Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

Higher professional education

"St. Petersburg State

University of Engineering and Economics".

Department of Public Relations, History and Political Science

Discipline: "National history"

Abstract on the topic :

"The life of the royal family inXVIIcentury"

Completed by a student

Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Finance

Course 1

Group No. 000

Rusakova Ekaterina

Vladimirovna

scientific adviser

Saint Petersburg

2005.

Introduction ………………………………………………………….3

1.Historical features of the device of life

Russian tsars in the 17th century …………………………………………………4

2. General concepts of the palace …………………………………………...5

2.1. The appearance of the palace …………………………………….5

2.2. Carved woodwork ……………………………….6

2.3. General overview of the interior decoration of the rooms ……….8

2.4. Room painting ……………………………………10

2.5. Private view of some rooms ……………………13

3. Entertainment of the royal family ……………………………………… 17

4. The appearance and life of the Kremlin palaces of the XVI-XVII centuries …………..18

5. Schedule of the day ………………………………………………………20

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………25

Introduction:

Our country has a great, centuries-old history, which we can rightfully be proud of. Over the years of the historical development of the Russian state, there have repeatedly been moments that, undoubtedly, can be called heroic, requiring the maximum exertion of moral strength and the attraction of huge material resources. However, studying various historical eras, we often forget about the everyday life of people who lived in those distant times. Namely, this everyday life was an expression of all socio-historical formations that have changed over the long history of the Russian state. The study of the economic foundations and political relations without studying the domestic life and traditions of people living in the time we are studying significantly impoverishes our understanding of it. One of the first domestic historians who paid attention to the daily life of people was Professor Moskovsky Zabelin, who wrote: “At present, with the current direction of historical work, the study of the home life of obsolete generations is of great importance. The conclusions of science reveal the truth that a person's home life is an environment in which lie the germs and rudiments of his development and all kinds of phenomena of his life, social and political, or state ... ".

Soviet historiography, based on the principles of historical materialism, the leading law of which is the idea of ​​the economic foundations of socio-political formations, paid insufficient attention to people's daily lives. Only in recent years have public studies on this issue appeared. The abstract is devoted to the study of the daily life of the royal family in the early and least studied period of the birth and formation of the Russian state - the 17th century.

1. Historical features of the structure of life of Russian tsars in XVII in.

In the middle of the 17th century, an autocratic monarchy was finally formed and legally formalized in the Russian state. At the Zemsky Sobor in 1648-1649. the Council Code was adopted, which contained a decree on the protection of the honor and health of the king, on the procedure for conducting a trial and executing punishments. For actions directed against the state order, property and life of the sovereign, the death penalty was due.

The domestic life of the people and kings in the internal development of the country is the external expression of its existence. The foundations of the entire social system lie in everyday charters, orders, in its moral principles. Thus, the most conspicuous type of history is the "sovereign" in the general sense, as owner, possessor, or master. "This type is considered in its three main types: the life of the best people, the life of average people and the life of younger people." In the ancient domestic life of the kings, the supreme meaning of this type is revealed and then gradually leads to its younger branch - to the children of the boyars, the ordinary princely squad.

According to its political structure, Russia of the 17th century is an autocratic monarchy.

The life of the Russian great sovereign expressed itself most fully by the end of the seventeenth century. But no matter how wide and regal its dimensions were in general terms and in general provisions, it did not at all depart from the typical, primordial outlines of Russian life. The Moscow sovereign remained the same prince - an patrimonial. The patrimonial type was reflected in all the orders of his domestic life and household. It was a simple rural, and, consequently, purely Russian way of life, not at all different in its main features from the life of a peasant, a way of life that sacredly preserved all customs and traditions. The name sovereign was associated with domestic life, with the owner-owner and the father of the family. “Even in Russkaya Pravda, the word sovereign, ruler, together with the word lord, owner of property, householder, patrimony, is denoted. The ruler was a person who combined in its meaning the concepts of the head of the house, the direct ruler, judge, owner and manager of his household.

1.1. External and internal view of the palace.

The palaces of the 17th century were buildings of various sizes, scattered everywhere, commensurate primarily with considerations of convenience. Such was the appearance of the palaces at the end of the 17th century. “In this regard, the palace did not have a facade. The buildings were crowded next to each other and further increased the diversity with their various roofs in the form of tents, stacks, barrels, with patterned pipes, skillfully folded. In other places towers with eagles, unicorns and lions stood instead of weathercocks. According to the Italian Barberini (1565), the roofs and domes of the royal palace were covered with gold, along the cornice of the Middle Golden Patate there was an inscription “In the summer of August 70-69. By the command of the pious Christ-loving. Moscow, Nougorod. tsar of Kazan. and the Tsar of Astrakhan. Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Tver. Yugra. Perm. Vyatsky. Bulgarian. and other sovereigns of the Livonian land. city ​​of Yuriev and others. and with his noble children. Tsarevitch Ivan: and Tsarevich Theodore Ioanovich of All Russia, Autocrat.

“The roof of the Stone Terem was originally decorated in 1637 with burrs induced with gold, silver and paints.” (Expenditure books of the Treasury order in the Arch. Armory, No. 000). Subsequently, it was gilded.

Especially, pretentious variegation and patterning were manifested to a greater extent, as in external architectural decorations and various kinds of ornaments, usually located along the cornices, or gaps of buildings in the form of belts, shoulder blades or pilasters and columns; also at windows and doors in the form of sandriks, platbands, capitals, patterned carved from wood in wooden and from white stone in stone buildings. In the carving of these ornaments between leaves, herbs, flowers and various patterns, emblematic birds and animals occupied not the last place. (Archive of historical and legal information relating to Russia, ed. N. Kalachov. M., 1854. Det. V. C. 33.)

1.2. Carved woodwork.

In the decorations of princely and boyar choirs, carving showed more intricacy, but the nature of art, in its techniques, remained the same. A drawing or a badge completely depended on the icon-painting style, which always translated memorized samples almost according to a stencil. The carving was dominated by the cutting of quite simple geometric figures: teeth, towns, rivets, grooves, etc. An excellent and most characteristic monument of ancient Russian carving is wooden royal place in Moscow Assumption Cathedral. Together with other similar monuments, it gives the most complete and correct idea of ​​the architectural types of its time and the nature of the carved patterns that decorated the royal mansions. Carving with the same self-styled character survived until the second half of the 17th century, when, under Tsar Alexei, to replace antiquity, German carving, figured, in the Renaissance style, was brought to us, according to the invention of the German engineer-architect Dekenpin in 1660. Then, in In 1668, the mansions of the Kolomna Palace and the dining room of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich in the Kremlin Palace were decorated in the same style. Reitenfels, who was in Moscow in 1670, generally remarks about the Kolomna Palace that it “was so superbly decorated with carvings and gilding that you would think it was a toy just taken out of a box.” In 1681, the new mansions of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, built at the northeastern corner of the Terem Palace, were painted and gilded. The next year, in April 1682, shortly before the death of the tsar, on these mansions “attics were painted on the outside with pink colored paints on both sides, from the Stone Towers, the other side from the Church of the Life-Giving Resurrection.” Flowers, herbs, birds, and also animals were depicted on the window shutters. Existing walls of stone buildings were decorated in the same character. In 1667, all the buildings that made up the face of the palace from the side of Cathedral Square were decorated in this way, that is, the Annunciation porch, the Red Porch and the Faceted Chamber. Carving of Fryazh herbs on a white stone. (Cases of the Palace Orders, 17th century, in the Arch. Armory), which were then covered with red gold and colored paints, can still serve as a model of ancient fryashchina in jewelry. In the same way, the Stone Tower was painted, which to this day has largely retained its former appearance. The porch leading to Terem was called Golden. The outer decorations of the Terem were renewed several times during the reign of Tsars Alexei Mikhailovich and his son Fyodor. Also, on all the gates of the palace, outside and inside, that is, from the courtyard, there were icons painted on boards. So, for example, on the Kolymazhny Gates, on one side, there was an image of the Resurrection, and on the other, the Most Holy Theotokos of Smolensk.

1.3. General overview of the interior decoration of the rooms.

Everything that served as decoration inside the choir or was their necessary part was called attire. There were two types of attire: mansion and tent. The mansion was also called carpentry, that is, they hewed walls, ceilings and walls, sheathed with red boarding, made benches, taxes, and so on. This simple carpenter's attire received a special beauty if the rooms were cleaned with joinery carvings. The tent attire consisted of cleaning the rooms with cloth and other fabrics. Much attention was paid to the ceilings. There were two types of ceiling decoration: hanging and mica. Hanging - wooden carving with a number of attachments. Mica - mica decoration with carved tin decorations. The decoration of the ceilings was combined with the decoration of the windows. The floor was covered with boards, sometimes paved with oak bricks.

The usual furniture in the royal mansions were benches, which were arranged near the walls, around the whole room or chamber, sometimes even near the stoves. Under the benches they made lockers with shutters, a kind of small cabinets. Such lockers under the benches were arranged in 1683 in the front room of Tsar Peter Alekseevich.

The stoves were tiled, or “exemplary, valuable” (Historical review of the enamel and valuable business in Russia in the Notes of the St. Petersburg Archaeological Society (1853, Vol. 6, Section 1)) from blue tiles and ant or green from green. In the seventeenth century Polish green stoves are also mentioned. The stoves were placed quadrangular, round, flat, the shape of the tiles was varied: they depicted herbs, flowers, people, animals and various patterns. Despite the clean, smooth finish of the choir, the walls, ceilings, benches, and floors were almost never left bare. They were draped with colorful cloths. Sometimes the walls and ceilings were upholstered in half with green satin: the rooms of Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna and Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich were upholstered with such an atlas in 1691, which is why they were called satin rooms. During the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, some of his rooms were upholstered with gilded bass leather, with carved herbs, flowers and animals. Such leathers were also upholstered: in 1666 the doors of the sovereign's Room and the third in Terems, in 1673 the upper hut, above the Cross, near Tsaritsa Natalya Kirillovna, and the room of Tsarevich Peter with silver skins, in 1681 with golden skins of the room and canopy in the new wooden mansions of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, built at that time near the Towers and the Resurrection Church.

On important occasions, during embassy receptions or on solemn days and royal holidays, the entire mansion outfit received a completely different look. Then, instead of the cloths that used to clean the rooms in ordinary times, the walls were decorated with rich gold and silk fabrics, axamites, etc., and the floors were decorated with Persian and Indian carpets. In addition to solemn receptions and holidays, a rich mansion outfit was also used on other occasions, especially important in the family life of the sovereign. The royal books of 1662 describe this attire as follows: “The sovereign was sitting in large armchairs, and in the Golden one was an outfit from the Treasury: on the table the carpet was silvered with wormy earth, the lapels were gold, that with stains, on the cones there were gold carpets, on two windows embroidered golden carpets, on white satin, on the third window a golden Kizilbas carpet.

1.4. Room painting.

Much more remarkable is another kind of ancient choir decoration - namely, room painting, wall and ceiling painting, which served as the most magnificent and from the middle of the 17th century, a rather ordinary decoration of the royal reception chambers and bed choirs. In the 17th century it was known under the name byteisky letters. This name already sufficiently explains what kind of objects were depicted on the walls and plafonds of the royal chambers.

By the nature of his education - religious, theological - a Russian person liked to personify parables and church life, with images of which he decorated his mansions. In the absence of an aesthetic element in his education, he did not know art in the sense that modernity gives it, therefore, in the parables and beings that were depicted on the walls of his chambers, he wanted to see, first of all, edification, teaching, spiritual benefit in a religious sense, and not delighting the eye with beautiful images that were tempting and always carefully removed. The evolutionary processes that took place in the state system of Russia in the 17th century, the breakdown of the traditional worldview, the noticeably increased interest in the world around us, the craving for "external wisdom" were reflected in the general character of Russian culture. Contributed to the changes and unusually expanded country's ties with Western Europe. The expansion of the themes of images, the increase in the share of secular, historical subjects, the use of Western European engravings as "samples", allowed artists to create with less regard for traditions, to look for new ways in art. However, we must not forget that the golden age of ancient Russian painting is far behind. It was no longer possible to rise to the top again within the framework of the old system. Icon painters found themselves at a crossroads. The beginning of the 17th century was marked by the dominance of two artistic trends inherited from the previous era. One of them was called the "Godunovskaya" school, since most of the famous works of this direction were commissioned by Tsar Boris Godunov and his relatives. The "Godunov" style as a whole is distinguished by its tendency to narrative, overload of the composition with details, corporality and materiality of forms, fascination with architectural forms.

Another direction is usually called the "Stroganov" school. Most of the icons of this style are associated with the orders of the eminent merchant family, the Stroganovs. The Stroganov school is the art of icon miniature. It is no coincidence that her characteristic features are most clearly manifested in works of small size. In the Stroganov icons, with impudence unheard of at that time, the aesthetic principle asserts itself, as if obscuring the cult purpose of the image. It was not the deep inner content of this or that composition and not the richness of the spiritual world of the characters that excited the artists, but the beauty of the form in which all this could be captured.

Elements of a kind of realism, observed in the painting of the Stroganov school, were developed in the work of the best masters of the second half of the 17th century - the royal icon painters and painters of the Armory. Their recognized head was Simon Ushakov.

The 17th century completes more than seven centuries of history of ancient Russian art. From that time on, ancient Russian icon painting ceased to exist as a dominant artistic system.

At this time, all the eminent people of the country are trying to capture their image in the portrait. The royal icon painters Simon Ushakov, Fyodor Yuryev, Ivan Maksimov painted portraits of the prince, the steward, and many other images. So, under the supervision of Simon Ushakov, the choir of Alexei Mikhailovich was decorated with wall and grass writing.

Today we have been taught to think that colored stained-glass windows in the windows of houses and cathedrals are a typical attribute of exclusively Western European buildings. It turns out that this idea is wrong. Colored, patterned and painted window panes were also used in the "Mongolian" way of life in Russia-Horde of the 16th century.

In the 17th century, mica in the windows began to be decorated with paintings. So, in 1676, the painter Ivan Saltanov was ordered to paint a window on mica in the mansions of Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich "in the circle of an eagle, in the corners of the grass; and write in such a way that it was visible through the mansion, and from the courtyard into the mansions, so that it was not visible" . In 1692, it was ordered to register the death of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in the mansion, so as not to see through them. Various images of people, animals and birds, painted with colors, can also be seen on the mica windows left from the Pereslavl Palace of Peter the Great.

Heating of premises was practiced with the help of pipes laid in the walls and floors. Hot air flowed through the pipes. "The upper floors of the wooden choirs were mostly heated with wire pipes from the furnaces of the lower tiers. These pipes were also tiled with air vents ... All the large royal ceilings, Faceted, two Golden ones, Canteen and Embankments, were also heated with wire pipes from furnaces arranged under them in the cellars.

1.5. Private view of some rooms.

The room, in its own sense, was a study, or in general such a room in which one remained most of the day. In the sovereign's room, where he usually received reports, even in the rooms of adult princes, the table was covered with red cloth and cleaned with various items necessary for writing classes. There was a clock on it, there were books that the sovereign needed for the case, for example, the “Book of the Code” , different papers lay in notebooks, in columns and in scrolls. The emperor used feathers, traditional for that time, swan feathers. Noble people at that time rarely wrote in goose. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich had a “book in silver”, which in 1676 Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich took to his mansion. , when he was a prince, the boyar Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky brought "the whistle of silver enamel." Among the writing instruments of his room table were also "a German clock in a dog, under them in a box of ink and a sandbox, a knife, scabbards." The little book of Tsarevich Ivan Mikhailovich was unusually richly decorated. She was set in gold and strewn with precious stones. In 1683, Tsarevna Sofya Alekseevna was given into the room “a box that puts letters with an inkwell, and with scissors, and with a bone, than letters are sent.”

The main rooms of the royal half were: the Front Room, the Room (study), the Cross, the Bedchamber and the Mylenka. I would like to fix my eyes on the bedchamber, because this room had the richest decoration at that time. So, bedchamber. The main item of decoration of the bed room was the bed "bed".

The bed corresponded to the direct meaning of this word, that is, it served as a shelter and looked like a tent. The tent was embroidered with gold and silver. The veils were trimmed with fringes. In addition to curtains, dungeons (a kind of drapery) were hung at the heads and at the foot of the bed. The dungeons were also embroidered with gold and silver silk, decorated with tassels, they depicted people, animals and various outlandish herbs and flowers. When in the 17th century the fashion for German curly carving went on, the beds became even more beautiful. They began to be decorated with crowns crowning tents, gzymzas (cornices), sprengels, apples and puklys (a kind of ball). All carvings, as usual, were gilded, silvered and painted with paint.

Such a bed can be seen in the Grand Kremlin Palace, and although that bed belongs to a later time, the idea is, in general, reflected.

Prices for royal beds ranged from 200 rubles. up to 2r. The most expensive and richest bed in Moscow of the seventeenth century cost 2800 rubles. and was sent by Alexei Mikhailovich as a gift to the Persian Shah. This bed was decorated with crystal, gold, ivory, tortoiseshell, silk, pearls and mother-of-pearl.

If the beds were so richly arranged, then the bed itself was cleaned with no less luxury. And for special occasions (weddings, christenings, the birth of a child, etc.) there was a bed. So, the bed consisted of: a cotton mattress (wallet) at the base, heads (a long pillow the entire width of the bed), two down pillows, two small down pillows, a blanket, a bedspread, a carpet was spread under the bed. Many have the idea that the bedchambers of those times were hung with icons. This is not so, the cross rooms served for the prayer service, which looked like small churches due to the number of icons. In the bedchamber there was only a bow cross.

Three, sometimes four rooms side by side, one next to the other, in one connection, served as a very sufficient room for the Sovereign.
As said, these rooms were not particularly spacious. With their spaciousness, they were equal to a peasant's hut or a peasant's cell, i.e., they had a width and length of only 3 sazhens (1 sazhen = 2.134 m.), i.e. 9 arshins (1 arshin = 0.71 m.), Like now peasant huts are being built, and they always had three windows outside. And inside they were likened to the same hut, because ordinary shops were always set up near the walls. Chairs were not used at that time. There was only one chair in the room for the Emperor himself.
In the same way, the queen's mansions were located, which were placed separately from the king's choir, but connected to them by passages or passages. At the tsaritsa, after the Anterior, followed the Cross, and then the Room. Special mansions with the same rooms were set up for the sovereign's children and were also connected
The emperor usually got up at four in the morning. The bed-keeper, with the help of sleeping bags and lawyers, gave the sovereign a dress and cleaned (dressed) him. Having washed, the sovereign immediately went out to Krestovaya, where the confessor or the priest of the cross and the cross clerks were waiting for him. The confessor or cross priest blessed the sovereign with a cross.

Having finished the morning cross prayer, the sovereign, if he rested especially, sent the servant on duty to the queen in the mansions to ask her about her health, how did she rest? Then he himself went out to greet her in her anteroom or dining room. After that, they listened together in one of the riding churches to matins, and sometimes to early mass.

In domestic life, the kings were a model of moderation and simplicity. According to foreigners, the simplest dishes, rye bread, a little wine, oatmeal mash or light beer with cinnamon oil, and sometimes only cinnamon water, were always served at the table of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. In addition to fasting, he did not eat anything meat on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Thus, his attitude towards food was stricter than that of many monks. At the ordinary table of the sovereign on meat and fish days, about seventy dishes were served, but almost all of these dishes were served by the boyars and other persons to whom the sovereign sent these servings as a sign of his goodwill and honor.

After Vespers, business was also sometimes heard and the Duma met. But usually all the time after vespers until the evening meal or supper, the sovereign spent already in the family or with the closest people.

The palace had a special Amusement Chamber, in which all sorts of amusements amused the royal family with songs, music, dance, rope dances and other "actions". Among these mercenaries were: funny (buffoons), guselniki, skrypotchik, domrachi, organists, cymbals. Fools-jesters also lived in the palace, and fools - jokers, dwarfs and dwarfs lived in the queen's house. They sang songs, somersaulted and indulged in all sorts of gaiety, which served as no small amusement to the sovereign family, which continued after dinner until evening. The emperor spent most of the summer in country palaces, entertaining himself with hunting and farming. In winter, he sometimes went on a bear or an elk himself, hunted for hares.

2. Entertainment of the royal family.

2.1. Theatre

Among the new genres that expressed the growth of self-awareness, dramaturgy occupies a special place. The first theatrical performances took place in 1672 in the court theater of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, where plays based on ancient and biblical subjects were staged. The founder of Russian dramaturgy was S. Polotsky, whose plays (the comedy "The Parable of the Prodigal Son" and the tragedy "About Nebuchadnezzar the Tsar") raised serious moral, political and philosophical problems.

The king liked the theatrical performances. In the boardwalk theater, ballets and dramas were presented to the king, the plots of which were borrowed from the Bible. These biblical dramas were spiced with rough jokes; So, in Holofernes, a maidservant, seeing Judith’s severed head of the Assyrian governor, says: “The poor thing, waking up, will be very surprised that they took his head away.” It was, in fact, the first theater school in Russia.

In 1673, staged by N. Lim, the Ballet about Orpheus Eurydice was first presented at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich, which marked the beginning of periodic performances in Russia, the emergence of the Russian ballet theater.

And wandering artists walked around the cities and villages - buffoons, guslyar - songwriters, guides with bears. Puppet shows with the participation of Petrushka were very popular.

2.2. Music.

There was a stereotype that musical organs are a typical accessory of exclusively Western European life. However, this idea is incorrect. Organs were also distributed in Russia. Even under Mikhail Fedorovich, he was summoned to Moscow organ player Ivan, to arrange organ fun in the palace. Perhaps he was also a master of these instruments and at the same time started building them, if he did not bring ready-made ones with him ... In the 17th century, along with the organs, clavichords or cymbals were brought to the palace ... Further, "organs and cymbals" are mentioned already as the most common items of palace fun ... In 1617, the organs that were in the Amusement Chamber are mentioned; further in 1626, "in the state's joy", that is, during the wedding of the king, in the Palace of the Facets they played cymbals and organs ...

Unfortunately, there are no descriptions of the organs that stood in the Faceted and Amusement Chambers. In the treasury of the Armory Chamber in 1687, already dilapidated and damaged "four-voiced organs with a belch were stored, but in those organs there are 50 pipes, and 220 pipes on the face; there are no carvings all around, the slander is broken." Subsequently, the organ business became a common thing for Moscow palace masters, so the sovereign already sent organs, as a curiosity, as a gift to the Persian Shah. The organs of Moscow work were sent there for the first time in May 1662.

3. The appearance and life of the Kremlin palaces of the XVI-XVII centuries.

The appearance and life of the Kremlin palaces of the epoch of the 16th-17th centuries does not correspond well to the picture suggested to us by later historians. They contradict the surviving documents.

Starting from the 18th century, historians paint us a rather barbaric picture of the life of the Moscow tsars of the epoch of the 14th-17th centuries. Say, a wild country that for a long time was under the heavy yoke of the evil Horde-Mongol conquerors. Snow, bears, a rather primitive way of life, even in the royal court. However, acquaintance with the documents that survived after numerous Romanov purges reveals a significantly different face of old Russia. It turns out that the icons painted by Russian icon painters at the end of the 17th century. were taken in Europe for monuments of the 10th or 12th centuries. Most likely, the chronological shift of about 500-600 years is explained by the fact that Russian icon painters painted in the 17th century, probably very primitively, like primitive wild peoples. "Such images of the 16th and 17th centuries, both in bas-reliefs and in whole figures, very often resemble primitive art, which is found only among peoples of ancient times, or among savages, in general, at the first stage of civil development." From the point of view of the new chronology, there are no contradictions here. The "strange similarity" of the art of the 17th century and allegedly of the 10th-12th centuries is explained by the fact that many later works were incorrectly dated by historians of the epoch of the 17th-18th centuries, and as a result, they "left down" in time. Having generated "in the distant past" a phantom reflection of the era of the XV-XVII centuries.

As early as the beginning of the 17th century, Tsar Boris Godunov sent 18 young boyar people to London, Lübeck and France to learn foreign languages, while young Englishmen and Frenchmen went to Moscow to study Russian.

If a number of suburban monasteries represented a series of fortifications near the capital, then the Kremlin, the royal castle, the dwelling of the great sovereign, seemed to be a large monastery, because it was filled with large, beautiful churches, among which was the royal palace - a motley mass of buildings of the most diverse sizes, scattered without any symmetry, purely for convenience.

Quite a lot of astronomical images remained in the Kremlin of the 17th century. In the dining room, built by Tsar Alexei in 1662, in the ceiling was written the astronomical celestial movement, the twelve months and the gods of heaven... the celestial luminaries of the night, wandering comets and fixed stars, with astronomical precision.Each body had its own sphere, with a proper deviation from the ecliptic; the distance of the twelve celestial signs is so precisely measured that even the paths of the planets were marked by golden tropics and the same colors of the equinoxes and the turns of the sun to spring and autumn, winter and summer "... The celestial star movement of the royal Dining Chamber enjoyed special respect at that time and several times served as a model for decorating other rooms. So, in 1683, it was written in the dining room of the lower room of Princess Sofya Alekseevna, and in 1688 in the wooden front room of Princess Tatyana Mikhailovna and in the upper stone room of Princess Marya Alekseevna. In addition, the dining huts of the country royal choirs, in Kolomenskoye and Alekseevsky, and the dining room in the new mansions of Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich, in 1681 were also decorated with these images of heavenly races ...

4 . Daily schedule.

4.1. Typical day

The day of the sovereign began in the room or resting department of the palace. Earlier in the morning, the sovereign found himself in Krestovaya, with a richly decorated iconostasis, in which lamps and candles were lit before the appearance of the sovereign. After completing the prayer, which usually lasted about a quarter of an hour, after listening to the final spiritual word read by the deacon, the sovereign went to the reception room. In the meantime, devious, duma, boyars, and close people were gathering in the Front "with their foreheads to hit the sovereign." Having greeted the boyars, having talked about business, the sovereign, accompanied by courtiers, marched at nine o'clock to one of the court churches to listen to a late mass. Lunch lasted about 2 hours. After mass in the Room (office), the tsar listened to reports and petitions on ordinary days, and was engaged in current affairs. After the boyars left, the sovereign (sometimes with especially close boyars) went to the table meal, or dinner. Undoubtedly, the festive table was strikingly different from the usual. But even the dining table could not be compared with the table of the sovereign during fasting. One could only be surprised at the piety and asceticism in the observance of the posts by sovereigns. For example, during fasting, Tsar Alexei ate only 3 times a week, namely on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday, on other days he ate a piece of black bread with salt, a pickled mushroom or cucumber and drank half a glass of beer. He ate fish only 2 times during the entire seven-week Great Lent. Even when there was no fast, he did not eat meat on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. However, despite such fasting, on meat and fish days, up to 70 different dishes were served at an ordinary table. After dinner, the emperor usually went to bed and rested until the evening, about three hours. In the evening, the boyars and other officials again gathered in the courtyard, accompanied by them, the tsar went to Vespers. Sometimes, after vespers, business was also heard or the Duma met. But most often the time after vespers until the evening meal, the king spent with his family. The king read, listened to bahari (tellers of fairy tales and songs), played. Chess was one of the favorite pastimes of the kings. The strength of this tradition is evidenced by the fact that there were special chess masters at the Armory.

In general, the entertainment of that time was not as poor as we think. At the court there was a special Amusement Chamber, in which all kinds of amusements amused the royal family. In winter, especially on holidays, the tsar liked to watch the bear field, that is, the battle of a hunter with a wild bear. In early spring, summer and autumn, the king often went falconry. Usually this fun lasted all day and was accompanied by a special ritual. The day of the king usually also ended at the Baptismal 15-minute evening prayer.

4.2. Day off

By mass, the sovereign usually went out on foot, if it was close and the weather allowed, or in a carriage, and in winter in a sleigh, always accompanied by boyars and other service and court ranks. The splendor and richness of the sovereign's weekend clothes corresponded to the significance of the celebration or holiday on the occasion of which the exit was made, as well as the state of the weather that day. In the summer he went out in a light silk fur coat and in a golden hat with a fur rim, in the winter - in a fur coat and a fox hat, in the autumn and in general in inclement weather - in a single-row cloth. In the hands there was always a unicorn or Indian ebony staff. During great festivities and celebrations, such as Christmas, Epiphany, Bright Sunday, the Assumption and some others, the sovereign was accused of royal outfit to which belonged: the royal dress, the royal camp caftan, the royal hat or crown, the diadem, the pectoral cross and the bandage, which were placed on the chest; instead of a staff, a royal rod. All this shone with gold, silver, precious stones. The shoes worn by the sovereign at that time were also richly trimmed with pearls and adorned with stones. The severity of this attire was very significant, and therefore, in such ceremonies, the sovereign was always supported by the stolniks, and sometimes by the neighboring boyars.

Here is how the Italian Barberini (1565) describes such an exit: “Having dismissed the ambassadors, the sovereign gathered for mass. Passing through the halls and other palace chambers, he descended from the courtyard porch, speaking quietly and solemnly, leaning on a rich silver gilded rod. He was followed by more than eight hundred retinues in the richest clothes. He walked among four young people who were about thirty years old, strong and tall: these were the sons of the noblest boyars. Two of them walked ahead of him, and the other two behind him, but at some distance and at an even distance from him. All four were dressed in the same way: on their heads were high hats of white velvet with pearls and silver, lined and trimmed all around with lynx fur. Their clothes were of silvery fabric up to their feet, it was lined with ermines; on his feet were white boots with horseshoes; each carried a large ax on his shoulder, shining with silver and gold.

4.3. Christmas

In the winter, before Christmas, on December 21, there was a big holiday in Moscow in memory of the miracle worker Peter, the first metropolitan, who began to live in Moscow and consecrated its greatness. The holiday was actually the holiday of Petrov's successor. On the 19th, the patriarch came to the palace to call the great sovereign and the senior prince for the holiday and eat, usually all the nobility were invited. On the eve of the Nativity of Christ, four hours before light, the sovereign went to the prison and English courtyards and granted alms from his own hands. Along the way, the sovereign distributed alms to the wounded soldiers and the poor. In total, more than a thousand rubles were distributed. On the feast of the Nativity of Christ itself, the sovereign listened to matins in the Dining Room or the Golden Chamber. At two o'clock in the afternoon, while the evangelization for the Liturgy was beginning, he made his way to the Dining Room, where he expected the coming of the patriarch with the clergy. To do this, the Dining Room was dressed up with a large outfit, cloth and carpets. In the front corner was placed the place of the sovereign, and next to him was the chair of the patriarch. The patriarch, accompanied by metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, archimandrites and abbots, came to the sovereign in the Golden Chamber to glorify Christ and greet the sovereign, bringing with them a kissing cross and holy water. The sovereign met this procession in the hallway. After the usual prayers, the chanters sang many years to the sovereign, and the patriarch said congratulations. Then the patriarch went in the same order to glorify Christ to the queen, to her Golden Chamber, and then to all the members of the royal family, if they did not gather with the queen. Having said goodbye to the patriarch, the sovereign in the Golden or in the Dining Room put on the royal outfit, in which he marched to the cathedral for mass. After the liturgy, changing the royal attire for an ordinary evening dress, the sovereign went to the palace, where then a festive table was prepared in the Dining Room or the Golden Chamber. This ended the celebration.

On Christmas Day, the king did not sit at the table without feeding the so-called prison inmates and prisoners. So in 1663, on this holiday, 964 people were fed on a large prison table.

Conclusion:

"The house is not to weave bast shoes."

This folk wisdom succinctly expresses the attitude of a Russian person to the House and household, its inhabitants in accordance with the centuries-old tradition, which does not fit into the schematic representations of modern systems, ideas or concepts. To lead the house to the sovereign, that is, both to the citizen (the original meaning of the word sovereign), and to the owner, and to the lord. Our history provides the most convincing proof of the extraordinary strength and vitality of the immediate folk elements of life, and even of the very forms in which these elements are expressed. So, for more than three hundred years, since the first transformations of Peter I, we have been under the influence of continuous reforms, we have taken advantage of a lot during these tireless restructurings, but immeasurably more remains in the same position, and very often our actions reveal people in us XVII centuries. “The power of folk life is the power of nature itself, and in order to successfully guide it, direct the course of its development in one direction or another, in order to successfully serve it, as they usually say, for its happiness and good, you must first know its properties well and in detail. listen attentively to her demands, find out the direct springs of her life, always deeply hidden in the petty and diverse living conditions…”.

At first glance, modern life with its lightning-fast pace, developed communications, numerous media with the Internet and inclusive television, and the wide participation of the population in the political process bear little resemblance to the leisurely life of our ancestors in the 17th century. However, its foundations (public service, traditions of family relations, home arrangements, habits, or what is called everyday life) were laid precisely in those distant times. And knowledge of these fundamentals significantly expands the horizons of modern man. This is what I tried to cover in my essay.

List of used literature

1. Sovereign's court, or palace. - M.: Book, 1990. - 312 p.

2. ev Readings and stories on the history of Russia. - M.: Pravda, 1989. - 768 p., ill.

4. Ishimova of Russia in stories. - St. Petersburg: NIC "Alpha", 1992. - 432 p., ill.

5. History of modern Russia. 1682 - 1861: Experimental textbook for universities. / Under the general editorship of V. Shelokhaev. – M.: TERRA, 1996. – P.71-127.

6. History. Directory./. – M.: Philol. Island "Slovo", Center for the Humanities at the Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University. , 1999. - 736 p.

7. Sakharov of Russia. – M.: Pravda, 1996

8. Karamzin centuries - M.: Pravda, 1988. - 768 p.

Zabelin, the life of Russian tsars in the 17th century. - M .: Book, 1990. - S. 36.

History. Directory./. – M.: Philol. Island "Slovo", Center for the Humanities at the Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University. , 1999. - P.112.

Zabelin, the life of Russian tsars in the 17th century. - M .: Book, 1990. S. 44.

History of modern Russia. 1682 - 1861: Experimental textbook for universities. / Under the general editorship of V. Shelokhaev. – M.: TERRA, 1996. – P.18.

History of modern Russia - M.: TERRA. 1996. P.236.

Zabelin, the life of Russian tsars in the 17th century. – M.: Book, 1990. S. 134.

Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Book, 1990. - P. 136.

Grebelsky Romanovs. SPb., 1992, - S. 26

Zabelin yard or palace. - M.: Book, 1990. - S. 138

Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Book, 1990. - P. 146

Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Book, 1990. - S.238 - 239.

Karamzin centuries - M .: Pravda, 1988. - P. 603.

Yev Readings and stories on the history of Russia. - M.: Pravda, 1989. - S. 256.

In 1635–1636 the sovereign built residential or resting mansions for himself and for the children stone, - which in royal life, for that time, was news, because actually for housing, wooden mansions were always preferred, which the old habits did not change later. Perhaps the fire of 1626 forced, among the wooden buildings, at least one dwelling to be made safer. These stone mansions were erected on the walls of an old building built by Aleviz, just above Master Chamber and over the basement chambers, of which a row stretched further to the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Previously, above this basement floor of the Alevizov building, between the mentioned two reception chambers of the tsarina, the Back and Naugolnaya, i.e., the Golden Tsaritsyna, there were bed wooden mansions, on the site of which they have now been erected three new floors, right next to the tsarina's reception chambers, with a tower at the top. The upper floor with a tower was appointed for the young princes Alexei and Ivan, which is also indicated in the inscription that has been preserved above the entrance to this day. Terem at that time was called attic And stone tower, and at the beginning of the 18th century golden tower, why even now this whole building is called the Terem Palace. The whole building, therefore, has retained the type of wooden residential choirs and serves as a curious and unique monument of ancient Russian civil architecture. In its façade and even in some details of the external decorations, there is still much that resembles the character of ancient wooden buildings. These are, for example, stone rostes And resi in cash window decorations; according to the drawing, they are quite reminiscent of wood carvings. But the character of wooden buildings, which had such an influence on stone ones, is most clearly revealed in the internal structure of the building. Almost all of his rooms, on all floors, are of the same size, each with three windows, which completely resembles the Great Russian hut, which still retains this number of windows. Thus, the Terem Palace represents several huts placed side by side, one next to the other, in one connection and in several tiers, with an attic, or tower, on top. The force of needs and the unchanging conditions of life among which our ancestors lived, subordinated to their goals even a stone, rather extensive, structure, which provided full means to arrange itself according to a plan that was more spacious and more comfortable for life, at least according to modern concepts. But it goes without saying that it fully met the requirements of convenience and coziness at that time, and we would be unjust if, from our own point of view, we begin to consider and condemn our old way of life and all the forms in which it revealed its requirements and provisions. In 1637, these new stone mansions were finally finished: some groom Ivan Osipov, a gold painter by trade, already at that time was pointing with gold leaf, silver and various colors on the roof of the burdock "and in the same mansions, through all the windows (otherwise the attic , i.e. tower) made mica ends. At the same time as these mansions were being built (1635–1636), on their eastern side, over the Golden Lesser Chamber of the queens, a special house church was built in the name of the Savior Icon Not Made by Hands with a chapel of John of Belograd, the namesake of Tsarevich Ivan. In antiquity, as we have seen, such temples, denoted by the expression: what's in the canopy constituted one of the most necessary conditions for each individual room in royal life. Hay, riding temples were located in the queen's half, also among the princesses and princes, which is why the construction of a new temple in this part of the palace was caused only by a new separate room for the sovereign's children. The area between Terem and the new church formed front stone yard, from which the staircase led down to the Bed Porch and was subsequently locked golden lattice, why the Church of the Savior was designated: behind the Golden Bar. It should be mentioned that both the Terem Palace and the Church of the Savior were built by Russians. stonework apprentice, the current architects are Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Trefil Sharutin, Larya Ushakov. At the same time as the buildings described, the same apprentices built a new stone gate over the Kuretny Palace Gates. Svetlitsa, in which the queen's craftswomen, gold embroiderers and seamstresses, with their apprentices, were supposed to work. In the last three years of his reign, Michael built some more palace chambers and arranged new mansions in the Tsareborisovsky courtyard for the Danish prince Voldemar, for whom he wanted to marry his daughter Irina.

Thus, during the thirty-two years of his reign, Tsar Michael managed not only to restore the old palace, but also enlarged it with new stone and wooden buildings, which grew as the royal family multiplied and the needs of everyday life developed, which, despite the strength of tradition, little by little nevertheless, he moved further, forward, anticipating in some, albeit petty, respects the approaching reform. His son, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, had little to do with regard to the main structures. And indeed, in his reign, we do not find particularly significant buildings in the royal court. He renewed for the most part the old, altered and decorated according to his own idea the buildings built by his ancestors or his father. At first, when he was only 17 years old, in 1646, that is, a year after the death of his father, he built himself new funny mansions, which were then cut down by the palace carpenter Vaska Romanov. Of the other buildings, we will mention more significant ones. So, in 1660, the palace chamber was restored, built, perhaps, under Mikhail, in which the Aptekarsky order and the Pharmacy were located. Apprentice Vavilka Savelyev, a stone worker, made windows and doors in it and brought new vaults under the old vaults, and the signer, that is, the draftsman, Ivashka Nightingale wrote a wall letter. This chamber stood not far from the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. In 1661, instead of the old Dining Hut, the sovereign built a new one and magnificently decorated it with carvings, gilding and painting in a new overseas taste, according to fiction engineer and colonel Gustav Dekenpin, who, under the name fictitious left for us in 1658. Carved, gilded and pictorial works were already performed in 1662 by foreign masters, mostly Poles, called to Moscow during the Polish war, namely the carvers who carved windows, doors and a ceiling (plafond): Stepan Zinoviev , Ivan Mirovskoy with his students, Stepan Ivanov and painters: Stepan Petrov, Andrey Pavlov, Yuri Ivanov. In the same year, 1662, on April 1st, on the name day of the queen, the sovereign celebrated a wide housewarming party in this Dining Room. The new Dining Room of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, built in 1667, was decorated in the same way. In 1668, painters painted it: Fyodor Svidersky, Ivan Artemiev, Dorofei Yermolin, Stanislav Kutkeev, Andrey Pavlov; and the students of the above-mentioned masters cut it, of which Ivan Mirovsky measured the ceiling for carving and painting. In the same way, later, the new Bed Mansions, built by the tsar in 1674, were decorated. On the three plafonds of these choirs, the sovereign ordered to write parables of the prophet Jonah, Moses and about Esther. In 1663, apprentice Nikita Sharutin repaired stonework at the palace, at the top of the sovereign, cathedral Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands and remade the meal. Without a doubt, the meal was spread against the former, because the house church of the Savior, under Tsar Alexei, who lived in the chambers, became a cathedral and in this sense replaced the ancient cathedrals of the Transfiguration of the Savior, Annunciation and Sretensky for the royal court. Around the same time, alterations and renewals were probably made in the terem building. In 1670, the Front Upper Yard, or platform, located between these chambers and the Church of the Savior, was decorated with a gilded copper lattice that blocked the entrance from the stairs that led to the Terem from the Bed Porch. It is curious that this beautiful lattice, which has survived to this day, was poured from copper money, previously released to the people and caused so many displeasures, losses, troubles and executions.

In 2 volumes. Second edition with additions. M., type. Gracheva and Co., near the Prechistenskie gates, village Shilova, 1872. Format of publications: 25x16.5 cm

Volume I. Part 1-2: Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries. XX, 372, 263 pp. with illustration, 8 sheets. ill.

Volume II: Household life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries. VII, 681, 166 pp. with illustration, 8 sheets. ill.

Copies in p / c binding with gold stamping on the spine.

Zabelin I.E. Home life of the Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries. In 2 volumes. 3rd edition with additions. Moscow, A.I. Mamontova, 1895-1901.With a portrait of the author, plans and illustrations on separate sheets.T. 1: Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries. 1895. XXI, 759 p., 6 collapsible sheets. with illustrations. Vol. 2: Home life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries. 1901. VIII, 788 pp., VIII tables with illustrations. In a composite individual binding of the era. Two-colour illustrated publisher's cover preserved in binding. 25.5x17 cm. Book dealers often add to this edition the 2nd part of the first volume from the fourth posthumous edition of the Synodal Printing House of 1915:XX, , 900 p., 1l. portrait, 2 sheets of illustrations The unsurpassed capital work of our famous historian!

The traditional splendor and isolation of the Russian grand ducal, and then the royal court invariably aroused curiosity among contemporaries, which was destined to remain unsatisfied - the entrance to the inner chambers of the palace, especially to its female half, was ordered for almost everyone, with the exception of a narrow circle of servants and relatives . It is not an easy task to penetrate this hidden world, to do it delicately, without being carried away by the inevitable romantic legends or fantastic gossip in such a situation. Historians, who are attracted by the general patterns of development of the state, economy and society, rarely turn to such topics. However, there are happy exceptions - the work of the outstanding Russian historian and archaeologist Ivan Yegorovich Zabelin. The internal routine, everyday life of the Moscow Palace, the relationship of its inhabitants are traced by Zabelin in all their picturesque details, with a detailed description of various rituals and ceremonies, which are accompanied by an explanation of their ritual meaning and deep significance. All the stories of I. E. Zabelin are based on genuine historical material, which he had the opportunity to get acquainted with while working in the archives of the Armory of the Moscow Kremlin. In the understanding of I. Zabelin, life is a living fabric of history, created from various trifles and everyday realities - something that allows you to imagine and feel historical life in detail. Therefore, any trifle is important for the researcher, from the totality of which the life of our ancestors was formed. The works of the historian are characterized by an expressive and original language, unusually colorful and rich, with an archaic, folk touch.

Fundamental work of I.E. Zabelin "Home Life of the Russian Tsars in the 16th and 17th Centuries" is dedicated to the restoration of the foundations and the smallest details of royal life, the development of ideas about royal power and Moscow as the center of the kings' stay, the history of the construction of the Kremlin and the royal choirs, their interior decoration (architectural innovations and methods of external decoration , technical details of the interior, wall paintings, furnishings, luxury items, clothing, pets, and so on), rituals associated with the person of the king and court protocol (that is, who from the royal environment had the right to come to the palace, as it should be done, what economic services and positions were at the court, the duties of royal doctors, the appointment of various palace premises), the daily routine in the palace (the sovereign’s classes, which began with morning prayer, the solution of state issues and the role of the Boyar Duma in this, lunchtime and afternoon entertainment, a cycle of Orthodox holidays, the center of which was the Sovereign's Court). The second volume of the book is devoted to the life cycle of Russian tsars from the moment of their birth to death: the rituals associated with the birth of a child; children's clothing and toys, children's entertainment (active and board games, hunting, pigeon release, and so on), the process of educating and educating young heirs (in this regard, the publication of the first primers, the activities of the Upper Printing House, the nature of pedagogy of that time, books and paintings, used in education), palace amusements and amusements, the royal table. A special chapter is devoted to the childhood of Peter the Great. I.E. Zabelin explores the issues he considers in their development, noting changes in everyday details. As appendices to the book, the most interesting documents relating to court life were published, for example, “Notes on houseplants and midwives”, “Paintings of the armory treasury of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich” and much more. I.E. Zabelin put a lot of work and patience in order to restore a living picture of the past, but thanks to this, his fundamental work is still one of the best examples of everyday history.

Ivan Egorovich Zabelin(1820-1908) - this is a whole era in Russian historiography, both in terms of the scale of what he did and in terms of life expectancy in science. He was born five years before the uprising on Senate Square, and died three years after "Bloody Sunday", the son of a petty Tver official, who lost his father early and was sent to an almshouse, Zabelin, having only five classes of an orphan school behind him, became a famous historian and archaeologist, author of two hundred publications, including eight monographs. He happened to communicate with people of the Pushkin circle (M.P. Pogodin, P.V. Nashchokin, S.A. Sobolevsky), be friends with I.S. Turgenev and A.N. Ostrovsky, advise L.N. Tolstoy. For many years he headed the Historical Museum, where, after his death, the most valuable collection of ancient manuscripts, icons, maps, engravings, and books he collected was transferred. “The domestic life of the Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries” is one of the main works of Zabelin. For it, he was awarded prestigious scientific awards: the gold medal of the Academy of Nate, the large silver medal of the Archaeological Society, the Uvarov and Demidov Prizes. Zabelin explained his interest in the “everyday” side of history by the fact that a scientist first of all needs to know “the inner life of the people in all its details, then the events, both loud and inconspicuous, will be evaluated incomparably more accurately, closer to the truth.” The monograph was based on Zabelin's essays, which in the 1840s and 1850s were regularly published in Moskovskie Vedomosti and Otechestvennye Zapiski. Collected together, systematized and supplemented, they amounted to two volumes, the first of which - "The Home Life of Russian Tsars" - was published in 1862, and the second - "The Home Life of Russian Queens" - seven years later, in 1869. Over the next half century, the book went through three editions.

The latter came out already in 1918, when the theme of "royal life" was rapidly losing relevance. About the reason why the daily life of the Moscow court in the 16th and 17th centuries was chosen as the center of the study, the historian wrote: fully expressed by the end of the 17th century. This was the era of the last days for our domestic and social antiquity, when everything that was strong and rich in this antiquity expressed itself and ended in such images and forms that it was impossible to go further along that path. Studying the royal life on the threshold of a new era in a book under the general title "The Home Life of the Russian People", the author once again affirmed his favorite idea about the unity of power and society: "What is the state - such is the people, and what is the people - such is the state." Mamontovsky "Home life of the Russian people" is the last lifetime edition of Zabelin's work. Compared to the previous ones, it is supplemented with new information about the royal household items, floor plans of the Kremlin Palace and drawings made from the originals kept in the Historical Museum.

Zabelin, Ivan Egorovich (1820, Tver - 1908, Moscow) - Russian archaeologist and historian, specialist in the history of the city of Moscow. Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of historical and political sciences (1884), honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1907), initiator of the creation and deputy chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Museum named after Emperor Alexander III, Privy Councilor. After graduating from the Preobrazhensky College in Moscow, he could not continue his education due to lack of funds and in 1837 he entered the Armory Chamber as a clerk of the second category. Acquaintance with Stroev and Snegirev aroused in Zabelin an interest in the study of Russian antiquity. According to archival documents, he wrote his first article about the trips of Russian tsars on pilgrimage to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, published in an abridged version in Moscow Gubernskie Vedomosti in No. 17 for 1842. The article, already altered and supplemented, appeared in 1847 in the Society of History and Antiquities," and at the same time Zabelin was elected to the Society's competing members. The course of history read by Granovsky at home broadened Zabelin's historical horizons - in 1848 he received a position as an assistant archivist in the Palace Office, and from 1856 he occupied the position of an archivist here. In 1853-1854. Zabelin works as a teacher of history at the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute. In 1859, at the suggestion of Count S. G. Stroganov, Zabelin joined the Imperial Archaeological Commission as a junior member, and he was entrusted with the excavation of Scythian burial mounds in the Yekaterinoslav province and on the Taman Peninsula, near Kerch, where many interesting finds were made. The results of the excavations are described by Zabelin in the Antiquities of Herodotus Scythia (1866 and 1873) and in the reports of the Archaeological Commission. In 1876 Zabelin left the service in the commission. In 1871 the University of St. Vladimir awarded him the degree of Doctor of Russian History. In 1879 he was elected chairman of the Moscow Society of History and Antiquities and then deputy chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Museum named after Emperor Alexander III. In 1884, the Academy of Sciences elected Zabelin to the number of corresponding members, and in 1892 - an honorary member. At the solemn celebration of the 50th anniversary in 1892, Zabelin was greeted by the entire Russian scientific world. Zabelin's research concerns mainly the eras of Kievan Rus and the formation of the Russian state. In the field of the history of everyday life and archeology of ancient times, his works occupy one of the first places. Zabelin was interested in the fundamental questions of the peculiarities of the life of the Russian people. A distinctive feature of his work is faith in the original creative forces of the Russian people and love for the lower class, "strong and healthy morally, an orphan people, a breadwinner people." A deep acquaintance with antiquity and love for it were also reflected in Zabelin's language, expressive and original, with an archaic, folk touch. For all his idealism, Zabelin does not hide the negative aspects of ancient Russian history: belittling the role of the individual in the clan and the Domostroy family, and so on. Analyzing the ideological foundations of Russian culture, he also notes the importance of economic relations in the history of politics and culture. Zabelin's first major works are "The Home Life of Russian Tsars in the 16th-17th Centuries" (1862) and "The Home Life of Russian Tsars in the 16th-17th Centuries" (1869, 2nd edition - Grachevsky - in 1872); they were preceded by a number of articles on certain issues of the same kind, published in the "Moskovskie Vedomosti" in 1846 and in the "Notes of the Fatherland" in 1851-1858. Along with a thorough study of the way of life of the king and queen, there were also studies on the significance of Moscow as a patrimonial city, on the role of the sovereign's palace, on the position of women in ancient Russia, on the influence of Byzantine culture, and on the tribal community. The theory of the patrimonial origin of the state developed by Zabelin is also important. The continuation of Chapter I of "The Home Life of the Russian Tsars" is the article "The Great Boyar in his patrimonial household" ("Bulletin of Europe", 1871, No. 1 and 2). Published in 1876 and 1879 two volumes of the "History of Russian life from ancient times" represent the beginning of an extensive work on the history of Russian culture. Zabelin wanted to find out all the original foundations of Russian life and its borrowing from the Finns, Normans, Tatars and Germans. In the name of the originality of the Slavs, he leaves the Norman theory. Zabelin retreats here from his former view of the race as an elemental force that oppressed and destroyed the individual. Weakening the meaning of the ancestor, he says that "the father-housekeeper, leaving the house and joining the ranks of other householders, became an ordinary brother"; "The fraternal clan represented such a community where fraternal equality was the first and natural law of life." In addition, Zabelin published:

"Historical description of the Moscow Donskoy Monastery" (1865)

"Kuntsovo and the ancient Setunsky camp" (M., 1873, with an outline of the history of the sense of nature in ancient Russian society)

"Preobrazhenskoye or Preobrazhensk" (M., 1883)

"Materials for the history, archeology and statistics of the city of Moscow" (1884, part I. ed. M. City Duma)

"History of the City of Moscow". (M., 1905).

The first reason for Zabelin's appeal to the events of the Time of Troubles was the controversy with Kostomarov, who, in his historical descriptions of Minin and Pozharsky, used data from late and unreliable sources. Zabelin, in his polemical essays, convincingly proved the incorrectness of this approach, and then turned to other controversial issues in the history of the Time of Troubles. In subsequent essays, he outlined his point of view on the essence of the events taking place at that time; showed the tendentiousness and unreliability of many of the data of the famous "Tale" of Avraamy Palitsin; spoke about the forgotten, but in his own way very interesting hero of the Time of Troubles - the elder Irinarch. Soon, this whole series of essays, which originally appeared in the Russian Archive magazine (1872, Nos. 2-6 and 12), was published as a separate book, which was popular and went through several editions until 1917.

Zabelin, Ivan Egorovich was born in Tver on September 17, 1820. His father, Yegor Stepanovich, was a scribe of the Treasury and had the rank of collegiate registrar. Soon after the birth of the son E.S. Zabelin, having received a position in the Moscow provincial government, moved with his family to Moscow. Life was developing in the best possible way, but suddenly a disaster happened: as soon as Ivan was seven years old, his father suddenly died. From that moment on, "insurmountable disasters" and need settled in the Zabelins' house for a long time. Mother was interrupted by odd jobs, little Ivan served in the church. In 1832, he managed to enter the Preobrazhensky Orphan School, after which Zabelin could not continue his education. In 1837–1859 Zabelin served in the Palace Department of the Moscow Kremlin - the archives of the Armory and the Moscow Palace Office. Acquaintance with ancient documents aroused in the novice scientist a serious interest in historical science. Having no funds to study at Moscow University, he intensively engaged in self-education and gradually gained fame in the scientific world of Moscow with his works on the history of the ancient Russian capital, palace life of the 16th–17th centuries, and the history of Russian art and craft. His books “The Home Life of Russian Tsars in the 16th and 17th Centuries”, “Kuntsovo and the Ancient Setunsky Camp”, the children's book “Mother Moscow - Golden Poppies”, etc. received a truly national recognition. In 1859-1879. Zabelin was a member of the Imperial Archaeological Commission, in 1879–1888. He was chairman of the Society for the History and Antiquities of Russia. Since 1879, on behalf of the Moscow City Duma, the scientist began to compile a detailed historical description of Moscow, while from 1885 he was doing hard work as a deputy chairman of the Russian Historical Museum, with whom fate connected him until the end of his life. The museum was for I.E. Zabelin to everyone - his love and the meaning of existence. The enormous scientific authority of the scientist raised the prestige of the museum in society to an unprecedented height. Representatives of all classes and eminent collectors brought to the museum both individual items and entire collections. Having served the museum for more than a third of a century, I.E. Zabelin expressed the most cherished thought in his will: “I honor only my own daughter Maria Ivanovna Zabelina and the Imperial Russian Historical Museum named after Alexander III as my heirs, therefore, in the event of the death of my daughter, the entire inheritance, without any exception, will become the property of this Historical Museum ... No other to the heirs that may ever appear, I do not leave a powder.” According to his will, he also gave the museum his salary for all the years of service and the collections he collected throughout his life. I.E. Zabelin died in Moscow on December 31, 1908 at the age of 88 and was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery.

Life is a living fabric of history, which allows us to imagine and feel historical life in detail.

Ivan Yegorovich Zabelin (1820-1908) - an outstanding Russian historian and archaeologist, chairman of the Society for History and Antiquities, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His research concerns mainly the most ancient Kievan era and the Moscow period of Russian history. The works of the historian are characterized by an expressive and original language, unusually colorful and rich, with an archaic, folk touch. Exploring the ideological foundations of Russian culture, he emphasizes the important role of economic relations in history. The historian sought to find out? Roots and origins? Russian life, revealed borrowings in culture from neighboring peoples. As a leading representative of the direction? household history? Zabelin paid attention to any trifles, from the totality of which the life of our ancestors was formed.

Fundamental work of I. E. Zabelin? Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries? is dedicated to the restoration of the foundations and the smallest details of royal life, the development of ideas about royal power and Moscow as the center of the stay of the kings, the history of the construction of the Kremlin and the royal choirs, their interior decoration (architectural innovations and methods of external decoration, technical details of the interior, wall paintings, furniture, luxury items , clothes, pets, etc.), rituals associated with the person of the king and court protocol (that is, who from the royal environment had the right to come to the palace, how it should be done, what household services and positions were at court, duties royal doctors, the appointment of various palace premises), the daily routine in the palace (the sovereign’s classes, which began with morning prayer, the solution of state issues and the role of the boyar duma in this, lunchtime and afternoon entertainment, the cycle of Orthodox holidays, the center of which was the sovereign’s court).

The original edition of the book was published in 2 volumes, but the full text of Zabelin's work is only in the first volume.
The second volume containing additional materials, I, unfortunately, cannot offer.
?Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th? - the first part of a more general study of Zabelin? Domestic life of the Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries?.
The second part - ?Home life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries? - will be presented on the site a little later.

Visitors to the site have already had the opportunity to get acquainted with a brief popular essay compiled by the St. Petersburg? Literacy Society? based on the work of Zabelin:
How Russian tsars-sovereigns lived in the old days.

Other books by Ivan Zabelin on the site:
History of Russian life since ancient times (in 2 volumes)
Minin and Pozharsky. Straight lines and curves in the Time of Troubles
Kuntsovo and the ancient Setun camp

Topic tags:
Classics of Russian historical thought

Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries. Book One Zabelin Ivan Yegorovich

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III

The value and honor of the sovereign's court. Arrival at the palace. Who enjoyed the free entry. Prohibition to enter the palace to lesser ranks. Prohibition to enter with weapons and in illness. Violation of the honor of the sovereign's court with an unseemly word. The significance of the royal chambers in relation to various court ceremonies, solemn receptions and meetings, and in the domestic life of the sovereign; meaning: Faceted, Middle Golden, Tsaritsyna Golden, Dining Room, Panikhida, Reciprocal, Sovereign Room, or Upper Golden, and Front. Wings meaning. The bed porch as a square or a gathering place for the nobility and service people in general. Cases of violation of the honor of the sovereign's court as a characteristic of royal customs in the 17th century.

In ancient times, the grand ducal palaces, no doubt, did not yet have the significance that in the 16th and 17th centuries belonged to the palace of Moscow sovereigns. The people honored the prince's dwelling as a place where a public court was given, a common zemstvo truth, where the head of the squad, the "guardian of the Russian land", its main leader in battles with enemies, lived. The princely court did not yet have great significance in antiquity, because initially the very significance of the Grand Duke, as we said, was determined more feeding, polyudem, that is, the right to certain zemstvo incomes, rather than political strength and power, as the autocrat of the land.

The last value was already received by the Moscow princes. In Moscow, the princely palace from a simple patrimonial estate gradually becomes the consecrated and inaccessible dwelling of the great sovereign. Especially in the 16th century, when the doctrine of the royal dignity and the height of royal dignity spread and became established not only practically, but even through scientific references and literary interpretations and explanations; at this time, everything surrounding the sovereign person was stamped with inaccessible grandeur and reverent consecration. Russia changed her habits as people said at that time, who experienced the influence of this revolution in the actions and significance of the Moscow sovereigns.

Under the influence of Byzantine ideas and customs, of which Sophia Paleologus and the Greeks around her were a living representative, the Moscow sovereign not only fully realized his royal significance, having assumed the title of Tsar of All Russia, but also clothed this significance in the corresponding royal forms ... The new arrangement of the court, the establishment of new court customs and solemn ranks, or rituals, in the likeness of the customs and rituals of the Byzantine court, forever determined the high rank of the autocrat and alienated him to an immeasurable distance from the subject. All this, however, did not come all of a sudden, but was established gradually, with a life sequence. So, for example, if you believe the testimony of Contarini, who came to Moscow to the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich in 1473, that is, only a year after the arrival of Sophia Palaiologos, court ceremonies still bore the character of primitive simplicity, reminiscent of ancient princely relations. Contarini writes the following about his reception: “Arriving at the palace a few hours before dinner (he says), I was introduced into a special room where the sovereign was with Mark and his other secretary. He made me a very affectionate reception and in the most friendly terms instructed me to assure our most illustrious Republic (Venetian) of his sincere friendship, which he wishes to preserve for the future, and added to the fact that he willingly lets me go to the fatherland and is ready to do more in favor my all that I mail for myself fit. When the Grand Duke spoke to me, I, out of courtesy, stepped back, but every time he himself came up to me and listened to my answers and expressions of my gratitude with particular favor. So I talked to him for over an hour...» In 1488, led. book. Ivan Vasilyevich, receiving the Tsar’s ambassador Nikolai Poppel, “talked to him about secret matters, in Embankment room, stepping back from the boyars. Another embassy, ​​Yuri Delator, in 1490, was also ruled without particular inaccessibility, considering, however, with the reception that Emperor Maximilian had given to our ambassador. “The Grand Duke got up, and asked him (the ambassador) about the queen’s health, and gave him a hand, standing, and ordered him to sit on a bench opposite himself close…" Let's assume it was great honor, as indicated in the contemporary note; but, in any case, we must note that under the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich, such ceremonies and all court ceremonies were not yet clothed in those magnificent forms that they later received; that, in general, the magnificent, magnificent atmosphere of the royal dignity entered gradually and finally settled only under his grandson, behind whom even officially, by a conciliar charter, the royal dignity was approved.

The people, who believed in the high calling of the king, reverently honored all the signs of his greatness. The very palace of sovereigns was guarded by a special honor, which, according to established concepts, was given to the royal residence. Breaking this honor, breaking honor of the sovereign's court it was even prosecuted by a positive law: in the Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich there is a whole chapter “On the Sovereign’s Court, so that there would be no outrage and abuse from anyone at the Sovereign’s Court.”

According to the customs of the old time, it was impossible to drive close not only to the royal porch, but also to the palace in general. Only the highest dignitaries, boyars, devious, duma and close people enjoyed the right to dismount from horses at a distance of several sazhens from the palace. According to Kotoshikhin, arriving at the palace on horseback or in carriages and sleighs, they dismounted from their horses and got out of the carriages, "before reaching the courtyard and not close to the porch." To the very porch, and even more so to the royal court, they did not dare to go. Ranks of junior ranks - stolniks of smaller families, lawyers, nobles, tenants, clerks and clerks, got off their horses far from the royal palace, usually on the square, between the Ivanovskaya bell tower and the Chudov Monastery, and from there they went to the palace on foot, in spite of any weather. Of the lower officials, not all enjoyed the right to enter the Kremlin on horseback. By royal decree, 1654, it was allowed to enter the Kremlin only an old high-ranking clerk and then no more than three people from each order; the rest, even though also first-class, did not enjoy this permission. But even those who entered the Kremlin were ordered to stop almost at the very gates and walk from here. All other clerks and, in general, servicemen and non-servicemen of junior ranks entered the Kremlin on foot. Thus, the very entrance to the courtyard was commensurate with honor, or rank, every visitor. Some, the most bureaucratic, could drive up "not close to the porch", others, not at all bureaucratic, did not even dare to enter the Kremlin.

Foreign ambassadors and noble foreigners in general, like sovereign guests, got out of the carriages, like boyars, at a distance of several fathoms from the porch, according to Barberini, thirty or forty paces, and very rarely at the extensive platform, or locker, arranged in front of the stairs.

It goes without saying that this was a special etiquette that belonged to ancient customs and was preserved not only in the palace, but also among the people, especially in its highest ranks. In the same way, it was impolite for a junior official or a commoner to drive into the courtyard of the boyar, and even more so to drive straight up to his porch. According to Kotoshikhin, a boyar who entered the royal court in this way was imprisoned and even deprived of honor, that is, boyar rank. A boyar serf who led a boyar's horse through the royal court, even if out of ignorance, was punished with a whip.

Foreigners explained this ancient and almost nationwide custom by the proud inaccessibility with which the boyars, and in general the higher ones, behaved in relation to the people. Herberstein directly says that ordinary people have almost no access to the boyars and cannot ride on horseback into the boyar yard.

According to their concepts, foreigners really could take this for excessive pride and arrogance. But that was hardly the case. Most likely it was an honor, a special honor given to the owner of the house. Moreover, it should not be forgotten that the guest was accorded similar equivalent honors, namely meetings, about which in ancient monuments it is directly said that they were made "for the sake of honor, paying honor." And if not every guest could drive right up to the porch of the boyar, then the boyar himself went out to meet another guest, and not only on the porch, but even in the middle of the courtyard, and sometimes even outside the gate. It goes without saying that such mutual honor to both the owner of the house and the guest was always commensurate with the degree of respect that they wanted to show the person. In royal life, as we will see below, the etiquette of meetings was also very definitely measured, and its provisions could not be violated in any case.

So, we saw that the special honor given to the royal majesty required that they approach the palace on foot, leaving horses and carriages at a known, distant or close distance. Moreover, a simple and low-ranking Russian man, even from afar, seeing the royal dwelling, reverently took off his hat, "giving honor" to the residence of the sovereign. Without a hat, he approached the palace and passed by it. The right of free entry to the palace was used only by servants and courtyards, that is, court officials; but even for those, according to the significance of each, there were certain limits. Not every department of the palace could freely enter all those who came to the sovereign's court. The boyars, devious, duma and close people enjoyed great advantages in this respect: they could directly enter even into Top, that is, in the resting, or residential, mansions of the sovereign. Here, as usual, they gathered every day in Front and waited for the royal exit from the inner rooms. Nearby boyars, "waiting for time", even entered into room, or the royal office. For other officials, the sovereign Top was completely inaccessible. Stolniki, solicitors, nobles, archery colonels and heads, clerks and other service ranks usually gathered on the Bed Porch, which was the only place in the palace where they could come at any time with complete freedom. Hence, “in winter time, or at any time anyone wants,” they were allowed to enter some of the chambers adjacent to the Bed Porch, but in this case, for each rank a special chamber was appointed. According to the decree of 1681, the stolniks and solicitors were assigned to enter “into the floor near the barrier wall, entered from the Bed Porch into the new vestibule to the left, and to be known as that front door; nobles and residents to come to Staraya Zolotaya Polata; stolnik-generals and stolnik-colonels to come to the floor, which is near the Front; to the city nobles in a blanket, that ahead of that there was a vestibule in front of the Golden Polat. Consequently, all these ranks were not allowed in other departments of the palace. They were especially strictly forbidden to walk behind the stone barrier that separated the Bed Porch from the platform where there was a staircase to the sovereign's chambers or the current Terem Palace. This staircase has been preserved to this day in the same place, although in a different form. At the top, it was locked with a gilded copper lattice, and at the bottom it was protected from other sections of the palace by a “stone barrier”, behind which it was forbidden “by no means to go to anyone”, with the exception of judges alone, “who sit according to Orders” and who, although they were admitted for this barrier, but they did not dare to enter the Top without an order and waited for orders at the stairs. Deacons and clerks, coming to the palace with reports, waited for the first people on the Bed Porch or in the hallway in front of the Faceted Chamber. Other junior officials did not even dare to enter the Bed Porch. “Other ranks, says Kotoshikhin, are not ordered to go to those places where there are stewards and other deliberate people.” In general, permission to enter one or another chamber and thereby approach one degree to the royal lordship was approved by a special award, for which petitioners beat the sovereign with their foreheads. So in 1660, one tenant beat with his brow with the calculation of his service: “Perhaps me, his serf, for the great miracle worker Alexy the Metropolitan. and for the long-term health of the son of his prince (Alexei Alekseevich), for my service and patience, the sovereign led me to be with his royal lordship in the Front, and my parents (kinship) were granted to the Front.

The internal departments of the palace, that is, the bed mansions of the queen and the sovereign's children, were completely inaccessible to everyone, both court and service ranks, with the exception of only the boyars and other noble women who had the right to visit the queen. Even the closest boyars did not dare to enter these departments without a special invitation. For priests and churchmen in general, who served in the upper churches, the entrance to these churches was opened at a known time only and, moreover, through known places and transitions. This even extended to the priests of the cross, who performed services in the very chambers of the empress. They were supposed to enter the palace only then "as they were asked." Even those of the court officials and servants who, according to their positions, were supposed to appear there, for example, with a report on food or with the food itself, did not dare to enter the very chambers of the queen's half. Further on, they did not dare to enter the entrance hall, and here they handed over reports to the riding boyars and other court women; in the same way, food was brought into the hallway or into specially designated rooms, in which they were handed over to the boyars for food supply. And in general, even if the sovereign sent someone to the queen and the children to ask about health or “for some other business”, then even in this case those sent, according to Kotoshikhin, “were sprinkled through the boyars, but they themselves did not go without being plastered.” The same was observed on the part of the queen.

In 1684, probably on the occasion of the Streltsy unrest, which then worried Moscow and dishonored even the royal dwelling before that time with a violent search, the royal decree, concluded 12 articles, with a schedule, who exactly on which entrances and on which stairs and passages were allowed to enter different sections of the palace. The boyars, devious, thoughtful people and room stolniks were instructed to go up the Bed porch and palace stairs, at the order of the Grand Palace, at the Kolymazhny Gate; and those who came to the Kuretny Gates, from the Trinity Kremlin Gates, they had to climb a stone staircase, which is from the Khlebenny Palace to Sushily; and they were ordered to walk to the Top past the Armory Order and the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, as well as the stone Nativity stairs, which is opposite the Stern Palace. On the Svetlishnaya stairs, - at the Kuretny Gate, which led to the mansions of the princesses and to the inner Bedyard, to the royal Master's chambers, it was forbidden to go even to boyars, devious, thoughtful and close people, that is, to all paramount dignitaries: “... by no means go and do not have anyone behind you for anything.

For the barriers that are arranged on both sides of the Nativity Church, from the order of the Grand Palace and from the Armory, - boyars, devious, thoughtful and neighbor people, therefore, do not have anyone areal And orders do not let people in for those barriers, and in order to put up guards from the Streltsy order in those places and order the guards firmly about that. - From the Assumption Cathedral, the Rizpolozhenskaya staircase, past the Church of the Great Martyr. Catherine, to the sovereign's Master's Chamber in the courtyard, do not go to anyone and close the doors. Also in the Church of the Deposition of the Robe, besides that church of the clergy, with area not to let anyone in, to order the guards firmly. Lock the transitions from the palace to the Trinity Compound and do not let anyone through those doors and transitions, without a state procession and without a personal decree, and order with great reinforcements the boyar children, stokers and watchmen who are standing in that place and at the Svetlishnaya Stairs. Riding, or hay, cathedrals and churches for archpriests, priests, cross and choir clerks and churchmen to go to their churches, to which stairs are given to someone, during church services and how they are asked, and when they go by sending, and not by themselves: a themselves untimely and they cannot walk. Courtyard people, as they are called to the Top, with table and evening food, to the kings, queens and princesses, let them through to the Svetlishnaya and the stone stairs for all the barriers, and after the food and the courtyard people idle to the Svetlishnaya stairs and for the barriers do not let through. And who of the courtyard people will go to the Upper in the morning to the mansions to report on the food, or which of them will be asked, and they will go to those places by sending for what state business: and those courtyard people to those places and at those times to skip, asking them for real so that in those places of other ranks people, called courtyard people, do not pass.

To the Front Upper Sovereign Court, which is near the stone Terem chambers, and from that courtyard behind the stone barrier to the wooden mansions of sovereigns and princesses - stewards, solicitors, nobles, clerks, clerks and no ranks of people - do not let anyone in those places, except for the clerks and artisans of the royal Masters' chambers, and even those only, if anyone is asked, if they go for business and with all sorts of chorus contributions. In the same way, all clerks and clerks of various other palace and horse orders and departments, who were supposed to convey what was needed and what was required to the palace, were strictly forbidden to enter here; the clerk of the Masters' Chambers, who, as it was said, enjoyed the right to contribute and appear in the mansions on call, as whom and what they ask. Which neighbors and riding boyars, relatives and holders, and their people will come to them for what business: and they come to wait at the barriers or at Svetlishnaya and at the stone stairs on the lower lockers: and to whom they came, and they are ordered to tell the boyar children about themselves and the stokers, and the watchmen who stand on those ladders; and on the upper locker of those stairs and for the barriers they should not go at all, and the boyar children, and the stokers, and the watchmen should not let any of them through; and their neighbors should go out to them, and see them on the Christmas stairs or at the Christmas barriers, but not to have them with you for the barriers; and the boyars go out and see them on the Svetlishny staircase on the middle locker near the partition, and along the stairs that go to the mansions of the right-believing sovereigns of the princesses, descending from that staircase, at the bottom; and seeing, let them go immediately; and keep them in those places, and do not order them to stand on those ladders, and send away whoever came from where.

We will clerk of all orders to stand with affairs and wait for the first people on the Bed Porch and in the hallway in front of the Faceted Chamber, and they will by no means go behind the stone barrier and to the Top.

If it happened that someone accidentally and unknowingly wandered into the royal court, and especially into the inner bed departments, he was seized, interrogated, and in doubtful circumstances even subjected to torture. One day in 1632, “on the 10th day of July, at vespers, for the Nativity of the Most Pure Theotokos, that on the senech, in the chapel to Nikita the Monk, wandered a little one; and that small one was caught and given to hold until the sovereign decree to the head of the archery Gavril Bokin on guard. And in the questioning, that little one said that he was Larionov’s man, Dmitriev’s son Lopukhin, his name was Grishka, Fedorov; and de Larion sent him to the Alekseevsky maiden monastery with a chapel to his own aunt, to the old woman to Fetinya Lopukhina; and in the monastery de he Grishka was and gave the chapel to the old woman Fetinya; and going back from the monastery, he wandered into the palace, not knowing, and heard that vespers were being sung at Christmas, and he came to sing, listen to vespers. What followed with this little one is unknown.

People who did not belong to the court and service class, coming to the palace on any business, usually remained on the lower lockers, or platforms, near the stairs. All petitioners who came with requests to the sovereign's name stood on the square in front of the Red Porch and waited for the Duma clerks to come out, who accepted petitions here and contributed to the Duma to the boyars. False Dmitry, as you know, every Wednesday and Saturday he himself received petitions from complainants, on the Red Porch. It goes without saying that the one who could freely enter the royal court filed a petition either to the sovereign himself, at the exit, or to the duma clerk in the Punishment Chamber, which constituted the highest judicial authority and was located from 1670 in the Middle Golden Chamber.

It was also impossible to come to the palace with any kind of weapon, even those that, according to the custom of that time, were always carried with them and which, therefore, constituted a necessary accessory of the ancient costume, for example, belt knives that had the meaning of daggers. In this case, there were no exceptions for anyone, neither for the boyars, nor even for the sovereign's relatives. Foreign ambassadors and their retinue, entering the reception hall, also had to take off their weapons, despite the fact that this was almost always done against their will. According to Western concepts, it was considered dishonor to take off the sword, and the ambassadors, like noble gentlemen, stood up for their honor and often had useless disputes with the boyars. In 1661, during the reception of the Swedish ambassadors, the marshal of the embassy, ​​despite any requests and persuasion, was not allowed to enter the reception room even with a silver staff. In general, it was strictly forbidden to enter with weapons even into the royal court. If it happened to someone, with simplicity, without any intention, to pass through the royal court with a gun, with a saber, with pistols or with some other weapon, such a person, if this was discovered, was immediately subjected to inevitable torture and interrogations: with what intent did he go? and, of course, he died either from the torture itself or in prison, because such cases and deeds never ended well.

It was also very strictly forbidden to come to the palace, especially to the Bed Porch, in illness or from houses in which there were sick people. In 1680, on June 8th, on this occasion, the strictest royal decree followed, spoken to the stolniks, solicitors, nobles and residents, who, if any of them or in their houses had “pains of fire or fever and smallpox or some other serious diseases, "were supposed to let them know that they should not go to the Rank and the Bed Porch, and that they should not appear anywhere on hikes and exits. Otherwise, those who violate this command - for such their fearless audacity and for not guarding his sovereign's health, according to the investigation, will be in great disgrace, and in others both in punishment and ruin, without any mercy and mercy. In those days, epidemic diseases quite often occurred, which was especially feared by the court of sovereigns, carefully guarding themselves in doubtful cases. So, once, in 1664, on February 11, during a reception in the Faceted Chamber of the English ambassador Charlus Goworth, from among tenants, standing, as usual, in the hallway and along the Red Porch, one on the Red Porch suddenly fell down from falling grief, or, perhaps, from faintness, namely the tenant Gavrilo Timofeev Muromtsev. And he was wearing an obyarin green terlik, a cap of an obyarin golden scarlet color, with sable; red taffeta sash, pierced in hands; this attire, as usual issued in such cases from the Treasury, when it entered the treasury again, was left and placed separately, with the watchmen in the treasury, for fear that the disease would not spread through infection, from the dress.

The protection of the honor of the sovereign's court also pursued every unattractive, an obscene word spoken in the royal palace. “There will be someone,” says the Code, “at the Tsar’s Majesty, in his sovereign’s court, and in his sovereign’s coats, without fearing the honor of the Tsar’s Majesty, whom he will dishonor with a word, and the one whom he dishonor will instruct the sovereign beat with his brow about justice, and it is found out straight that the one whom he beats with his brow dishonored him: and according to the investigation for the honor of the sovereign’s court, the one who dishonored whom in the sovereign’s court should be put in prison for two weeks, so that despite that, it’s disgraceful to others was to continue to do so. And whom he dishonors, and to that point dishonor on him. We will see below what exactly this violation of the honor of the sovereign's court consisted of and what category of persons was most sensitive to dishonor, at the same time giving incessant reasons to start a lawsuit and complaint with their actions.

However, constant, vigilant guards guarded the royal palace day and night and prevented any indecent act near the royal majesty. This guard consisted, inside the palace, of stewards, solicitors and tenants, and of the lower court servants: table stokers, table watchmen and boyar children of the tsarina's rank, who were on duty day and night at the doors of the stairs and along the porches and hallways. In addition, at all the palace gates and in other palace places, “near the treasury”, there were constant archery guards. According to Kotoshikhin, on these guards, there were five hundred people on guard, under the command of a head, or colonel, and ten captains. Their main guard of 200, and sometimes 300 people, was at the Red Porch under the Faceted Chamber, in the basement; the other part, 200 people, at the Red, or Kolymazhny, gates. From the same guard, 10 people stood at the Kuretny Gates, 5 hours at the Kazenny Dvor, 5 hours at the Money Yard. The archery guard was located at the Kremlin gates as follows: at the Spassky Gates there were 30 people, at the Nikolsky Gates 20 people, at Taynitsky 10 hours. , at the Predtechensky, or Borovitsky, 10 hours, at Troitsky 10 hours, in the Otvodnaya tower at the same gate 5 hours.

When the court rites, ceremonies and customs, borrowed from Byzantium or established in imitation of it, were completely adopted by the Moscow court, and the old customs and orders that came from the fathers, as a venerable heritage, took on more magnificent royal forms, and all this became an essential, most necessary expression royal rank and dignity, it is natural that some departments of the sovereign's palace have received from that time a special significance, corresponding to the celebrations and ceremonies for which they were exclusively appointed.

With regard to the solemn actions and ceremonies that took place in the large sovereign chambers, the first place from the end of the 16th century belonged to the Granovita, as the most extensive and more decorated, in which the king appeared in the full splendor of ancient splendor, which amazed foreigners so much. Solemn ambassadorial audiences and large ceremonial tables were given in it: at the wedding to the kingdom, at the announcement of princes as heirs to the throne, at the appointment of patriarchs, metropolitans and archbishops, marriage, home, baptismal, festive and ambassadorial. Great zemstvo councils also took place in it, and in general all the most important celebrations of that time were performed. In order to see all these ceremonies for the queen and the children of the sovereign, a observation tent, hiding place, still preserved, although in a completely different form. It is located at the top, above the Holy Vestibule, near the western wall of the chamber, and looks out through a viewing window directly opposite the place where the sovereign's throne has been standing from time immemorial. In the old days, this hiding place was removed in the following way: the walls, ceiling, benches, doors and windows were all upholstered half and then with red English and Anbur cloth; above two windows on the south side hung the same cloth curtains on rings; the floor was covered with felt and half; the appliance at the door was tinned. In a large window facing the chamber to the royal place, was inserted lookout a lattice upholstered with red taffeta on cotton paper; the grate was twitched with a curtain with rings on copper wire. In the front corner of the cache stood the image of Euthymius of Suzdal. From this hiding place, through the guard rail, the empress, the young princes, the senior and junior princesses and other relatives of the Empress looked at the magnificent ceremonies that took place in the chamber. Especially often they were present, hidden in this way, at embassy audiences.

Until the end of the 16th century, the Middle Golden had the same meaning as Faceted, but from that time it became an ordinary reception hall, in which the patriarch, spiritual authorities, boyars and other dignitaries, foreign ambassadors, mainly on vacation, were presented to the sovereign with less pomp and solemnity. , messengers and messengers. In addition, in it, as in Granovitaya, zemstvo cathedrals took place and sometimes birthday and festive tables were given. On the day of the Nativity of Christ, before mass, the sovereign received here the patriarch with the spiritual authorities, the cathedral clergy and singers who came to praise Christ. In 1670, on the occasion of the alteration of the Kremlin building of orders that were sent to China and the White City, the presence of boyars and duma people was appointed in this chamber to hear and resolve reprisal and controversial cases, which is why the chamber, having assumed the meaning of the highest authority, received the name golden reprisal, which she kept until 1694, when by a new decree this presence was transferred to the Front Chamber of the Terem Palace and when only petitions of middle ranks of people began to be received in Zolotoy. Duma meetings were held here not only in the morning, but also in the evening, especially in winter. Special days were appointed for the report of cases to each department. On Monday, cases from the Razryad and the Posolsky Prikaz were paid; on Tuesday from the order of the Great Treasury and the Great Parish; on Wednesday from the Kazan Palace and the Local Order; on a quarter from the order of the Grand Palace and from the Siberian; on Friday from the court orders of Vladimir and Moscow. It goes without saying that from the time the Golden Chamber received such a purely judicial, administrative significance, royal exits to it ceased, and consequently, all the celebrations and ceremonies that took place in it before.

The smaller Golden was the main reception hall of the queens, which is why it was often called Tsarina. In it, family, native and baptismal celebrations for noblewomen took place mainly. yard, that is, the courtiers proper, and for visitors, who had only the right and duty to come to the palace; reception of the patriarch with spiritual authorities, boyars and elected people of all ranks who came with gifts hello sovereign, on the occasion of the birth and baptism of his children. On Bright Sunday, after matins, the sovereign, accompanied by the patriarch, spiritual authorities and secular officials, came to this chamber to christen with the queen, who was surrounded at that time by riding and visiting boyars. On the day of the Nativity of Christ, here the queen received the clergy who came to glorify Christ, and the noblewomen of the visitors, who, together with the horsemen, congratulated her on the holiday and each offered thirty rebake or fancy round and tall loaves.

The dining hut, or chamber, in its meaning, was a smaller front hall, appointed mainly for the sovereign officials tables; but there were also receptions of the clergy, boyars and other persons, especially foreign envoys and messengers. Sometimes the sovereign favored boyars, roundabout, duma people and other officials here. birthday cakes. On Christmas Eve, on the eve of Christmas and Theophany, the sovereign listened to church services, royal hours, vespers and vigils in the Dining Room. In addition, large zemstvo councils on important state issues were held in the Dining Room. In 1634, a council was held here on a new collection of money from all over the state for the salaries of military people, and in 1642 - a well-known council on the issue of accepting Azov under the protection of Russia.

In the Requiem, or Assembly, chamber, on the days of commemoration of the kings and persons of the sovereign family, requiem tables were given, ancient feed patriarch, spiritual authorities and councilors, which was also called big fees, that is, a meeting of the clergy in general, and especially of the cathedral clergy. It must be remembered that at these dishonest tables for the clergy, the sovereign, according to custom, probably very ancient, before the bishop (metropolitan, and later before the patriarch) stood and from his own hands he treated him, offered "cups and food." So, in 1479, on the day of the consecration of the newly built Assumption Cathedral, led. book. Ivan Vasilyevich gave the Metropolitan and to all cathedrals table during middle room and during the table, treating, he stood in front of the metropolitan and with his son Ivan. In the Sudebnik of Ivan the Terrible we find the following article: “In the summer of 7067 (1559) April, on the 25th day, the king led. book. indicate which day lives(performed) a great memorial service, the metropolitan is at the sovereign's table, and the sovereign is standing in front of him, that day, by death and commercial punishment, do not execute anyone at all.

In the Reciprocal, or Ambassadorial, Chamber, boyars negotiated with foreign ambassadors, which was generally called answer. Expression be in charge meant to negotiate, to give royal answers, or decisions on embassy affairs. In the Reply Chamber, like in the Faceted Chamber, a hiding place, secret window, from which the sovereign sometimes listened to embassy meetings. In the Reply Chamber under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, in the presence of the boyar Prince Yury Alekseevich Dolgoruky, the Code was read to the elected people of the entire Muscovite state, who were supposed to secure it with their assault.

Of the bed choirs, they were very important in royal life Front And Room Terem Palace, which from the second half of the 17th century became the permanent residence of the kings.

According to Kotoshikhin, all boyars, devious, thoughtful and close people, were obliged to appear every day at the palace early in the morning and after dinner at Vespers. They usually gathered in the Front Room, where they waited for the royal entrance. Only the closest boyars, waiting for the time could enter the Room, or the sovereign's own study. When leaving, the boyars and other ranks bowed to the sovereign great custom, that is, into the ground, which was called beat with a forehead The sovereign, as usual, went out in a tafya or a hat, which he never took off "against their boyar worship." After the reception of the boyars, the sovereign went out for the most part to mass, accompanied by all the dignitaries who had gathered. After Mass in the Anteroom, and sometimes in the Room itself, seat with boyars, meeting of the Tsar's Chamber, or the Duma, which was composed, without exception, by all the boyars and okolniki and some of the junior ranks, known under the name thoughtful people. Meetings almost always took place in the presence of the sovereign, as can be seen from the decrees of the late 17th century. Here the sovereign gave trial and reprisal, listened to court cases and petitions, which were usually read before him by Duma clerks.

In the Terem chambers, namely in the sovereign's Room, or in Upper Golden, as it was sometimes designated in contrast to other Golden Chambers, took place in 1660, February 16th, the famous cathedral about actions of Patriarch Nikon. On that day, the sovereign indicated life in his Upper Stone Mansions, in the Upper Golden Chamber, to his sovereign pilgrims, metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, archimandrites, abbots, archpriests and his sovereign synklit boyars, devious and thoughtful people for his sovereign and zemstvo affairs. The chamber was decorated with axamites and golden velvets and patterned velvets of different colors and covered with carpets. And how the authorities went to the Golden Chamber, and at that time the sovereign was sitting in his royal place, and the boyars, devious and thoughtful people were sitting on the left side, on the benches. And how the authorities went to the chamber, and the sovereign stood in his royal place, and the authorities, entering the chamber, said: worthy; and the Metropolitan of Novgorod took a vacation; and after completing the vacation, he blessed the tsar, and the tsar granted the metropolitan to his hand, and the metropolitan struck the tsar with his forehead, and the tsar indicated to ask them about salvation since he usually asked secular people about health. And the authorities beat the sovereign for that. Then the emperor sat down, and ordered the authorities to sit on the benches on the right side, and others in the bench; on the left side, as it is said, sat the sovereign synklit. The king opened the meeting with a speech. On March 14, there was a secondary seat in the same Golden Chamber. On March 20, the sovereign sat about the patriarch obranii, election, from the third hour of the day until the tenth in the end, already in the Middle Golden Chamber.

In 1682, on January 12th, a council was held in the Terem chambers on the resignation and eradication localism. After the unanimous statement: “Let the hateful, hostile, fraternal and love that drives away localism perish in the fire, and let it not be remembered forever!” - all bit And random books, all requests for cases and notes on places were put on fire in Front hallway(the current refectory) in the oven, in the presence of the boyar and the duma clerk from the civil authorities and all the metropolitans and archbishops from the spiritual authorities, who stood at this solemn burning to the end.

In the same wonderful year, on April 27, on the day of the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, in the Terem chambers, the ten-year-old Tsarevich Peter was elected to the kingdom, past his older brother, Ivan. After the conferences, Patriarch Joachim, accompanied by bishops, boyars, okolnichi, duma and close people, went out to the Golden Porch and, in a short speech explaining to the elected representatives gathered here that the brothers of the late sovereign, princes Ivan and Peter, remained the heirs of the kingdom, proposed the question: to whom of them to be the successor to the royal scepter and throne? The elected, and then the boyars and other ranks, unanimously elected Peter the tsar and immediately swore allegiance to him in the presence of his mother, the queen, Natalya Kirillovna.

Here is the official meaning of the Terem chambers. It should also be mentioned that since 1694 the Front Chamber replaced the Golden Reprisal, as the highest court with the meaning of the Senate, where all controversial cases of appeal and petitions filed in the sovereign's name were resolved. On this occasion and in the sentences themselves, the following note was made: “By decree of the Great Sovereigns, in their Great Sovereigns to the Front Chamber, after listening to the case, the boyars were sentenced,” etc.

It happened, however, very rarely that in the Anterior the sovereign simply received foreign ambassadors. It was an extraordinary and great honor, which was awarded to few. In 1662, on April 14, the Caesar's ambassadors were received here, who received this high honor instead of the ambassadorial table, usually given to foreign ambassadors after an audience. At the same time, Meyerberg notes that “they went to the royal chambers along the stairs and passages, in which guards stood in rows in rich weapons on both sides and everything was so cleaned up with wallpaper that neither the floor, nor the walls, nor the stoves, nor ceiling." A modern note about this reception describes this cleaning as follows: “And for the arrival of ambassadors, the front porch and the canopy are dressed with golden and double-morh velvets; on the porch and in the yard, in front of the Church of the Savior, - the floors of tents, Persian and gold velvet, and velvet curtains of gold and kindyach and grassy atlases. On a wooden porch, on the sides and at the top, with the same floors and curtains and saddle covers. On the lower porch, the pillars are made of smooth worm-like velvet; behind the barrier and on the Bed Porch on both sides, up to red doors - cloth worm and green. Meyerberg even retained a picture of his reception in this antechamber. The same honor was awarded in 1664 on April 22 by the English ambassador Charlus Goworth. “And for his arrival, the upper sovereign’s porch and the locker, and the courtyard, which is from the Savior, on the sides, and the wooden porch and the stairs and the lower locker on the Bed Porch, on the sides, were dressed up with pink outfits, atlases and gold velvets. And the bridges and stairs along the barrier, that at the Bed Porch, were covered with carpets; but in the barrier and on the Bed Porch there was no flooring, and the walls were upholstered with cloth.

In 1667, on December 4th, the Polish ambassadors Stanislav Benevsky and Kipriyan Brestovsky were received on vacation in Perednaya. “And they arrived as ambassadors to the city at 4 o’clock in the morning (at 7 o’clock in the evening) and waited for the sovereign’s decree in Zolotoy Polat. A to v. They came to the sovereign in the Anterior at 5 o'clock in the morning at 2 o'clock. And how they walked along the Red Porch and at the doors that ascend from the Red Porch to the Bed, they met their half-heads and walked in front of them by the porch behind the barrier to the wooden stairs that go to the Top. And at the barrier on the lower wooden locker, the Colonels and the heads of the Streltsy in service dress met them and walked in front of them into the Front vestibule, and the half-heads remained at the locker. And in the hallway the tenants were standing for 12 hours from the protazany. And how the ambassadors went up to the Stone Porch and in the hallway at the door met their sleeping bags, and Dementei Bashmakov declared them ambassadors to them. And the sleeping bags went ahead of them to the front room, and the colonels and the heads stood in the passage. And for this, the Bed Porch was built along the barrier and along the Faceted and beyond the Barrier and the Lower Wooden Staircase, the locker was killed with worm-like cloth, and from the lower locker and the upper Porch, the shelves were killed with gold and silver and peach bends and covers with gold, and the top was killed with gold skins . In the courtyard of the Spasskaya church, a red cloth curtain (from Semenovsky from Nakracheyni) was killed; on that cloth, white cloth for months and burdock were sewn on. And the rest is all linen floors with red calico. The yard and the staircase and the upper stone porch and the vestibule were covered with carpets, and in the vestibule on the benches there were golden velvet benches. And on the Stone Porch there are golden carpets along the railing. And how the ambassadors went into the Front Hall and those carpets were removed and red cloths were laid down so that it snowed. And from v. Sovereign from the chorus of the Polish Ambassadors went at 7 o'clock in the morning in the exodus and were with the Patriarchs.

In another note about the same reception of the Polish ambassadors, we find new details: “For their arrival, the Anterior was covered with Persian carpets; on the windows and on the benches there are golden benches; the canopy is covered with carpets; on the benches (in the entrance hall) there are ladle stands: on the left side of the doors, gold; on the right side - colored; on the windows (in the hallway) are laid gold and golden carpets. The porch and lockers (platforms) and stone stairs and the Yard, which is between the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands and the choir, were covered with carpets. On the upper stone porch, on the railings, gold axamite carpets were laid; and those rugs for bad weather were removed and put instead of carpets of worm cloth. On the sides in the yard, going from the wooden porch to the mansions, on the left side from the doors to the stone locker, linen floors (frames) were set, colored with calico; on the right side of the doors, cloth curtains with months, and the doors of the church and the passageways and the windows were full. The wooden porch and stairs and lockers, the middle and lower ones, were wooden, covered with carpets. On the railing and on the grips, going to the Top, on the right and on the left side are laid gold stitched. On the left side, on the middle and on the upper lockers of the wooden porch, from the first pillar along the door of the upper wooden porch, they are lined with Persian floors. The pillars on the upper and middle wooden porches are upholstered with gold veils from the Stable Order. The barrels (in the roof of the porch) up to the lower tent were lined with golden skins from the Order of Secret Affairs. On the lower wooden locker, which is in the barrier, under the tent (roof) there are ceilings and pillars, and in the barrier walls and doors, and on the Bed porch of the wall, up to the doors, in the Faceted Entrance Hall, between the doors - everything was upholstered with worm cloth from the Treasury Yard ; and the doors from the Bed Porch, and to the Tent Room of the Faceted Entrance Hall and the Empress Queen of the Golden Polata were closed with cloth. In front of the Front senmi in the yard on the left side, a stand was placed, upholstered with colored damask; and on it were: two flasks, funnels, goblets, gilded silver ladles. A staid key keeper stood by the delivery man, and with him stood the courtyard people in clean coats.

“And how the ambassadors went to the sovereign (to these mansions) and at that time stood on the bed porch of the palace and rose orders of 20 people, on both sides. And they were met: behind the barrier on the locker - colonels and the heads of Moscow archers, on the upper stone porch - sleeping bags. The Duma clerk announced the sleeping bags to them. And in the hallway in front of the front door, the boyars met at the door. And how the ambassadors entered the Anterior and the boyar A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin announced them to the sovereign. A in. the sovereign at that time was sitting in Persian armchairs, which were made of diamonds and yachts and other expensive stones. And the ambassadors the emperor was struck with his forehead and the first ambassador spoke; and in. the sovereign granted them, instructed the boyars and ambassadors to sit down. And then he pointed to sovereign bear bowl with his sovereign drink to a sleeping bag. And before cup the boyar and gunsmith B. M. Khitrovo walked; and behind the cup they carried goblets with romanea and sleeping bags. And in. the sovereign, taking the cup and getting up, spoke and drank about the royal health; and then he favored the cups of ambassadors and boyars and ordered to drink about royal health. And the bailiffs (at the ambassadors), the stolnik and the clerk, escorting the ambassadors to the Anterior, were sitting in the entryway. And how did the ambassadors leave the room and, by decree of c. the sovereign, the ambassadors were escorted by boyars and stewards and colonels and heads to the same places where someone met, and bailiffs to the Embassy Court. And how did the ambassadors go to the sovereign to the top and from the c. Sovereign from the Top, and at that time they were standing: in the Front Hall, 12 hours of residents with references were pierced, 6 hours on the side. Sytniks with candles: on the stone locker at the Front 2 hours, on both sides of the same locker 2 hours, on the upper wooden porch 2 hours, on the middle 2 hours, in the barrier on the side of the locker 2 hours, on the Bed porch at barrier doors 2 hours; at the doors that go from the Bed Porch to the Faceted Hall and the Palace, 2 hours; Yes, on the Bed porch, 12 lanterns were placed on both sides. And on the Red Porch, archers stood with candles: at the doors on both sides 2 hours, against Golden Polat at the doors 2 hours, against the Church of the Annunciation B-tsy 2 hours, in the Annunciation porch 2 hours.

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