The ending -ED deserves a separate article, primarily because it opens up to students new level communication: past tense. By learning how to use the -ED ending, you gain a new language tool expressing your thoughts and can already communicate with the interlocutor on new topics that were difficult to discuss using the present tense.

We first encounter the -ED ending at the elementary level when we start learning English. Then we learn to divide verbs into correct and . The ending -ED is only added to regular verbs to form the second and third forms of the verb. The second form is used to form time. But it is not enough just to remember that the verb with the ending -ED is used in the past tense. It is also necessary to understand the peculiarities of using the ending, namely the pronunciation and spelling of verbs with the ending -ED.

Pronunciation

The first nuance that is often overlooked by both teachers and students is the pronunciation of the ending. As soon as it is not pronounced, and most often incorrectly. When studying the pronunciation of any endings, remember that the ending is added to the word, not the word to the ending, so the ending will adapt to the word, and not vice versa. The verb always retains its sound. If, by adding an ending, the pronunciation of the verb changes, then you pronounce it incorrectly.

To understand how to pronounce the ending -ED with a particular verb, you must pay attention to the last sound of the verb.

After the sounds /t/ and /d/ , the ending is pronounced /ɪd/ , otherwise it will be very difficult for you to pronounce the word:

Count - counted
end - ended
invite - invited
land - landed
start - started
visit - visited
wait - waited

Remember that the -ED ending is never /ed/ , only /ɪd/ , or just /t/ or /d/ .

If the verb ends in clunk: /p/, /h/, /s/, /k/, /f/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/, then the ending is pronounced dull: / t /:

Ask - asked
clap-clapped
dress - dressed
help - helped
like - liked
touch - touched
wash - washed

If the verb ends in voiced or vowel, then the ending is pronounced loudly: / d /:

answer - answered
call - called
cry-cry
love - loved
move-moved
phone-phoned
play-played

Unfortunately, many students openly neglect the pronunciation of the -ED ending and pronounce it the way they think is correct. Since in Russian we deafen the voiced endings of words without noticing it ourselves: we pronounce "slap"(bread), "boot"(boot), "snack"(snow) and so on, then in English we pronounce words according to the same principle, without thinking. V English language it is impossible to deafen ringing sounds. This leads not only to terrible pronunciation, but also to the distortion of words.

For example, if you stun the ending in the word played, then you get pleɪT. A plate is a plate. If you say /lɪFt/ instead of /lɪVd/ in the word lived, then you get a completely different word - lift, which translates to “raise”.

There are many such examples. You will never get rid of your accent and get good English pronunciation if you stun the endings, so feel free to practice, it is better to pronounce the word slowly but clearly, without distorting the sounds.

Writing

We figured out the pronunciation, now let's look at the rules for writing the ending -ED with verbs.

Most often, the ending is simply added to the stem of the verb and no change in spelling occurs:

open - opened
call - called
look - looked
listen - listened
talk - talked

There are a number of rules that come into play when the -ED ending is added to a verb.

If the verb already ends in -E, then only -D is added to it:

smile - smiled
bake-baked
close-closed
live - lived
move-moved

The rule that is important to pay attention to is the addition of an ending to a verb that ends in -Y . According to previous experience of adding endings (plural formation or present simple, since if you are already familiar with Past Simple, then by default Present has already been mastered by you) you remember that if a word ends in -Y, then something should happen to it when adding an ending. Hence all sorts of interesting options spellings that are not always correct.

play-played
enjoy—enjoyed
prey-preyed
stay - stayed
employ - employed

If regular verb, which you want to use in the Past Simple, ends in consonant followed by -Y , then with a clear conscience you can replace Y with I and add -ED :

Copy - copied
cry-cry
try - tried
spy - spied
tidy - tidied

If the verb ends in one consonant preceded by a stressed vowel ( closed stressed syllable), then before adding the ending -ED, the last consonant is doubled:

Star-starred
stop - stopped
drop - dropped
rob - robbed
beg-begged
refer - referred
prefer - preferred

If the verb ends in two consonants, then the ending is simply added and nothing changes:

Climb-climbed
comb - combined
start - started

When the verb consists of several syllables, and the last syllable is unstressed, then the last consonant is not doubled:

Benefit-benefited
profit-profited

There are several exception verbs in British English (BrE) that have a doubled consonant before the -ED ending, despite the stress:

Travel-travelled
quarrel - quarrelled
label - labeled
signal - signalled

In American English, these words do not double the final consonant.

Usage

Now let's talk about the use of verbs with the ending -ED.

The main use of this verb form is: past time Simple. By the way, verbs with an ending can only be found in the affirmative form Past Simple, because the auxiliary verb DID appears in negative and interrogative sentences and the main verb remains in the first form, without endings.

Regular verbs have the same second and third forms, so in all tenses Perfect bands we will also encounter verbs with the ending -ED in all types of utterance.

Interested - interested
motivated - motivated
prepared - prepared
isolated - isolated
recommended - recommended

It is important to remember that the ending can only be added to the correct verbs, and the wrong ones can simply be learned. If you have a problem with this - use our.

If you have just started learning English, then it is at this stage that it is important to learn the features that we talked about in this article, because in the future you will find more complex aspects of a foreign language. Thus, by remembering the simple features of using the -ED ending at the very beginning, you will make it easier for yourself in the future.

I wish you success! Learn English with pleasure!

We have already talked about the Present Simple with a linking verb. to be (am / is / are). Let me just remind you that there are their own, Present Simple.

Now let's look at Present Simple with ordinary verbs. Let's look at present rules Simple - according to what laws does the present simple tense live in English?

And learn the secrets of pronunciation. Yes, yes, the good old Present Simple has its own pronunciation features! And even if you are already an advanced English user, you may learn something new. For example, what is whadaya?

However, you will hear everything yourself))

Statements in Present Simple

The rules of Present Simple hint that statements in the present tense are the simplest things that can be in English.

A statement requires only a verb. Sometimes the ending -s / -es is added to the verb.

I We You They	live in Moscow.
He She It	work s .

See, yes, what with the pronouns he / she / it, -s or -es is added to the verb?

Sometimes instead of pronouns there can be a noun. But the essence of this does not change. If it's hard to know right away if you need to add -s to the verb, just think about what you can replace the noun with:

Noun	Pronoun	-s or without -s
the show	it	The show start s at 8.
his car	it	His car break s down all the time.
your boyfriend	he	Your boyfriend seem s nice.
Bill Gates	he	Bill Gates earn s a lot.
J.K. Rowling	she	J.K. Rowling write s great books.
her children	they	Her children go to school.
british people	they	British people drink tea at 5.
me and my dad	we	Me and my dad play football.

How to spell the ending -s/ -es

	Verb	Verb ending -s / -es
add -s	listen read live like play stay	listens reads lives likes plays[z] stays[z]
y change to ie	study party	studies parties
add -es after sh, ch, s	finish watch teach	finishes [ʃiz] watches [ʧiz] teaches [ʧiz]
exceptions	have do go	has does goes

Pronunciation of the ending -s / -es

Listen:

And now how all this can sound in fluent speech:

He sits right next to me.

He talks and laughs a lot.

He tells jokes every day after class.

It seems like you"re interested in him.

He already has a girlfriend.

Negatives in Present Simple

The rules of Present Simple are again simple. Negations are formed with don't or doesn't. This is a conversational option. Often used in official documents full form do not and does not:

Pronunciation of don't and doesn't

In fluent speech don't and doesn't often lose the last sound [t]. Listen to an example:

Questions in Present Simple

Questions in Present Simple are different: general and special.

Common questions are yes/no questions:

pronunciation of you

Do you still say Doo Yu?)) Then we go to you! Indeed, in fluent speech, no one pronounces do you. Most often do you in speech sounds like:

• [ʧjə]

Listen to examples:

• Do you know the time?
• Do you have a light?
• Do you speak English?
• Do you understand?
• Do you have milk?
• What do you do?

And in these examples, not only is there practically nothing left of DO, but also YOU ​​becomes similar to YA. Listen to pronunciation examples:

And after all, who would have thought, right?))) And often it is because of ignorance of such features that it is difficult to understand English.

Is it true that the rules of Present Simple are simple? And is it not for nothing that the present simple tense in English is called that?

These are actually all the endings that occur in it. Unlike the Russian language, which is rich in various endings. Due to the fact that there are only three endings in English, their use is found everywhere: in verbs, and in nouns, and in adjectives, and in gerunds, and in participles. Let's take a closer look at each of the endings and identify the most common cases of their use.

Ending s in English

So the ending -s in English (also -es) is used in the following cases:

1. The plural of nouns is formed by adding the ending -s to the noun:

cat - cats;
table - tables;
disk - disks;
window - windows.

2. If a noun ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, or -o, then -es is added:

fox - foxes;
bush - bushes;
potatoes - potatoes
dress - dresses.

3. However, nouns borrowed from other languages ​​and ending in -o add the ending -s:

photo - photos;
piano-pianos.

4. The ending - s in English (also - es) is used when using verbs in the third person singular in Present Simple (for he, she, it):

I play - he plays;
We go - she goes;
They see - it sees;

5. This ending is still used to form possessive case nouns that are written with an apostrophe:

my mother's coat - my mother's coat;
brother's cup - brother's cup;
Susan's sister - Suzanne's sister.

6. In case the noun is plural or ends in -s, after that we put only an apostrophe:

his parents' anniversary - the anniversary of his parents;
students' books - students' books;
Lucas' wife - Lucas' wife.

Ending ed in English

When is the ending ed used in English?

1. If the verb is used in the Past Simple and it is correct, the ending -ed must be added to it:

She wached the concert yesterday. She watched the concert yesterday.
He looked for it two days ago. - He was looking for him two days ago.
I borrowed this dress from a friend. I borrowed this dress from a friend.

2. Also, this ending is used when it comes to the third form of the regular verb (past participle) in Perfect tenses:

She has learned English since she was 5.
The snow had stopped when we arrived.
I will have dressed the baby by 10 a.m.

3. A verb ending in -ed is sometimes translated as an adjective (what? what? what?)

folded T-shirt - folded T-shirt;
blessed marriage - blessed marriage;
opened door - open door.

Always look to see if a noun follows such a word in order to know which part of speech is more correct to translate a verb with an ending; ed.

Ending ing in English

When is the ending ing used in English?

1. If we are talking about the fourth form of the verb (or present participle) - the times of the Continuous group:

She is typing now.
He was walking along the street when he saw an accident.
I will be reading tomorrow at 5 p.m.

2. We can also translate a word ending in -ing as an adjective if it is followed by a noun related to it:

sleeping baby - sleeping baby;
crying lady - crying woman;
boring book - a boring book.

3. You can also translate a word with the ending - ing noun (see the Gerund topic) - it all depends on the context and word order:

Stealing is a crime. - Theft is a crime.
Walking is good for your health. - Walking is good for health.
I like dancing. - I love dance.

Friends, you remember that the English language is full of all sorts of tricks and subtleties. But what we are going to talk about today is not particularly difficult if you know the rules well.

And today we are talking about the main endings of words in English. English has a number of endings that play an important role in the formation of nouns, adjectives and verbs.

Unlike the Russian language, there are not so many endings in English, there are only a few of them. But, since they are few, they are used in various cases. We will consider each of these endings today.

Ending -ing and his use

You all know this ending, friends. Those who study English, for sure, met with him very often. We want to remind you of the most common uses of this ending.

Firstly, the ending -ing serves to form tenses of verbs Present Continuous and Past Continuous. For instance:

• Don't bother Amy. She is written ing a letter now.- Don't bother Amy. She is now writing a letter.
• Where is Tom? He is play ing the piano at the moment. - WhereVolume? He is playing the piano at the moment.
• When I came home my mother was cook ing- WhenI amcamehome, Mothercookeddinner.
• I was so ing a shower when you called. - I AMacceptedshower, whenyoucalled.

Present Continuous with the ending -ing

Second, -ing is used to form nouns, participles, and adjectives. For example:

• To read - read ing- reading
• To write - write ing- letter
• To draw - draw ing- drawing
• To embarrass - embarrass ing- embarrassing, embarrassing
• To annoy-annoy ing- annoying
• To bother - bother ing- bothersome

Without -ed anywhere!

And indeed, friends, this glorious, famous ending helps us form the simple past tense. Well, you can’t do without it in Past Simple! If it is, of course, an ordinary, regular verb. For instance:

• Icook ed lunchat 12.00o"clock. — I cooked dinner at 12 o’clock.
• Yesterdaywecelebrat ed mysister"sbirthday. We celebrated my sister's birthday yesterday.

Past tense in English with the ending -ed

Also, the ending -ed is involved in the formation of participles and the passive voice (Passive Voice). For instance:

• Our dialogue was interrupted ed by Michael. - OurdialogwasinterruptedMichael.
• These flowers are plant ed by my father. - Theseflowersplantedminefather.
• Iamverytir ed afterwork. — I feel very tired after work.

Where to use the ending -er?

The ending -er is also quite famous in English grammar and word formation. It is often found at the end of nouns:

• Drive er- driver, chauffeur
• work er- worker
• Teach er- teacher
• Program er- programmer
• Danc er- dancer
• Wond er- miracle

The same ending -er helps to form comparative degree simple adjectives. Note:

• Easy-easy er- light - lighter
• small-small er- small - smaller
• big-bigg er- big bigger
• Pretty-Pretty er- beautiful - more beautiful
• happy-happy er- happy - happier

Ending -

Yes, friends, as a rule, the ending -s helps us form plural nouns. You all know this, of course. For instance:

• greeting-greeting s — hello - greetings
• letter-letter s — letter - letters
• table-table s — table - tables
• Window-window s — window - windows

So to say, the “younger brother” of this ending is the ending -es, which is used with certain nouns. So, if a noun in English ends in o, ss, s, tch, sh, x, then feel free to use the ending -es in the plural. In all other cases -s (except for exceptions, which you can read about on our website in the article on plural nouns).
Nouns starting with o, s, ss, tch, sh, x + es

So for example:

• bus-bus es — bus - buses
• Kiss - kiss es — kiss - kisses
• Match - match es — match - matches
• Dish - dish es — plate - plates
• Potato - potato es — potatoes - potatoes
• box-box es — box - boxes

Well, that's it, friends. These were the most basic, most common and most frequently occurring word endings in the English language. Having studied these rules, you can easily form new words using these endings of the English language. Your speech will become more varied, and vocabulary will be replenished with new lexical units. We wish you success!

Ending - s can be added to the infinitive of the verb to form the form 3 l., singular. or to a noun to form the plural form.

Education -s forms

1. Adding an ending to the infinitive of a verb or noun - s.

2. Addition to an infinitive or a noun ending in - s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x, -z, -zz(hissing, whistling consonants) endings - es.

a dress - dresses (dress - dresses)
a witch - witches (witch - witches)
to kiss - kisses (kiss - kisses)
to push - pushes (push - pushes)

3. Addition to a word ending in - y: y is replaced by i and add the ending - es:

a puppy - puppies (puppy - puppies)
to fly - flies (fly - flies)

If before y stands for a vowel, then y is preserved, but added to the word - s :

to play - plays (play - plays)
a toy - toys (toy - toys)

4. Words ending in - O :

a. Verbs to go, to do take in the 3rd person singular ending - es :

to go - goes (walk - walks)
to do - does (do - does)

b. Nouns also in most cases add - es :

a potato - potatoes (potatoes - potatoes)
a tomato - tomatoes (tomato - tomatoes)

5. Nouns ending in - f or - fe form the plural by changing f on the v and adding the ending - es :

and wife - wives (wife - wives)
a shelf - shelves (shelf - shelves)
a leaf - leaves (leaf - leaves)

Exceptions:

a chief - chiefs (chief - chiefs)
a handkerchief - handkerchiefs (handkerchief - handkerchiefs)
a roof - roofs (roof - roofs)
a safe - safes (safe - safes)

Reading ending -s

1. After voiced consonants and vowels - [z]:

to read - reads [ r J dz ] (read - reads)
to see-sees [ s J z ] (see - sees)

2. After deaf sounds - [s]:

to work – works [ w W ks ] (work - works)
a bolt-bolts [ b P lts ] (bolt - bolts)

3. After ss, ch, sh, x(i.e. hissing or whistling consonants) -

to pass - passes (pass - passes)
to teach - teaches (teach - teaches)
a dress - dresses (dress - dresses)

Note. How to also pronounce the ending of the 3rd person singular of verbs ending in mute e preceded by a letter s, With or g: I rise-he rises.

4. Verbs to go, to do in the 3rd person singular are read as follows:

to go - goes [ g Eu z ]
to do - does [ d A z ]