apostrophe in English language used for two reasons: to indicate an abbreviation and ownership - something belongs to someone. The rules for using an apostrophe are different depending on the type of word. Apostrophes help make text clearer and shorter.

Steps

Part 1

Use an apostrophe to indicate ownership

Use an apostrophe after a proper name to indicate ownership. An apostrophe and an "s" after a proper noun mean that the person, place, or thing owns what follows its name or title. For example, "Mary "s lemons" (Mary's lemons). We know that Mary's lemons belong to "s". Other examples: "China" s foreign policy "( foreign policy China) and "the orchestra" s conductor "(the conductor of the orchestra).

• Indicating ownership can be tricky, and there are exceptions. For example, the phrase "Sunday" s football game "(Sunday Soccer game, literally "Sunday's football game") is technically incorrect (since Sunday can't have anything), but it's perfectly valid in both writing and colloquial speech. “A hard day's work” (hard work, literally “hard day's work”) is also an absolutely correct phrase, despite the fact that a day cannot own anything.

1. Be consistent in using an apostrophe after words ending in "s". When someone's name ends in "s", you can use an apostrophe without the trailing "s" to indicate ownership, but the linguists of the Chicago Manual of Style, along with many others, prefer to put the "s" after the apostrophe.

   • Notice the difference in usage:
     • Acceptable: Jones" house (Jones' house); Francis" window (Francis window); Enders "family (Enders family).
     • Preferably: Jones "s house (Jones' house); Francis" s window (Francis's window); Enders's family (Enders family).
   • Whatever style you prefer to use, stick with it. It doesn't matter which option you choose, it's important that you stick with it.

2. Do not use an apostrophe to indicate possession with the pronoun "it"."China's foreign policy" (China's foreign policy) is correct, but let's say the reader already knows that you are talking about China and you replace the name of the country with a pronoun. If you plan to indicate that something belongs to China in this way, you need say "its foreign policy" (his foreign policy), but not "it" s.

   • The reason is to avoid confusion between "its" (his, her) used to indicate ownership, and "it "s" used as an abbreviation for "it is". If you are not sure whether to use an apostrophe or not, try instead of "it" s / its" substitute in the sentence "it is" or "it has". If the phrase changes or loses its meaning, the apostrophe is not needed. For example, the phrase "it is foreign policy" (this is foreign policy) cannot be replaced by the phrase "China's foreign policy" (China's foreign policy), so write "its" without an apostrophe.

3. Use an apostrophe to indicate ownership if the noun is plural. One of the common mistakes is using an apostrophe to indicate that something belongs to a family, not just one person. Let's say the Smart family has a boat. To indicate the ownership of the boat, the apostrophe will be used as follows "the Smarts" boat "(Smart's boat), and not" the Smart "s boat" (Smart's boat). Since we're talking about all the members of the Smart family, we're making the family name plural, "Smarts." And since all Smarts (at least presumably) own a boat, we add an apostrophe after the "s".

   • If the last name ends in "s", pluralize it before adding the apostrophe. For example, if you wanted to discuss the Williams family, the plural would be "the Williamses". If you wanted to point to their dog, you would say "the Williamses" dog" (Williams dog). If you think that this construction does not sound too smooth - especially with a more complex surname - you can say "the Williams family" ( the Williams family) and "the Williams family" s dog "(the dog of the Williams family).
   • If you are listing all the owners of a particular object, know where to put the apostrophe. For example, if both John and Mary own a cat, you should write it as "John and Mary"s cat" (John and Mary's cat), not "John"s and Mary"s cat". "John and Mary" in in this case are a collective noun, and therefore only one apostrophe is needed.

   Part 2

   Do not use an apostrophe to form a plural

   Part 3

   Use an apostrophe in abbreviations

   1. Use of apostrophes in abbreviations. Sometimes, especially in informal writing, apostrophes are used to indicate that one or more letters in a letter are omitted. For example, the word "don" t" is an abbreviation for "do not", "isn" t "("is not"), "wouldn" t" ("would not"), and "can" t" ("cannot "). You can also abbreviate the verbs "is", "has", and "have". For example, we can write "She" s going to school" instead of "She is going to school", "He" s lost the game" instead of "He has lost the game" or "They" ve gone away" instead of "They have gone away".

      Be careful with "its" and "it "s". Use an apostrophe with the word "it" only when you want to indicate the abbreviation "it is" or "it has". "It" is a pronoun, and pronouns have their own possessive form that doesn't require an apostrophe. For example: “That noise? It's just the dog eating its bone ”(What is this noise? This is a dog chewing on its bone). It may seem complicated, but "its" is formed in the same way as the others possessive pronouns: his (his), hers (her), its (his/her), yours (your), ours (our), theirs (them).

      If you write in cursive, always append the letters after the apostrophe to those before it. For example, if you want to write "she" s, first write "shes" together, and then add an apostrophe.

   • When in doubt, always remember that apostrophes are almost always used with nouns to indicate ownership. Avoid using apostrophes for anything else.
   • In the case of a name ending in "s", linguists from the Chicago Manual of Style recommend adding "s" after the apostrophe: for example, "Charles" s bike "(Charles' bike). If your teacher requires you to adhere to one or another rule, if there are no requirements, just choose your preferred form, but be consistent and stick to the same form throughout a given written work (essays, letters, etc.).
   • The Elements of Style by W. Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White is a handy quick guide to spelling and punctuation. Try to find it on the Internet and use it when writing in English.

There are not so many endings in English when compared to Russian. The connection between words, and hence the meaning of a phrase or sentence in Russian is transmitted different types endings - case, generic, temporary, conjugation endings and others.

In English, many tasks concerning grammar and meaning are solved by a fixed word order, prepositions, and a system of auxiliary verbs. But still, endings in some cases are also used in English grammar. One such case is the -s ending.

The endings s and es in English are used in the following cases:

When forming the plural of nouns

break- breaks change - changes

birch - birches birch - birches

When forming the third person singular form of verbs in the present simple ( present simple) time

Lima seldom sews. - Lima rarely sews.

Rebecca washes the porch every weekend. - Rebecca cleans the porch every weekend.

Ending s for verbs in English

1. When the ending s is put in English

3 person singular in English is determined by the noun or pronoun (subject). The pronouns he, she, it, or nouns that can be replaced by these pronouns, will be markers that determine the need for -s at the end of verbs in English in the Present Simple form.

Greta (she) prefers chips with cheese sauce. - Greta (she) prefers chips with cheese sauce.

Yan (he) dresses his son in the morning. - Yang (he) dresses his son in the morning.

Tilda and Melissa (they) try to learn Spanish. - Tilda and Melissa (they) are trying to learn Spanish.

2. How to write English verbs with the ending -s (-es)

When adding endings to English words keep in mind that these endings can affect the spelling of the word. The rules for adding the ending s to English verbs in the form of the 3rd person singular can be presented in the form of a table:

The word ends with...
hissing/whistling sound (ch, sh, s, ss, -z, -x)		He mi xes English and Spanish words, it's really funny.	He mixes English and Spanish words, it's really funny.
		Lima d oes her hair once a week.	Lima does her hair once a week.
vowel plus -y		Lima st ays at school till late.	Lima stays at school late.
consonant plus -y	Es (-y changes to -i)	Lima's father always carr ies out his promises	Lima's father always keeps his promises.
all other words		Rebecca usually pi ns the messages to the door.	Rebecca usually sticks notes on the door.

3. How to pronounce English verbs with the ending -s (-es)

The pronunciation of the ending -s (-es) is possible in three different ways. It can be transmitted by sounds [s], [z], . The pronunciation option, as well as spelling, depends on the sound that the verb ends with.

4. When the verb in Present Simple does not need the ending -s (-s)

As already mentioned, in the third person singular of the present simple tense, the verb needs an ending -s. But according to the rules of this tense, such an ending is added to the verb only in affirmative sentences.

As follows from the rule, in denials and questions, an auxiliary comes to the aid of the semantic verb. In the case of Present Simple, this is the verb do. It is used in all forms except 3rd person singular.

Do they often repeat these words? - Do they often repeat these words?

They don't often repeat these words. They don't often repeat those words.

At the same time, in the 3rd person singular. the number ending does not go anywhere - it goes from the main verb to the auxiliary. Thus do becomes does.

Lima adores such kind of scent. - Lima loves this smell.

Lima doesn't like such kind of scent. - Lima doesn't like this smell.

Does Lima adore such a kind of scent? - Does Lima love this smell?

As you can see from the examples, verbs in the 3rd person singular in interrogative and negative forms are exempted from the ending -s.

5. What other English verbs end in -s?

The category of the third person singular is generally very useful to remember in order to use it correctly. whole line English rules. The ending -s can be seen not only in the verbs of this person in the present simple tense. We see traces of it in such forms as:

All these forms are also used in the 3rd person singular. numbers.

To correctly use the endings in English, the table of which is given above, you need not only to know the rule, but also to practice regularly. Present Simple is the simplest tense in English. And the most common mistake of students is the missing ending of the 3rd person verb. At first, everyone does it without exception. Do not forget about this feature, do the exercises, speak more - and mistakes from your speech will disappear.

Ending - s can be added to the infinitive of the verb to form the form 3 l., singular. or to a noun to form the plural form.

Education -s forms

1. Adding an ending to the infinitive of a verb or noun - s.

2. Addition to an infinitive or a noun ending in - s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x, -z, -zz(hissing, whistling consonants) endings - es.

a dress - dresses (dress - dresses)
a witch - witches (witch - witches)
to kiss - kisses (kiss - kisses)
to push - pushes (push - pushes)

3. Addition to a word ending in - y: y is replaced by i and add the ending - es:

a puppy - puppies (puppy - puppies)
to fly - flies (fly - flies)

If before y stands for a vowel, then y is preserved, but added to the word - s :

to play - plays (play - plays)
a toy - toys (toy - toys)

4. Words ending in - O :

a. Verbs to go, to do take in the 3rd person singular ending - es :

to go - goes (walk - walks)
to do - does (do - does)

b. Nouns also in most cases add - es :

a potato - potatoes (potatoes - potatoes)
a tomato - tomatoes (tomato - tomatoes)

5. Nouns ending in - f or - fe form the plural by changing f on the v and adding the ending - es :

and wife - wives (wife - wives)
a shelf - shelves (shelf - shelves)
a leaf - leaves (leaf - leaves)

Exceptions:

a chief - chiefs (chief - chiefs)
a handkerchief - handkerchiefs (handkerchief - handkerchiefs)
a roof - roofs (roof - roofs)
a safe - safes (safe - safes)

Reading ending -s

1. After voiced consonants and vowels - [z]:

to read - reads [ r J dz ] (read - reads)
to see-sees [ s J z ] (see - sees)

2. After deaf sounds - [s]:

to work – works [ w W ks ] (work - works)
a bolt-bolts [ b P lts ] (bolt - bolts)

3. After ss, ch, sh, x(i.e. hissing or whistling consonants) -

to pass - passes (pass - passes)
to teach - teaches (teach - teaches)
a dress - dresses (dress - dresses)

Note. How to also pronounce the ending of the 3rd person singular of verbs ending in mute e preceded by a letter s, With or g: I rise-he rises.

4. Verbs to go, to do in the 3rd person singular are read as follows:

to go - goes [ g Eu z ]
to do - does [ d A z ]

When is the ending s put in English and when is es?

1. A lot of options. If we reduce everything to one rule, then it will sound something like this:
   in the general case, S is put, and ES is an auxiliary.

   http://www. alleng. ru / mybook / rn3-3 . htm
   remove all spaces from the link

2. he, she, this is the 3rd person singular in the simple present tense :)) I wanted to write in more detail, but I can’t, “The answer cannot be added.
   Try not to use characters from the English layout in your answer.! "
3. 
   

   Examples:
   book books
   

   Examples:
   bru sh brush es brush brushes;
   cargo cargo es cargo cargo;
   tax taxes
   
   
   
   
   

   Examples:
   

   Examples:
   
   s.

   Examples:
   key key s key keys;
   
   Examples:
   wife wi ves wife;
   life lives;
   wolf wol ves wolf wolves;
   
   Examples:
   hoo f hoofs;
   reef reef s reef reefs;
   roo f - roofs the roof of the roof;
   sa fe safe s safe safes;
   

4. The ending -s/-es is added to nouns to form the plural. The ending -s / -es is added to verbs to form the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple (Present Indefinite) form. The rules for adding -s/-es to nouns and verbs are almost the same.
   1. The standard case of adding the ending s to a noun or verb.

   Examples:
   book books
   to look (he/she/it) look s look (he/she/it) looks; 2. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends in -o or sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -tch,
   then the ending es is added to the word

   Examples:
   addre ss addresses address address;
   bru sh brush es brush brushes;
   cargo cargo es cargo cargo;
   tax taxes
   church churches church churches;
   to pass pass es pass (he/she/it) passes;
   to sma sh smash es to break (he/she/it) breaks;
   to d o does (he/she/it) does;
   to rela x relaxes to relax (he/she/it) relaxes;
   to cat tch catch es to catch (he/she/it) catches;
   to teach teaches to teach (he/she/it) teaches;
   Note that nouns borrowed from other languages ​​that end in
   on o, add the ending -s.

   Examples:
   photo photo s photography photography;
   pian o 2 piano s piano 2 pianos;

   3. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends in -y with a preceding consonant, then the ending es is added, and y is replaced by -i.

   Examples:
   bab y bab ies baby babies;
   to fl y flies fly (he/she/it) flies;
   Note that if the -y is preceded by a vowel, then the -y is retained and the ending is added
   s.

   Examples:
   key key s key keys;
   to stay stay s stop (he/she/it) stops;
   4. If the noun ends in -f, -fe, then when forming the plural
   -f , -fe are replaced with v and added ending -es.
   Examples:
   wife wi ves wife;
   life lives;
   wolf wol ves wolf wolves;
   However, for some nouns ending in -f, -fe, when forming
   there is no plural substitution of f for v. Plural formed only
   by adding the ending s.
   Examples:
   chief chief s chief chiefs;
   hoo f hoofs;
   reef reef s reef reefs;
   roo f - roofs the roof of the roof;
   sa fe safe s safe safes;
   handkerchie f handkerchief s handkerchief handkerchiefs;

5. The ending -s/-es is added to nouns to form the plural. The ending -s / -es is added to verbs to form the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple (Present Indefinite) form. The rules for adding -s/-es to nouns and verbs are almost the same.
   1. The standard case of adding the ending s to a noun or verb.

   Examples:
   book books
   to look (he/she/it) look s look (he/she/it) looks; 2. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends in -o or sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -tch,
   then the ending es is added to the word

   Examples:
   addre ss addresses address address;
   bru sh brush es brush brushes;
   cargo cargo es cargo cargo;
   tax taxes
   church churches church churches;
   to pass pass es pass (he/she/it) passes;
   to sma sh smash es to break (he/she/it) breaks;
   to d o does (he/she/it) does;
   to rela x relaxes to relax (he/she/it) relaxes;
   to cat tch catch es to catch (he/she/it) catches;
   to teach teaches to teach (he/she/it) teaches;
   Note that nouns borrowed from other languages ​​that end in
   on o, add the ending -s.

   Examples:
   photo photo s photography photography;
   pian o 2 piano s piano 2 pianos;

   3. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends in -y with a preceding consonant, then the ending es is added, and y is replaced by -i.

   Examples:
   bab y bab ies baby babies;
   to fl y flies fly (he/she/it) flies;
   Note that if the -y is preceded by a vowel, then the -y is retained and the ending is added
   s.

   Examples:
   key key s key keys;
   to stay stay s stop (he/she/it) stops;
   4. If the noun ends in -f, -fe, then when forming the plural
   -f, -fe are replaced with v and the ending -es is added.
   Examples:
   wife wi ves wife;
   life lives;
   wolf wol ves wolf wolves;
   However, for some nouns ending in -f, -fe, when forming
   there is no plural substitution of f for v. The plural is formed only
   by adding the ending s.
   Examples:
   chief chief s chief chiefs;
   hoo f hoofs;
   reef reef s reef reefs;
   roo f - roofs the roof of the roof;
   sa fe safe s safe safes;
   handkerchie f handkerchief s handkerchief handkerchiefs;

Friends, if you have been studying English for some time, then you should have noticed that endings play an important role in the formation of words, verb tenses, and various grammatical structures.

Today we want to take a closer look at the ending -ed in English, what exactly it does with words and word forms, where it can be applied and how to use it in grammar.

Ending in English -ed helps to form the simple past tense regular verbs. Of course, you remember these rules: infinitive + ending -ed

• Yesterday I work ed in the garden. - YesterdayI amhave workedvkitchen garden.
• Tom stay ed at home last evening. Tom was at home last evening.

Ending -ed in Past Simple

Time Present Perfect and past perfect regular verbs in English are also formed with the ending -ed:

• Jimhasjustvisit ed us. Jim has just visited us.
• Ann said she had play ed tennis yesterday. - Annasaid, whatyesterdaysheplayedvtennis.

The same ending is used to form Future Perfect and Future Perfect in the Past, again for regular verbs:

• We will have here ed tomorrow in the morning. - TomorrowTomorningwealreadylet's vote.
• Alex said that he would have prepared ed the test by Friday. — Alexsaid, whatcooktestToFriday.

It can be concluded that in the formation of past tenses for regular verbs, without ending -ed just not enough.

Passive Voice and ending -ed

The passive voice of irregular verbs, well, just attracts this ending! With the end -ed we form Passive Voice at any time. For instance:

• The flowers are plant ed by me. - Flowersplantedme.
• The house was repair ed by my parents. The house was renovated by my parents.
• Tomwillbeinvite ed toourparty. Tom will be invited to our party.

Also, pay attention to the infinitive form of the passive voice:

• Wearehappytobecall ed toyourparty. We are happy that you invited us to your party ( or verbatim : We are happy to be invited to your party.

How to form parts of speech with the ending -ed

This ending also takes part in the formation of parts of speech, mainly adjectives and participles. Pay attention to the following suggestions:

• Tom is depressed ed because ofhis marksTom feels depressed because of his grades.
• They were disappointed ed to learn about itThey were disappointed when they found out about it.
• brown-ey ed - brown-eyed

We read and pronounce words with -ed correctly!

Reading words with such an ending in English is a tricky thing. We bring to your attention reading rules that will help you cope with words with this ending:

• [ d] - after voiced consonants(Besides [d]) and vowels sounds [b,g,v,D,z,Z,g,m,n,N,l,j,w,r + vowels]:

inform inform— informed reported; informed

borrow ["bOlou] lend- borrowed ["bOloud] lent; borrowed

• [ t] - after voiceless consonants(Besides [t]) sounds [p,k,f,T,s,S,h,C]:

ask ask— asked asked; asked

place put- placed placed; placed

• [ ID] - after sounds [d] and [t]:

end end ended["endId] finished; finished

invite invite— invited invited; invited We read correctly!

Remember these rules and you will not make mistakes in reading.

Let's sum up, dear readers. Without this ending, the formation of the past tenses of regular verbs is not complete; without this ending, a passive voice cannot be formed; ending - ed participates in the formation of certain parts of speech. Those who have been studying English for a long time are used to it, we wish everyone else to make friends with this ending as soon as possible.