The classification of natural includes the main types of emergency events of natural origin.

Type of natural emergency	Dangerous phenomena
Cosmogenic	Falling asteroids on the Earth, collision of the Earth with comets, comet showers, collision of the Earth with meteorites and bolide streams, magnetic storms
Geophysical	Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions
Geological (exogenous geological)	Landslides, mudflows, landslides, screes, avalanches, slope washout, subsidence of loess rocks, subsidence (collapses) of the earth's surface as a result of karst, abrasion, erosion, kurums, dust storms
Meteorological	Storms (9-11 points), hurricanes (12-15 points), tornadoes (tornadoes), squalls, vertical whirlwinds (streams)
Hydrometeorological	Large hail, heavy rain (shower), heavy snow, heavy ice, hard frost, severe blizzard, intense heat, heavy fog, drought, dry wind, frost
Marine hydrological	Tropical cyclones (typhoons), tsunamis, strong waves (5 points or more), strong sea level fluctuations, strong draft in ports, early ice cover or fast ice, ice pressure, intense ice drift, impassable (hard-to-pass ice), icing of ships, separation coastal ice
Hydrological	High water levels, floods, rain floods, traffic jams, wind surges, low water levels, early freezing and premature ice formation on navigable reservoirs and rivers, rising groundwater levels (flooding)
natural fires	Forest fires, fires of steppe and grain massifs, peat fires, underground fires of fossil fuels

Development Analysis natural disasters phenomena on Earth shows that, despite scientific and technological progress, the protection of people and the technosphere from natural hazards does not increase. The number of victims in the world from destructive natural phenomena in recent years has been increasing annually by 4.3%, and those affected by 8.6%. Economic losses are growing at an average of 6% per year. Currently, there is an understanding in the world that natural disasters are a global problem, which is a source of the deepest humanitarian shocks and is one of the most important factors determining the sustainable development of the economy. The main reasons for the preservation and aggravation of natural hazards may be the growth of anthropogenic impact on the environment; irrational placement of objects of the economy; resettlement of people in areas of potential natural hazard; insufficient efficiency and underdevelopment of environmental monitoring systems; weakening government systems observation of natural processes and phenomena; the absence or poor condition of hydraulic engineering, anti-landslide, anti-mudflow and other protective engineering structures, as well as protective forest plantations; insufficient volumes and low rates of earthquake-resistant construction, strengthening of buildings and structures in earthquake-prone areas; absence or insufficiency of inventories of potentially dangerous areas (regularly flooded, especially seismic, mudflow, avalanche, landslide, tsunami, etc.).

More than 30 natural hazards and processes occur on the territory of Russia, among which the most destructive are floods, storm winds, downpours, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, forest fires, landslides, mudflows, snow avalanches. Most of the social and economic losses are associated with the destruction of buildings and structures due to insufficient reliability and protection from natural hazards. The most frequent on the territory of Russia are natural catastrophic atmospheric phenomena - storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, squalls (28%), followed by earthquakes (24%) and floods (19%). Dangerous geological processes, such as landslides and collapses account for 4%. The remaining natural disasters, among which forest fires have the highest frequency, total 25%. The total annual economic damage from the development of the 19 most dangerous processes in urban areas in Russia is 10-12 billion rubles. in year.

Of the geophysical extreme events, earthquakes are one of the most powerful, terrible and destructive natural phenomena. They arise suddenly, it is extremely difficult, and most often impossible, to predict the time and place of their appearance, and even more so to prevent their development. In Russia, zones of increased seismic hazard occupy about 40% of the total area, including 9% of the territory belong to 8-9-point zones. More than 20 million people (14% of the country's population) live in seismically active zones.

There are 330 settlements within seismically dangerous regions of Russia, including 103 cities (Vladikavkaz, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, etc.). The most dangerous consequences of earthquakes are the destruction of buildings and structures; fires; releases of radioactive and emergency chemically hazardous substances due to the destruction (damage) of radiation and chemically hazardous facilities; transport accidents and disasters; defeat and loss of life.

A striking example of the socio-economic consequences of strong seismic events is the Spitak earthquake in Northern Armenia, which occurred on December 7, 1988. This earthquake (magnitude 7.0) affected 21 cities and 342 villages; 277 schools and 250 healthcare facilities were destroyed or were in emergency condition; more than 170 industrial enterprises ceased to function; about 25 thousand people died, 19 thousand received various degrees of mutilation and injury. The total economic losses amounted to $14 billion.

Of the geological emergency events, the most dangerous due to the massive nature of the distribution are landslides and mudflows. The development of landslides is associated with the displacement of large masses of rocks along the slopes under the influence of gravitational forces. Precipitation and earthquakes contribute to the formation of landslides. IN Russian Federation 6 to 15 emergencies associated with the development of landslides are created annually. Opol-zni are widespread in the Volga region, Transbaikalia, the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia, Sakhalin and other regions. Urbanized areas are especially hard hit: 725 Russian cities are subject to landslides. Mudflows are powerful streams, saturated with solid materials, descending through mountain valleys at great speed. Mudflows are formed with rainfall in the mountains, intensive melting of snow and glaciers, as well as breakthrough of dammed lakes. Mudflow processes are manifested in 8% of the territory of Russia and develop in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, in Kamchatka, the Northern Urals and the Kola Peninsula. Under the direct threat of mudflows in Russia there are 13 cities and 42 more cities are located in potentially mudflow-prone areas. The unexpected nature of the development of landslides and mudflows often leads to the complete destruction of buildings and structures, accompanied by casualties and large material losses. Of the hydrological extreme events, floods can be one of the most common and dangerous natural phenomena. In Russia, floods rank first among natural disasters in terms of frequency, area of ​​distribution, material damage, and second after earthquakes in terms of the number of victims and specific material damage (damage per unit area affected). One severe flood covers an area of ​​the river basin of about 200 thousand km2. On average, up to 20 cities are flooded every year and up to 1 million inhabitants are affected, and in 20 years almost the entire territory of the country is covered by serious floods.

On the territory of Russia, from 40 to 68 crisis floods occur annually. Flood threat exists for 700 cities and tens of thousands of settlements, a large number economic objects.

Floods are associated with significant material losses every year. In recent years, two major floods have occurred in Yakutia on the river. Lena. In 1998, 172 settlements were flooded here, 160 bridges, 133 dams, 760 km of roads were destroyed. The total damage amounted to 1.3 billion rubles.

Even more devastating was the flood in 2001. During this flood, the water in the river. Lene rose to 17 m and flooded 10 administrative districts of Yakutia. Lensk was completely flooded. About 10,000 houses were under water, about 700 agricultural and more than 4,000 industrial facilities were damaged, and 43,000 people were resettled. The total economic damage amounted to 5.9 billion rubles.

Deforestation, irrational agriculture and economic development of floodplains play a significant role in increasing the frequency and destructive power of floods. The formation of floods can be caused by improper implementation of flood protection measures, leading to the breakthrough of dams; destruction of artificial dams; emergency discharges of reservoirs. The aggravation of the problem of floods in Russia is also associated with the progressive aging of fixed assets of the water sector, the placement of economic facilities and housing in flood-prone areas. In this regard, the development and implementation of effective measures flood prevention and protection.

Among the atmospheric hazardous processes occurring on the territory of Russia, the most destructive are hurricanes, cyclones, hail, tornadoes, heavy rains, snowfalls.

Traditional in Russia is such a disaster as a forest fire. Every year, from 10 to 30 thousand forest fires occur in the country on an area of ​​0.5 to 2 million hectares.

Preliminary forecast of the main dangers and threats for Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. indicates that before 2010 destructive earthquakes may occur in three seismological regions: Kamchatka - the Kuril Islands, the Baikal region and the North Caucasus. One devastating earthquake can occur in each of these regions. Without taking preventive measures, tens of thousands of people's lives could be lost and about $10 billion in damage. Today, the occurrence of 3-5 man-made earthquakes, one devastating tsunami on the Pacific coast, one or two catastrophic floods, as well as an increase in the number of forest and peat fires cannot be ruled out.

Man is accustomed to consider himself the ruler of the earth, the king of the universe and the duke of the solar system. And if in ancient times someone could experience superstitious fear at the sight of lightning or start burning redheads at the stake due to another solar eclipse, then modern man I am sure that he is above such relics of the past. But such confidence remains only until the first meeting with some truly formidable natural phenomenon.

If you think that only a hurricane, a tsunami or a volcanic eruption can be classified as such, you are greatly mistaken. There are more rare, refined and unusual phenomena that may not kill, but will make you roll on the ground in superstitious horror, pretending to be a primitive monitor lizard. To save readers from the need to re-read banal things, such as: "a lightning strike and an avalanche are dangerous to health", we will place various natural phenomena not by the number of people killed, but by how frightening they look. Even if they are relatively safe... After all, what kind of safety can we talk about if nerve cells are not restored?

Terrible natural phenomena that can scare anyone

It's nice to be able to add to the rating something familiar and native in its own way, like Odessa. Moreover, there is a reason: in February 2012, severe frosts hit and the Black Sea off the coast of Odessa successfully froze. The news was full of messages like: “Well, wow! For the first time in 30 years! Sensation! Watch everyone!!!" - and although the Odessans themselves kept their poker face and assured that such nonsense happens regularly every 5 years, no one listened to them ... They did not listen to the Odessans, but they heard the sea - the undercurrent made the ice make incredible sounds.

From a discussion at the Odessa forum of those times

• Why should you be afraid. There are many reasons. Here are just some of the plausible versions that can be found in the comments under the video: it is quite possible that a UFO fell into the sea. Or Optimus Prime is underwater. Or someone is trying to call Cthulhu (maybe already called?). Be that as it may, this sea will not interfere with WD-40 (a contraption for lubricating squeaky parts) ... But jokes aside - this phenomenon is completely unsafe. Most likely, this is how dub step appeared. And music lovers even noticed the similarity between the creak of the Black Sea and the Darude track "Sandstorm".

9. Asperatus

Meet asperatus clouds (Undulatus asperatus), which means "wavy-hilly clouds", which in 2009 was identified as a separate species. This is a rather rare phenomenon, and therefore little studied. Wikipedia, as usual, pleases with information content and logic:

S - sequence

It is believed that in recent decades they began to appear more often than before. But what it is connected with is unknown. By the way, this is the first the new kind clouds, which has been discovered since 1951.

• Why should you be afraid. To begin with, no one really knows what asperatus is. Yes, it is insanely beautiful and exciting - as if a sea storm broke out overhead. At the same time, films about the Avengers have taught us one thing: such things always mark the appearance of Thor, the opening of a portal to other worlds and other phenomena associated with the destruction of New York. Or at least with a tropical downpour in Khabarovsk, which is also unpleasant.

8. Fires of St. Elmo

St. Elmo's fire is a corona discharge that occurs when there is a large voltage of the electric field in the atmosphere. I understand that this does not mean anything, so let's do it again: under certain conditions, for example, during a thunderstorm or storm, a small electrical discharge occurs on the tops of tall objects (matches of ships, on the tops of trees and rocks) in the air. The sailors took this phenomenon as a good sign and were not far from the truth. After all, such lights are really not dangerous - at most, some kind of electrical appliance will be disabled (and there is nothing to leave electrical appliances at matches). But here's what happened in 1982.

I flew myself a Boeing 747 one evening over Java, did not touch anyone. Suddenly, the crew noticed the lights of St. Elmo on the windshield, although there was no thunderstorm. The pilots were so happy with such a good sign that they ordered the passengers to fasten their seat belts and turned on the de-icers. A few minutes later, the plane smelled of smoke and sulfur - it turned out that the plane had flown into a cloud of volcanic ash. 4 engines, one after another, stalled and the plane began to rapidly decline. Despite the almost zero visibility and the failure of some instruments, the crew was able to successfully land the plane in Jakarta and none of the passengers were injured.

• Why should you be afraid. If you are on a plane and notice the fires of St. Elmo, there are two options: either you are caught in a thunderstorm, or in a few minutes the plane's engines will stall and it will crash down. But in general, this, of course, is a very good sign.

7. Blood rush

Moses, stop

This phenomenon is actually called a red tide, but "bloody" sounds much more dangerous. Something similar happens to water during the flowering of a certain type of algae. Or during the release of a certain type of slaves from Egypt. Often a red tide is observed where coastal waters are polluted - they say, when there is nothing to lose ... Although in reality there are losses - water pigmentation leads to the death of various marine creatures and organisms (all according to the Bible).

In 2001, in India, this trouble took on a new look - in the state of Kerala, it rained "bloody" for 2 months. As studies have shown, there were spores of red algae in the raindrops. So the red tide may be taking on a more frightening shape - the locals were horrified when the heavens decided to arrange an unexpected "prank".

• Why should you be afraid. One of the pigments that turns water red is toxic - it releases a powerful paralytic poison, saxitoxin. It would seem that what is simpler: just do not drink blood-colored salty water - natural selection in action. But even if a person is smart enough not to drink the Red Sea, he is not immune from poisoning. Mollusks and other marine life, having picked up toxins, successfully poison people - there are real cases fatal poisoning by such seafood. And one more thing: you can not step on the rake of history. The Egyptians know how the transformation of water into blood ends - beware, firstborn!

6. Whirlpool

As a result of the terrifying tsunami that hit the coast of Japan in 2011, a huge whirlpool appeared near the port of Oarai. A video of a funnel spinning a small yacht has spread around many media outlets - however, no one has been able to provide an ending to this story ... But this did not stop Rossiya 24 from reporting that it was a ship that disappeared during the tsunami, on which there were 100 people.

Searches for full versions of this video in other languages ​​did not give so much - the boat appears in many reports, but it is not shown anywhere whether the funnel is dragging it in or not. We can definitely say that 100 people definitely won’t fit on this yacht, and, apparently, he just drifted with the engine off. That is, most likely, there was no one on board. That's how the story, which was supposed to scare, turned into a myth debunking. But do not rush to mock whirlpools - they are not weaklings at all.

• Why should you be afraid. In addition to temporary funnels on the water after the tsunami, there are permanent whirlpools. One of the most famous is the Malsterm whirlpool in the Norwegian Sea, which was mentioned by Jules Verne in. Strong water eddies regularly occur in the Malsterm Strait, due to which ships are advised to bypass these waters. Although the speed of "pulling" water does not exceed 11 km / h, which is clearly less than the speed of modern ships, the danger is quite real. Whirlwinds on the water appear unpredictably and can throw the ship off course, sending it to the rocks. This, of course, is not as epic as pulling to the bottom, but no less effective.

5. Killer Waves

Among the dangerous and destructive phenomena one could mention the tsunami. But this choice is too obvious, and we are not looking for easy ways. Therefore, instead of a tsunami, our rating will include its close relative - a killer wave. Until 1995, few people suspected its existence - stories about hefty waves walking around the ocean were considered tales and urban legends. Until one such beauty came across the Dropner oil platform on January 1, this New Year will be remembered by the platform workers for a long time!

The height of the Dropner wave was about 25 meters - before that, there was an opinion that waves of more than 20 meters were not found on our planet, and any eyewitnesses who claim the opposite should drink less. Now they believed the eyewitnesses, and the newly-born giants began to be suspected of the death of ships, the cause of the crash of which could not be established before. Despite further study of this phenomenon, the reason for the appearance of such waves is not completely clear. But it is known that such a wave (or a group of waves) has a small width, up to 1 km, and can move regardless of the general disturbance of the sea surface - that is, it can appear from any side.

• Why should you be afraid. If we put together all the mental conclusions of oceanologists, we get a deep, like the Mariana Trench, thought: these waves appear from time to time in different places. Extremely rare, but with a certain pattern. But you can’t predict it ... In general, if you find yourself on a ship in the open ocean, try to stay close to the boats - you never know.

4. Web in Pakistan

After another flood in Pakistan, which turned 1/5 of this country into a swamp, local spiders decided: “Oh, fuck it!” - abandoned their usual habitats and moved to the trees, capturing all the thickets in the area.

The largest web that has been recorded was 183 meters long - just imagine this nightmare of arachnophobes! Curiously, spiders are loners, seen in cannibalism and prefer not to connect their web with others. In the same case, experts found in the web 12 different types of spiders that lived in harmony with each other - you just won’t do anything to intimidate people.

Tell them that only girls are afraid of insects

That feeling when you choose to walk over a bike ride

• Why should you be afraid. To begin with, the flood version is a weak explanation of what is happening. Floods happen constantly and all over the world, but this is not a reason to capture human settlements. So we do not know the true spider motives. Perhaps they just wanted to do it - and no one could stop them. The photo above evokes persistent associations with the abode of the giant spider Shelob, who hunted Frodo and Sam - I think it’s not worth explaining why such places are dangerous?

3 Volcanic Ash Lake

Puehue - similar sounds are made by my drunk neighbor on payday. And this is also the name of a volcano in southern Chile, which in the summer of 2011 pleased the inhabitants of South America with a fresh eruption. True, not only Chile suffered, but also neighboring Argentina. More specifically, Lake Nahuel Huapi, which is the largest and deepest body of water with clean water in this country. And so, this lake was covered with volcanic ash to the very “do not indulge” ... Unlike ordinary ash, such ash does not dissolve in water.

• Why should you be afraid. If a diver is afraid to go waist-deep into water without an oxygen tank, then there is probably good reason. A volcanic eruption is always unpleasant, and if you imagine that such nonsense can suddenly fly in from abroad and cover a couch while relaxing on your favorite beach, it becomes terribly unpleasant.

2. Firestorm

A fire tornado is a rare and truly dangerous natural phenomenon. It appears as a result of the coincidence of several factors, the most important of which, obviously, is a large-scale fire. High temperatures, several fires and cold air currents can accompany the formation of a fiery whirlwind that sweeps away everything in its path. The fire tornado does not disappear until it burns everything around, because the flames are constantly fanned by a stream of air that acts like giant bellows.

A fiery tornado was observed in 1812, when Moscow burned, and a little earlier in Kyiv (1811, Podolsk fire). Other major cities of the world experienced a similar disaster: Chicago, London, Dresden and others.

• Why should you be afraid. In 1923, after a large-scale earthquake in Tokyo (the great Kanto earthquake), a fiery tornado rose from multiple fires. The flame reached a height of 60m. On one of the squares, surrounded by buildings, a crowd of frightened people were trapped - in just 15 minutes, about 38,000 people died in a fiery whirlwind.

1. Sandstorm

A sandstorm, whatever you say, looks more epic than any other natural phenomenon. Someone might think: there is nothing wrong with it - it will bring sand for free and only. However, the historian Herodotus describes how in 525 BC. A sandstorm in the Sahara buried 50,000 troops alive.

But someone naive will object again: the time was dense then, people died from absolutely everything - in the era of the Internet and video bloggers, sand does not scare us. Nothing like that: in 2008, a sandstorm in Mongolia claimed the lives of 46 people. A year earlier, in 2007, such a phenomenon ended even more tragically - about 200 people died.

Our old, but already a little frightened naive friend will not calm down on this - he will begin to console himself that away from the desert, you can relax and not be afraid of dust. No matter how: in 1928 a dust storm swept through Ukraine, giving 15 million tons of Ukrainian black soil for long-term use to the nearest western neighbors. And on May 9, 2016, the residents of Irkutsk were able to enjoy a festive dust storm - Happy Victory Day, th…

• Why should you be afraid. Sandstorm kills. In addition, it can appear almost anywhere on our planet - the sands of the Sahara regularly travel across the Atlantic to please the inhabitants of the States with an unexpected visit. So no one is immune from this joy.

Tatar - American Regional Institute

Department of FPS

course abstract

BJD on the topic:

"Dangerous natural phenomena: earthquakes, landslides, floods, etc."

Completed:

Student gr.122

Balyasnikova K.A.

Checked:

Mukhametzyanova L.K.

Kazan - 2005

Introduction……………………………………………..………....………………....3

1. Characteristics of natural disasters…………………………………...…....4

2. Analysis of natural disasters on Earth in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century…….…………………………………………………………………………………………13

3. Use of personal and collective protective equipment in emergency situations..…………………………………………….………...20

4. Notification of people about the disaster ……………………………….……...…..22

5.People's actions:

a) at a warning signal: "Attention everyone!"

(sirens, intermittent beeps)…..………………………………………………23

b) under the threat of an earthquake ..………………………………….………...……..23

c) during a sudden earthquake….…………………..….………………........24

6.Rescue and emergency rescue

work in the aftermath of earthquakes………….……………..26

7.Conclusion…………………………………………..…………………...…....27

List of used literature………………….……………..…….…..…28

Introduction

The spontaneous actions of the forces of nature, which are not yet fully subject to man, cause enormous damage to the economy of the state and the population.

Natural disasters- these are natural phenomena that cause extreme situations, disrupt the normal life of people and the operation of objects.

Natural disasters usually include earthquakes, floods, mudflows, landslides, snow drifts, volcanic eruptions, landslides, droughts, hurricanes, storms. In some cases, fires, especially massive forest and peat ones, can also be attributed to such disasters.

Dangerous disasters are, in addition, industrial accidents. Of particular danger are accidents at the enterprises of the oil, gas and chemical industries.

Natural disasters, fires, accidents... You can meet them in different ways. Bewildered, even doomed, as people have met various disasters for centuries, or calmly, with unbending faith in their own strength, with the hope of taming them. But only those who, knowing how to act in a given situation, can confidently accept the challenge of disasters, will make the only right decision: save themselves, help others, prevent, as far as possible, the destructive action of elemental forces.

The problem of natural and man-made disasters has recently been the subject of discussion by the Russian Security Council. In November 2003, a joint meeting of the Security Council and the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation was held, initiated by the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yu.S. Osipov and the Minister of Emergency S.K. Shoigu. It is important to note that the Security Council has classified natural phenomena, along with other threats, among the most important strategic risks for the country.

Characteristics of natural disasters

Natural disasters are understood as natural phenomena (earthquakes, floods, landslides, snow avalanches, mudflows, hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, fires, volcanic eruptions, etc.) material values.

Natural disasters can occur both independently of each other and in interconnection: one of them can lead to another. Some of them often arise as a result of not always reasonable human activity (for example, forest and peat fires, industrial explosions in mountainous areas, during the construction of dams, laying (development) of quarries, which often leads to landslides, snow avalanches, glacial collapses, etc.). P.).

Regardless of the source of occurrence, natural disasters are characterized by significant scale and varying duration - from a few seconds and minutes (earthquakes, avalanches) to several hours (mudflows), days (landslides) and months (floods).

earthquakes- these are strong fluctuations of the earth's crust caused by tectonic or volcanic causes and leading to the destruction of buildings, structures, fires and human casualties.

The main characteristics of earthquakes are: the depth of the focus, magnitude and intensity of energy on the earth's surface.

The depth of the earthquake source is usually in the range from 10 to 30 km, in some cases it can be much greater.

The magnitude characterizes the total energy of an earthquake and is the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of soil displacement in microns, measured from a seismogram at a distance of 100 km from the epicenter. Magnitude (M) according to Richter varies from 0 to 9 (the strongest earthquake). Increasing it by one means a tenfold increase in the amplitude of vibrations in the soil (or displacement of the soil) and an increase in the earthquake energy by a factor of 30. Thus, the amplitude of the displacement of the soil of an earthquake with M=7 is 100 times greater than with M=5, while the total energy of the earthquake increases by 900 times.

The intensity of energy on the surface of the earth is measured in points. It depends on the depth of the source, magnitude, distance from the epicenter, the geological structure of soils, and other factors. To measure the intensity of earthquake energy in our country, a 12-point Richter scale has been adopted.

Some data on earthquakes are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Earthquakes cause great material damage and claim thousands of human lives. For example, as a result of a catastrophic earthquake with an intensity of 8 on the Richter scale on June 21, 1990, in the north of Iran in the province of Gilan, more than 50 thousand people died and about 1 million people were injured and homeless. (The scale of the earthquake in Armenia is shown on the flyleaf.)

Fifteen hundred villages were destroyed. 12 cities were significantly affected, 3 of which were completely destroyed.

Earthquakes also cause other natural disasters, such as landslides, avalanches, mudflows, tsunamis, floods (due to dam failure), fires (when oil storage facilities are damaged and gas pipelines break), damage to communications, power lines, water supply and sewerage, accidents at chemical enterprises with the expiration (spill) of SDYAV, as well as at nuclear power plants with a leak (emission) of radioactive substances into the atmosphere, etc.

Currently, there are no sufficiently reliable methods for predicting earthquakes and their consequences. However, by changing the characteristic properties of the earth, as well as the unusual behavior of living organisms before an earthquake (they are called precursors), scientists often manage to make predictions. Earthquake harbingers are: a rapid increase in the frequency of weak shocks (foreshocks); deformation of the earth's crust, determined by observation from satellites from space or shooting on the earth's surface using laser light sources; change in the ratio of the propagation velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves on the eve of the earthquake; change in the electrical resistance of rocks, the level of groundwater in wells; radon content in water, etc.

The unusual behavior of animals on the eve of an earthquake is expressed in the fact that, for example, cats leave villages and carry kittens to meadows, and birds in cages begin to fly 10-15 minutes before the earthquake; before the shock, unusual cries of birds are heard; pets in barns panic, etc. The most likely reason for this behavior of animals is anomalies in the electromagnetic field before the earthquake.

To protect against earthquakes, seismically dangerous zones in various regions of the country are identified in advance, that is, the so-called seismic zoning is carried out. Seismic zoning maps usually highlight areas that are threatened by earthquakes with an intensity higher than VII-VIII on the Richter scale. In seismically hazardous areas, various protection measures are provided, starting with strict compliance with the requirements of norms and rules during the construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures and other objects to the suspension of hazardous industries (chemical plants, nuclear power plants, etc.).

floods- these are significant flooding of the area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake, reservoir, caused by various reasons (spring snowmelt, heavy rainfall and rainfall, ice jams on rivers, breakthrough of dams, dammed lakes and enclosing dams, wind surge of water, etc. . P.). Floods are not, are huge and material damage and lead to human casualties.

Direct material damage from floods consists in damage and destruction of residential and industrial buildings, roads and railways, power lines and communications, reclamation systems, death of livestock and crops, damage and destruction of raw materials, fuel, food, feed, fertilizers, etc. . P.

As a result of heavy rains that took place in Transbaikalia in early July 1990, floods unprecedented in these places arose. More than 400 bridges have been demolished. According to the data of the Regional Emergency Flood Commission, the national economy of the Chita Region has been damaged in the amount of 400 million rubles. Thousands of people were left homeless. There were no human casualties either.

Floods can be accompanied by fires due to breaks and short circuits of electrical cables and wires, as well as ruptures of water and sewer pipes, electrical, television and telegraph cables located in the ground, due to the subsequent uneven settlement of the soil.

The main direction of flood control is to reduce the maximum flow of water in the river by redistributing the runoff over time (planting forest protection belts, plowing the land across slopes, preserving coastal water-protective vegetation belts, terracing slopes, etc.).

A certain effect is also given by the arrangement of ponds, sumps and other containers in logs, gullies and ravines to intercept melt and rainwater. For medium and large rivers, the only radical remedy is the regulation of flood flow with the help of reservoirs.

In addition, the well-known method of building dams is widely used for flood protection. To eliminate the risk of blockage formation, certain sections of the riverbed are straightened, cleared and deepened, as well as the destruction of ice by explosions 10-15 days before its opening. The greatest effect is achieved when charges are placed under the ice to a depth 2.5 times its thickness. The same result is obtained by sprinkling the ice cover with ground slag with the addition of salt (usually 15-25 days before the opening of the river).

Ice jams with a thickness of ice accumulations of no more than 3-4 m are also eliminated with the help of river icebreakers.

Landslides- these are sliding displacements of rock masses down the slope, arising from an imbalance caused by various reasons (washing out rocks with water, weakening their strength due to weathering or waterlogging by precipitation and groundwater, systematic shocks, unreasonable human economic activity, etc.).

Landslides can occur on all slopes with a steepness of 20° or more and at any time of the year. They differ not only in the rate of displacement of rocks (slow, medium and fast), but also in their scale. The speed of slow displacements of rocks is several tens of centimeters per year, medium - several meters per hour or per day, and fast - tens of kilometers per hour or more.

Rapid displacements include landslides-flows, when solid material mixes with water, as well as snow and snow-rock avalanches. It should be emphasized that only rapid landslides can cause catastrophes with human casualties.

The volume of rocks displaced during landslides ranges from several hundred to many millions and even billions of cubic meters.

Landslides can destroy settlements, destroy agricultural land, create a danger in the operation of quarries and mining, damage communications, tunnels, pipelines, telephone and electrical networks, water facilities, mainly dams. In addition, they can block the valley, form a dammed lake and contribute to floods. Thus, the economic damage they cause can be significant.

For example, in 1911, in the Pamirs on the territory of our country, a strong earthquake (M==7.4) caused a giant landslide. About 2.5 billion m 3 of loose material slid down. The village of Usoy with its 54 inhabitants was littered. The landslide blocked the river valley. Murgab and formed a dammed lake, which flooded the village of Saraz. The height of this natural dam reached 300 m, the maximum depth of the lake was 284 m, and the length was 53 km.

The most effective protection against landslides is their prevention. Of the complex of preventive measures, it should be noted the collection and diversion of surface water, artificial transformation of the relief (in the zone of possible land separation, the load on the slopes is reduced), fixing the slope with the help of piles and the construction of retaining walls.

snow avalanches also refer to landslides and occur in the same way as other landslide displacements. The adhesion forces of snow cross a certain limit, and gravity causes the snow masses to move along the slope. An avalanche is a mixture of snow and air crystals. Large avalanches occur on slopes of 25-60°. Smooth grassy slopes are the most prone to avalanches. Bushes, large rocks and other obstacles keep avalanches at bay. Avalanches are very rare in the forest.

Snow avalanches cause huge material damage and are accompanied by death of people. So, on July 13, 1990, on Lenin Peak, in the Pamirs, as a result of an earthquake and a large snow avalanche, the climbers' camp, located at an altitude of 5300 m, was demolished. 40 people died. There has never been such a tragedy in the history of Russian mountaineering.

Avalanche protection can be passive or active. With passive protection, the use of avalanche-prone slopes is avoided or barrage shields are placed on them. With active protection, avalanche-prone slopes are shelled, causing small non-hazardous avalanches to descend and thus preventing the accumulation of critical masses of snow.

sat down - these are floods with a very high concentration of mineral particles, stones and rock fragments (from 10-15 to 75% of the volume of the flow), arising in the basins of small mountain rivers and dry ravines and are usually caused by heavy rainfall, less often by intense snowmelt, and also a breakthrough of moraine and dammed lakes, a collapse, a landslide, an earthquake.

The danger of mudflows is not only in their destructive power, but also in the suddenness of their appearance.

According to the composition of the transported solid material, mudflows can be mudflows (a mixture of water with fine earth at a low concentration of stones, bulk density y \u003d 1.5-2 t / m 3), mud and stone (a mixture of water, pebbles, gravel, small stones, y \u003d\u003d 2.1-2.5 t / m 3) and water stone (a mixture of water with predominantly large stones, y \u003d 1.1-1.5 t / m 3).

Many mountainous regions are characterized by the predominance of one or another type of mudflow in terms of the composition of the solid mass carried by it. So, in the Carpathians, water-stone mudflows of relatively small thickness are most often found, in the North Caucasus - mainly mud-stones, in Central Asia - mud flows.

The mudflow flow velocity is usually 2.5-4.0 m/s, but when the blockage breaks, it can reach 8-10 m/s or more.

The consequences of mudflows are catastrophic. So, on July 8, 1921, at 21:00, a mass of earth, silt, stones, snow, sand, driven by a mighty stream of water, fell on the city of Alma-Ata from the side of the mountains. This flow was demolished at the foot of the city buildings along with people, animals and orchards. A terrible stream broke into the city, turned its streets into raging rivers with steep banks of destroyed houses.

The horror of the catastrophe was aggravated by the darkness of the night. There were cries for help that were almost impossible to say. Houses were torn off their foundations and carried along with the people by a stormy stream.

By the morning next day the element calmed down. The material damage and loss of life were significant.

Mudflow was caused by heavy rains in the upper part of the river basin. Small Almaty. The total volume of the mud stone mass was about 2 million m 3 . The stream cut the city with a 200-meter ditch, oh strip.

Ways to deal with mudflows are very diverse. This is the construction of various dams to delay solid runoff and pass a mixture of water and fine fractions of rocks, a cascade of dams to destroy the mudflow and release it from solid material, retaining walls to strengthen slopes, upland runoff intercepting and catchment ditches to divert runoff to the nearest watercourses, etc.

Mudflow forecasting methods do not currently exist. At the same time, for some rural areas, certain criteria have been established to assess the likelihood of mudflows. So, for areas with a high probability of mudflows of storm origin, the critical amount of precipitation for 1-3 days is determined, mudflows of glacial origin (i.e., formed during outbursts of glacial lakes and intraglacial reservoirs) - the critical average air temperature for 10-15 days or a combination of these two criteria.

Hurricanes - these are winds of force 12 on the Beaufort scale, i.e. winds that exceed 32.6 m/s (117.3 km/h).

Tropical cyclones that occur in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Central America are also called hurricanes; in the Far East and in the regions of the Indian Ocean, hurricanes (cyclones) are called typhoons. During tropical cyclones, wind speeds often exceed 50 m/s. Cyclones and typhoons are usually accompanied by heavy rain showers.

A hurricane on land destroys buildings, communication and power lines, damages transport communications and bridges, breaks and uproots trees; when propagating over the sea, it causes huge waves with a height of 10-12 m or more, damages or even leads to the death of the ship.

So, for example, in December 1944, 300 miles east of about. Luzon (Philippines) ships of the US 3rd Fleet were in the area near the center of the typhoon. As a result, 3 destroyers sank, 28 other ships were damaged, 146 aircraft carriers and 19 seaplanes on battleships and cruisers were wrecked, damaged and washed overboard, over 800 people died.

Hurricanes and storm winds (their speed on the Beaufort scale is from 20.8 to 32.6 m/s) in winter can lift huge masses of snow into the air and cause snowstorms, which leads to drifts, stoppage of road and rail transport, disruption of water systems. -, gas, electricity and communications.

Thus, from the hurricane winds of unprecedented strength and gigantic waves that hit the coastal regions of East Pakistan on November 13, 1970, a total of about 10 million people suffered, including about 0.5 million people who died and went missing.

Modern methods of weather forecasting allow several hours or even days to warn the population of a city or an entire coastal region about an impending hurricane (storm), and the civil defense service can provide the necessary information about the possible situation and the required actions in the current conditions.

The most reliable protection of the population from hurricanes is the use of protective structures (metro, shelters, underpasses, building basements, etc.). At the same time, in coastal areas, it is necessary to take into account the possible flooding of low-lying areas and choose protective shelters in elevated areas.

fires - it is an uncontrolled combustion process that entails the death of people and the destruction of material values.

The causes of fires are careless handling of fire, violation of fire safety rules, such a natural phenomenon as lightning, spontaneous combustion of dry vegetation and peat. It is known that 90% of fires are caused by humans and only 7-8% by lightning.

The main types of fires as natural disasters, covering, as a rule, vast territories of several hundred, thousands, and even millions of hectares, are landscape fires - forest (grassroots, riding, underground) and steppe (field).

For example, forest fires in Western Siberia in 1913 destroyed about 15 million hectares during the summer. In the summer of 1921, during a long drought and hurricane winds, more than 200 thousand hectares of the most valuable Mari pine were destroyed by fires. In the summer of 1972, in the Moscow region, peat and forest fires that developed during a long drought engulfed large areas of forests, destroying some peat deposits.

According to the intensity of burning, forest fires are divided into weak, medium and strong, and according to the nature of burning, ground and crown fires are divided into fugitive and stable.

Forest ground fires are characterized by burning of forest litter, ground cover and undergrowth without capturing tree crowns. The speed of the ground fire front is from 0.3-1 m / min (with a weak fire) to 16 m / min (1 km / h) (with a strong fire), the height of the flame is 1-2 m, Maximum temperature at the edge of the fire reaches 900 ° C.

Forest crown fires develop, as a rule, from ground fires and are characterized by the burning of tree crowns. During a quick crown fire, the flame spreads mainly from crown to crown at a high speed, reaching 8-25 km / h, sometimes leaving entire sections of the forest untouched by fire. With a stable crown fire, not only crowns, but also tree trunks are engulfed in fire. The flame spreads at a speed of 5-8 km / h, covering the entire forest from the soil cover to the tops of the trees.

Underground fires arise as a continuation of ground or top forest fires and spread through the peat layer located in the ground to a depth of 50 cm or more. Combustion is slow, almost without air access, at a speed of 0.1-0.5 m / min with the release of a large amount of smoke and the formation of burnt voids (burnouts). Therefore, it is necessary to approach the source of an underground fire with great care, constantly probing the ground with a pole or probe. Burning can continue for a long time even in winter under a layer of snow.

Steppe (field) fires occur in open areas in the presence of dry grass or ripened bread. They are seasonal in nature and occur more often in summer as the herbs (bread) ripen, less often in spring and are practically absent in winter. Their propagation speed can reach 20-30 km/h.

The main ways to fight forest ground fires are: flooding the edge of the fire, filling it with earth, filling it with water (chemicals), creating barrage and mineralized strips, starting oncoming fire (annealing).

Annealing is more often used in case of large fires and a lack of forces and means for fire extinguishing. It begins with a support strip (river, stream, road, clearing), on the edge of which, facing the fire, a shaft is made of combustible materials (twigs, dry grass). When the draft of air towards the fire begins to be felt, the shaft is set on fire first opposite the center of the fire front in a section of 20-30 m, and then after the fire advances by 2-3 m and neighboring sections. The width of the burnt strip should be at least 10-20 m, and in case of a strong ground fire - 100 m.

Extinguishing a forest crown fire is more difficult to carry out. It is extinguished by creating barrier strips, using annealing and using water. At the same time, the width of the barrier strip must be at least the height of the trees, and burned out in front of the crown fire, at least 150-200 m, in front of the flanks, at least 50 m. Steppe (field) fires are extinguished in the same ways as forest ones.

Extinguishing underground fires is carried out mainly in two ways. In the first method, a trench (ditch) is dug around a peat fire at a distance of 8-10 m from its edge to a depth of a mineralized soil layer or to the groundwater level and filled with water.

The second method is to arrange around the fire a strip saturated with chemical solutions. To do this, with the help of motor pumps equipped with special stems-peaks (needles) up to 2 m long, an aqueous solution of chemically active substances-wetting agents (sulfanol, washing powder, etc.) is injected into the peat layer from above, which speed up the process hundreds of times. penetration of moisture into the peat. Injection is carried out at a distance of 5-8 m from the expected edge of the underground fire and 25-30 cm apart.

This method, in order to increase productivity, apparently, can be improved by laying a special fire hose with branches for connecting nutrient hoses-needles previously installed in the ground on a 100-200 m section. One fire truck with a set of needles (300-500 pieces) and hoses can move along the edge of an underground fire and inject the solution.

Attempts to flood the underground fire with water were unsuccessful.

When extinguishing fires, the personnel of the formations are exposed to smoke, as well as carbon monoxide (oxide). Therefore, at a high concentration of carbon monoxide (more than 0.02 mg / l, which is determined using a gas detector), work should be carried out in insulating gas masks or filtering with hopcalite cartridges.

Analysis of natural disasters on Earth in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century

Natural hazards common in our country include more than 30 different phenomena, among which the greatest threat is earthquakes, floods, hurricane winds and storms, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, failures and subsidence of the earth's surface, landslides, mudflows, snow avalanches and glaciers, abnormal temperatures, forest fires.

An analysis of data on natural disasters that occurred on Earth in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century allows us to speak about certain trends in the development of natural hazards both in our country and in the world as a whole. These trends are expressed in:

• an increase in the number of natural disasters,
• increasing social and material losses,
• dependence of the protection of people and the technosphere on the socio-economic level of development of countries.

Over the past fifty years, the number of natural disasters on Earth has almost tripled (Fig. 1). The most common natural hazards in the world are tropical storms and floods (32% each), earthquakes (12%), and other natural processes (14%) (Fig. 2). Among the continents of the world, the most exposed to hazardous natural processes are Asia (38%) and North and South America(26%), followed by Africa (14%), Europe (14%) and Oceania (8%).

Rice. 2.

As well as for the world as a whole, Russia is characterized by the growth of natural disasters, which has especially intensified in recent years. According to the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the average number of natural emergencies in the country is now about 280 events per year, while 10 years ago the number of natural emergencies did not exceed 220 events per year.

As an example, we can cite several of the largest natural disasters that we have experienced over the past 10 years.

	Neftegorsk earthquake: more than 2000 people deaths, economic damage more than 200 million dollars (Fig. 4)
	Jam flood in Yakutia: 7 dead, more than 50 thousand people. victims, economic damage - 200 million dollars (Fig. 5)
June 2002	Flooding in the south of Russia: 114 dead, 335 thousand people. affected. Economic damage - more than 484 million dollars (Fig. 6)
September 2002	Descent of the Kolka glacier: 136 people died (Fig. 7)
	The rise in the level of the Caspian Sea by 245 cm: More than 400,000 hectares of coastal areas were taken out of land use, about 100,000 people were affected, and economic damage was more than 6 billion dollars (Fig. 8)

Forest fires are an extremely destructive phenomenon in Russia. According to the Center for Problems of Ecology and Forest Productivity, headed by Academician A.S. Isaev, from 12 to 37 thousand forest fires occur annually in Russia, which annually destroy from 400 thousand to 4 million hectares of forests (Fig. 9). Damage from forest fires reaches 470 million dollars a year, as it was in 1998.

Use of personal and collective protective equipment in emergency situations

Effective human protection in emergency situations is achieved by timely and competent use of protective equipment. Protective equipment is divided into individual (PPE), first aid (PMP) and collective (KSZ).

Facilities personal protection by appointment are subdivided into means of protection of respiratory organs, skin and medical. According to the principle of operation of PPE, there are filtering and insulating ones. The following filtering means of respiratory protection are used in the EMERCOM of Russia system.

Filtering gas masks for the adult population GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7, GP-7V; children's gas masks PDF-Sh (school), PDF-D (preschool), children's protective camera KZD (for infants). Filtering gas masks are designed to protect the respiratory organs, eyes, facial skin from the effects of RH, RV, BS, SDYAV and other harmful impurities in the air.

Means of skin protection, depending on the purpose, are divided into general and special. Combined-arms skin protection means (light protective suit L-1, combined-arms protective kit OZK) are designed to protect the vapors of chemical agents and SDYAV.

Special types of protective clothing (T k, R s, E s, Ya f, K k, B m, etc.) are designed to protect personnel, respectively, from high temperatures, radioactive contamination, electrostatic fields, toxic liquids, acid solutions, pathogenic microorganisms.

TO personal protective equipment include an individual first-aid kit (AI-2), an individual anti-chemical package IPP-8, 10 and an individual dressing package (PP).

AI-2 - is intended to provide self-help for wounds, burns (pain relief), prevention or mitigation of damage to RV, BS, OV, SDYAV and contains:

A syringe tube with an analgesic (promedol) is used to prevent shock in case of fractures, wounds, burns (nest No. 1);

Red pencil case with taren - an antidote for nerve agents. It is used in case of danger of defeat and in case of defeat (nest No. 2);

Pencil case without coloring with antibacterial agent No. 2 (sulfodimethoxine). It is used two days after irradiation and for gastrointestinal disorders (nest No. 3);

Radioprotective agent No. 1 in a pink case (cystamine) is used in case of a threat of exposure (nest No. 4);

Two unstained pencil cases with antibacterial agent No. 1 (chlortetracycline). It is used when there is a threat of bacterial infection and to prevent infections in wounds and burns (nest No. 5);

White pencil case with radioprotective agent No. 2 (potassium iodide) (nest No. 6). It is used before or after radioactive fallout within 10 days - 1 tablet per day);

An antiemetic (etaperazine) is used when there is a primary reaction to radiation and for nausea after a head injury;

Antidotes for irritating SDYAV (ficilin) ​​and a tranquilizer - triftazin against psychochemical agents are located in the reserve nest of the first-aid kit.

IPP-8 - designed for disinfection of drop-liquid agents on the skin and clothing. The bottle contains a polydegassing liquid (chlorinating - oxidizing).

IPP-10 contains a polydegassing liquid based on amino alcohols.

Collective remedies(protective structures) are designed to protect the population from all the damaging factors of emergencies (high temperatures, harmful gases during fires, explosive, radioactive, potent poisonous and toxic substances, shock waves, penetrating radiation and light radiation from a nuclear explosion).

Protective structures, depending on the protective properties, are divided into shelters and anti-radiation shelters. Protective structures are characterized by:

Protective properties for overpressure in the front of an air shock wave;

Protection factor for ionizing radiation (external exposure);

Alert people about the disaster

Warning residents about the disaster is very difficult, since it is still impossible to accurately predict its place and time. However, knowledge of indirect signs of its approach can help to survive this situation with the least losses. These signs include: unreasonable, at first glance, restlessness of birds and domestic animals (this is especially noticeable at night), as well as a mass exodus from the habitats of reptiles. In winter, lizards and snakes crawl out into the snow in anticipation of danger. The notification of the population is carried out by transmitting a message over radio broadcasting and television networks .

To attract attention in emergency cases, sirens, as well as other signaling means, are turned on before the transmission of information. Sirens and intermittent beeps of enterprises, vehicles mean a signal of civil defense "Attention to all". In this case, it is necessary to immediately turn on the loudspeaker, radio or television receiver and listen to the message of the civil defense headquarters. With the threat of a natural disaster, such a message may begin with the words:

"Attention! This is the headquarters of the city's civil defense... Citizens! In connection with the possible …».

People actions:

a) with a warning signal:

"Attention everyone!" (sirens, intermittent beeps)

Upon hearing the “Attention everyone!” signal, people need to do the following:

1. Immediately turn on the radio or TV to listen to the emergency messages of the civil defense headquarters.

2. Tell neighbors and relatives about what happened, bring the children home, and act on the information you receive.

3. If evacuation is necessary, follow these recommendations:

Pack in a small suitcase (or backpack) essentials, documents, money, valuables;

Pour water into a container with a tight-fitting lid, prepare canned and dry food;

Prepare the apartment for conservation (close windows, balconies; turn off the supply of gas, water, electricity, put out the fire in the stoves; prepare a second copy of the keys for delivery to the REP; take the necessary clothing and personal protective equipment);

Help the elderly and sick living in the neighborhood.

b) under the threat of an earthquake

In this case, you must proceed as follows:

1. Turn off gas, water, electricity, put out the fire in stoves, close windows, balconies.

2. Notify the neighbors about the danger, take with you the necessary things, documents, money, water, food and, having locked the apartment with a key, go out into the street; hold children by the hand or in your arms. Pay attention to the behavior of animals: before an earthquake, dogs howl, cats carry their offspring outside, and even mice run out of houses.

3. Select a location away from buildings and power lines and stay there while listening to information on the portable radio. If you are in a car, stop without blocking the roads, avoiding bridges, tunnels and high-rise buildings. Do not return home before the announcement of the absence of an earthquake threat. Write down the telephone number of the seismic station. Respond immediately to the outward signs of an earthquake: ground or building shaking, glass rattling, chandeliers swinging, thin cracks in plaster. You must remember that the greatest danger comes from falling objects, parts of the ceiling, walls, balconies, etc.

c) sudden earthquake

Well, in this case, when the danger is too close and the earthquake threatens your life, you must:

1. At the first push, try to immediately leave the building within 15-20 seconds up the stairs or through the windows of the first floor (it is dangerous to use the elevator). Going downstairs, on the go knock on the doors of neighboring apartments, loudly notifying the neighbors about the need to leave the building. If you stayed in the apartment, stand in the doorway or in the corner of the room (near the main wall), away from windows, lamps, cabinets, hanging shelves and mirrors. Beware of pieces of plaster, glass, bricks, etc. falling on you, hide under a table or bed, turn away from the window and cover your head with your hands, avoid going out onto the balcony.

2. As soon as the shocks subside, immediately leave the building up the stairs, pressing your back against the wall. Try to turn off the gas, water, electricity, take a first-aid kit with you, the necessary things, close the door with a key. Do not let your actions cause panic.

3. If there are children and the elderly in neighboring apartments, break open the doors and help them get out into the street, give first aid to the wounded, call an ambulance by a pay phone, or send a messenger to the nearest hospital for a doctor.

4. If you are caught driving in an earthquake, stop immediately (preferably open space) and get out of the car before the end of the shocks. In public transport, stay in your seats and ask the driver to open the doors; after tremors, calmly leave the salon without crushing.

5. Together with your neighbors, take part in clearing debris and extracting victims from the rubble of buildings, using personal vehicles, crowbars, shovels, car jacks and other improvised means to extract them.

6. If it is impossible to remove people from the rubble by yourself, immediately report this to the headquarters for the elimination of the consequences of the earthquake (the nearest fire station, police station, military unit, etc.) for assistance. Dismantle the rubble until you are sure that there are no people under them. To detect victims, use all possible methods, locate people by voice and knock. After rescuing people and providing first aid, immediately send them on passing cars to the hospital.

7. Keep calm and order yourself, demand this from others. Together with your neighbors, stop the spread of panic rumors, all cases of robbery, looting, and other violations of the law, listen to messages on the local radio. If your house is destroyed, go to the collection point for medical and material assistance along the middle of the streets and bypassing buildings, poles and power lines.

Rescue and urgent emergency and restoration work in the aftermath of earthquakes

In case of earthquakes, rescue, combined teams (teams), mechanization teams (teams), emergency technical teams are involved in carrying out rescue and urgent emergency recovery work. As well as other formations that are equipped: bulldozers, excavators, cranes, mechanized tools and mechanization tools (kerosene cutters, gas cutters, hoists, jacks).

When carrying out rescue and urgent emergency recovery work in the earthquake focus, first of all, people are removed from the rubble, from dilapidated and burning buildings, who are provided with first aid; arrange passages in the rubble; localize and eliminate accidents on engineering networks that threaten people's lives or hinder rescue operations; collapse or strengthen the structures of buildings or structures in emergency condition; equip collection points for victims and medical stations; organize water supply.

The sequence and deadlines for the execution of work are established by the head of the Civil Defense of an object that has found itself in an earthquake zone.

Conclusion

Consideration of the problems of human security in any life conditions and areas of activity leads to the conclusion that the achievement of absolute security is unthinkable, and the maximum level is possible with the optimal organization of safe life.

Under the organization of the Belarusian Railways, we mean a system that provides an acceptable, constantly increasing level of security. This level is estimated by a system of indicators of morbidity, injuries, emergencies, natural disasters, accidents and other undesirable events. These indicators are absolute or relative. numerical values characterizing certain hazards. To assess the death of people from various hazards, the value of risk should be determined as the most objective indicator. To obtain objective indicators, it is necessary to develop a scientifically based system for recording, processing, analyzing and openly publishing information about hazards and their consequences. When obtaining objective data, it is possible to judge the dynamics of dangers and analyze trends. Determining the exact number of people who die from dangers is a difficult task, since government statistics are extremely deformed. So, a necessary condition for a security system is the availability of reliable and open statistics on the state of security.

All cases must be taken into account!

In ancient times, natural disasters were considered a punishment sent to people by angry gods. However, now we know how and where world catastrophes occur, we know all the parameters of these natural disasters, we know how to protect ourselves from them and reduce catastrophic consequences, at least partially. Therefore, it is so important for every person to know how to behave in case of a variety of natural disasters.

Literature:

1. G. Tsvilyuk "School of security", EKSM-1995.

2. V.G. Atamanyuk, N.I. Akimov "Civil Defense", Moscow, "Higher School" -1986.

3. "Sorovsky educational journal" No. 12-1998

4. O.N. Rusak “Life safety” tutorial for students of all specialties, St. Petersburg, 2001

• Fire detectors
• SOUE
• Control and reception devices
• Control devices
• Other equipment

Equipment

• fire barrels
• Means of saving people
• GASI
• Fire tool (PTV)

Fire-fighting equipment

• fire extinguishers
• Fire extinguishing installations
• Fire extinguishing agents
• Other

firefighter equipment

• breathing apparatus
• Means of protection
• Technical means

life safety fundamentals

• civil defense
• Actions in case of fire
• Actions in case of emergency
• Actions in case of accidents
• Evacuation in case of fire

fire protection

Smoke removal

Water supply

barriers

Profession

• Duties
• About firefighters and rescuers

History

• Firefighters
  towers
• Fires and disasters

Common topics

• DIY
• Awards

Natural emergencies: types and classification

Support the project

Under an emergency (ES) It is customary to understand the situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, natural or other disaster that may or have caused loss of life, damage to human health or the environment. natural environment, significant material losses and violation of the living conditions of the population. Emergencies do not occur immediately, as a rule, they develop gradually from man-made, social or natural incidents.

Natural disasters are usually unexpected. In a short time they destroy territories, dwellings, communications, and bring hunger and disease in their wake. In recent years, emergencies of natural origin have been on the rise. In all cases of earthquakes, floods, landslides, their destructive power increases.

Natural emergencies are subdivided

• Geophysical (endogenous) hazardous phenomena: volcanic and geyser eruptions, earthquakes, underground gas releases to the surface of the earth;
• Geological (exogenous) hazardous phenomena: collapses, scree, landslides, avalanches, mudflows, slope washout, subsidence of loess rocks, soil erosion, abrasion, subsidence (failure) of the earth's surface as a result of karst kurum, dust storms;
• Meteorological hazards: hurricanes (12 - 15 points), storms, storms (9 - 11 points), tornadoes (tornadoes), squalls, vertical whirlwinds, large hail, heavy rain (shower), heavy snowfall, heavy ice, severe frost, severe snowstorm, severe heat, heavy fog, drought, dry winds, frosts;
• Hydrological hazards: high water levels (floods), high water, rain floods, traffic jams and ice dams, wind surges, low water levels, early freezing and ice formation on navigable reservoirs and rivers;
• Marine hydrological hazards: tropical cyclones (typhoons), tsunamis, strong waves (5 points or more), strong fluctuations in sea level, strong draft in ports, early ice cover and fast ice, pressure and intense ice drift, impenetrable (hard to pass) ice, icing of ships and port facilities , detachment of coastal ice;
• Hydrogeological hazards: low groundwater levels, high groundwater levels;
• Natural fires: forest fires, peat fires, fires of steppe and grain massifs, underground fires of fossil fuels;
• Infectious diseases in humans: isolated cases of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, group cases of dangerous infectious diseases, epidemic outbreak of dangerous infectious diseases, epidemic, pandemic, infectious diseases of people of unknown etiology;
• Infectious diseases of animals: isolated cases of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, epizootics, panzootics, enzootics; infectious diseases of farm animals of unknown etiology;
• Infectious plant diseases: progressive epiphytoty, panphytoty, diseases of agricultural plants of unknown etiology, mass distribution of plant pests.

Patterns of natural phenomena

• Each type of emergency is facilitated by a certain spatial confinement;
• The more intense the dangerous natural phenomenon, the less often it happens;
• Each natural origin has predecessors - specific features;
• The appearance of a natural emergency, for all its unexpectedness, can be predicted;
• It is often possible to provide for both passive and active protection measures against natural hazards.

The role of anthropogenic influence on the manifestation of natural emergencies is great. Human activity disturbs the balance in the natural environment. Now that the use of natural resources, the features of the global ecological crisis began to appear very tangibly. An important preventive factor that makes it possible to reduce the number of natural emergencies is the observance of natural balance.

All natural disasters are interconnected, these are earthquakes and tsunamis, tropical cyclones and floods, volcanic eruptions and fires, poisoning of pastures, death of livestock. Taking protective measures against natural disasters, it is necessary to minimize the secondary consequences, and with the help of appropriate training, if possible, eliminate them completely. The study of the causes and mechanisms of natural emergencies is a prerequisite for successful protection against them, the possibility of their prediction. Accurate and timely forecast is an important condition effective protection from hazardous events. Protection from natural disasters can be active (construction of engineering structures, reconstruction of natural objects, etc.) and passive (use of shelters),

Dangerous geological natural phenomena

• earthquakes,
• landslides,
• sat down,
• snow avalanches,
• collapses,
• precipitation of the earth's surface as a result of karst phenomena.

earthquakes- these are underground shocks and vibrations of the earth's surface, resulting from tectonic processes, transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. Earthquakes can cause volcanic activity, the fall of small celestial bodies, collapses, breakthroughs of dams and other reasons.

The causes of earthquakes are not fully understood. Stresses arising under the action of deep tectonic forces deform the layers of earth rocks. They shrink into folds, and when overloads reach critical levels, they tear and mix. A break in the earth's crust is formed, which is accompanied by a series of shocks and the number of shocks, and the intervals between them are very different. Shocks include foreshocks, mainshock and aftershocks. The main push has the greatest force. People perceive it as very long, although it usually lasts a few seconds.

As a result of research, psychiatrists and psychologists have obtained data that often aftershocks have a much more severe mental impact on people than the main shock. There is a feeling of inevitability of trouble, a person is inactive, while he should defend himself.

The epicenter of the earthquake- is called a certain volume in the thickness of the Earth, within which energy is released.

the center of the hearth is a conditional point - hypocenter or focus.

Earthquake epicenter is the projection of the hypocenter onto the Earth's surface. The greatest destruction occurs around the epicenter, in the pleistoseist region.

The energy of earthquakes is estimated by magnitude (lat. value). is a conditional value that characterizes the total amount of energy released in the earthquake source. The strength of the earthquake is estimated according to the international seismic scale MSK - 64 (Merkalli scale). It has 12 conditional gradations - points.

Earthquakes are predicted by recording and analyzing their "predecessors" - foreshocks (preliminary weak shocks), deformation of the earth's surface, changes in the parameters of geophysical fields, changes in the behavior of animals. Until now, unfortunately, there are no methods for reliable earthquake prediction. The time frame for the beginning of an earthquake can be 1-2 years, and the accuracy of predicting the location of an earthquake varies from tens to hundreds of kilometers. All this reduces the effectiveness of earthquake protection measures.

In seismically hazardous areas, the design and construction of buildings and structures is carried out taking into account the possibility of earthquakes. Earthquakes of 7 points and above are considered dangerous for structures, so construction in areas with a 9-point seismicity is uneconomical.

Rocky soils are considered the most reliable in seismic terms. The stability of structures during earthquakes depends on the quality of building materials and work. There are requirements to limit the size of buildings, as well as requirements to take into account the relevant rules and regulations (SP and N), which boil down to strengthening the structure of structures built in seismic zones.

Groups of anti-seismic measures

1. Preventive, preventive measures are the study of the nature of earthquakes, the determination of their predecessors, the development of methods for predicting earthquakes;
2. Activities that are carried out immediately before the start of an earthquake, during it and after it ends. The effectiveness of actions in earthquake conditions depends on the level of organization of rescue operations, the level of training of the population and the effectiveness of the warning system.

A very dangerous immediate consequence of an earthquake is panic, during which people, out of fear, cannot meaningfully take measures for salvation and mutual assistance. Panic is especially dangerous in crowded places - at enterprises, in educational institutions and in public places.

Death and injury occur when debris from destroyed buildings falls, as well as as a result of people being in the rubble and not receiving timely assistance. Earthquakes can cause fires, explosions, emissions of hazardous substances, traffic accidents and other dangerous phenomena.

Volcanic activity- This is the result of active processes that constantly occur in the bowels of the Earth. called a set of phenomena that are associated with the movement of magma in the earth's crust and on its surface. Magma (Greek thick ointment) is a molten mass of silicate composition, which is formed in the depths of the Earth. When magma reaches the earth's surface, it erupts as lava.

Lava does not contain gases that escape during an eruption. This is what distinguishes it from magma.

Types of winds

Vortex storms are caused by cyclonic activity and spread over large areas.

Among the vortex storms are distinguished:

• dusty,
• snowy.
• squall.

Dust (sand) storms occur in deserts, in plowed steppes and are accompanied by the transfer of huge masses of soil and sand.

snow storms move large masses of snow through the air. They operate on a strip from several kilometers to several tens of kilometers. Snow storms of great strength occur in the steppe part of Siberia and on the plains of the European part of the Russian Federation. In Russia in winter, snow storms are called snowstorms, blizzards, snowstorms.

Flurries– short-term wind amplification up to the speed of 20-30m/s. They are characterized by a sudden beginning and the same sudden end, a short duration of action and great destructive power.

Squall storms operate in the European part of Russia both on land and at sea.

stream storms- local phenomena with a small distribution. They are divided into stock and jet. During katabatic storms, air masses move down the slope from top to bottom.

jet storms characterized by horizontal movement of air or its movement up the slope. Most often they occur between chains of mountains that connect valleys.

A tornado (tornado) is an atmospheric vortex that occurs in a thundercloud. Then it spreads in the form of a dark "sleeve" towards land or sea. The upper part of the tornado has a funnel-shaped extension that merges with the clouds. When a tornado descends to the Earth's surface, its lower part sometimes expands, resembling an overturned funnel. The height of the tornado is from 800 to 1500m. Rotating counterclockwise at a speed of up to 100 m/s and rising in a spiral, the air in the tornado draws dust or water. The decrease in pressure inside the tornado leads to the condensation of water vapor. Water and dust make the tornado visible. Its diameter above the sea is measured in tens of meters, and above land - hundreds of meters.

According to the structure, tornadoes are divided into dense (sharply limited) and vague (indistinctly limited); in time and spatial effect - on small tornadoes of mild action (up to 1 km), small (up to 10 km) and hurricane whirlwinds (more than 10 km).

Hurricanes, storms, tornadoes are extremely powerful elemental forces, in their destructive effect they are comparable only to an earthquake. It is very difficult to predict the place and time of the appearance of a tornado, which makes them especially dangerous and does not allow predicting their consequences.

Hydrological disasters

high water- annually recurring seasonal rise in water level.

high water- a short-term and non-periodic increase in the water level in a river or reservoir.

Floods following one after another can cause floods, and the last floods.

Flooding is one of the most common natural hazards. They arise from a sharp increase in the amount of water in rivers as a result of melting snow or glaciers, due to heavy rains. Floods are often accompanied by blockage of the river bed during ice drift (jam) or blockage of the river bed by an ice plug under a fixed ice cover (jamming).

On sea coasts, floods can be caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. Floods caused by the action of winds that drive water from the sea and raise the water level due to its retention at the mouth of the river are called surge floods.

Experts believe that people are in danger of flooding if the water layer reaches 1m and its flow speed is more than 1m/s. If the rise of water reaches 3 m, this leads to the destruction of houses.

Flooding can occur even when there is no wind. It can be caused by long waves arising in the sea under the influence of a cyclone. In St. Petersburg, the islands in the Neva delta have been flooded since 1703. more than 260 times.

Floods on rivers differ in the height of the water rise, the area of ​​flooding and the magnitude of damage: low (small), high (medium), outstanding (large), catastrophic. Low floods can be repeated in 10-15 years, high ones in 20-25 years, outstanding ones in 50-100 years, catastrophic ones in 100-200 years.

They can last from several to 100 days.

The flood in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, which happened 5600 years ago, had very serious consequences. In the Bible, the flood was called the Flood.

Tsunamis are marine gravity waves of great length, resulting from shifts of large sections of the bottom during underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or other tectonic processes. In the area of ​​their occurrence, waves reach a height of 1-5 m, near the coast - up to 10 m, and in bays and river valleys - more than 50 m. Tsunamis propagate inland to a distance of up to 3 km. The coast of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is the main area of ​​tsunami manifestation. They produce very large destruction and pose a threat to people.

Breakwaters, embankments, harbors and jetties protect against tsunamis only partially. On the high seas, tsunamis are not dangerous for ships.

Protection of the population from tsunamis - warnings of special services about the approach of waves, based on advanced registration of earthquakes by coastal seismographs.

Forest, steppe, peat, underground fires are called landscape or natural fires. Forest fires are the most common, causing huge losses and leading to human casualties.

Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation, which spontaneously spreads through the forest area. In dry weather, the forest dries up so much that any careless handling of fire can cause a fire. In most cases, the culprit of the fire is a person. Forest fires are classified according to the nature of the fire, the speed of propagation and the size of the area covered by the fire.

Depending on the nature of the fire and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into grassroots, riding and soil fires. At the beginning of their development, all fires are ground fires, and when certain conditions arise, they turn into crown or soil fires. Mounted fires are subdivided according to the parameters of the edge advancement (burning band bordering the outer contour of the fire) into weak, medium and strong. Ground and crown fires are divided into stable and runaway fires according to the speed of fire spread.

Methods of fighting forest fires. The main conditions for the effectiveness of fighting forest fires are the assessment and forecast of fire danger in the forest. State forestry authorities control the state of protection in the territory of the forest fund.

To organize fire extinguishing, it is necessary to determine the type of fire, its characteristics, the direction of its spread, natural barriers (places that are especially dangerous for intensifying the fire), the forces and means necessary to fight it.

When extinguishing a forest fire, the following main stages are distinguished: stopping, extinguishing the fire and guarding the fire (preventing the possibility of catching fire from unexplained sources of combustion).

There are two main methods of fighting a fire according to the nature of the impact on the combustion process: direct and indirect fire extinguishing.

The first method is used when extinguishing medium and low intensity with a propagation speed of up to 2 m / min. and a flame height of up to 1.5 m. An indirect method of extinguishing a fire in a forest is based on the creation of barrier strips along the path of its spread.

Epidemic - a widespread infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given area.

- an unusually large spread of morbidity, both in terms of level and scale of distribution, covering a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.

All infectious diseases are divided into four groups:

• intestinal infections;
• respiratory tract infections (aerosol);
• blood (transmissible);
• infections of the outer integument (contact).

Types of biological emergencies

Epizootics. Infectious animal diseases are a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, the cyclical nature of development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one, and to take on epizootic spread.

All infectious diseases of animals are divided into five groups:

• The first group - alimentary infections are transmitted through soil, feed, water. The organs of the digestive system are mainly affected. Pathogens are transmitted through infected feed, soil, manure. Such infections include anthrax, foot and mouth disease, glanders, brucellosis.
• The second group - respiratory infections - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. These include: parainfluenza, exotic pneumonia, sheep and goat pox, canine distemper.
• The third group - transmissible infections, the mechanism of their transmission is carried out with the help of blood-sucking arthropods. These include: encephalomyelitis, tularemia, infectious anemia of horses.
• The fourth group - infections, the causative agents of which are transmitted through the outer integument without the participation of carriers. These include: tetanus, rabies, cowpox.
• Fifth group - infections with unexplained pathways of damage, i.e. unqualified group.

Epiphytotics. To assess the scale of plant diseases, the following concepts are used epiphytoty and panphytoty.

Epiphytoty – the spread of infectious diseases over large areas over a period of time.

Natural emergency - the situation in a certain territory or water area that has developed as a result of the occurrence of a source of a natural emergency that may cause or has caused human casualties, damage to human health and (or) the natural environment, significant material losses and violation of people's living conditions.

Natural emergencies are distinguished by the scale and nature of the source of occurrence, they are characterized by significant damage and death of people, as well as the destruction of material values.

Earthquakes, floods, forest and peat fires, mudflows and landslides, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, snow drifts and icing - all these are natural emergencies, and they will always be companions of human life.

In natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes, a person's life is in great danger and requires the concentration of all his spiritual and physical forces, the meaningful and cold-blooded application of knowledge and skills for action in a particular emergency.

Landslide.

A landslide is a separation and sliding displacement of a mass of earthen, rocks downwards under the action of its own weight. Landslides occur most often along the banks of rivers, reservoirs and on mountain slopes.

Landslides can occur on all slopes, but on clay soils they happen much more often, for this, excessive moisture of the rocks is enough, so for the most part they disappear in the spring-summer period.

The natural reason for the formation of landslides is an increase in the steepness of the slopes, washing away their bases with river waters, excessive moisture of various rocks, seismic tremors and a number of other factors.

Mudflow (mudflow)

Mudflow (mudflow) is a rapid stream of great destructive power, consisting of a mixture of water, sand and stones, which suddenly appears in mountain river basins as a result of intense rains or rapid snowmelt. glaciers, breakthrough of reservoirs, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, as well as the collapse of a large amount of loose soil into the riverbed. Mudflows pose a threat to settlements, railways and roads and other structures located on their way. Having a large mass and high speed of movement, mudflows destroy buildings, roads, hydraulic and other structures, disable communication and power lines, destroy gardens, flood arable land, and lead to the death of people and animals. All this lasts 1-3 hours. The time from the occurrence of a mudflow in the mountains to the moment it reaches the foothills is often estimated at 20-30 minutes.

Collapse (mountain collapse)

Collapse (mountain collapse) - separation and catastrophic fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling on steep and steep slopes.

Landslides of natural origin are observed in the mountains, on the seashores and cliffs of river valleys. They occur as a result of the weakening of the coherence of rocks under the influence of the processes of weathering, washing, dissolution and the action of gravity. The formation of landslides is facilitated by the geological structure of the area, the presence of cracks and zones of crushing of rocks on the slopes.

Most often (up to 80%), modern collapses are formed during improper work, during construction and mining.

People living in hazardous areas should know the outbreaks, the possible directions of movement of flows and the possible strength of these dangerous phenomena. If there is a threat of a landslide, mudflow or collapse, and if there is time, an early evacuation of the population, farm animals and property from threatening zones to safe places is organized.

Avalanche (snow avalanche)

An avalanche (snow avalanche) is a rapid, sudden movement of snow and (or) ice down the steep slopes of mountains under the influence of gravity and posing a threat to life and health of people, causing damage to economic and environment. Snow avalanches are a type of landslide. When an avalanche forms, the snow first slides off the slope. Then the snow mass quickly picks up speed, capturing more and more snow masses, stones and other objects along the way, growing into a powerful stream that rushes down at high speed, sweeping away everything in its path. The movement of the avalanche continues to more gentle sections of the slope or to the bottom of the valley, where the avalanche then stops.

Earthquake

Earthquakes are tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or the upper part of the Earth's mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. According to statistics, earthquakes rank first in terms of economic damage and one of the first places in terms of the number of human casualties.

During earthquakes, the nature of the damage to people depends on the type and density of the building of the settlement, as well as on the time of the earthquake (day or night).

At night, the number of victims is much higher, because. most people are at home and resting. During the day, the number of the affected population fluctuates depending on which day the earthquake occurred - on a working day or on a weekend.

In brick and stone buildings, the following character of people's injuries prevails: injuries of the head, spine and limbs, compression of the chest, soft tissue compression syndrome, as well as injuries of the chest and abdomen with damage to internal organs.

Volcano

A volcano is a geological formation that occurs above channels or cracks in the earth's crust, through which red-hot lava, ash, hot gases, water vapor, and rock fragments erupt onto the Earth's surface and into the atmosphere.

Most often, volcanoes form at the junction of the Earth's tectonic plates. Volcanoes are extinct, dormant, active. In total, there are almost 1,000 dormant and 522 active volcanoes on land.

About 7% of the world's population lives dangerously close to active volcanoes. More than 40,000 people died as a result of volcanic eruptions in the 20th century.

The main damaging factors during a volcanic eruption are red-hot lava, gases, smoke, steam, hot water, ash, rock fragments, blast wave and mud-stone streams.

Lava is a hot liquid or very viscous mass that erupts onto the surface of the Earth during volcanic eruptions. The temperature of the lava can reach 1200°C or more. Together with lava, gases and volcanic ash are ejected to a height of 15-20 km. and up to 40 km. and more. A characteristic feature of volcanoes is their repeated multiple eruptions.

Hurricane

A hurricane is a wind of destructive force and considerable duration. A hurricane occurs suddenly in areas with a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure. The speed of a hurricane reaches 30 m/s or more. In terms of its harmful effects, a hurricane can be compared with an earthquake. This is explained by the fact that hurricanes carry colossal energy, its amount released by an average hurricane in one hour can be compared with the energy of a nuclear explosion.

The hurricane wind destroys strong and demolishes light structures, devastates sown fields, breaks wires and knocks down power transmission and communication poles, damages highways and bridges, breaks and uproots trees, damages and sinks ships, and causes accidents on utility and energy networks.

A storm is a type of hurricane. The wind speed during a storm is not much less than the speed of a hurricane (up to 25-30 m/s). Losses and destruction from storms are significantly less than from hurricanes. Sometimes a strong storm is called a storm.

A tornado is a strong small-scale atmospheric vortex with a diameter of up to 1000 m, in which the air rotates at a speed of up to 100 m/s, which has great destructive power (in the USA it is called a tornado). In the internal cavity of the tornado, the pressure is always reduced, so any objects that are in its path are sucked into it. The average speed of the tornado is 50-60 km / h, when it approaches, a deafening rumble is heard.

Thunderstorm

A thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon associated with the development of powerful cumulonimbus clouds, which is accompanied by multiple electrical discharges between the clouds and the earth's surface, thunder, heavy rain, and often hail. According to statistics, 40,000 thunderstorms occur daily in the world, 117 lightning flashes every second.

Thunderstorms often go against the wind. Immediately before the start of a thunderstorm, there is usually a calm or a change in direction of the wind, sharp squalls come in, after which it starts to rain. However, the greatest danger is "dry", that is, not accompanied by precipitation, thunderstorms.

blizzard

A snow storm is one of the varieties of a hurricane, characterized by significant wind speeds, which contributes to the movement of huge masses of snow through the air, and has a relatively narrow band of action (up to several tens of kilometers). During a storm, visibility deteriorates sharply, and transport communication, both intracity and intercity, may be interrupted. The duration of the storm varies from several hours to several days.

Blizzard, blizzard, blizzard are accompanied by sharp temperature changes and snowfall with strong gusts of wind. The temperature difference, snowfall with rain at low temperatures and strong winds, creates conditions for icing. Power lines, communication lines, roofs of buildings, various supports and structures, roads and bridges are covered with ice or sleet, which often causes their destruction. Icy formations on the roads make it difficult, and sometimes completely hinder the work road transport. Pedestrian movement will be difficult.

The main damaging factor of such natural disasters is the impact of low temperature on the human body, causing frostbite, and sometimes freezing.

floods

Floods are significant flooding of an area resulting from a rise in the water level in a river, reservoir or lake. The causes of floods are heavy rainfall, intensive snowmelt, breakthrough or destruction of dams and dams. Floods are accompanied by human casualties and significant material damage.

In terms of frequency and area of ​​distribution, floods rank first among natural disasters, in terms of the number of human casualties and material damage, floods rank second after earthquakes.

high water- a phase of the water regime of the river, which can be repeated many times in different seasons of the year, characterized by an intense, usually short-term increase in water flow and levels, and caused by rain or snowmelt during thaws. Floods following one after another can cause floods. Significant flooding can cause flooding.

catastrophic flood- a significant flood that occurs as a result of intensive melting of snow, glaciers, as well as heavy rains, forming a severe flood, as a result of which there was a mass death of the population, agricultural animals and plants, damage or destruction of property, and also caused damage to the environment. The term catastrophic flood is also applied to floods that cause the same consequences.

Tsunami- giant sea waves resulting from the shift up or down of extended sections of the seabed during strong underwater and coastal earthquakes.

The most important characteristic of a forest fire is the speed of its spread, which is determined by the speed of its edge advance, i.e. streaks of burning along the contour of the fire.

Forest fires, depending on the scope of the spread of fire, are divided into ground, crown and underground (peat).

A ground fire is a fire that spreads along the ground and through the lower tiers of forest vegetation. The temperature of the fire in the fire zone is 400-900 °C. Ground fires are the most frequent and account for up to 98% of the total number of fires.

Horse fire is the most dangerous. It starts with a strong wind and covers the crowns of trees. The temperature in the fire zone rises to 1100°C.

An underground (peat) fire is a fire in which the peat layer of waterlogged and swampy soils burns. Peat fires are characterized by the fact that they are very difficult to extinguish.

The causes of fires in the steppe and grain massifs can be thunderstorms, accidents of ground and air transport, accidents in grain harvesting equipment, terrorist attacks and careless handling of open fire. The most fire-hazardous situation develops in late spring and early summer, when the weather is dry and hot.