |
| People's Freedom Party | 1990 | Right center, liberalism | Stepan Sulakshin, Vyacheslav Shostakovsky | Mikhail Kasyanov |
| Democratic Party of Russia | 1990 | Right center, liberalism | Nikolai Travkin | Timur Bogdanov |
| "For the women of Russia" | 2007 | Conservatism, protection of women's rights | Galina Latysheva | Galina Khavraeva |
| green alliance | 2012 | Social democracy, ecology | Mitvol Fetisov | Alexander Zakondyrin |
| Union of Citizens (SG) | 2012 | Ildar Gayfutdinov | Dmitry Volkov | |
| People's Party of Russia | 2012 | Centrism | Andrey Bogdanov | Stanislav Aranovich |
| Civil position | 2012 | Liberalism | Andrey Bogdanov | Andrey Poda |
| Social Democratic Party of Russia | 2012 | social democracy | Andrey Bogdanov | Sirazdin Ramazanov |
| Communist Party of Socialist Justice (CPSU) | 2012 | Socialism | Andrey Bogdanov | Oleg Bulaev |
| Party of Pensioners of Russia | 2012 | Social democracy, protection of the rights of pensioners | Nikolai Chebotarev | Nikolai Chebotarev |
| Party "GROSS" | 2012 | Social democracy, protection of the rights of urban residents | Yuri Babak | Yuri Babak |
| Young Russia (MOLROSS) | 2012 | Centrism, protecting the rights of youth | Nikolai Stolyarchuk | Nikolai Stolyarchuk |
| Free Citizens Party | 2012 | Constitutionalism, liberalism | Pavel Sklyanchuk | Alexander Zorin |
| "Greens" | 1993 | Centrism, ecology | Anatoly Panfilov | Evgeny Belyaev |
| Communists of Russia (KOMROS) | 2009 | Left | Konstantin Zhukov | Maxim Suraikin |
| Agrarian Party of Russia | 1993 | Centrism, protection of the rights of citizens employed in the agricultural sector of the economy | Vasily Starodubtsev, Mikhail Lapshin, Alexander Davydov | Olga Bashmachnikova |
| Russian People's Union (RUS) | 1991 | Patriotism, conservatism, Orthodoxy | Sergey Baburin | Sergey Baburin |
| Party for Justice! (PARZAS) | 2012 | Vladimir Ponomarenko | Vladimir Ponomarenko | |
| Party of Socialist protection | 2012 | Social justice, left | Victor Sviridov | Victor Sviridov |
| Civil force | 2007 | Liberalism, ecology, protection of the rights of small and medium-sized businesses | Alexander Revyakin | Kirill Bykanin |
| Party of Pensioners for Social Justice | 1997 | Social justice, protection of the rights of pensioners | Sergei Atroshenko | Vladimir Burakov |
| People's Alliance | 2012 | Patriotism | Andrey Bogdanov | Olga Anishchenko |
| Monarchist Party | 2012 | Patriotism, monarchism | Anton Bakov | Anton Bakov |
| Civic platform | 2012 | Liberalism | Mikhail Prokhorov | Rifat Shaikhutdinov |
| "HONESTLY" | 2012 | Christianity, liberalism | Alexey Zolotukhin | Alexey Zolotukhin |
| Labor Party of Russia | 2012 | Liberalism | Sergey Vostretsov | Sergey Vostretsov |
| Against all | 2012 | social justice | Pavel Mikhalchenkov | Pavel Mikhalchenkov |
| Russian Socialist Party | 2012 | Socialism | Sergei Cherkashin | Sergei Cherkashin |
| Party of Veterans of Russia | 2012 | Patriotism, protection of the rights of military personnel | Ildar Rezyapov | Ildar Rezyapov |
| ROT FRONT | 2012 | Left | Victor Tyulkin, Sergey Udaltsov | Viktor Tyulkin |
| Cause Party | 2012 | Democracy, protection of the rights of entrepreneurs | Konstantin Babkin | Konstantin Babkin |
| National Security Party of Russia (PNBR) | 2012 | Patriotism | Alexander Fedulov | Alexander Fedulov |
| "Motherland" | 2003 | Patriotism | Dmitry Rogozin, Sergei Glazyev, Sergei Baburin, Yuri Skokov | Alexey Zhuravlev |
| Union of Labor | 2012 | Social justice, protection of workers' rights | Alexander Shershukov | Alexander Shershukov |
| Russian Party of People's Administration | 2012 | social democracy | Albert Mukhamedyarov | Albert Mukhamedyarov |
| "Women's Dialogue" | 2012 | Traditionalism, patriotism, protection of the rights of women and children | Elena Semerikova | Elena Semerikova |
| Village Revival Party | 2013 | Protection of the rights of rural residents | Vasily Vershinin | Vasily Vershinin |
| Defenders of the Fatherland | 2013 | Populism, protection of the rights of military personnel | Nikolay Sobolev | Nikolay Sobolev |
| Cossack party | 2013 | Patriotism, protection of the rights of the Cossacks | Nikolai Konstantinov | Nikolai Konstantinov |
| Development of Russia | 2013 | social democracy | Alexey Kaminsky | Alexey Kaminsky |
| Democratic legal Russia | 2013 | Moderate liberalism, constitutionalism | Igor Trunov | Igor Trunov |
| "Dignity" | 2013 | Liberalism | Stanislav Bychinsky | Stanislav Bychinsky |
| Great Fatherland | 2012 | Patriotism | Nikolay Starikov | Igor Ashmanov |
| Gardeners' Party | 2013 | Populism, protection of the rights of gardeners | Igor Kasyanov | Andrey Mayboroda |
| Civic Initiative | 2013 | Democracy, liberalism | Dmitry Gudkov | Ksenia Sobchak |
| Renaissance Party | 2013 | socialist democracy | Gennady Seleznev | Viktor Arkhipov |
| National Course | 2012 | Patriotism | Andrey Kovalenko | Evgeny Fedorov |
| people against corruption | 2013 | Anti-corruption | Grigory Anisimov | Grigory Anisimov |
| native party | 2013 | Populism | Sergei Orlov, Nadezhda Demidova | |
| Sports Party "Healthy Forces" | 2013 | Populism, protection of the rights of athletes | Davyd Gubar | Davyd Gubar |
| International Party (IPR) | 2014 | Social harmony of society, internationalism | Zuleikhat Ulybasheva | Zuleikhat Ulybasheva |
| Party of Socialist Reform (AKP) | 2014 | social justice | Stanislav Polishchuk | Stanislav Polishchuk |
| STRONG RUSSIA | 2014 | Protection of the rights of persons with disabilities | Vladimir Maltsev | Vladimir Maltsev |
| Good Deeds Party | 2014 | Populism, social protection | Andrey Kirillov | Andrey Kirillov |
| Revival of agrarian Russia | 2015 | Protection of the rights of the agro-industrial sector | Vasily Krylov | Vasily Krylov |
| Change | 2015 | social justice | Antonina Serova | Antonina Serova |
| Parents Party (PRB) | 2015 | Populism, protecting the interests of the family | Marina Voronova | Marina Voronova |
| Small Business Party (PMBR) | 2015 | Liberalism, protecting the rights of small businesses | Yuri Sidorov | Yuri Sidorov |
| Non-Party Russia (BPR) | 2013 | Patriotism, social justice | Alexander Safoshin | Alexander Safoshin |
| "Power to the People" | 2016 | Socialism, social justice, people's democracy | Vladimir Miloserdov | Vladimir Miloserdov |
This is the list of political parties in modern Russia.
abuse
Any freedom is a risk, a loophole for dishonest people. Parliamentarism should benefit the country and its people. Political technologies are hardly worth considering as a boon. For example, the well-known political strategist Andrey Bogdanov creates parties and then sells them on a turnkey basis to everyone. Even in the list above there are several such "products". Although in 2012 the requirements for registration of political parties were tightened. That is why this is also the year of creation of the majority of newcomer parties. But freedom is better than cruel limits.
There is a multi-party system in Russia and at the moment 77 formations are registered. Our rating of political parties will tell about organizations that have real weight in Russian society.
United Russia
United Russia
The main organization of the country under the leadership of D. Medvedev and V. Putin, leading the rating of Russian parties today. It has real power, as it has a majority in parliament, as well as government bodies at local and regional levels.
The main ideological components are centrism, pragmatism and conservatism.
communist
The direct successor of the CPSU, with more than 160 thousand members. Head - G. Zyuganov. Patriotism, communism and renewed socialism are the main postulates of this leftist political party.
Today's communists are in favor of cooperation with the Orthodox Church, opposing the penetration of new sects into Russia.
Liberal Democratic
The party of Russian nationalists, headed by the permanent leader - V. Zhirinovsky. The direct successor of the party of the same name of the USSR, created back in 1989.
The most populist party of the entire rating, but it cannot be otherwise with such a leader. At the same time, the organization adheres not to liberal-democratic views (as one might judge by the name), but to nationalist-patriotic ones. He positions himself as an opposition, but not all political scientists agree with this.
The Liberal Democratic Party always receives representation in the Lower House of Parliament during elections.
Party of Social Democrats (Socialist-Revolutionaries) under the leadership of S. Mironov. This is a center-left organization, currently in strong opposition to the authorities, although in some respects its policy coincides with the state.
Cooperating with the communists.
The party is named after the first letters of the names of the leaders - G. Yavlinsky, Yu. Boldyrev and V. Lukin. Votes for European values, equality between men and women, in defense of the environment.
It is in opposition to the Putin government and none of its members (except I. Artemyev) is included in the country's leadership.
The party, which changed its name since 2003, was transformed, disbanded and re-established. Its leader is Alexei Zhuravlev, and the unofficial leader is D. Rogozin, Deputy Prime Minister of Russia.
Political orientation - moderate nationalism, resource control, support foreign policy Russia. In 2006, it had 135 thousand members and was the second largest after United Russia.
Another social democratic party led by G. Semigin. At one time, she broke away from the Communist Party. It has more than 85 thousand people.
Since 2011, its ally has been the pro-Putin All-Russian Popular Front.
The Left Party, an alternative to the Communist Party, which until 2012 existed as a non-profit organization. For the 2016 elections, she presented a program with the “talking name“ 10 Stalinist strikes on capitalism ”with proposals for broad nationalization, the return death penalty and a ban on raising the retirement age.
Created to support agriculture and entrepreneurs in Russia. Head K.Babkin. For 6 years, the organization has gained weight in political circles.
They oppose the reduction of subsidies to agriculture and demand a reduction in energy prices.
The party is in opposition to the current economic course of the country, but not to the President.
How to understand: will the kitten be fluffy?
What kind of light alcohol can be drunk for pregnant women: the consequences of drinking
Why do the legs swell in the ankles and ankles of the feet in pregnant women: causes and methods of treatment
The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle: scandalous and secret details of the marriage (photo) The future marriage of Prince Harry year NTV
How to close white plums for the winter