Igloo house made of snow and ice. Igloo - the traditional dwelling of the Eskimos

Subject drawing with children 5-7 years old on the topic "Peoples of the Far North". Master Class.

Kokorina Tatyana Nikolaevna, teacher additional education by drawing.
Place of work: MBDOU №202 Kindergarten general developing type "Fairy tale".
Description: this master class will be of interest to educators of senior and preparatory groups as well as primary school teachers. Based on the master class, children can independently complete this drawing.
Purpose: this drawing can be educational, exhibition or competitive work.
Necessary tools and materials:
- watercolor;
- markers;
- brush number 3;
- landscape sheet;
- 8x16 rectangle.
Target: expanding children's knowledge about the peoples living on our planet, learning to draw a person without a preliminary pencil sketch.
Tasks:
- to acquaint with the life of the peoples of the Far North;
- continue to learn to depict plot pictures;
- continue to learn to draw a person in motion;
- continue to learn how to work with watercolors: take more water, paint over with one touch, rinse the brush after each color;
- continue to teach how to apply a symmetrical pattern, decorating chum and clothes;
- contribute to the development fine motor skills hands, when performing small patterns;
- educate interest in drawing, through non-traditional techniques: drawing with watercolors with felt-tip pens and introducing appliqué elements.
Preliminary work: acquaintance with the life of the peoples of the Far North, story, conversation, consideration of illustrations.
Brief information: Our Earth is diverse in its nature. Forests, steppes, deserts, hot countries, northern coasts. Everywhere has its own nature: plants, animals and people living in these places. Let's take a closer look at the cold, northern coasts.
The boundless expanses of the tundra are the Motherland, the home for the strong and enduring peoples of the North. The Nenets, Nanai, Eskimos and Chukchi live there. They have adapted to live in harsh conditions. Their houses are different from ours. Peoples often move from place to place, so they need warm house which is easy to assemble and disassemble. Their house is called chum. For the construction of the chum, long spruce poles and deer skins are used. The poles are set in the shape of a cone, and then covered with skins on top. Chum retains heat even in the most severe frosts, and the conical shape makes it resistant to winds and snowstorms. The peoples of the North also sew clothes from deer skins, it is very warm in it. They decorate their clothes with embroidery, beads, and fur mosaics. Pieces of different geometric shapes are cut out of fur of a contrasting color: squares, stripes, circles, triangles, then neatly sewn together and beautiful clothes are obtained.
Of course, the use of geometric patterns when making mosaics or embroidery is not accidental, each shape carries its own meaning:
Circle - sun, earth;
Cross - fire, hearth.
On the cradle of the girl they depicted a cross inside the circle - the girl will always be at home by the hearth, on the cradle of the boy a cross that goes beyond the circle - the future man, the earner, will leave his home.
Wave is a river;
A series of triangles is the image of the plague.
Of course, the peoples of the Far North have animal helpers - these are deer and dogs that faithfully serve them. The nature of the North is peculiar, harsh and, in its own way, beautiful. The northern lights illuminate the sky with an unusual glow.
Let us convey in the drawing the originality of the life of the peoples of the Far North.
1. We pick up blue paint on the brush and draw a horizon line, just above the middle of the sheet.

2. Draw Northern Lights. We use green, yellow and red paints.

3. Now with the help of blue and purple paint over the sky.

While the sky dries up, let's make the plague.
4. For this we need a 16x8 cm rectangle

5. Bend the rectangle in half in width.

6. We unfold and bend each side to the resulting fold line at an angle - we get a triangle - chum.

7. We decorate our chum. We will draw the pattern symmetrically, equally on both sides. In the middle we draw the sun.

8. We decorate the edge with a strip with a geometric pattern.

9. Turn over, apply glue and glue the chum on the snow, so as not to cover the northern lights.

10. Now let's draw the northern inhabitants. We draw a circle - a head, slit eyes, a small nose and a smile mouth. And around we make another circle with a wavy line or a zigzag, passing the fur from the cap around the face.

11. The neck is hidden under the fur, so we immediately draw a fur coat. The coat is shaped like a trapezoid. Then add the sleeves. Draw fur along the edge of the sleeve. Now we apply a pattern along the edge of the sleeve, using red and black colors. And we apply a geometric pattern in the middle and edge of the fur coat with the same colors. Paint the coat brown.

11. On the feet are warm high boots. Gloves on hands.

12. Draw next to the same principle of another little man, but with a raised hand, as if they were playing snowballs.

14. And of course a true friend - a dog nearby.

So far our drawing looks like this.

15. So that there is no emptiness in the distance, let's add a reindeer team.

Now the drawing is really ready. It fully conveys the features of the life of the peoples of the Far North.

Works of children of the preparatory group:

I really liked the idea of ​​one of the children to draw a little man right in the plague.

I hope my idea will be interesting and useful to someone. Good luck in your work with your children.

Igloos are traditional Eskimo houses made from ice and snow. And in order not to be cold, the door was hung with the skins of bears.

Remember the Chili Willie cartoon? He also lived in an igloo, and drove away the poacher from the house. You can interest the baby in the image of this dwelling by watching a funny animated series. And instead of Chili Willy, draw a regular penguin.

You will need: a sheet of paper; eraser; pencil; compass.
Step 1

The basis

The basis of this house is a semicircle. It is easy to draw it by drawing a circle first. Then you need to erase the bottom of the shape.

Bottom part

Outline the bottom of the needle with an oval so that the borders of the image are visible.

Lines of bricks

To build an igloo, ice bricks are stacked in a circle in a straight line.

There may be several such lines. They gradually taper upwards.

Do not separate the upper part, it is made from a solid piece of ice, which is then processed to give the correct shape.

bricks

Now mark the bricks with short vertical lines.

They are not the same size, the bottom bricks are larger. The lines are slightly rounded.

Door

The entrance to the igloo is also rounded, there are no sharp corners. Draw it from the side, and erase the lines of the wall.

Mark the bottom of the door with a vertical line.

Entrance

Draw the entrance inside the door. It is small so that it is convenient to cover it with a skin.

Draw a vertical line, making the entrance voluminous.

Door details

If the door ordinary house wooden, then in such a dwelling it is also made of ice bricks. Draw lines on the outline of the entrance, depicting the connections of the ice blocks.

Coloring

Since the igloo is icy, color it in white and shades blue flowers. You can alternate them to make the drawing more interesting.

For a long time, people have been using any material suitable for this to build their homes: some wood various breeds, someone clay and, and someone even found a use for snow. Yes, yes, we will talk about those very snow houses of the Eskimos, called "igloos", and so unusual for the perception of most people.

Translated from Inuktitut, "igloo" means "winter dwelling of the Eskimos". Such houses are dome-shaped buildings, the diameter of which reaches about 3-4 meters, and the height is 2-2.5 meters. The main material for the construction of the igloo is ice or snow blocks, compacted by the wind. With a large depth of snow cover, the entrance to the room is equipped in the floor, breaking through a small corridor to it. If the snow cover does not have the required depth, then the entrance is equipped in the wall, completing an additional corridor with the help of snow blocks.

Each Eskimo camp has several buildings, where up to four related families are located. Eskimo housing is divided into two types: summer and winter. The first is stone buildings located on a slope, the floor of which is deepened into the ground. From below, a long passage of stones leads to the house, partially buried in the ground. The last part of the passage, which is located above the floor, is covered with a wide slab of stone, and is at the same height as the bunks in the hut.

The house made of snow has a quite ordinary layout: sleeping bunk beds are located in the back of the room, and bunk beds for lamps are equipped on the sides. When walls are built above ground, stones or whale ribs are used, whose arcs are arranged in such a way that their ends intersect with each other (or both materials). Sometimes, when building a roof skeleton, whale ribs are used, adding props to the structure. Seal skins are tightly tied to the finished frame (which allows you to qualitatively insulate the house from ice), on which small heather bushes and another additional layer of skins are then laid in a thick layer.

Scheme of construction and arrangement of the igloo house

When erecting an igloo, snow or ice slabs are used. Blocks are stacked in a spiral, from right to left. To do this, two blocks are cut diagonally in the first row to the middle of the third, after which the construction of the second row can begin. During work, each row is slightly tilted so that a neat one is obtained. A small hole that remains at the top is closed from the inside with a wedge-shaped cut block. Then the builder, who is inside the hut, closes up all the cracks with snow.

The entrance tunnel digs through the snowdrift from the outside, ending with a hatch in the floor of the building. In the event that the layer of snow is shallow, then an inlet is cut in the wall of the igloo, and a corridor of snow blocks is laid out to it.

In this video you can see the process of building a snow igloo house

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Straw house building

The outer entrance to the tunnel has a height of about 1.5 meters, which is why you can only walk through it with your head bowed. The entrance to the tunnel is even smaller - you can find yourself in it only if you crawl on all fours. But in the hut itself, the ceilings are quite suitable for moving freely around the room - their height reaches about 2 meters. A large Eskimo snow house can reach a diameter of 9 meters, and the height of the ceilings in it reaches 3-3.5 meters. Usually such large structures are built much less often and are used mainly for big holidays.

To make the final decoration of housing, a lamp-bowl filled with seal oil is lit inside the room. The heated air causes the snow to melt, but the resulting moisture does not drip, but is absorbed by the snow layers. When inner surface huts are sufficiently moistened, they let them into the room cold air, due to which the walls from the inside are covered with a durable layer of ice. This technique increases the safety of heat and the strength of the walls, and also makes staying indoors more comfortable. In the event that the ice crust is absent, one careless movement is enough, as the snow begins to crumble.

In order for the strength of the dwelling to become even greater, it must stand well in the cold. Due to heating with warm air, the seams in the hut are reliably soldered, snow shrinks, and the structure itself, made of several blocks, turns into a solid solid structure.

The secrets of building a reliable igloo

1. When working with blocks that are located next to each other, contact of their corners should be avoided, otherwise the structure will turn out to be unstable. For convenience, it is recommended to leave a triangular hole at the bottom of the junction of adjacent blocks small sizes(it can be easily repaired with snow in the future).
2. It is strongly not recommended to move the block installed on the wall in one direction or another, as this can cause it to wear out and lose its original shape. You can simply place the block, cut off strongly protruding parts from one side and from the bottom, and then carefully move it as tightly as possible to the neighboring block. Then, with the help of a saw, its final finishing is made. It is recommended to lay the slabs with the "nasty" side inside the structure, as it is more durable.
3. To facilitate the work process, the upper hole in the dome can be carefully covered with one of the plates. Large gaps that are between the blocks are sealed with pieces of crust, and small ones are treated with loose snow. through holes and the cracks are easiest to see in the evening, by the light of a bowl of seal oil burning inside the igloo. In addition, warm air will slightly heat the joints, which will improve the quality of the processing of holes and crevices.
4. Before making a fire inside the needle, it is necessary to make a hole with a diameter of about 10-15 cm on the leeward side in the upper part of the dome and attach a smoke exhaust pipe made of strong crust to it.

Indian tribes live not only in warm places. Read about the igloo - the ice dwelling of the Eskimos!

The igloo is a typical place of residence for the Eskimos. This type of building is a building that has a domed shape. The diameter of the dwelling is 3-4 meters, and its height is about 2 meters. Igloos are built, as a rule, from blocks of ice or blocks of snow compacted with the help of wind. Also, the needle is cut out of snowdrifts, which are suitable in density, as well as in size.

If the snow is deep enough, then they break through the entrance in the floor, and also dig a corridor to the entrance. In the case when the snow is still not deep, then the front door is cut into the wall, and a separate corridor built of snow bricks is attached to the front door. It is very important that Entrance door in such a dwelling was below the floor level, since this ensures good and proper ventilation of the room, and also retains heat inside the igloo.

Lighting in the dwelling comes from snow walls, but sometimes windows are also made. As a rule, they are also constructed from ice or seal guts. In some Eskimo tribes, entire villages of igloos are common, which are interconnected by passages.

From the inside, the igloo is covered with skins, and sometimes the walls are also hung with the igloo. To provide even more illumination as well as more heat, special devices. Due to heating, part of the walls inside the igloo can melt, but the walls themselves do not melt, due to the fact that the snow helps to bring excess heat out. Thanks to this, the temperature in the dwelling is maintained at a comfortable temperature for the existence of people. As for moisture, the walls also absorb it, and because of this, the inside of the igloo is dry.

The first non-Eskimo to build an igloo was Williamour Stefanson. It happened in 1914, and he talks about this event in many articles and in his own book. The unique strength of this type of dwelling lies in the use of uniquely shaped slabs. They allow you to fold the hut in the form of a kind of snail, which gradually narrows upwards. It is also very important to take into account the method of installation of these improvised bricks, which involves the support of the next slab on the previous brick at three points at the same time. In order to make the structure more stable, the finished hut is also watered from the outside.

Today, igloos are also used in ski touring, in case emergency accommodation is needed, if there are problems with tents, or if it is not possible to continue on the road in the near future. In order for the skier to be able to build an igloo, a special briefing is carried out before the hike.